1# tzdb data for Europe and environs 2 3# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 4# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson. 5 6# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 7# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 8# tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see 9# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution. 10 11# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10): 12# 13# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is: 14# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), 15# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). 16# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources. 17# 18# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source 19# for time zone data was the International Air Transport 20# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 21# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 22# of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted, 23# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990. 24# 25# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is 26# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 27# 28# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for 29# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. 30# 31# Other sources occasionally used include: 32# 33# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 34# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), 35# which I found in the UCLA library. 36# 37# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition 38# <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf> 39# [PDF] (1914-03) 40# 41# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94 42# <https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes: 43# "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables 44# may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society, 45# Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org. 46# 47# Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919. 48# This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see 49# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html 50# The full Russian citation is: 51# ��������������, �������������� ��������������������. ���������� �������� �������������� �� �������������� ���������� 52# ������������������ ���������������� ������������ ���������������� �������������������� ������ �������� ������������ �� 1-���� 53# �������� 1919 ��. / ������. 2-�� ������������������������������������ ����������������. - ������������������: 54# �������������� ������. ������., 1919. 55# http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf 56# 57# Brazil's Divis��o Servi��o da Hora (DSHO), 58# History of Summer Time 59# <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm> 60# (1998-09-21, in Portuguese) 61# 62# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table; 63# the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time, 64# or are from other sources. Corrections are welcome! 65# std dst 2dst 66# LMT Local Mean Time 67# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic 68# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer 69# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer 70# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe 71# 1:00 BST British Standard (1968-1971) 72# 1:00 IST GMT Irish Standard (1968-) with winter DST 73# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe 74# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899) 75# 1:36:34 RMT* LST* Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)* 76# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe 77# 3:00 MSK MSD MDST* Moscow 78 79# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), re EEC/EC/EU members: 80# The original six: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, 81# Luxembourg, the Netherlands. 82# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. 83# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. 84# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. 85# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for 86# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% 87# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous 88# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. 89# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) 90# ... 91# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. 92# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. 93# ... 94# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. 95# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact 96# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the 97# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed 98# in the Directive. 99 100 101############################################################################### 102 103# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire) 104 105# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06): 106# 107# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about 108# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo 109# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph 110# of the text said: 111# 112# 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands 113# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude 114# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed 115# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They 116# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, 117# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking 118# along the towpath within a few yards of it.' 119# 120# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's 121# position is 51�� 28' 30" N, 0�� 18' 45" W. The longitude should 122# be within about ��2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. 123# 124# [This yields STDOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] 125 126# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18): 127# 128# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. 129# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, 130# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. 131# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828) 132# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903). 133# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway 134# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most 135# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the 136# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be 137# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it. 138# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian, 139# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many 140# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public 141# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock 142# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, 143# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal 144# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading 145# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. 146# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition 147# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02. 148# 149# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single 150# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much 151# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time. 152 153# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19): 154# The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time 155# informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year. 156# Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the 157# New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946), 158# whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value 159# after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research. 160# In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society 161# that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See: 162# Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30��. 163# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734 164# http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html 165# Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal 166# did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten. 167# 168# In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915), 169# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society 170# who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907) 171# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, 172# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. 173# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, 174# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. 175# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and 176# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. 177# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18). 178# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in 179# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular 180# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith, 181# designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial, 182# which is permanently set to Summer Time. 183 184# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28): 185# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of 186# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country 187# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which 188# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the 189# foundations of civilization throughout the world. 190# -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly; 191# republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26 192# https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-114/a-silent-toast-to-william-willett-by-winston-s-churchill 193 194# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08): 195# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving" 196# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this 197# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the 198# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer". 199# The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see: 200# Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press 201# ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8. 202 203# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19): 204# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's 205# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. 206 207# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) 208# From: Jonathan Leffler 209# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. 210# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in 211# politics making a fortune, not computing. 212 213# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14): 214# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the 215# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published 216# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and 217# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T." 218 219# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02): 220# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the 221# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516) 222# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945). 223 224# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03): 225# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir 226# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any 227# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't 228# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British 229# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally. 230# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png 231# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png 232 233# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21): 234# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time 235# which is to be introduced in May.... 236# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time" 237# which could not be said to run counter to any official description. 238 239# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02): 240# Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common 241# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first, 242# so we use 'BDST'. 243 244# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length 245# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom. 246# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating 247# and extending this list, which can be found in 248# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ 249 250# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06): 251# 252# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC; 253# see Lord Tanlaw's speech 254# https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0 255# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976). 256 257# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 258# 259# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948. 260# 261# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger 262# are incorrect: 263# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until 264# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. 265# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. 266# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. 267# It actually just had one transition. 268# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II. 269# Actually, it conformed to Britain. 270# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. 271# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. 272# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). 273# 274# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger: 275# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT 276# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to 277# conform with Great Britain. 278# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise. 279# 280# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful; 281# we'll ignore it for now. 282# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. 283 284# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-04): 285# 286# Dunsink Observatory (8 km NW of Dublin's center) was to Dublin as 287# Greenwich was to London. For example: 288# 289# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time." 290# -- James Joyce, Ulysses 291# 292# The abbreviation DMT stood for "Dublin Mean Time" or "Dunsink Mean Time"; 293# this being Ireland, opinions differed. 294# 295# Whitman says Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time was UT-00:25:21, which agrees 296# with measurements of recent visitors to the Meridian Room of Dunsink 297# Observatory; see Malone D. Dunsink and timekeeping. 2016-01-24. 298# <https://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwmalone/time/dunsink.html>. Malone 299# writes that the Nautical Almanac listed UT-00:25:22 until 1896, when 300# it moved to UT-00:25:21.1 (I confirmed that the 1893 edition used 301# the former and the 1896 edition used the latter). Evidently the 302# news of this change propagated slowly, as Milne 1899 still lists 303# UT-00:25:22 and cites the International Telegraph Bureau. As it is 304# not clear that there was any practical significance to the change 305# from UT-00:25:22 to UT-00:25:21.1 in civil timekeeping, omit this 306# transition for now and just use the latter value. 307 308# "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time 309# was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that 310# would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn F��in) camp'. She claimed 311# Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'." 312# -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising. 313# Irish Times 2014-10-27. 314# https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411 315 316# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26): 317# Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>. 318# These include various relating to legal time, for example: 319# 320# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html 321# 322# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html 323# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html 324# 325# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html 326# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html 327# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html 328# 329# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html 330# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html 331# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html 332# 333# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is 334# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.] 335# 336# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these 337# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover 338# the laws applicable in Ireland.) 339# 340# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined 341# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it 342# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time 343# being GMT+1.) 344 345# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28): 346# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31) 347# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time 348# (CT), equivalent to French civil time. 349# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that 350# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door) 351# and Frethun run in CT. 352# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities, 353# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities, 354# and that the time depends on who you're talking to. 355# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason, 356# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST. 357# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST. 358 359# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): 360# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, 361# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC. 362# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate 363# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of 364# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is 365# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". 