common/man/vmalloc.3

.fp 5 CW
.de MW
\f5\\$1\fP
..
.TH VMALLOC 3 "1 May 1998"
.SH NAME
vmalloc \- virtual memory allocation
.SH SYNOPSIS
.MW "#include <vmalloc.h>"
.SS Regions
.nf
.MW "Vmalloc_t* vmopen(Vmdisc_t* disc, Vmethod_t* meth, int flags);"
.MW "int vmclose(Vmalloc_t*);"
.MW "int vmclear(Vmalloc_t*);"
.MW "int vmcompact(Vmalloc_t* region);"
.MW "int vmset(Vmalloc_t* region, int flags, int type);"
.MW "Vmalloc_t* Vmheap;"
.MW "Vmdisc_t* vmdisc(Vmalloc_t* region, Vmdisc_t* disc);"
.MW "Vmalloc_t* vmmopen(char* file, Void_t* base, size_t round);"
.MW "Void_t* vmmset(Vmalloc_t* vm, int key, Void_t* data, int set);"
.fi
.SS "Allocation functions"
.nf
.MW "Void_t* vmalloc(Vmalloc_t* region, size_t size);"
.MW "Void_t* vmalign(Vmalloc_t* region, size_t size, size_t align);"
.MW "Void_t* vmresize(Vmalloc_t* region, Void_t* addr, size_t size, int type);"
.MW "int vmfree(Vmalloc_t* region, Void_t* addr);"
.MW "Void_t* vmnewof(Vmalloc_t* region, Void_t* addr, type, size_t n, size_t x);"
.MW "Void_t* vmoldof(Vmalloc_t* region, Void_t* addr, type, size_t n, size_t x);"
.MW "Void_t* vmgetmem(Vmalloc_t* region, Void_t* addr, size_t size);"
.fi
.SS "Debugging"
.nf
.MW "int vmdebug(int);"
.MW "int vmdbcheck(Vmalloc_t* vm);"
.MW "int vmdbwatch(Void_t* addr);"
.MW "static void vmdbwarn(Vmalloc_t*, char* mesg, int n);"
.fi
.SS "Profiling"
.nf
.MW "void vmprofile(Vmalloc_t* vm, int fd);"
.fi
.SS "Information and statistics"
.nf
.MW "Vmalloc_t* vmregion(Void_t* addr);"
.MW "Void_t* vmsegment(Vmalloc_t* region, Void_t* addr);"
.MW "int vmwalk(Vmalloc_t* region, int(*walkf)(Vmalloc_t*, Void_t*, size_t, size_t, Vmdisc_t*, Void_t*), Void_t* handle);"
.MW "long vmaddr(Vmalloc_t* region, Void_t* addr);"
.MW "long vmsize(Vmalloc_t* region, Void_t* addr);"
.MW "int vmstat(Vmalloc_t* vm, Vmstat_t* statb);"
.MW "int vmtrace(int fd);"
.MW "int vmtrbusy(Vmalloc_t* vm);"
.fi
.SS "Malloc-compatible functions"
.nf
.MW "Void_t* malloc(size_t size);"
.MW "Void_t* realloc(Void_t* addr, size_t size);"
.MW "Void_t* calloc(size_t n_obj, size_t s_obj);"
.MW "int cfree(Void_t* addr);"
.MW "void free(Void_t* addr);"
.MW "Void_t* memalign(size_t align, size_t size);"
.MW "Void_t* valloc(size_t size);"
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
These functions for dynamic storage allocation work in
\fIregions\fP of memory.
Each region has an \fIallocation method\fP
for parceling out blocks of storage and a
\fImemory discipline\fP for obtaining raw space.
Automatic locking prevents interference by reentrant
access to a region.
.PP
Pointers to space have type \f5Void_t*\fP
where \f5Void_t\fP is \f5#define\fPd as \f5void\fP if possible, otherwise \f5char\fP.
Space is counted in type \f5size_t\fP.

