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3 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
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25
26package java.lang;
27
28import java.security.*;
29import java.lang.module.ModuleFinder;
30
31/**
32 * This class is for runtime permissions. A {@code RuntimePermission}
33 * contains a name (also referred to as a "target name") but no actions
34 * list; you either have the named permission or you don't.
35 * <p>
36 * The target name is the name of the runtime permission (see below). The
37 * naming convention follows the  hierarchical property naming convention.
38 * Also, an asterisk may appear at the end of the name, following a ".",
39 * or by itself, to signify a wildcard match. For example: "loadLibrary.*"
40 * and "*" signify a wildcard match, while "*loadLibrary" and "a*b" do not.
41 * <p>
42 * The following table lists the standard {@code RuntimePermission}
43 * target names, and for each provides a description of what the permission
44 * allows and a discussion of the risks of granting code the permission.
45 *
46 * <table class="striped">
47 * <caption style="display:none">permission target name,
48 *  what the target allows, and associated risks</caption>
49 * <thead>
50 * <tr>
51 * <th>Permission Target Name</th>
52 * <th>What the Permission Allows</th>
53 * <th>Risks of Allowing this Permission</th>
54 * </tr>
55 * </thead>
56 * <tbody>
57 *
58 * <tr>
59 *   <td>createClassLoader</td>
60 *   <td>Creation of a class loader</td>
61 *   <td>This is an extremely dangerous permission to grant.
62 * Malicious applications that can instantiate their own class
63 * loaders could then load their own rogue classes into the system.
64 * These newly loaded classes could be placed into any protection
65 * domain by the class loader, thereby automatically granting the
66 * classes the permissions for that domain.</td>
67 * </tr>
68 *
69 * <tr>
70 *   <td>getClassLoader</td>
71 *   <td>Retrieval of a class loader (e.g., the class loader for the calling
72 * class)</td>
73 *   <td>This would grant an attacker permission to get the
74 * class loader for a particular class. This is dangerous because
75 * having access to a class's class loader allows the attacker to
76 * load other classes available to that class loader. The attacker
77 * would typically otherwise not have access to those classes.</td>
78 * </tr>
79 *
80 * <tr>
81 *   <td>setContextClassLoader</td>
82 *   <td>Setting of the context class loader used by a thread</td>
83 *   <td>The context class loader is used by system code and extensions
84 * when they need to lookup resources that might not exist in the system
85 * class loader. Granting setContextClassLoader permission would allow
86 * code to change which context class loader is used
87 * for a particular thread, including system threads.</td>
88 * </tr>
89 *
90 * <tr>
91 *   <td>enableContextClassLoaderOverride</td>
92 *   <td>Subclass implementation of the thread context class loader methods</td>
93 *   <td>The context class loader is used by system code and extensions
94 * when they need to lookup resources that might not exist in the system
95 * class loader. Granting enableContextClassLoaderOverride permission would allow
96 * a subclass of Thread to override the methods that are used
97 * to get or set the context class loader for a particular thread.</td>
98 * </tr>
99 *
100 * <tr>
101 *   <td>closeClassLoader</td>
102 *   <td>Closing of a ClassLoader</td>
103 *   <td>Granting this permission allows code to close any URLClassLoader
104 * that it has a reference to.</td>
105 * </tr>
106 *
107 * <tr>
108 *   <td>setSecurityManager</td>
109 *   <td>Setting of the security manager (possibly replacing an existing one)
110 * </td>
111 *   <td>The security manager is a class that allows
112 * applications to implement a security policy. Granting the setSecurityManager
113 * permission would allow code to change which security manager is used by
114 * installing a different, possibly less restrictive security manager,
115 * thereby bypassing checks that would have been enforced by the original
116 * security manager.</td>
117 * </tr>
118 *
119 * <tr>
120 *   <td>createSecurityManager</td>
121 *   <td>Creation of a new security manager</td>
122 *   <td>This gives code access to protected, sensitive methods that may
123 * disclose information about other classes or the execution stack.</td>
124 * </tr>
125 *
126 * <tr>
127 *   <td>getenv.{variable name}</td>
128 *   <td>Reading of the value of the specified environment variable</td>
129 *   <td>This would allow code to read the value, or determine the
130 *       existence, of a particular environment variable.  This is
131 *       dangerous if the variable contains confidential data.</td>
132 * </tr>
133 *
134 * <tr>
135 *   <td>exitVM.{exit status}</td>
136 *   <td>Halting of the Java Virtual Machine with the specified exit status</td>
137 *   <td>This allows an attacker to mount a denial-of-service attack
138 * by automatically forcing the virtual machine to halt.