366# 367# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-07): 368# The 1996 anonymous contributor's goal was to determine the correct 369# abbreviation for summer time in Dublin and so the contributor 370# focused on the "IST", not on the "Irish Summer Time". Though the 371# "IST" was correct, the "Irish Summer Time" appears to have been an 372# error, as Ireland's Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 states that 373# standard time in Ireland remains at UT +01 and is observed in 374# summer, and that Greenwich mean time is observed in winter. (Thanks 375# to Derick Rethans for pointing out the error.) That is, when 376# Ireland amended the 1968 act that established UT +01 as Irish 377# Standard Time, it left standard time unchanged and established GMT 378# as a negative daylight saving time in winter. So, in this database 379# IST stands for Irish Summer Time for timestamps before 1968, and for 380# Irish Standard Time after that. See: 381# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1971/act/17/enacted/en/print 382 383# Michael Deckers (2017-06-01) gave the following URLs for Ireland's 384# Summer Time Act, 1925 and Summer Time Orders, 1926 and 1947: 385# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1925/act/8/enacted/en/print 386# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/sro/919/made/en/print 387# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1947/sro/71/made/en/print 388 389# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 390# Summer Time Act, 1916 391Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST 392Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT 393# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358 394Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST 395Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT 396# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274 397Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST 398Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT 399# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297 400Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST 401Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT 402# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 403Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST 404# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844 405Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT 406# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363 407Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 408Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT 409# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 410Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST 411Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT 412# The Summer Time Act, 1922 413Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 414Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 415Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 416Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 417# The Summer Time Act, 1925 418Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 419Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 420Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 421Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 422Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 423Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 424Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 425Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 426Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 427Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 428Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 429# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379 430Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 431# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883 432Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST 433# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476 434Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 435Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 436# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506 437Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 438# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932 439Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST 440# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 441Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 442Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 443# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208 444Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 445Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 446# The Summer Time Act, 1947 447Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST 448Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST 449Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST 450Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT 451# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) 452Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 453Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT 454# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) 455Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 456Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT 457# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) 458# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) 459# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) 460Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST 461Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT 462# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925 463Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 464Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 465Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 466Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 467Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 468Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 469Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 470# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71) 471# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465) 472# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81) 473Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST 474Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 475# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101) 476# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201) 477# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148) 478Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST 479# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117) 480Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST 481# The British Standard Time Act, 1968 482# (no summer time) 483# The Summer Time Act, 1972 484Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 485Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 486# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089) 487# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673) 488# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223) 489# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931) 490Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST 491Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT 492# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985) 493# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729) 494# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798) 495Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT 496# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982) 497# See EU for rules starting in 1996. 498# 499 500# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 501Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 502 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 503 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 504 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 505 0:00 EU GMT/BST 506# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 507Zone Europe/Jersey -0:08:26 - LMT 1898 Jun 11 16:00u 508 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1940 Jul 2 509 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 510 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 511 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 512 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 513 0:00 EU GMT/BST 514 515# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 516Zone Europe/Guernsey -0:10:09 - LMT 1913 Jun 18 517 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1940 Jul 2 518 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 519 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 520 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 521 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 522 0:00 EU GMT/BST 523 524# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 525Zone Europe/Isle_of_Man -0:17:55 - LMT 1883 Mar 30 0:00s 526 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 527 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 528 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 529 0:00 EU GMT/BST 530 531# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15): 532# In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the 533# Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU: 534# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html 535# and with tests for OpenJDK: 536# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html 537# 538# To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the 539# following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the 540# other form with a traditional approximation for Irish timestamps 541# after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst 542# flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often 543# suffices.... 544# 545# The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in 546# summer and negative daylight saving time in winter. It is for when 547# negative SAVE values are used. 548# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 549Rule Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 2:00u -1:00 - 550Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00u 0 - 551Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00u -1:00 - 552Rule Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 0 - 553Rule Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u -1:00 - 554Rule Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u -1:00 - 555Rule Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u -1:00 - 556 557# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 558 #STDOFF -0:25:21.1 559Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 560 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00s 561 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s 562 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 563 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00s 564 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00s 565 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00s 566 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00s 567 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00s 568 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 569# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST. 570 1:00 Eire IST/GMT 571# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk. 572# 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 573# 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 574# 0:00 EU GMT/IST 575# End of rearguard section. 576 577 578############################################################################### 579 580# Europe 581 582# The following rules are for the European Union and for its 583# predecessor organization, the European Communities. 584# For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file. 585 586# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 587Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S 588Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 589Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - 590Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 591Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S 592Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - 593# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See: 594# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 595# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements. 596# http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT 597 598# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. 599Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 600Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 601Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - 602Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 603Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 604Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 605 606# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. 607# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time. 608Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 609Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 610Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 611Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 612Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S 613Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 614Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S 615Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 616Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 617# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 618Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - 619# From Jesper N��rgaard Welen (2008-07-13): 620# 621# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s 622# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was 623# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the 624# tz database itself, as seen below: 625# 626# Zone Europe/Paris ... 627# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 628# 629# Zone Europe/Monaco ... 630# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 631# 632# Zone Europe/Belgrade ... 633# 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 634# 635# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 636# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 637# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 638# 639# The rule line to be changed is: 640# 641# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 - 642# 643# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on 644# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no 645# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items 646# affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms 647# CET and MET: 648# 649# Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 650# Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 651# 652# It this is right then the corrected version would look like: 653# 654# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 655# 656# A small step for mankind though 8-) 657Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 658Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 659Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 660Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 661Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 662Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 663Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 664 665# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time. 666Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 667Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 668Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 669Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 670Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S 671Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 672 673 674# Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union 675# 676# The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23). 677 678# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 679Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time 680# 681# Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137 682Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time 683# 684# Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001 685Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time 686Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST 687# 688# Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949 689Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST 690# 691Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 0:00u 1:00 MSD 692Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK 693# 694# Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840 695Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD 696# 697# Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949 698Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 +05 699# 700Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD 701Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 702# Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24): 703Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 704Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 705# Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in 706# Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14): 707Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 708Rule Russia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 709# 710Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 711# As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data. 712 713# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07): 714# Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of 715# Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the 716# Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227. 