.ne 4
.SS Regions
Regions have type \f5Vmalloc_t\fP.
Two predefined regions are pointed to by:
.TP
.MW Vmheap
A general-purpose region, with best-fit
allocation, and Unix memory discipline \f5Vmdcsbrk\fP.
.PP
These functions manipulate regions:
.PP
.I vmopen
creates a region with memory discipline \fIdisc\fP,
allocation method \fImeth\fP,
and a setting for control \fIflags\fP.
It returns a pointer to the region on success and \f5NULL\fP on failure.
The flags, represented by bit values or-ed together, are:
.TP
.MW VM_TRUST
Disable locking and consistency checks, except under method \f5Vmdebug\fP.
.TP
.MW VM_TRACE
Place tracing messages for each allocation event
on the tracing file established by \fIvmtrace\fP.
This turns off \f5VM_TRUST\fP.
.TP
\f5VM_DBCHECK\fP, \f5VM_DBABORT\fP
.br
See \fBDebugging\fP below.
.PP
.I vmclose
closes a \fIregion\fP and releases all associated memory
according to the region's discipline.
The first segment obtained from the discipline's
\f5memoryf\fP function (see `Disciplines' below) will be the last released.
\fIvmclose\fP returns \-1 on failure and a non-negative value otherwise.
.PP
.I vmclear
frees all allocated blocks in \fIregion\fP regardless of methods.
It returns \-1 on failure and a non-negative value otherwise.
.PP
.I vmcompact
releases as much of a \fIregion\fP's
free space to its discipline's \f5memoryf\fP
function as possible.
It returns a nonnegative value on success and \-1 on failure.
.PP
.I vmset
adjusts and queries a \fIregion\fP's \fIflags\fP.
The indicated flags are turned on if \fItype\fP is nonzero, off if zero.
\fIvmset\fP returns the previous value of all flags.
Thus, \f5vmset(region,0,0)\fP queries the flags without changing them.
In addition to the settable flags, one of
\f5VM_MTBEST\fP, \f5VM_MTDEBUG\fP, \f5VM_MTPROFILE\fP,
\f5VM_MTPOOL\fP, or \f5VM_MTLAST\fP
is returned to indicate the method used in creating the \fIregion\fP.
.PP
.I vmdisc
changes the discipline of \fIregion\fP to the given new discipline
\fIdisc\fP if \fIdisc\fP is not \f5NULL\fP and its \f5memoryf\fP function
is the same as the current discipline. If the current discipline
has an \f5exceptf\fP function, it will be called with event \f5VM_DISC\fP.
This function always returns the current discipline.
.PP
.I vmmopen
creates a region to allocate memory given by the system call \fImmap(2)\fP.
The given \fIfile\fP is the backing store for the map.
If \fIbase\fP is not \f5NULL\fP, it is the address to map the data to.
The \fIround\fP argument asserts that the size of the region is always
a multiple of this value. However, note that \fIvmmopen\fP has
an internally defined minimum round value (typically 64K) which may be
used if the given value is too small.
.PP
.I vmmset
sets a \fIdata\fP value associated with a \fIkey\fP if \f5set\fP is non-zero.
In this case, it returns the current data (before setting)
if \fIkey\fP is previously set; otherwise, it returns the new \fIdata\fP value.
If the argument \fIset\fP is zero,
the call returns the current data value associated with \fIkey\fP, if any.

