1#!./perl -w 2 3BEGIN { 4 chdir 't' if -d 't'; 5 @INC = ('../lib'); 6} 7 8use warnings; 9use strict; 10use vars qw($foo $bar $baz $ballast); 11use Test::More tests => 193; 12 13use Benchmark qw(:all); 14 15my $delta = 0.4; 16 17# Some timing ballast 18sub fib { 19 my $n = shift; 20 return $n if $n < 2; 21 fib($n-1) + fib($n-2); 22} 23$ballast = 15; 24 25my $All_Pattern = 26 qr/(\d+) +wallclock secs? +\( *(-?\d+\.\d\d) +usr +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +sys +\+ +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +cusr +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +csys += +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +CPU\)/; 27my $Noc_Pattern = 28 qr/(\d+) +wallclock secs? +\( *(-?\d+\.\d\d) +usr +\+ +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +sys += +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +CPU\)/; 29my $Nop_Pattern = 30 qr/(\d+) +wallclock secs? +\( *(-?\d+\.\d\d) +cusr +\+ +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +csys += +\d+\.\d\d +CPU\)/; 31# Please don't trust the matching parenthises to be useful in this :-) 32my $Default_Pattern = qr/$All_Pattern|$Noc_Pattern/; 33 34my $t0 = new Benchmark; 35isa_ok ($t0, 'Benchmark', "Ensure we can create a benchmark object"); 36 37# We use the benchmark object once we've done some work: 38 39isa_ok(timeit(5, sub {++$foo}), 'Benchmark', "timeit CODEREF"); 40is ($foo, 5, "benchmarked code was run 5 times"); 41 42isa_ok(timeit(5, '++$bar'), 'Benchmark', "timeit eval"); 43is ($bar, 5, "benchmarked code was run 5 times"); 44 45print "# Burning CPU to benchmark things will take time...\n"; 46 47 48 49# We need to do something fairly slow in the coderef. 50# Same coderef. Same place in memory. 51my $coderef = sub {$baz += fib($ballast)}; 52 53# The default is three. 54$baz = 0; 55my $threesecs = countit(0, $coderef); 56isa_ok($threesecs, 'Benchmark', "countit 0, CODEREF"); 57isnt ($baz, 0, "benchmarked code was run"); 58my $in_threesecs = $threesecs->iters; 59print "# $in_threesecs iterations\n"; 60ok ($in_threesecs > 0, "iters returned positive iterations"); 61 62my $estimate = int (100 * $in_threesecs / 3) / 100; 63print "# from the 3 second run estimate $estimate iterations in 1 second...\n"; 64$baz = 0; 65my $onesec = countit(1, $coderef); 66isa_ok($onesec, 'Benchmark', "countit 1, CODEREF"); 67isnt ($baz, 0, "benchmarked code was run"); 68my $in_onesec = $onesec->iters; 69print "# $in_onesec iterations\n"; 70ok ($in_onesec > 0, "iters returned positive iterations"); 71 72{ 73 my $difference = $in_onesec - $estimate; 74 my $actual = abs ($difference / $in_onesec); 75 ok ($actual < $delta, "is $in_onesec within $delta of estimate ($estimate)"); 76 print "# $in_onesec is between " . ($delta / 2) . 77 " and $delta of estimate. Not that safe.\n" if $actual > $delta/2; 78} 79 80# I found that the eval'ed version was 3 times faster than the coderef. 81# (now it has a different ballast value) 82$baz = 0; 83my $again = countit(1, '$baz += fib($ballast)'); 84isa_ok($onesec, 'Benchmark', "countit 1, eval"); 85isnt ($baz, 0, "benchmarked code was run"); 86my $in_again = $again->iters; 87print "# $in_again iterations\n"; 88ok ($in_again > 0, "iters returned positive iterations"); 89 90 91my $t1 = new Benchmark; 92isa_ok ($t1, 'Benchmark', "Create another benchmark object now we're finished"); 93 94my $diff = timediff ($t1, $t0); 95isa_ok ($diff, 'Benchmark', "Get the time difference"); 96isa_ok (timesum ($t0, $t1), 'Benchmark', "check