717# 718# I did not find full texts of these acts. For the 1989 one we have 719# title at https://base.garant.ru/70754136/ : 720# "About change in calculation of time on the territories of 721# Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan, 722# Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts". 723# And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to 724# contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules 725# of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov 726# oblasts. Since last Sunday of March 1989: 727# a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast: 728# second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1); 729# b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt 730# rules (Moscow time) 731# c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1). 732 733# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27): 734# Unamended version of the act of the 735# Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992 736# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0 737# says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday 738# of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September 739# at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October. 740 741# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14): 742# According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev 743# signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011. 744# According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time. 745# 746# Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian): 747# http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583 748# 749# Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian): 750# https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html 751 752# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15): 753# Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered 754# to be standard. 755 756# These are for backward compatibility with older versions. 757 758# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 759Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT 760Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 761Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 762Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT 763 764# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST 765# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage. 766 767# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12): 768# The official German names ... are 769# 770# Mitteleurop��ische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00 771# Mitteleurop��ische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00 772# 773# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ��ber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG), 774# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111).... 775# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution 776# 777# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) 778# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit" 779# Postfach 3345 780# D-38023 Braunschweig 781# phone: +49 531 592-0 782# 783# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB 784# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the 785# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as 786# 787# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00 788# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00 789 790 791# Albania 792# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 793Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S 794Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 795Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S 796Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - 797Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 798Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 799Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 800Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 801Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 802Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 803Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S 804Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 805Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S 806Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 807Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S 808Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 809Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S 810Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 811Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S 812Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - 813Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 814Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 815Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 816Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 817Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 818# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 819Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 820 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 821 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul 822 1:00 EU CE%sT 823 824# Andorra 825# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 826Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 827 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 828 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 829 1:00 EU CE%sT 830 831# Austria 832 833# Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21. 834 835# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and 836# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and 837# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged" 838# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition 839# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV, 840# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12. 841 842# From Alois Treindl (2019-07-22): 843# In 1946 the end of DST was on Monday, 7 October 1946, at 3:00 am. 844# Shanks had this right. Source: Die Weltpresse, 5. Oktober 1946, page 5. 845 846# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 847Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S 848Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - 849Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 850Rule Austria 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 851Rule Austria 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 852Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 853Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 854Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S 855Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 856# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 857Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr 858 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920 859 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s 860 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 861 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s 862 1:00 - CET 1946 863 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 864 1:00 EU CE%sT 865 866# Belarus 867# 868# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02): 869# http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm 870# (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from 871# 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00 872# on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September 873# (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations). 874# 875# From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16): 876# By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to 877# GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST). 878# 879# Sources (Russian language): 880# http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html 881# http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/ 882# https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html 883# 884# From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09): 885# Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time.... 886# http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html 887# 888# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 889Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 890 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time 891 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 892 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28 893 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3 894 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 895 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 896 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 897 3:00 - +03 898 899# Belgium 900# 901# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-25): 902# The exposition in the web page 903# https://www.bestor.be/wiki/index.php/Voyager_dans_le_temps._L%E2%80%99introduction_de_la_norme_de_Greenwich_en_Belgique 904# gives several contemporary sources from which one can conclude that 905# the switch in Europe/Brussels on 1892-05-01 was from 00:17:30 to 00:00:00. 906# 907# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28): 908# This quote helps explain the late-1914 situation: 909# In early November 1914, the Germans imposed the time zone used in central 910# Europe and forced the inhabitants to set their watches and public clocks 911# sixty minutes ahead. Many were reluctant to accept "German time" and 912# continued to use "Belgian time" among themselves. Reflecting the spirit of 913# resistance that arose in the population, a song made fun of this change.... 914# The song ended: 915# Putting your clock forward 916# Will but hasten the happy hour 917# When we kick out the Boches! 918# See: Pluvinage G. Brussels on German time. Cahiers Bruxellois - 919# Brusselse Cahiers. 2014;XLVI(1E):15-38. 920# https://www.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-bruxellois-2014-1E-page-15.htm 921# 922# Entries from 1914 through 1917 are taken from "De tijd in Belgi��" 923# <https://www.astro.oma.be/GENERAL/INFO/nli001a.html>. 924# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from: 925# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique, 926# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe ann��e, 1991 927# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC), 928# pp 8-9. 929# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for the 1918/1991 references. 930# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium. 931# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect. 932# 933# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 934Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S 935Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 936Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 937Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 938Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 939Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 940Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 941Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 942Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 943Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S 944Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 945Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 946# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd 947# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier), 948# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15 949# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT. 950Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 951Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 952Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 953Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 954Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S 955Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S 956Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 957Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 958Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S 959Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 960Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 961Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 962Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S 963Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S 964Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S 965Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - 966Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S 967Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - 968Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 969Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 970Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S 971Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 972# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 973Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880 974 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 00:17:30 975 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8 976 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00 977 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u 978 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s 979 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3 980 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 981 1:00 EU CE%sT 982 983# Bosnia & Herzegovina 984# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 985Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884 986 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 987 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 988 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 989 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 990 1:00 EU CE%sT 991 992# Bulgaria 993# 994# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 995# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says: 996# EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ... 997# EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October 998# 999# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1000Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S 1001Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1002Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S 1003Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - 1004Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - 1005# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1006Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 1007 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? 1008 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 1009 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 1010 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00 1011 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 1012 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00 1013 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 1014 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 1015 2:00 EU EE%sT 1016 1017# Croatia 1018# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1019Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884 1020 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1021 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 1022 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1023 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 1024 1:00 EU CE%sT 1025 1026# Cyprus 1027# Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia. 1028 1029# Czech Republic (Czechia) 1030# 1031# From Ivan Benovic (2024-01-30): 1032# https://www.slov-lex.sk/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/1946/54/ 1033# (This is an official link to the Czechoslovak Summer Time Act of 1034# March 8, 1946 that authorizes the Czechoslovak government to set the 1035# exact dates of change to summer time and back to Central European Time. 1036# The act also implicitly confirms Central European Time as the 1037# official time zone of Czechoslovakia and currently remains in force 1038# in both the Czech Republic and Slovakia.) 1039# https://www.psp.cz/eknih/1945pns/tisky/t0216_00.htm 1040# (This is a link to the original legislative proposal dating back to 1041# February 22, 1946. The accompanying memorandum to the proposal says 1042# that an advisory committee on European railroad transportation that 1043# met in Brussels in October 1945 decided that the change of time 1044# should be carried out in all participating countries in a strictly 1045# coordinated manner....) 1046# 1047# From Paul Eggert (2024-01-30): 1048# The source for Czech data is: Kdy za����n�� a kon���� letn�� ��as. 1049# https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas 1050# Its main text disagrees with its quoted sources only in 1918, 1051# where the main text says spring and autumn transitions 1052# occurred at 02:00 and 03:00 respectively (as usual), 1053# whereas the 1918 source "Ozn��men�� o zaveden�� letn��ho ��asu v roce 1918" 1054# says transitions were at 01:00 and 02:00 respectively. 1055# As the 1918 source appears to be a humorous piece, and it is 1056# unlikely that Prague would have disagreed with its neighbors by an hour, 1057# go with the main text for now. 1058# 1059# We know of no English-language name for historical Czech winter time; 1060# abbreviate it as "GMT", as it happened to be GMT. 1061# 1062# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1063Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1064Rule Czech 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 1065Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S 1066Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1067Rule Czech 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1068Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S 1069# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1070Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 1071 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 1072 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 9 1073 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1946 Dec 1 3:00 1074# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST. 1075 1:00 -1:00 GMT 1947 Feb 23 2:00 1076# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk. 1077# 0:00 - GMT 1947 Feb 23 2:00 1078# End of rearguard section. 