.SS "Allocation functions"
.I vmalloc
returns a pointer to a block of the requested \fIsize\fP
in a \fIregion\fP, aligned to the \fIstrictest alignment\fP
that is suitable for the needs of any basic data type.
It returns \f5NULL\fP on failure.
.PP
.I vmalign
works like \fIvmalloc\fP, but returns a block aligned to a common
multiple of \fIalign\fP and the \fIstrictest alignment\fP.
.PP
.I vmresize
attempts to change the length of the block pointed to by
\fIaddr\fP to the specified \fIsize\fP.
If that is impossible and \fItype\fP has
at least one of \f5VM_RSMOVE\fP and \f5VM_RSCOPY\fP,
a new block is allocated and the old block is freed.
The bit \f5VM_RSCOPY\fP also causes
the new block to be initialized with
as much of the old contents as will fit.
When a resized block gets larger, the new space will be cleared
if \fItype\fP has the bit \f5VM_RSZERO\fP.
\fIvmresize\fP
returns a pointer to the final block, or \f5NULL\fP on failure.
If \fIaddr\fP is \f5NULL\fP, \fIvmresize\fP behaves like \fIvmalloc\fP;
otherwise, if \fIsize\fP is 0, it behaves like \fIvmfree\fP.
.PP
.I vmfree
makes the currently allocated block pointed to by
\fIaddr\fP available for future allocations in its \fIregion\fP.
If \fIaddr\fP is \f5NULL\fP, \fIvmfree\fP does nothing.
It returns \-1 on error, and nonnegative otherwise.
.PP
.I vmnewof
is a macro function that attempts to change the length of
the block pointed to by \fIaddr\fP to the size \f5n*sizeof(type)+x\fP.
If the block is moved, new space will be initialized with as much of the
old content as will fit.
Additional space will be set to zero.
.PP
.I vmoldof
is similar to \fIvmnewof\fP but it neither copies data nor clears space.
.PP
.I vmgetmem
provides a handy function to creat/close regions and allocate/free memory
based on chunks of memory obtained from the heap region \fIVmheap\fP.
.TP
.MW "vmgetmem(0,0,0)"
This call opens a new region.
.TP
.MW "vmgetmem(region, 0, 0)"
This call closes the given \f5region\fP.
.TP
.MW "vmgetmem(region,0,n)"
This call allocates a block of length \f5n\fP and clears it to zeros.
.TP
.MW "vmgetmem(region,p,0)"
This call frees the block \f5p\fP.
.TP
.MW "vmgetmem(region,p,n)"
This call resizes the block \f5p\fP to length \f5n\fP
and clears the new memory to zeros if the block grows.
The block may be moved as deemed necessary by the allocator.
.PP
.SS "Memory disciplines"
Memory disciplines have type \f5Vmdisc_t\fP,
a structure with these members:
.in +.5i
.nf
.MW "Void_t* (*memoryf)(Vmalloc_t *region, Void_t* obj,"
.ti +.5i
.MW "size_t csz, size_t nsz, Vmdisc_t *disc);"
.MW "int (*exceptf)(Vmalloc_t *region, int type, Void_t* obj, Vmdisc_t *disc);"
.MW "int round;"
.fi
.in -.5i
.TP
.MW round
If this value is positive, all size arguments to the
\f5memoryf\fP function will be multiples of it.
.TP
.MW memoryf
Points to a function to get or release segments of space for the
\fIregion\fP.
.TP
.MW exceptf
If this pointer is not \f5NULL\fP,
the function it points to is called to announce
events in a \fIregion\fP.
.PP
There are two standard disciplines.
In both,
\f5round\fP is 0, and \f5exceptf\fP is \f5NULL\fP.
.TP
.MW Vmdcsbrk
A discipline whose \f5memoryf\fP function gets space from \fIsbrk\fP(2).
.br
.ns
.TP
.MW Vmdcheap
A discipline whose \f5memoryf\fP function gets space from the region \f5Vmheap\fP.
A region with \f5Vmdcheap\fP discipline and \f5Vmlast\fP
allocation is good for building throwaway data structures.
.PP
A \fImemoryf\fP
function returns a pointer to a memory segment on success, and \f5NULL\fP on failure.
If \fIcsz\fP is 0, the function returns a new segment of size \fInsz\fP.
Otherwise, the function attempts to change the length of the segment
pointed to by \fIaddr\fP from \fIcsz\fP to \fInsz\fP.
If this is successful, \f5memoryf\fP should return \fIaddr\fP (even if \fInsz\fP is 0).
.PP
An \fIexceptf\fP
function is called for events identified by \fItype\fP, which is coded thus:
.TP
.MW VM_OPEN
A new region is being opened.
If \fIexceptf\fP returns a zero value, the region opening proceeds normally.
A negative return value causes \fIvmopen\fP to terminate with failure.
A positive return value indicates that the new region is to manipulate memory
already initialized by a previous \fIvmopen\fP call
(perhaps by a different process on persistent or shared memory).
In this case, the argument \f5(Void_t**)\fP\fIobj\fP should
return the initial segment (which is of type \f5(Void_t*)\fP).
\fIvmopen\fP will return failure if this segment is not returned or if it
has not been properly initialized.
.TP
.MW VM_CLOSE
The region is being closed.
The return value of \f5exceptf\fP is significant as follows.
If negative, \fIvmclose\fP immediately returns with failure.
If zero, \fIvmclose\fP proceeds normally by calling \f5memoryf\fP to free
all allocated memory segments and also freeing the region itself.
Finally, if positive, \fIvmclose\fP will only free the region
without deallocating the allocated segments.
.TP
.MW VM_NOMEM
An attempt to extend the region by the amount
\f5(size_t)\fP\fIobj\fP failed. The region is unlocked, so the
\fIexceptf\fP function may free blocks.
If the function returns a positive value the memory
request will be repeated.
If zero, the allocation method
will again invoke \fImemoryf\fP to get space.
If negative, the allocation request will fail.
.TP
.MW VM_BADADDR
Address \fIobj\fP, given to \fIvmfree\fP or \fIvmresize\fP,
does not point to an allocated block from the region.
The respective call will fail.
.TP
.MW VM_ALLOC
Announce that a memory allocation request is finished and returning.
.TP
.MW VM_FREE
Announce that a memory freeing request is finished and returning.
.TP
.MW VM_RESIZE
Announce that a memory resizing request is finished and returning.