timesum"); 97 98my $default = timestr ($diff); 99isnt ($default, '', 'timestr ($diff)'); 100my $auto = timestr ($diff, 'auto'); 101is ($auto, $default, 'timestr ($diff, "auto") matches timestr ($diff)'); 102 103{ 104 my $all = timestr ($diff, 'all'); 105 like ($all, $All_Pattern, 'timestr ($diff, "all")'); 106 print "# $all\n"; 107 108 my ($wallclock, $usr, $sys, $cusr, $csys, $cpu) = $all =~ $All_Pattern; 109 110 is (timestr ($diff, 'none'), '', "none supresses output"); 111 112 my $noc = timestr ($diff, 'noc'); 113 like ($noc, qr/$wallclock +wallclock secs? +\( *$usr +usr +\+ +$sys +sys += +$cpu +CPU\)/, 'timestr ($diff, "noc")'); 114 115 my $nop = timestr ($diff, 'nop'); 116 like ($nop, qr/$wallclock +wallclock secs? +\( *$cusr +cusr +\+ +$csys +csys += +\d+\.\d\d +CPU\)/, 'timestr ($diff, "nop")'); 117 118 if ($auto eq $noc) { 119 pass ('"auto" is "noc"'); 120 } else { 121 is ($auto, $all, '"auto" isn\'t "noc", so should be eq to "all"'); 122 } 123 124 like (timestr ($diff, 'all', 'E'), 125 qr/(\d+) +wallclock secs? +\( *\d\.\d+E[-+]?\d\d\d? +usr +\d\.\d+E[-+]?\d\d\d? +sys +\+ +\d\.\d+E[-+]?\d\d\d? +cusr +\d\.\d+E[-+]?\d\d\d? +csys += +\d\.\d+E[-+]?\d\d\d? +CPU\)/, 'timestr ($diff, "all", "E") [sprintf format of "E"]'); 126} 127 128my $out = tie *OUT, 'TieOut'; 129 130my $iterations = 3; 131 132$foo = 0; 133select(OUT); 134my $got = timethis($iterations, sub {++$foo}); 135select(STDOUT); 136isa_ok($got, 'Benchmark', "timethis CODEREF"); 137is ($foo, $iterations, "benchmarked code was run $iterations times"); 138 139$got = $out->read(); 140like ($got, qr/^timethis $iterations/, 'default title'); 141like ($got, $Default_Pattern, 'default format is all or noc'); 142 143$bar = 0; 144select(OUT); 145$got = timethis($iterations, '++$bar'); 146select(STDOUT); 147isa_ok($got, 'Benchmark', "timethis eval"); 148is ($bar, $iterations, "benchmarked code was run $iterations times"); 149 150$got = $out->read(); 151like ($got, qr/^timethis $iterations/, 'default title'); 152like ($got, $Default_Pattern, 'default format is all or noc'); 153 154my $title = 'lies, damn lies and benchmarks'; 155$foo = 0; 156select(OUT); 157$got = timethis($iterations, sub {++$foo}, $title); 158select(STDOUT); 159isa_ok($got, 'Benchmark', "timethis with title"); 160is ($foo, $iterations, "benchmarked code was run $iterations times"); 161 162$got = $out->read(); 163like ($got, qr/^$title:/, 'specify title'); 164like ($got, $Default_Pattern, 'default format is all or noc'); 165 166# default is auto, which is all or noc. nop can never match the default 167$foo = 0; 168select(OUT); 169$got = timethis($iterations, sub {++$foo}, $title, 'nop'); 170select(STDOUT); 171isa_ok($got, 'Benchmark', "timethis with format"); 172is ($foo, $iterations, "benchmarked code was run $iterations times"); 173 174$got = $out->read(); 175like ($got, qr/^$title:/, 'specify title'); 176like ($got, $Nop_Pattern, 'specify format as nop'); 177 178{ 179 $foo = 0; 180 select(OUT); 181 my $start = time; 182 $got = timethis(-2, sub {$foo+= fib($ballast)}, $title, 'none'); 183 my $end = time; 184 select(STDOUT); 185 isa_ok($got, 'Benchmark', 186 "timethis, at least 2 seconds with format 'none'"); 187 ok ($foo > 0, "benchmarked code was run"); 188 ok ($end - $start > 1, "benchmarked code ran for over 1 second"); 189 190 $got = $out->read(); 191 # Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 192 $got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 193 $got =~ s/^[ \t\n]+//s; # Remove