1079 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 1080 1:00 EU CE%sT 1081 1082# Denmark 1083# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1084Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 1085Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - 1086Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 1087Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1088Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - 1089Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S 1090Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - 1091Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 1092Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - 1093Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S 1094Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - 1095# 1096 1097# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1098Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 1099 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT 1100 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1101 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1102 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 1103 1:00 EU CE%sT 1104 1105# Faroe Is 1106# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1107Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # T��rshavn 1108 0:00 - WET 1981 1109 0:00 EU WE%sT 1110 1111# Greenland 1112# 1113# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31): 1114# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in 1115# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones. 1116# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard. 1117# 1118# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10): 1119# Greenland joined the European Communities as part of Denmark, 1120# obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, and left the European Communities 1121# on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU 1122# rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godth��b 1123# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU 1124# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980. 1125 1126# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing 1127# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15), 1128# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen: 1129# 1130# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC 1131# is according to the following time line: 1132# 1133# The military zone near Thule UTC-4 1134# Standard Greenland time UTC-3 1135# Scoresbysund UTC-1 1136# Danmarkshavn UTC 1137# 1138# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be 1139# introduced. 1140 1141# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01): 1142# 1143# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at 1144# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have 1145# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have 1146# info from earlier correspondence.] 1147# 1148# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule 1149# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight 1150# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time.... 1151# 1152# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund 1153# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst. 1154# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the 1155# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th 1156# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in 1157# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the 1158# DPC research station at Zackenberg. 1159# 1160# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use 1161# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godth��b). 1162# 1163# The rest of Greenland, including Godth��b (this area, although it 1164# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time 1165# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules. 1166# 1167# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and 1168# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators 1169# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of 1170# this area is that it sticks with Godth��b time. This area might be 1171# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this. 1172 1173# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19): 1174# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place 1175# there at 2:00 AM. 1176 1177# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1178# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; 1179# the 1995 map as like Godth��b. 1180# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godth��b before 1996. 1181# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error, 1182# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year. 1183# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules. 1184 1185# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20): 1186# "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named 1187# "National Park" by Executive Order: 1188# http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf 1189# It is their only National Park. 1190 1191# From Jonas Nyrup (2022-11-24): 1192# On last Saturday in October 2023 when DST ends America/Nuuk will switch 1193# from -03/-02 to -02/-01 1194# https://sermitsiaq.ag/forslagtidsforskel-danmark-mindskes-sommertid-beholdes 1195# ... 1196# https://sermitsiaq.ag/groenland-skifte-tidszone-trods-bekymringer 1197# 1198# From J��rgen Appel (2022-11-25): 1199# https://ina.gl/samlinger/oversigt-over-samlinger/samling/dagsordener/dagsorden.aspx?lang=da&day=24-11-2022 1200# 1201# From Thomas M. Steenholdt (2022-12-02): 1202# - The bill to move America/Nuuk from UTC-03 to UTC-02 passed. 1203# - The bill to stop observing DST did not (Greenland will stop observing DST 1204# when EU does). 1205# Details on the implementation are here (section 6): 1206# https://ina.gl/dvd/EM%202022/pdf/media/2553529/pkt17_em2022_tidens_bestemmelse_bem_da.pdf 1207# This is how the change will be implemented: 1208# 1. The shift *to* DST in 2023 happens as normal. 1209# 2. The shift *from* DST in 2023 happens as normal, but coincides with the 1210# shift to UTC-02 normaltime (people will not change their clocks here). 1211# 3. After this, DST is still observed, but as -02/-01 instead of -03/-02. 1212# 1213# From M��te Bourup Egede via J��gvan Svabo Samuelsen (2023-03-15): 1214# Greenland will not switch to Daylight Saving Time this year, 2023, 1215# because the standard time for Greenland will change from UTC -3 to UTC -2. 1216# However, Greenland will change to Daylight Saving Time again in 2024 1217# and onwards. 1218 1219# From a contributor who wishes to remain anonymous for now (2023-10-29): 1220# https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/seneste/i-nat-skal-uret-stilles-en-time-tilbage-men-foerste-gang-sker-det-ikke-i-groenland 1221# with a link to that page: 1222# https://naalakkersuisut.gl/Nyheder/2023/10/2710_sommertid 1223# ... Ittoqqortoormiit joins the time of Nuuk at March 2024. 1224# What would mean that America/Scoresbysund would either be in -01 year round 1225# or in -02/-01 like America/Nuuk, but no longer in -01/+00. 1226# 1227# From Paul Eggert (2023-10-29): 1228# For now, assume it will be like America/Nuuk. 1229 1230# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1231Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1232Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S 1233Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 1234Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S 1235Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D 1236Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S 1237# 1238# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1239Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 1240 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00 1241 -3:00 EU -03/-02 1996 1242 0:00 - GMT 1243# 1244# Use the old name Scoresbysund, as the current name Ittoqqortoormiit 1245# exceeds tzdb's 14-letter limit and has no common English abbreviation. 1246Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit 1247 -2:00 - -02 1980 Apr 6 2:00 1248 -2:00 C-Eur -02/-01 1981 Mar 29 1249 -1:00 EU -01/+00 2024 Mar 31 1250 -2:00 EU -02/-01 1251Zone America/Nuuk -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Godth��b 1252 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00 1253 -3:00 EU -03/-02 2023 Mar 26 1:00u 1254 -2:00 - -02 2023 Oct 29 1:00u 1255 -2:00 EU -02/-01 1256Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik 1257 -4:00 Thule A%sT 1258 1259# Estonia 1260# 1261# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18): 1262# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14). 1263# 1264# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15): 1265# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards 1266# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, 1267# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... 1268# 1269# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28): 1270# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s, 1271# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:] 1272# "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different 1273# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules 1274# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia.... 1275# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on 1276# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to 1277# summer time next spring." 1278 1279# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited: 1280# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law 1281# http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390 1282# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between 1283# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120). 1284# 1285# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation 1286# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg" 1287# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time). 1288 1289# From The Baltic Times <https://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09) 1290# via Steffen Thorsen: 1291# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time, 1292# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6.... 1293# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European 1294# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory 1295# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do 1296# after that. 1297 1298# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29): 1299# Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation 1300# No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all 1301# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01. 1302 1303# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21): 1304# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics. 1305# Now we are using again EU rules. 1306# 1307# From Urmet J��nes (2002-03-28): 1308# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21. 1309 1310# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1311Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 1312 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 1313 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 1314 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May 1315 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 1316 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 1317 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 1318 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 1319 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 1320 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22 1321 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00 1322 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21 1323 2:00 EU EE%sT 1324 1325# Finland 1326 1327# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC): 1328# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, 1329# and it's supposed to change at 4am... 1330 1331# From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15): 1332# 1333# I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982. 1334# During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour 1335# earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made 1336# according to the central European standards. 1337# 1338# This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac 1339# Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in 1340# Finnish) at 1341# https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf 1342# 1343# Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings 1344# transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills. 1345# 1346# This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at: 1347# http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401 1348# 1349# The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not 1350# exist tonight." 1351 1352# From Konstantin Hypp��nen (2014-06-13): 1353# [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013] 1354# https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf 1355# pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942 1356# say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942, 1357# 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper 1358# mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday".... 1359# On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards. 1360# 1361# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14): 1362# Go with Oja over Shanks. 1363 1364# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1365Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S 1366Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 - 1367Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S 1368Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 1369 1370# Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document). 1371 1372# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1373 #STDOFF 1:39:49.2 1374Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31 1375 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 1376 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983 1377 2:00 EU EE%sT 1378 1379# ��land Is 1380Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn 1381 1382# France 1383 1384# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20): 1385# 1386# Henri Le Corre, R��gimes horaires pour le monde entier, ��ditions 1387# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993 1388# 1389# Gabriel, Trait�� de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tr��daniel, 1390# Paris, 1991 1391# 1392# Fran��oise Gauquelin, Probl��mes de l'heure r��solus en astrologie, 1393# Guy Tr��daniel, Paris 1987 1394 1395# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-11): 1396# the law of 1891 <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64415343.texteImage> 1397# was published on 1891-03-15, so it could only take force on 1891-03-16. 1398 1399# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-10): 1400# Le Gaulois, 1911-03-11, page 1/6, online at 1401# https://www.retronews.fr/societe/echo-de-presse/2018/01/29/1911-change-lheure-de-paris 1402# ... [ Instantly, all pressure driven clock dials halted... Nine minutes and 1403# twenty-one seconds later the hands resumed their circular motion. ] 1404# There are also precise reports about how the change was prepared in train 1405# stations: all the publicly visible clocks stopped at midnight railway time 1406# (or were covered), only the chief of service had a watch, labeled 1407# "Heure ancienne", that he kept running until it reached 00:04:21, when 1408# he announced "Heure nouvelle". See the "Le Petit Journal 1911-03-11". 1409# https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6192911/f1.item.zoom 1410# 1411# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-12): 1412# That "all French clocks stopped" for 00:09:21 is a misreading of French 1413# newspapers; this sort of adjustment applies only to certain 1414# remote-controlled clocks ("pendules pneumatiques", of which there existed 1415# perhaps a dozen in Paris, and which simply could not be set back remotely), 1416# but not to all the clocks in all French towns and villages. For instance, 1417# the following story in the "Courrier de Sa��ne-et-Loire" 1911-03-11, page 2: 1418# only works if legal time was stepped back (was not monotone): ... 1419# [One can observe that children who had been born at midnight less 5 1420# minutes and who had died at midnight of the old time, would turn out to 1421# be dead before being born, time having been set back and having 1422# suppressed 9 minutes and 25 seconds of their existence, that is, more 1423# than they could spend.] 1424# 1425# From Paul Eggert (2020-06-12): 1426# French time in railway stations was legally five minutes behind civil time, 1427# which explains why railway "old time" ran to 00:04:21 instead of to 00:09:21. 1428# The law's text (which Michael Deckers noted is at 1429# <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2022333z/f2>) says only that 1430# at 1911-03-11 00:00 legal time was that of Paris mean time delayed by 1431# nine minutes and twenty-one seconds, and does not say how the 1432# transition from Paris mean time was to occur. 1433# 1434# tzdb has no way to represent stopped clocks. As the railway practice 1435# was to keep a watch running on "old time" to decide when to restart 1436# the other clocks, this could be modeled as a transition for "old time" at 1437# 00:09:21. However, since the law was ambiguous and clocks outside railway 1438# stations were probably done haphazardly with the popular impression being 1439# that the transition was done at 00:00 "old time", simply leave the time 1440# blank; this causes zic to default to 00:00 "old time" which is good enough. 1441# Do something similar for the 1891-03-16 transition. There are similar 1442# problems in Algiers, Monaco and Tunis. 