.SS "Allocation methods"
There are five methods, of type \f5Vmethod_t*\fP:
.TP
.MW Vmbest
An approximately best-fit allocation strategy.
.TP
.MW Vmlast
A strategy for building structures that are only deleted in whole.
Only the latest allocated block can be freed.
This means that as soon as a block \f5a\fP is allocated,
\fIvmfree\fP calls on blocks other than \c5a\fP are ignored.
.TP
.MW Vmpool
A strategy for blocks of one size,
set by the first \fIvmalloc\fP call after \fIvmopen\fP or \fIvmclear\fP.
.TP
.MW Vmdebug
An allocation strategy with extra-stringent checking and locking
regardless of the \f5VM_TRUST\fP flag.
It is useful for finding misuses of dynamically allocated
memory, such as writing beyond the boundary of a block, or
freeing a block twice.
.ne 3
.TP
.MW Vmprofile
An allocation method that records and prints summaries of memory usage.

.SS Debugging
The method \f5Vmdebug\fP is used to debug common memory violation problems.
When a problem is found,
a warning message is written to file descriptor 2 (standard error).
In addition, if flag \f5VM_DBABORT\fP is on,
the program is terminated by calling \fIabort\fP(2).
Each message is a line of self-explanatory fields separated by colons.
The optional flag \f5-DVMFL\fP, if used during compilation,
enables recording of file names and line numbers.
The following functions work with method \f5Vmdebug\fP.
.PP
.I vmdebug
resets the file descriptor to write out warnings to the given argument.
By default, this file descriptor is 2, the standard error.
\fIvmdebug\fP returns the previous file descriptor.
.PP
.I vmdbcheck
checks a region using \f5Vmdebug\fP or \f5Vmbest\fP for integrity.
If \f5Vmdebug\fP, this also checks for block overwriting errors.
On errors, \fIvmdbwarn\fP is called.
If flag \f5VM_DBCHECK\fP is on,
\fIvmdbcheck\fP is called at each invocation of
\fIvmalloc\fP, \fIvmfree\fP, or \fIvmresize\fP.
.PP
.I vmdbwatch
causes address \fIaddr\fP
to be watched, and reported whenever met in
\fIvmalloc\fP, \fIvmresize\fP or \fIvmfree\fP.
The watch list has finite size and if it becomes full,
watches will be removed in a first-in-first-out fashion.
If \fIaddr\fP is \f5NULL\fP,
all current watches are canceled.
\fIvmdbwatch\fP returns the watch bumped out due to an insertion
into a full list or \f5NULL\fP otherwise.
.PP
.I vmdbwarn
is an internal function that processes
warning messages for discovered errors.
It can't be called from outside the \fIvmalloc\fP package,
but is a good place to plant debugger traps because
control goes there at every trouble.