all the whitespace from the beginning 194 195 is ($got, '', "format 'none' should suppress output"); 196} 197 198$foo = $bar = $baz = 0; 199select(OUT); 200$got = timethese($iterations, { Foo => sub {++$foo}, Bar => '++$bar', 201 Baz => sub {++$baz} }); 202select(STDOUT); 203is(ref ($got), 'HASH', "timethese should return a hashref"); 204isa_ok($got->{Foo}, 'Benchmark', "Foo value"); 205isa_ok($got->{Bar}, 'Benchmark', "Bar value"); 206isa_ok($got->{Baz}, 'Benchmark', "Baz value"); 207eq_set([keys %$got], [qw(Foo Bar Baz)], 'should be exactly three objects'); 208is ($foo, $iterations, "Foo code was run $iterations times"); 209is ($bar, $iterations, "Bar code was run $iterations times"); 210is ($baz, $iterations, "Baz code was run $iterations times"); 211 212$got = $out->read(); 213# Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 214$got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 215 216like ($got, qr/timing $iterations iterations of\s+Bar\W+Baz\W+Foo\W*?\.\.\./s, 217 'check title'); 218# Remove the title 219$got =~ s/.*\.\.\.//s; 220like ($got, qr/\bBar\b.*\bBaz\b.*\bFoo\b/s, 'check output is in sorted order'); 221like ($got, $Default_Pattern, 'should find default format somewhere'); 222 223 224{ # ensure 'use strict' does not leak from Benchmark.pm into benchmarked code 225 no strict; 226 select OUT; 227 228 eval { 229 timethese( 1, 230 { undeclared_var => q{ $i++; $i-- }, 231 symbolic_ref => q{ $bar = 42; 232 $foo = 'bar'; 233 $q = ${$foo} }, 234 }, 235 'none' 236 ); 237 238 }; 239 is( $@, '', q{no strict leakage in name => 'code'} ); 240 241 eval { 242 timethese( 1, 243 { undeclared_var => sub { $i++; $i-- }, 244 symbolic_ref => sub { $bar = 42; 245 $foo = 'bar'; 246 return ${$foo} }, 247 }, 248 'none' 249 ); 250 }; 251 is( $@, '', q{no strict leakage in name => sub { code }} ); 252 253 # clear out buffer 254 $out->read; 255} 256 257 258my $code_to_test = { Foo => sub {$foo+=fib($ballast-2)}, 259 Bar => sub {$bar+=fib($ballast)}}; 260# Keep these for later. 261my $results; 262{ 263 $foo = $bar = 0; 264 select(OUT); 265 my $start = times; 266 $results = timethese(-0.1, $code_to_test, 'none'); 267 my $end = times; 268 select(STDOUT); 269 270 is(ref ($results), 'HASH', "timethese should return a hashref"); 271 isa_ok($results->{Foo}, 'Benchmark', "Foo value"); 272 isa_ok($results->{Bar}, 'Benchmark', "Bar value"); 273 eq_set([keys %$results], [qw(Foo Bar)], 'should be exactly two objects'); 274 ok ($foo > 0, "Foo code was run"); 275 ok ($bar > 0, "Bar code was run"); 276 277 ok (($end - $start) > 0.1, "benchmarked code ran for over 0.1 seconds"); 278 279 $got = $out->read(); 280 # Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 281 $got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 282 is ($got =~ tr/ \t\n//c, 0, "format 'none' should suppress output"); 283} 284my $graph_dissassembly = 285 qr!^[ \t]+(\S+)[ \t]+(\w+)[ \t]+(\w+)[ \t]* # Title line 286 \n[ \t]*(\w+)[ \t]+([0-9.]+(?:/s)?)[ \t]+(-+)[ \t]+(-?\d+%)[ \t]* 287 \n[ \t]*(\w+)[ \t]+([0-9.]+(?:/s)?)[ \t]+(-?\d+%)[ \t]+(-+)[ \t]*$!xm; 288 289sub check_graph_consistency { 290 my ( $ratetext, $slowc, $fastc, 291 $slowr, $slowratet, $slowslow, $slowfastt, 292 $fastr, $fastratet, $fastslowt, $fastfast) 293 = @_; 294 my $all_passed = 1; 295 $all_passed 296 &= is ($slowc, $slowr, "left col tag should be top row tag"); 297 $all_passed 298 &= is ($fastc, $fastr, "right col tag should be bottom row tag"); 299 $all_passed &= 300 like ($slowslow, qr/^-+/, "should be dash for comparing slow with slow"); 301 $all_passed 302 &= is ($slowslow, $fastfast, "slow v slow should be same as fast v fast"); 303 my $slowrate = $slowratet; 304 my $fastrate = $fastratet; 305 my ($slow_is_rate, $fast_is_rate); 306 unless ($slow_is_rate = $slowrate =~ s!