1443 1444# 1445# Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman. 1446# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1447Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1448Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 - 1449Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S 1450Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1451Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 1452Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1453Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 1454Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1455Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 1456Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 1457# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st 1458# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions 1459# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1460Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1461Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1462Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 1463Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 1464Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1465Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1466Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1467Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 1468Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S 1469Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1470Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 1471Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 1472Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 1473Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 1474Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1475Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 1476Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1477Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1478Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1479Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 1480# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger 1481# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations. 1482# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arn��guy, Orthez, 1483# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Mar��uil, La 1484# Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes, 1485# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin, 1486# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Sa��ne, Arbois, 1487# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie). 1488Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1489# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00, 1490# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12), 1491# who quotes the Eph��m��rides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes 1492# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT. 1493Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S 1494Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M 1495Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S 1496Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M 1497Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S 1498Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M 1499Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S 1500Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M 1501Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 1502# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00; 1503# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT. 1504Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S 1505Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 - 1506# Howse writes that the time in France was officially based 1507# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. 1508# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1509Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 16 1510 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 1511# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre. 1512 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00 1513# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation; 1514# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1515 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 1516 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1517 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1518 1:00 EU CE%sT 1519 1520# Germany 1521 1522# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29): 1523# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische 1524# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916. 1525# [See tz-link.html for the URL.] 1526 1527# From J��rg Schilling (2002-10-23): 1528# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by 1529# https://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/ 1530# General [Nikolai] Bersarin. 1531 1532# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08): 1533# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf 1534# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20. 1535# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so 1536# this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04. 1537 1538 1539# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01): 1540# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and 1541# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the 1542# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared 1543# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan 1544# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From 1545# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and 1546# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation 1547# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came 1548# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a 1549# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From 1550# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been 1551# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100) 1552# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by 1553# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever 1554# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since 1555# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere 1556# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive). 1557 1558# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04): 1559# 1560# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II, 1561# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was 1562# keeping Berlin time. 1563# 1564# <https://www.jan-mayen.no/history.htm> says that the meteorologists 1565# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in 1566# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite 1567# frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a 1568# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly 1569# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that 1570# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules. 1571# 1572# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an 1573# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says 1574# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ 1575# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were 1576# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return, 1577# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954) 1578# http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html 1579# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named 1580# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945. 1581# 1582# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Berlin 1583# for these regions. 1584 1585# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1586Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 1587Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 1588Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1589# https://www.ptb.de/cms/en/ptb/fachabteilungen/abt4/fb-44/ag-441/realisation-of-legal-time-in-germany/dst-and-midsummer-dst-in-germany-until-1979.html 1590# says the following transition occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ 1591# given in Shanks & Pottenger. Go with the PTB. 1592Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S 1593Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M 1594Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S 1595Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 1596Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 1597 1598Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1599Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S 1600Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 1601 1602# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1603Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 1604 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00 1605 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946 1606 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 1607 1:00 EU CE%sT 1608 1609# Georgia 1610# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi. 1611# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni) 1612# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part. 1613 1614# Gibraltar 1615# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1616Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 1617 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 1618 1:00 - CET 1982 1619 1:00 EU CE%sT 1620 1621# Greece 1622# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1623# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1624Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S 1625Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 1626# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1627Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S 1628# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1629Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 1630Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 1631Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 1632# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1633Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 1634Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - 1635Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S 1636Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - 1637Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S 1638Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - 1639Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1640Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - 1641Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - 1642Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S 1643Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - 1644Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 1645Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 1646# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1647Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 1648 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 1649 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 1650 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 1651 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 1652 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981; 1653 # go with EU rules instead, since Greece joined Jan 1. 1654 2:00 EU EE%sT 1655 1656# Hungary 1657 1658# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-09): 1659# an Austrian encyclopedia of railroads of 1913, online at 1660# http://www.zeno.org/Roell-1912/A/Eisenbahnzeit 1661# says that the switch [to CET] happened on 1890-11-01. 1662 1663# From G��za Ny��ry (2020-06-07): 1664# Data for 1918-1983 are based on the archive database of Library Hungaricana. 1665# The dates are collected from original, scanned governmental orders, 1666# bulletins, instructions and public press. 1667# [See URLs below.] 1668 1669# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1670# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1918/?pg=238 1671# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1919/?pg=808 1672# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1920/?pg=201 1673Rule Hungary 1918 1919 - Apr 15 2:00 1:00 S 1674Rule Hungary 1918 1920 - Sep Mon>=15 3:00 0 - 1675Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00 1:00 S 1676# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1945/?pg=882 1677Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S 1678Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 1679# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1946_03/?pg=49 1680Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 1681# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1946_09/?pg=54 1682Rule Hungary 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00 0 - 1683# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KulfBelfHirek_1947_04_1__001-123/?pg=90 1684# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DunantuliNaplo_1947_09/?pg=128 1685# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KulfBelfHirek_1948_03_3__001-123/?pg=304 1686# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Zala_1948_09/?pg=64 1687# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SatoraljaujhelyiLeveltar_ZempleniNepujsag_1948/?pg=53 1688# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SatoraljaujhelyiLeveltar_ZempleniNepujsag_1948/?pg=160 1689# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/UjSzo_1949_01-04/?pg=102 1690# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KeletMagyarorszag_1949_03/?pg=96 1691# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1949_09/?pg=94 1692Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S 1693Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1694# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1954/?pg=513 1695Rule Hungary 1954 only - May 23 0:00 1:00 S 1696Rule Hungary 1954 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1697# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1955/?pg=398 1698Rule Hungary 1955 only - May 22 2:00 1:00 S 1699Rule Hungary 1955 only - Oct 2 3:00 0 - 1700# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/HevesMegyeiNepujsag_1956_06/?pg=0 1701# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/EszakMagyarorszag_1956_06/?pg=6 1702# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SzolnokMegyeiNeplap_1957_04/?pg=120 1703# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/PestMegyeiHirlap_1957_09/?pg=143 1704Rule Hungary 1956 1957 - Jun Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 1705Rule Hungary 1956 1957 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 1706# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1980/?pg=189 1707Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S 1708Rule Hungary 1980 only - Sep 28 1:00 0 - 1709# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1980/?pg=1227 1710# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1981_01/?pg=79 1711# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1982/?pg=115 1712# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1983/?pg=85 1713Rule Hungary 1981 1983 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S 1714Rule Hungary 1981 1983 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1715# 1716# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1717Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Nov 1 1718 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 1719# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1941/?pg=1204 1720# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1942/?pg=3955 1721 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 7 23:00 1722 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 1723 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1984 1724 1:00 EU CE%sT 1725 1726# Iceland 1727# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1728Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 - 1729Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 - 1730Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 - 1731Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 - 1732Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 - 1733Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 - 1734Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 - 1735Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 - 1736Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 - 1737Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 - 1738# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter 1739Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 - 1740Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1741# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter 1742Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 - 1743# 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week 1744Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 - 1745Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1746Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 - 1747 1748# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1749Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908 1750 -1:00 Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 1751 0:00 - GMT 1752 1753# Italy 1754# 1755# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06): 1756# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893, 1757# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32). 1758# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time. 1759# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff, 1760# so record only the time in Rome. 1761# 1762# From Stephen Trainor (2019-05-06): 1763# http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale/ORA_LEGALE_ESTIVA_IN_ITALIA.htm 1764# ... the [1866] law went into effect on 12 December 1866, rather than 1765# the date of the decree (22 Sep 1866) 1766# https://web.archive.org/web/20070824155341/http://www.iav.it/planetario/didastro/didastro/english.htm 1767# ... "In Italy in 1866 there were 6 railway times (Torino, Verona, Firenze, 1768# Roma, Napoli, Palermo). On that year it was decided to unify them, adopting 1769# the average time of Rome (even if this city was not yet part of the 1770# kingdom). On the 12th December 1866, on the starting of the winter time 1771# table, it took effect in the railways, the post office and the telegraph, 1772# not only for the internal service but also for the public.... Milano set 1773# the public watches on the Rome time on the same day (12th December 1866), 1774# Torino and Bologna on the 1st January 1867, Venezia the 1st May 1880 and the 1775# last city was Cagliari in 1886." 