139 * Note: The "exitVM.*" permission is automatically granted to all code
140 * loaded from the application class path, thus enabling applications
141 * to terminate themselves. Also, the "exitVM" permission is equivalent to
142 * "exitVM.*".</td>
143 * </tr>
144 *
145 * <tr>
146 *   <td>shutdownHooks</td>
147 *   <td>Registration and cancellation of virtual-machine shutdown hooks</td>
148 *   <td>This allows an attacker to register a malicious shutdown
149 * hook that interferes with the clean shutdown of the virtual machine.</td>
150 * </tr>
151 *
152 * <tr>
153 *   <td>setFactory</td>
154 *   <td>Setting of the socket factory used by ServerSocket or Socket,
155 * or of the stream handler factory used by URL</td>
156 *   <td>This allows code to set the actual implementation
157 * for the socket, server socket, stream handler, or RMI socket factory.
158 * An attacker may set a faulty implementation which mangles the data
159 * stream.</td>
160 * </tr>
161 *
162 * <tr>
163 *   <td>setIO</td>
164 *   <td>Setting of System.out, System.in, and System.err</td>
165 *   <td>This allows changing the value of the standard system streams.
166 * An attacker may change System.in to monitor and
167 * steal user input, or may set System.err to a "null" OutputStream,
168 * which would hide any error messages sent to System.err. </td>
169 * </tr>
170 *
171 * <tr>
172 *   <td>modifyThread</td>
173 *   <td>Modification of threads, e.g., via calls to Thread
174 * {@code interrupt, stop, suspend, resume, setDaemon, setPriority,
175 * setName} and {@code setUncaughtExceptionHandler}
176 * methods</td>
177 * <td>This allows an attacker to modify the behaviour of
178 * any thread in the system.</td>
179 * </tr>
180 *
181 * <tr>
182 *   <td>stopThread</td>
183 *   <td>Stopping of threads via calls to the Thread <code>stop</code>
184 * method</td>
185 *   <td>This allows code to stop any thread in the system provided that it is
186 * already granted permission to access that thread.
187 * This poses as a threat, because that code may corrupt the system by
188 * killing existing threads.</td>
189 * </tr>
190 *
191 * <tr>
192 *   <td>modifyThreadGroup</td>
193 *   <td>modification of thread groups, e.g., via calls to ThreadGroup
194 * <code>destroy</code>, <code>getParent</code>, <code>resume</code>,
195 * <code>setDaemon</code>, <code>setMaxPriority</code>, <code>stop</code>,
196 * and <code>suspend</code> methods</td>
197 *   <td>This allows an attacker to create thread groups and
198 * set their run priority.</td>
199 * </tr>
200 *
201 * <tr>
202 *   <td>getProtectionDomain</td>
203 *   <td>Retrieval of the ProtectionDomain for a class</td>
204 *   <td>This allows code to obtain policy information
205 * for a particular code source. While obtaining policy information
206 * does not compromise the security of the system, it does give
207 * attackers additional information, such as local file names for
208 * example, to better aim an attack.</td>
209 * </tr>
210 *
211 * <tr>
212 *   <td>getFileSystemAttributes</td>
213 *   <td>Retrieval of file system attributes</td>
214 *   <td>This allows code to obtain file system information such as disk usage
215 *       or disk space available to the caller.  This is potentially dangerous
216 *       because it discloses information about the system hardware
217 *       configuration and some information about the caller's privilege to
218 *       write files.</td>
219 * </tr>
220 *
221 * <tr>
222 *   <td>readFileDescriptor</td>
223 *   <td>Reading of file descriptors</td>
224 *   <td>This would allow code to read the particular file associated
225 *       with the file descriptor read. This is dangerous if the file
226 *       contains confidential data.</td>
227 * </tr>
228 *
229 * <tr>
230 *   <td>writeFileDescriptor</td>
231 *   <td>Writing to file descriptors</td>