/s!!) { 307 # Slow is expressed as iters per second. 308 $slowrate = 1/$slowrate if $slowrate; 309 } 310 unless ($fast_is_rate = $fastrate =~ s!/s!!) { 311 # Fast is expressed as iters per second. 312 $fastrate = 1/$fastrate if $fastrate; 313 } 314 if ($ratetext =~ /rate/i) { 315 $all_passed 316 &= ok ($slow_is_rate, "slow should be expressed as a rate"); 317 $all_passed 318 &= ok ($fast_is_rate, "fast should be expressed as a rate"); 319 } else { 320 $all_passed &= 321 ok (!$slow_is_rate, "slow should be expressed as a iters per second"); 322 $all_passed &= 323 ok (!$fast_is_rate, "fast should be expressed as a iters per second"); 324 } 325 326 (my $slowfast = $slowfastt) =~ s!%!!; 327 (my $fastslow = $fastslowt) =~ s!%!!; 328 if ($slowrate < $fastrate) { 329 pass ("slow rate is less than fast rate"); 330 unless (ok ($slowfast <= 0 && $slowfast >= -100, 331 "slowfast should be less than or equal to zero, and >= -100")) { 332 print STDERR "# slowfast $slowfast\n"; 333 $all_passed = 0; 334 } 335 unless (ok ($fastslow > 0, "fastslow should be > 0")) { 336 print STDERR "# fastslow $fastslow\n"; 337 $all_passed = 0; 338 } 339 } else { 340 $all_passed 341 &= is ($slowrate, $fastrate, 342 "slow rate isn't less than fast rate, so should be the same"); 343 # In OpenBSD the $slowfast is sometimes a really, really, really 344 # small number less than zero, and this gets stringified as -0. 345 $all_passed 346 &= like ($slowfast, qr/^-?0$/, "slowfast should be zero"); 347 $all_passed 348 &= like ($fastslow, qr/^-?0$/, "fastslow should be zero"); 349 } 350 return $all_passed; 351} 352 353sub check_graph_vs_output { 354 my ($chart, $got) = @_; 355 my ( $ratetext, $slowc, $fastc, 356 $slowr, $slowratet, $slowslow, $slowfastt, 357 $fastr, $fastratet, $fastslowt, $fastfast) 358 = $got =~ $graph_dissassembly; 359 my $all_passed 360 = check_graph_consistency ( $ratetext, $slowc, $fastc, 361 $slowr, $slowratet, $slowslow, $slowfastt, 362 $fastr, $fastratet, $fastslowt, $fastfast); 363 $all_passed 364 &= is_deeply ($chart, [['', $ratetext, $slowc, $fastc], 365 [$slowr, $slowratet, $slowslow, $slowfastt], 366 [$fastr, $fastratet, $fastslowt, $fastfast]], 367 "check the chart layout matches the formatted output"); 368 unless ($all_passed) { 369 print STDERR "# Something went wrong there. I got this chart:\n"; 370 print STDERR "# $_\n" foreach split /\n/, $got; 371 } 372} 373 374sub check_graph { 375 my ($title, $row1, $row2) = @_; 376 is (scalar @$title, 4, "Four entries in title row"); 377 is (scalar @$row1, 4, "Four entries in first row"); 378 is (scalar @$row2, 4, "Four entries in second row"); 379 is (shift @$title, '', "First entry of output graph should be ''"); 380 check_graph_consistency (@$title, @$row1, @$row2); 381} 382 383{ 384 select(OUT); 385 my $start = times; 386 my $chart = cmpthese( -0.1, { a => "++\$i", b => "\$i = sqrt(\$i++)" }, "auto" ) ; 387 my $end = times; 388 select(STDOUT); 389 ok (($end - $start) > 0.05, "benchmarked code ran for over 0.05 seconds"); 390 391 $got = $out->read(); 392 # Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 393 $got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 394 395 like ($got, qr/running\W+a\W+b.