1776# 1777# From Luigi Rosa (2019-05-07): 1778# this is the scan of the decree: 1779# http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/filopanti/1866c.jpg 1780# 1781# From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24): 1782# http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10 1783# ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into 1784# force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in 1785# the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...." 1786# 1787# From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20): 1788# The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological 1789# institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at 1790# http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml 1791# [now at http://oldsite.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml as of 2017] 1792# (2016-10-24): 1793# http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/ 1794# has still different data for 1944. It divides Italy in two, as 1795# there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic 1796# Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south 1797# of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies. 1798# 1799# From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23): 1800# Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219. 1801# Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ... 1802# Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is 1803# advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ... 1804# Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed. 1805# 1806# From Alois Treindl (2019-07-02): 1807# I spent 6 Euros to buy two archive copies of Il Messaggero, a Roman paper, 1808# for 1 and 2 April 1944. The edition of 2 April has this note: "Tonight at 2 1809# am, put forward the clock by one hour. Remember that in the night between 1810# today and Monday the 'ora legale' will come in force again." That makes it 1811# clear that in Rome the change was on Monday, 3 April 1944 at 2 am. 1812# 1813# From Paul Eggert (2021-10-05): 1814# Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944 1815# for the Kingdom of Italy. This is consistent with Renzo Baldini. 1816# Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10 1817# to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it 1818# was effectively controlled by Germany. Using C-Eur is consistent 1819# with Treindl's comment about Rome in April 1944, as the "Rule Italy" 1820# lines during German occupation do not affect Europe/Rome 1821# (though they do affect Europe/Malta). 1822# 1823# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1824Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 24:00 1:00 S 1825Rule Italy 1916 1917 - Sep 30 24:00 0 - 1826Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 24:00 1:00 S 1827Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 24:00 1:00 S 1828Rule Italy 1918 only - Oct 6 24:00 0 - 1829Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 24:00 1:00 S 1830Rule Italy 1919 only - Oct 4 24:00 0 - 1831Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 S 1832Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 - 1833Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 14 24:00 1:00 S 1834Rule Italy 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 1835Rule Italy 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S 1836Rule Italy 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 1837Rule Italy 1944 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1838Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - 1839Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S 1840Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 1:00 0 - 1841Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1842Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - 1843Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S 1844Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - 1845Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S 1846Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - 1847Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S 1848Rule Italy 1966 only - Sep 24 24:00 0 - 1849Rule Italy 1967 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00s 0 - 1850Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1851Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00s 1:00 S 1852Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1853Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S 1854Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1855Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1856Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S 1857Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1858Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00s 1:00 S 1859Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1860Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1861Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S 1862Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S 1863Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1864Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1865# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1866Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Dec 12 1867 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Oct 31 23:00u # Rome Mean 1868 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1943 Sep 10 1869 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jun 4 1870 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 1871 1:00 EU CE%sT 1872 1873# Kosovo 1874# See Europe/Belgrade. 1875 1876# Latvia 1877 1878# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17): 1879 1880# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy 1881# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the 1882# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about 1883# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981.... 1884# 1885# Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ... 1886# according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24 1887# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1888# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00) 1889# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00). 1890# 1891# Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ... 1892# according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13 1893# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1894# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1895# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of 1896# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day). 1897# 1898# Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ... 1899# according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14 1900# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, 1901# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the 1902# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia 1903# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1904# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of 1905# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00 1906# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is 1907# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock.... 1908# 1909# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of 1910# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of 1911# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union. 1912 1913# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06): 1914# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in 1915# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of 1916# 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>, 1917# in Latvian for subscribers only). 1918 1919# From RFE/RL Newsline 1920# http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html 1921# (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow: 1922# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will 1923# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported. 1924# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their 1925# clocks one hour in the spring.... 1926# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalv��tis noted that Latvia had too few 1927# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European 1928# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving 1929# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government 1930# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it 1931# appears that they will not do so.... 1932 1933# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1934Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 1935Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 1936 1937# Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time). 1938# Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34. 1939# Go with Byalokoz. 1940 1941# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1942Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880 1943 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT 1944 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST 1945 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 1946 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 1947 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11 1948 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 1949 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 1950 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13 1951 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s 1952 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s 1953 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21 1954 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29 1955 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2 1956 2:00 EU EE%sT 1957 1958# Liechtenstein 1959# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1960Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 1961 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 1962 1:00 EU CE%sT 1963 1964# Lithuania 1965 1966# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18): 1967# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14). 1968 1969# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 1970# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is 1971# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too. 1972 1973# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07): 1974# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone 1975# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed. 1976 1977# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>, 1978# via Steffen Thorsen: 1979# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours) 1980# to be valid here starting from October 31, 1981# as decided by the national government on Wednesday.... 1982# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a 1983# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was 1984# already done by Estonia. 1985 1986# From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism 1987# <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27): 1988# Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving. 1989 1990# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07): 1991# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will 1992# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid 1993# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its 1994# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of 1995# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at 1996# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm 1997 1998 1999# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2000Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 2001 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 2002 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 2003 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 2004 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 2005 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 2006 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 2007 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 2008 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 2009 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2010 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 2011 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u 2012 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u 2013 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1 2014 2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 2016# Luxembourg 2017# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2018Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 2019Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 2020Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S 2021Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - 2022Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 2023Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 2024Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S 2025Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - 2026Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 2027Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - 2028Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S 2029Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - 2030Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S 2031Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 2032Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S 2033Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - 2034Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S 2035Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 2036Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 2037Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S 2038Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S 2039Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S 2040Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S 2041 2042# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2043Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 2044 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 2045 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 2046 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 2047 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 2048 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 2049 1:00 EU CE%sT 2050 2051# North Macedonia 2052# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2053Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884 2054 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 2055 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 2056 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 2057 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 2058 1:00 EU CE%sT 2059 2060# Malta 2061# 2062# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21): 2063# Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks. 2064# 2065# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2066Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S 2067Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - 2068Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S 2069Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - 2070Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S 2071Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 2072Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 2073# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2074Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta 2075 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 2076 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 2077 1:00 EU CE%sT 2078 2079# Moldova 2080 2081# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07): 2082# the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04 2083# http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2 2084# ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR 2085# time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt 2086# plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be 2087# adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer" 2088# time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and 2089# reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00. 2090 2091# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 2092# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write 2093# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00. 2094# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence 2095# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree). 2096# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area 2097# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time. 2098# But [two people] separately reported via 2099# Jesper N��rgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau. 2100# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now. 2101# 2102# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17): 2103# Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as 2104# "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition 2105# to the Winter Time). 2106# 2107# News (in Russian): 2108# http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html 2109# http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html 2110# 2111# The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry) 2112# is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17) 2113# 2114# From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19) 2115# In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol 2116# a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32. 