232 *   <td>This allows code to write to a particular file associated
233 *       with the descriptor. This is dangerous because it may allow
234 *       malicious code to plant viruses or at the very least, fill up
235 *       your entire disk.</td>
236 * </tr>
237 *
238 * <tr>
239 *   <td>loadLibrary.{library name}</td>
240 *   <td>Dynamic linking of the specified library</td>
241 *   <td>It is dangerous to allow an applet permission to load native code
242 * libraries, because the Java security architecture is not designed to and
243 * does not prevent malicious behavior at the level of native code.</td>
244 * </tr>
245 *
246 * <tr>
247 *   <td>accessClassInPackage.{package name}</td>
248 *   <td>Access to the specified package via a class loader's
249 * <code>loadClass</code> method when that class loader calls
250 * the SecurityManager <code>checkPackageAccess</code> method</td>
251 *   <td>This gives code access to classes in packages
252 * to which it normally does not have access. Malicious code
253 * may use these classes to help in its attempt to compromise
254 * security in the system.</td>
255 * </tr>
256 *
257 * <tr>
258 *   <td>defineClassInPackage.{package name}</td>
259 *   <td>Definition of classes in the specified package, via a class
260 * loader's <code>defineClass</code> method when that class loader calls
261 * the SecurityManager <code>checkPackageDefinition</code> method.</td>
262 *   <td>This grants code permission to define a class
263 * in a particular package. This is dangerous because malicious
264 * code with this permission may define rogue classes in
265 * trusted packages like <code>java.security</code> or <code>java.lang</code>,
266 * for example.</td>
267 * </tr>
268 *
269 * <tr>
270 *   <td>defineClass</td>
271 *   <td>Define a class with
272 * {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#defineClass(byte[])
273 * Lookup.defineClass}.</td>
274 *   <td>This grants code with a suitably privileged {@code Lookup} object
275 * permission to define classes in the same package as the {@code Lookup}'s
276 * lookup class. </td>
277 * </tr>
278 *
279 * <tr>
280 *   <td>accessDeclaredMembers</td>
281 *   <td>Access to the declared members of a class</td>
282 *   <td>This grants code permission to query a class for its public,
283 * protected, default (package) access, and private fields and/or
284 * methods. Although the code would have
285 * access to the private and protected field and method names, it would not
286 * have access to the private/protected field data and would not be able
287 * to invoke any private methods. Nevertheless, malicious code
288 * may use this information to better aim an attack.
289 * Additionally, it may invoke any public methods and/or access public fields
290 * in the class.  This could be dangerous if
291 * the code would normally not be able to invoke those methods and/or
292 * access the fields  because
293 * it can't cast the object to the class/interface with those methods
294 * and fields.
295</td>
296 * </tr>
297 * <tr>
298 *   <td>queuePrintJob</td>
299 *   <td>Initiation of a print job request</td>
300 *   <td>This could print sensitive information to a printer,
301 * or simply waste paper.</td>
302 * </tr>
303 *
304 * <tr>
305 *   <td>getStackTrace</td>
306 *   <td>Retrieval of the stack trace information of another thread.</td>
307 *   <td>This allows retrieval of the stack trace information of
308 * another thread.  This might allow malicious code to monitor the
309 * execution of threads and discover vulnerabilities in applications.</td>
310 * </tr>
311 *
312 * <tr>
313 *   <td>getStackWalkerWithClassReference</td>
314 *   <td>Get a stack walker that can retrieve stack frames with class reference.</td>
315 *   <td>This allows retrieval of Class objects from stack walking.