*?for at least 0\.1 CPU second/s, 396 'check title'); 397 # Remove the title 398 $got =~ s/.*\.\.\.//s; 399 like ($got, $Default_Pattern, 'should find default format somewhere'); 400 like ($got, $graph_dissassembly, "Should find the output graph somewhere"); 401 check_graph_vs_output ($chart, $got); 402} 403 404# Not giving auto should suppress timethese results. 405{ 406 select(OUT); 407 my $start = times; 408 my $chart = cmpthese( -0.1, { a => "++\$i", b => "\$i = sqrt(\$i++)" } ) ; 409 my $end = times; 410 select(STDOUT); 411 ok (($end - $start) > 0.05, "benchmarked code ran for over 0.05 seconds"); 412 413 $got = $out->read(); 414 # Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 415 $got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 416 417 unlike ($got, qr/running\W+a\W+b.*?for at least 0\.1 CPU second/s, 418 'should not have title'); 419 # Remove the title 420 $got =~ s/.*\.\.\.//s; 421 unlike ($got, $Default_Pattern, 'should not find default format somewhere'); 422 like ($got, $graph_dissassembly, "Should find the output graph somewhere"); 423 check_graph_vs_output ($chart, $got); 424} 425 426{ 427 $foo = $bar = 0; 428 select(OUT); 429 my $chart = cmpthese( 10, $code_to_test, 'nop' ) ; 430 select(STDOUT); 431 ok ($foo > 0, "Foo code was run"); 432 ok ($bar > 0, "Bar code was run"); 433 434 $got = $out->read(); 435 # Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 436 $got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 437 like ($got, qr/timing 10 iterations of\s+Bar\W+Foo\W*?\.\.\./s, 438 'check title'); 439 # Remove the title 440 $got =~ s/.*\.\.\.//s; 441 like ($got, $Nop_Pattern, 'specify format as nop'); 442 like ($got, $graph_dissassembly, "Should find the output graph somewhere"); 443 check_graph_vs_output ($chart, $got); 444} 445 446{ 447 $foo = $bar = 0; 448 select(OUT); 449 my $chart = cmpthese( 10, $code_to_test, 'none' ) ; 450 select(STDOUT); 451 ok ($foo > 0, "Foo code was run"); 452 ok ($bar > 0, "Bar code was run"); 453 454 $got = $out->read(); 455 # Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 456 $got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 457 $got =~ s/^[ \t\n]+//s; # Remove all the whitespace from the beginning 458 is ($got, '', "format 'none' should suppress output"); 459 is (ref $chart, 'ARRAY', "output should be an array ref"); 460 # Some of these will go bang if the preceding test fails. There will be 461 # a big clue as to why, from the previous test's diagnostic 462 is (ref $chart->[0], 'ARRAY', "output should be an array of arrays"); 463 check_graph (@$chart); 464} 465 466{ 467 $foo = $bar = 0; 468 select(OUT); 469 my $chart = cmpthese( $results ) ; 470 select(STDOUT); 471 is ($foo, 0, "Foo code was not run"); 472 is ($bar, 0, "Bar code was not run"); 473 474 $got = $out->read(); 475 ok ($got !~ /\.\.\./s, 'check that there is no title'); 476 like ($got, $graph_dissassembly, "Should find the output graph somewhere"); 477 check_graph_vs_output ($chart, $got); 478} 479 480{ 481 $foo = $bar = 0; 482 select(OUT); 483 my $chart = cmpthese( $results, 'none' ) ; 484 select(STDOUT); 485 is ($foo, 0, "Foo code was not run"); 486 is ($bar, 0, "Bar code was not run"); 487 488 $got = $out->read(); 489 is ($got, '', "'none' should suppress all output"); 490 is (ref $chart, 'ARRAY', "output should be an array ref"); 491 # Some of these will go bang if the preceding test fails. There will be 492 # a big clue as to why, from the previous test's diagnostic 493 is (ref $chart->[0], 'ARRAY', "output