2117# 2118# (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed) 2119# 2120# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26) 2121# NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point. 2122# As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own 2123# decision to abolish DST this winter. 2124# Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- 2125# Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011. 2126# News from Moldova (in russian): 2127# https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html 2128 2129# From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02): 2130# http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077 2131# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01): 2132# The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that 2133# 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also, 2134# https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara 2135# says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time. 2136# Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU. 2137 2138# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2139Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S 2140Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 - 2141 2142# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2143Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880 2144 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT 2145 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 2146 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15 2147 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17 2148 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24 2149 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May 6 2:00 2150 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 2151 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 2152# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules. 2153 2:00 Moldova EE%sT 2154 2155# Monaco 2156# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2157Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1892 Jun 1 2158 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 29 # Paris Mean Time 2159 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 2160 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 2161 1:00 EU CE%sT 2162 2163# Montenegro 2164Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica 2165 2166# Netherlands 2167# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2168Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time 2169Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time 2170Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST 2171Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT 2172Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 2173Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT 2174Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 2175Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT 2176Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 2177Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 2178Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 2179# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week 2180# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend. 2181Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 2182Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 2183Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 2184Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 2185Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 2186Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 2187Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S 2188Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 2189Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 2190 #STDOFF 0:19:32.13 2191 2192# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2193Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835 2194 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1 2195 0:20 Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16 0:00 2196 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 2197 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 2198 1:00 EU CE%sT 2199 2200# Norway 2201# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2202Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S 2203Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 2204Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 2205Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 2206Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 2207Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 2208Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S 2209 2210# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2211Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1 2212 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 2213 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 2214 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 2215 1:00 EU CE%sT 2216 2217# Svalbard & Jan Mayen 2218Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen 2219 2220# Poland 2221 2222# The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urz��dowy nr 1 (1919-03-20), 2223# <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2. 2224 2225# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2226Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 2227Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S 2228Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 2229# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2230Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - 2231# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2232Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S 2233Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 2234# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski, 2235# Toru�� Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U., 2236# https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1 2237# Thanks to Przemys��aw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference. 2238# He also gives these further references: 2239# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm> 2240# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf> 2241Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S 2242Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 2243Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 2244Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 2245Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 2246Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 2247Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S 2248Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 2249Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S 2250Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S 2251Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - 2252Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S 2253Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 2254Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 2255# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2256Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 2257 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 2258 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 2259 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 2260 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 2261 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 2262 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 2263 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988 2264 1:00 EU CE%sT 2265 2266# Portugal 2267 2268# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne: 2269# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26) 2270# https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf 2271# Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00. 2272# 2273# From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15): 2274# article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...: 2275# These dispositions shall enter into force at the instant at which, 2276# according to the 2nd article, the civil day January 1, 1912 begins, 2277# all clocks therefore having to be advanced or set back correspondingly ... 2278 2279# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12): 2280# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone 2281# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 2282# 2283# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve 2284# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. 2285# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 2286# 2287# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12): 2288# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions 2289# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos. 2290# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00. 2291# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00. 2292# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal 2293# harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter. 2294# 2295# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2296# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not 2297# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules. 2298# Go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2299Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S 2300# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2301Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 2302Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 2303Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 2304Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 2305Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 2306Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S 2307Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 2308Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 2309Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 2310Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 2311Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2312Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 2313Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 2314Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 2315Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 2316# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2317Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2318Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 2319Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 2320# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2321Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2322# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. 2323Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 2324Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 2325# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2326Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 2327Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 2328Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 2329# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2330Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 2331Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S 2332# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. 2333Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - 2334Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 2335Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S 2336Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 2337Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S 2338Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - 2339Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M 2340Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S 2341Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M 2342Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S 2343Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2344# Whitman says DST was not observed in 1950; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2345# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2346Rule Port 1947 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 2347Rule Port 1947 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 2348Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S 2349Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - 2350Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S 2351Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 2352Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 2353Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 2354Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 2355Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 2356# 2357# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2358 #STDOFF -0:36:44.68 2359Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884 2360 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 0:00u # Lisbon MT 2361 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 2362 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 2363 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 2364 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 2365 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 2366 0:00 EU WE%sT 2367Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada 2368 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 2:00u # Horta MT 2369# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support %z. 2370# -2:00 Port %z 1966 Apr 3 2:00 2371# -1:00 Port %z 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 2372# -1:00 W-Eur %z 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 2373# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking %z; see ziguard.awk. 2374 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s 2375 -2:00 Port +00 1942 Aug 15 22:00s 2376 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s 2377 -2:00 Port +00 1943 Aug 28 22:00s 2378 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1944 Apr 22 22:00s 2379 -2:00 Port +00 1944 Aug 26 22:00s 2380 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1945 Apr 21 22:00s 2381 -2:00 Port +00 1945 Aug 25 22:00s 2382 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1966 Apr 3 2:00 2383 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 2384 -1:00 W-Eur -01/+00 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 2385# End of rearguard section. 2386 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u 2387 -1:00 EU -01/+00 2388Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal 2389 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 1:00u # Funchal MT 2390# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support %z. 2391# -1:00 Port %z 1966 Apr 3 2:00 2392# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking %z; see ziguard.awk. 2393 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1942 Apr 25 22:00s 2394 -1:00 Port +01 1942 Aug 15 22:00s 2395 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1943 Apr 17 22:00s 2396 -1:00 Port +01 1943 Aug 28 22:00s 2397 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1944 Apr 22 22:00s 2398 -1:00 Port +01 1944 Aug 26 22:00s 2399 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1945 Apr 21 22:00s 2400 -1:00 Port +01 1945 Aug 25 22:00s 2401 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1966 Apr 3 2:00 2402# End of rearguard section. 2403 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 2404 0:00 EU WE%sT 2405 2406# Romania 2407# 2408# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07): 2409# Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html> 2410# (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at 2411# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info, 2412# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997, 2413# the same year as Bulgaria. 2414# 2415# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2416Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S 2417Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 2418Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S 2419Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S 2420Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 2421Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 2422Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 2423Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 2424Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 2425# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2426Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 2427 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 2428 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 2429 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 2430 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994 2431 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 2432 2:00 EU EE%sT 2433 2434 2435# Russia 2436 2437# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15): 2438# Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011 2439# (Government document 2440# http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/ 2441# in Russian) 2442# there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones... 2443# All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English 2444# by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below: 2445# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm 2446 2447# From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27): 2448# Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at: 2449# http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966 2450# They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian). 2451 2452# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09): 2453# Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia 2454# changed in September 2011: 2455# 2456# One source is 2457# http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/ 2458# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31, 2459# 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information. 2460# 2461# Another source is 2462# https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html 2463# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the 2464# Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also 2465# contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on: 2466# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which 2467# does not contain any "effective date" information. 