316 *   This might allow malicious code to access Class objects on the stack
317 *   outside its own context.</td>
318 * </tr>
319 *
320 * <tr>
321 *   <td>setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler</td>
322 *   <td>Setting the default handler to be used when a thread
323 *   terminates abruptly due to an uncaught exception</td>
324 *   <td>This allows an attacker to register a malicious
325 *   uncaught exception handler that could interfere with termination
326 *   of a thread</td>
327 * </tr>
328 *
329 * <tr>
330 *   <td>preferences</td>
331 *   <td>Represents the permission required to get access to the
332 *   java.util.prefs.Preferences implementations user or system root
333 *   which in turn allows retrieval or update operations within the
334 *   Preferences persistent backing store.) </td>
335 *   <td>This permission allows the user to read from or write to the
336 *   preferences backing store if the user running the code has
337 *   sufficient OS privileges to read/write to that backing store.
338 *   The actual backing store may reside within a traditional filesystem
339 *   directory or within a registry depending on the platform OS</td>
340 * </tr>
341 *
342 * <tr>
343 *   <td>manageProcess</td>
344 *   <td>Native process termination and information about processes
345 *       {@link ProcessHandle}.</td>
346 *   <td>Allows code to identify and terminate processes that it did not create.</td>
347 * </tr>
348 *
349 * <tr>
350 *   <td>localeServiceProvider</td>
351 *   <td>This {@code RuntimePermission} is required to be granted to
352 *   classes which subclass and implement
353 *   {@code java.util.spi.LocaleServiceProvider}. The permission is
354 *   checked during invocation of the abstract base class constructor.
355 *   This permission ensures trust in classes which implement this
356 *   security-sensitive provider mechanism. </td>
357 *   <td>See <a href= "../util/spi/LocaleServiceProvider.html">
358 *   {@code java.util.spi.LocaleServiceProvider}</a> for more
359 *   information.</td>
360 * </tr>
361 *
362 * <tr>
363 *   <td>loggerFinder</td>
364 *   <td>This {@code RuntimePermission} is required to be granted to
365 *   classes which subclass or call methods on
366 *   {@code java.lang.System.LoggerFinder}. The permission is
367 *   checked during invocation of the abstract base class constructor, as
368 *   well as on the invocation of its public methods.
369 *   This permission ensures trust in classes which provide loggers
370 *   to system classes.</td>
371 *   <td>See {@link java.lang.System.LoggerFinder java.lang.System.LoggerFinder}
372 *   for more information.</td>
373 * </tr>
374 *
375 * <tr>
376 *   <td>accessSystemModules</td>
377 *   <td>Access system modules in the runtime image.</td>
378 *   <td>This grants the permission to access resources in the
379 *   {@linkplain ModuleFinder#ofSystem system modules} in the runtime image.</td>
380 * </tr>
381 *
382 * </tbody>
383 * </table>
384 *
385 * @implNote
386 * Implementations may define additional target names, but should use naming
387 * conventions such as reverse domain name notation to avoid name clashes.
388 *
389 * @see java.security.BasicPermission
390 * @see java.security.Permission
391 * @see java.security.Permissions
392 * @see java.security.PermissionCollection
393 * @see java.lang.SecurityManager
394 *
395 *
396 * @author Marianne Mueller
397 * @author Roland Schemers
398 * @since 1.2
399 */
400
401public final class RuntimePermission extends BasicPermission {
402
403    private static final long serialVersionUID = 7399184964622342223L;
404
405    /**
406     * Creates a new RuntimePermission with the specified name.
407     * The name is the symbolic name of the RuntimePermission, such as
408     * "exit", "setFactory", etc. An asterisk
409     * may appear at the end of the name, following a ".", or by itself, to
410     * signify a wildcard match.
411     *
412     * @param name the name of the RuntimePermission.
413     *
414     * @throws NullPointerException if <code>name</code> is <code>null</code>.
415     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>name</code> is empty.
416     */
417
418    public RuntimePermission(String name)
419    {
420        super(name);
421    }
422
423    /**
424     * Creates a new RuntimePermission object with the specified name.
425     * The name is the symbolic name of the RuntimePermission, and the
426     * actions String is currently unused and should be null.
427     *
428     * @param name the name of the RuntimePermission.
429     * @param actions should be null.
430     *
431     * @throws NullPointerException if <code>name</code> is <code>null</code>.
432     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>name</code> is empty.
433     */
434
435    public RuntimePermission(String name, String actions)
436    {
437        super(name, actions);
438    }
439}
440