should be an array of arrays"); 494 check_graph (@$chart); 495} 496 497###}my $out = tie *OUT, 'TieOut'; my ($got); ### 498 499my $debug = tie *STDERR, 'TieOut'; 500 501$bar = 0; 502isa_ok(timeit(5, '++$bar'), 'Benchmark', "timeit eval"); 503is ($bar, 5, "benchmarked code was run 5 times"); 504is ($debug->read(), '', "There was no debug output"); 505 506Benchmark->debug(1); 507 508$bar = 0; 509select(OUT); 510$got = timeit(5, '++$bar'); 511select(STDOUT); 512isa_ok($got, 'Benchmark', "timeit eval"); 513is ($bar, 5, "benchmarked code was run 5 times"); 514is ($out->read(), '', "There was no STDOUT output with debug enabled"); 515isnt ($debug->read(), '', "There was STDERR debug output with debug enabled"); 516 517Benchmark->debug(0); 518 519$bar = 0; 520isa_ok(timeit(5, '++$bar'), 'Benchmark', "timeit eval"); 521is ($bar, 5, "benchmarked code was run 5 times"); 522is ($debug->read(), '', "There was no debug output debug disabled"); 523 524undef $debug; 525untie *STDERR; 526 527# To check the cache we are poking where we don't belong, inside the namespace. 528# The way benchmark is written We can't actually check whehter the cache is 529# being used, merely what's become cached. 530 531clearallcache(); 532my @before_keys = keys %Benchmark::Cache; 533$bar = 0; 534isa_ok(timeit(5, '++$bar'), 'Benchmark', "timeit eval"); 535is ($bar, 5, "benchmarked code was run 5 times"); 536my @after5_keys = keys %Benchmark::Cache; 537$bar = 0; 538isa_ok(timeit(10, '++$bar'), 'Benchmark', "timeit eval"); 539is ($bar, 10, "benchmarked code was run 10 times"); 540ok (!eq_array ([keys %Benchmark::Cache], \@after5_keys), "10 differs from 5"); 541 542clearcache(10); 543# Hash key order will be the same if there are the same keys. 544is_deeply ([keys %Benchmark::Cache], \@after5_keys, 545 "cleared 10, only cached results for 5 should remain"); 546 547clearallcache(); 548is_deeply ([keys %Benchmark::Cache], \@before_keys, 549 "back to square 1 when we clear the cache again?"); 550 551 552{ # Check usage error messages 553 my %usage = %Benchmark::_Usage; 554 delete $usage{runloop}; # not public, not worrying about it just now 555 556 my @takes_no_args = qw(clearallcache disablecache enablecache); 557 558 my %cmpthese = ('forgot {}' => 'cmpthese( 42, foo => sub { 1 } )', 559 'not result' => 'cmpthese(42)', 560 'array ref' => 'cmpthese( 42, [ foo => sub { 1 } ] )', 561 ); 562 while( my($name, $code) = each %cmpthese ) { 563 eval $code; 564 is( $@, $usage{cmpthese}, "cmpthese usage: $name" ); 565 } 566 567 my %timethese = ('forgot {}' => 'timethese( 42, foo => sub { 1 } )', 568 'no code' => 'timethese(42)', 569 'array ref' => 'timethese( 42, [ foo => sub { 1 } ] )', 570 ); 571 572 while( my($name, $code) = each %timethese ) { 573 eval $code; 574 is( $@, $usage{timethese}, "timethese usage: $name" ); 575 } 576 577 578 while( my($func, $usage) = each %usage ) { 579 next if grep $func eq $_, @takes_no_args; 580 eval "$func()"; 581 is( $@, $usage, "$func usage: no args" ); 582 } 583 584 foreach my $func (@takes_no_args) { 585 eval "$func(42)"; 586 is( $@, $usage{$func}, "$func usage: with args" ); 587 } 588} 589 590 591package TieOut; 592 593sub TIEHANDLE { 594 my $class = shift; 595 bless(\( my $ref = ''), $class); 596} 597 598sub PRINT { 599 my $self = shift; 600 $$self .= join('', @_); 601} 602 603sub PRINTF { 604 my $self = shift; 605 $$self .= sprintf shift, @_; 606} 607 608sub read { 609 my $self = shift; 610 return substr($$self, 0, length($$self), ''); 611} 612