.SS "Profiling"
The method \f5Vmprofile\fP is used to profile memory usage.
Profiling data are maintained in private memory of a process so
\f5Vmprofile\fP should be avoided from regions manipulating
persistent or shared memory.
The optional flag \f5-DVMFL\fP, if used during compilation,
enables recording of file names and line numbers.
.PP
.I vmprofile
prints memory usage summary.
The summary is restricted to region \fIvm\fP if \fIvm\fP is not \f5NULL\fP;
otherwise, it is for all regions created with \f5Vmprofile\fP.
Summary records are written to file descriptor \fIfd\fP as lines with
colon-separated fields. Here are some of the fields:
.TP
.I n_alloc,n_free:
Number of allocation and free calls respectively. Note that a resize
operation is coded as a free and an allocation.
.TP
.I s_alloc,s_free:
Total amounts allocated and freed. The difference between these numbers
is the amount of space not yet freed.
.TP
.I max_busy, extent:
These fields are only with the summary record for region.
They show the maximum busy space at any time and the extent of the region.

.SS "Information and statistics"
.I vmregion
returns the region to which the block pointed to by
\fIaddr\fP belongs.
This works only in regions that allocate with
\f5Vmbest\fP, \f5Vmdebug\fP or \f5Vmprofile\fP.
If multiple regions manipulate the same segment of memory,
\fIvmregion\fP returns the region that causes the creation that memory segment.
.PP
.I vmsegment
finds if some segment of memory in \fIregion\fP
contains the address \fIaddr\fP.
It returns the address of a found segment or \f5NULL\fP if none found.
.PP
.I vmwalk
walks all segments in \fIregion\fP or if \fIregion\fP is \f5NULL\fP,
all segments in all regions.
At each segment, \fI(*walkf)(vm,addr,size,segno,disc,handle)\fP
is called where \fIvm\fP is the region, \fIaddr\fP is the segment,
\fIsize\fP is the size of the segment, \fIsegno\fP is the segment ordinal counting from 0,
\fIdisc\fP is the region's discipline, and \fIhandle\fP is the user supplied \fIvmwalk\fP handle.
If \fIwalkf\fP returns a negative value, the walk stops and returns the same value.
On success, \fIvmwalk\fP returns 0; otherwise, it returns \-1.
.PP
.I vmaddr
checks whether \fIaddr\fP
points to an address within some allocated block of the given region.
If not, it returns \-1.
If so, it returns the offset from the beginning of the block.
The function does not work for a \f5Vmlast\fP region except
on the latest allocated block.
.PP
.I vmsize
returns the size of the allocated block pointed to by \fIaddr\fP.
It returns \-1 if \fIaddr\fP
does not point to a valid block in the region.
Sizes may be padded beyond that requested; in
particular no block has size 0.
The function does not work for a \f5Vmlast\fP region except
on the latest allocated block.
.PP
.I vmstat
gathers statistics on the given \fIregion\fP and returns that
information in the \f5Vmstat_t\fP structure pointed to by \fIstatb\fP.
A \f5Vmstat_t\fP structure has at least these members:
.in +.5i
.nf
.ta \w'\f5size_t  \fP'u +\w'\f5extent    \fP'u
.MW "int	n_busy;	/* number of busy blocks */
.MW "int	n_free;	/* number of free blocks */
.MW "size_t	s_busy;	/* total busy space */
.MW "size_t	s_free;	/* total free space */
.MW "size_t	m_busy;	/* maximum size of busy block */
.MW "size_t	m_free;	/* maximum size of free block */
.MW "int	n_seg;	/* number of segments in region */
.MW "size_t	extent;	/* total size of the region */
.fi
.in -.5i
.PP
Bookeeping overhead is counted in \f5extent\fP,
but not in \f5s_busy\fP or \f5s_free\fP.
.PP
.I vmtrace
establishes file descriptor \fIfd\fP
as the trace file and returns
the previous value of the trace file descriptor.
The trace descriptor is initially invalid.
Output is sent to the trace file by successful allocation
events when flag \f5VM_TRACE\fP is on.
.PP
Tools for analyzing traces are described in \fImtreplay\fP(1).
The trace record for an allocation event
is a line with colon-separated fields, four numbers and one string.
.TP
.I old
Zero for a fresh allocation;
the address argument for freeing and resizing.
.TP
.I new
Zero for freeing;
the address returned by allocation or resizing.
.TP
.I size
The size argument for allocation or resizing;
the size freed by freeing.
Sizes may differ due to padding for alignment.
.TP
.I region
The address of the affected region.
.TP
.I method
A string that tells the region's method:
\f5best\fP, \f5last\fP, \f5pool\fP, \f5profile\fP, or \f5debug\fP.
.PP
.I vmtrbusy
outputs a trace of all currently busy blocks in region \f5vm\fP.
This only works with the \f5Vmbest\fP, \f5Vmdebug\fP and \f5Vmprofile\fP methods.

.SS "Malloc-compatible functions"
Functions in this set provide the behaviors of \fImalloc\fP(3).
The functions
\fImemalign\fP and \fIvalloc\fP allocate aligned blocks;
\fIvalloc\fP further restricts alignment to page boundaries.
.PP
The \fImalloc\fP functions are instrumented for run-time debugging,
profiling and tracing.
When these modes are enabled, time and space performance will be affected.
For accurate reporting of files and line numbers,
code should include \f5vmalloc.h\fP and compile with either \f5-DVMFL\fP
or \f5-D_BLD_debug\fP (defined by \fBnmake\fP(1) for \f5-g\fP compilations).
The
.I VMALLOC_OPTIONS
environment variable should be set before any memory allocation
(e.g., before a process starts). Its value is a space-separated list of
[\fBno\fP]\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] options that control runtime
debugging/profiling and other modes:
.TP
.B abort
If Vmregion==Vmdebug then VM_DBABORT is set, otherwise _BLD_debug
enabled assertions abort() on failure.
.TP
.B check
If Vmregion==Vmbest then the region is checked after every operation.
.TP
.BI method =method
Sets Vmregion=\fImethod\fP if not already set.
.I method
(\fBVm\fP prefix optional) may be one of:
.RS
.TP
.B best
.TP
.B debug
.TP
.B last
.TP
.B profile
.RE
.TP
.B mmap
Prefer mmap() over brk() for region allocation.
.TP
.BI period =n
Sets Vmregion=Vmdebug if not already set. If Vmregion==Vmdebug then
the region is checked every \fIn\fP operations.
.TP
.BI profile =file
Sets Vmregion=Vmprofile if not already set. If Vmregion==Vmprofile then
profile info is printed to \fIfile\fP.
.TP
.B region
If Vmregion==Vmbest then region block frees verify
that the block belongs to the region.
.BI start =n
Sets Vmregion=Vmdebug if not already set. If Vmregion==Vmdebug then
region checking starts after \fIn\fP operations.
.TP
.BI trace =file
Operation trace info is printed to \fIfile\fP.
.TP
.BI warn =file
Sets Vmregion=Vmdebug if not already set. If Vmregion==Vmdebug then
warnings are printed to \fIfile\fP.
.TP
.BI watch =address
Sets Vmregion=Vmdebug if not already set. If Vmregion==Vmdebug then
operations on \fIaddress\fP are traced.
.PP
Output files are created if they don't exist.
.BI & n
and
.BI /dev/fd/ n
name the file descriptor
.I n
which must be open for writing. The pattern
.B %p
in a file name is replaced by the current process ID.
.I VMALLOC_OPTIONS
combines the features of these previously used env vars {
.I "VMDEBUG VMETHOD VMPROFILE VMTRACE"
}.
For compatibility, if
.I VMALLOC_OPTIONS
is not defined, then {
.I "VMDEBUG VMETHOD VMPROFILE VMTRACE"
} will be checked -- this will be dropped in a future release.

.SH RECENT CHANGES
\f5Vmlast\fP: allocated blocks are now allowed to be resized (1998-09).
\fIVMALLOC_OPTIONS\fP now controls all runtime settings (2010-01).

.SH SEE ALSO
\fImtreplay\fP(1), \fImalloc\fP(3).

.SH AUTHOR
Kiem-Phong Vo, kpv@research.att.com