2468# 2469# Another source is 2470# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7 2471# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011... 2472# Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication" 2473# but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011. 2474# 2475# The Wikipedia article refers to 2476# http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896 2477# which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page. 2478# 2479# Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's 2480# "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication" 2481# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to 2482# get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias 2483# Conradi notes). 2484# 2485# None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks. 2486# 2487# Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s. 2488 2489# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01): 2490# According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency) 2491# http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562 2492# the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to 2493# winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new 2494# regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ... 2495# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02 2496# Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N 2497# 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding 2498# areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English): 2499# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html 2500# 2501# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22): 2502# Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian) 2503# http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711 2504# http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660 2505# http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279 2506# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this: 2507# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html 2508 2509# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 2510# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, 2511# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger, 2512# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 2513# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s. 2514# 2515# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29): 2516# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! 2517# I do not know why they have decided to make this change; 2518# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching 2519# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. 2520# 2521# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04): 2522# 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with 2523# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... 2524# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor 2525# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there. 2526# 2527# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30): 2528# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from 2529# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... 2530# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. 2531# 2532# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from 2533# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07): 2534# News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was 2535# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with 2536# the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began 2537# enforcing curfew at the wrong time. 2538# 2539# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05): 2540# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in 2541# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the 2542# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan 2543# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok 2544# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are 2545# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have 2546# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan. 2547 2548# From Marat Nigametzianov (2018-07-16): 2549# this is link to order from 1956 about timezone in USSR 2550# http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2011/11/novyie-granitsyi-chasovyih-poyasov-v-sssr/ 2551# 2552# From Paul Eggert (2018-07-16): 2553# Perhaps someone could translate the above-mentioned link and use it 2554# to correct our data for the ex-Soviet Union. It cites the following: 2555# ���������������� ���������� �� ���������� �������������� �������������� �������������� / ��������. ��.��. ������������, 2556# ������. ������. ��.��. ������������ - ��: �������������� ��������������������, ������ �� �������������������������� 2557# ���������������� ������ ������������ ������������������ ��������, ������������������������������������ ���������������� 2558# ������������ ������������ ��������������, 1956 ��. 2559# This book looks like it would be a helpful resource for the Soviet 2560# Union through 1956. Although a copy was in the Scientific Library 2561# of Tomsk State University, I have not been able to track down a copy nearby. 2562# 2563# From Stepan Golosunov (2018-07-21): 2564# http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2015/05/center-reforma-ischisleniya-vremeni-br-na-territorii-sssr-v-1957-godu-center/ 2565# says that the 1956 decision to change time belts' borders was not 2566# implemented as planned in 1956 and the change happened in 1957. 2567# There is also the problem that actual time zones were different from 2568# the official time belts (and from many time belts' maps) as there were 2569# numerous exceptions to application of time belt rules. For example, 2570# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/��������������������_����������#����������������������_��������������_��������������������_����������������������_��������������_����_������������ 2571# says that by 1962 there were many regions in the 3rd time belt that 2572# were on Moscow time, referring to a 1962 map. By 1989 number of such 2573# exceptions grew considerably. 2574 2575# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06): 2576# The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist 2577# with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions 2578# are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative 2579# listing. The region codes listed come from 2580# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498 2581# and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their 2582# future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level 2583# divisions where available. 2584 2585# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03): 2586# Europe/Kaliningrad covers... 2587# 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast 2588 2589# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-25): 2590# Although Shanks lists 1945-01-01 as the date for transition from 2591# +01/+02 to +02/+03, more likely this is a placeholder. Guess that 2592# the transition occurred at 1945-04-10 00:00, which is about when 2593# K��nigsberg surrendered to Soviet troops. (Thanks to Alois Treindl.) 2594 2595# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18): 2596# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14). 2597 2598# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07): 2599# http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni 2600# confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented. 2601# (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that 2602# summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But 2603# 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.) 2604# ... 2605# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091 2606# says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided 2607# at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to 2608# Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19. 2609 2610Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 2611 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 10 2612 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1946 Apr 7 2613 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 2614 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2615 3:00 - +03 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2616 2:00 - EET 2617 2618 2619# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and 2620# Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): 2621# Europe/Moscow covers... 2622# 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of 2623# 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of 2624# 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of 2625# 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic 2626# 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of 2627# 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic 2628# 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of 2629# 11 RU-KO Komi Republic 2630# 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic 2631# 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of 2632# 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of 2633# 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of 2634# 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic 2635# 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic 2636# 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai 2637# 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai 2638# 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast 2639# 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast 2640# 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast 2641# 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast 2642# 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast 2643# 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast 2644# 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast 2645# 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast 2646# 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast 2647# 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast 2648# 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast 2649# 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast 2650# 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast 2651# 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast 2652# 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast 2653# 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast 2654# 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast 2655# 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast 2656# 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast 2657# 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast 2658# 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast 2659# 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast 2660# 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast 2661# 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast 2662# 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast 2663# 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast 2664# 77 RU-MOW Moscow 2665# 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg 2666# 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug 2667 2668# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23): 2669# The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919. Decree No. 59 2670# (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time 2671# zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854 2672# specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT. 2673# No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date; 2674# later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are 2675# taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks. 2676# (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.) 2677 2678# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07): 2679# 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982. 2680# Wikipedia refers to 2681# http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html 2682# http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm 2683# 2684# The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn 2685# magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to 2686# the Trud newspaper from February 1982. The first link provides the 2687# same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses 2688# time belt changes map). 2689# 2690# The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to 2691# introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt 2692# border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous 2693# Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka 2694# according to the provided map (colored one). In addition to that 2695# "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time 2696# belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on 2697# 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage. (Komi ASSR was 2698# supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2 2699# hour difference.) Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01 2700# is also provided. 2701# 2702# The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems 2703# and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not 2704# moving to summer time on 1982-04-01. Namely: Dagestan, 2705# Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian, 2706# Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol 2707# krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo, 2708# Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and 2709# Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky 2710# district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. As a result Evenk Autonomous 2711# Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end 2712# up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow 2713# time. 2714# 2715# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt 2716# attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers 2717# of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982. 1980-925.txt also adds 2718# Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky 2719# district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. Probably erroneously. 2720# 2721# The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow, 2722# Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk. 2723# 2724# 12. Udmurtia 2725# The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i 2726# Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from 2727# Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act. 2728# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt 2729# implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01. 2730# Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991. 2731# 2732# ... 2733# 2734# All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at 2735# 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1 2736# change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia). 2737# 2738# There were some exceptions, though. 2739# Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd, 2740# Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992 2741# change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some 2742# lists found in the internet are quite wild.) 2743# 2744# And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment. 2745# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091 2746# says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the 2747# 1991-03-31 switch and one person at 2748# https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html 2749# says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception 2750# 2 days before the switch. 2751# 2752# From Alois Treindl (2022-02-15): 2753# the Russian wikipedia page 2754# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/��������������������_����������#����������������������_��������������_��������������������_����������������������_��������������_����_������������ 2755# contains the sentence (in Google translation) "In the autumn of 2756# 1981, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Ryazan, 2757# Lipetsk, Voronezh, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar and regions to the east 2758# of those named (about 30 in total) parted ways with Moscow time. 2759# However, the convenience of common time with Moscow turned out to be 2760# decisive - in 1982, these regions again switched to Moscow time." 2761# Shanks International atlas has similar information, and also the 2762# Russian book Zaitsev A., Kutalev D. A new astrologer's reference 2763# book. Coordinates of cities and time corrections, - The World of 2764# Urania, 2012 (Russian: ������������ ��., �������������� ��., ���������� �������������������� 2765# ������������������. �������������������� �������������� �� ������������������ ����������������). 2766# To me it seems that an extra zone is needed, which starts with LMT 2767# util 1919, later follows Moscow since 1930, but deviates from it 2768# between 1 October 1981 until 1 April 1982. 2769# 2770# 2771# From Paul Eggert (2022-02-15): 2772# Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the 2773# chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries 2774# should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the 2775# time in Moscow. 2776 2777# From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08): 2778# LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow 2779# Observatory (coordinates: 55�� 45' 29.70", 37�� 34' 05.30").... 2780# LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard. 2781# (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.) 2782# The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by 2783# Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow 2784# was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory 2785# coordinates: 59�� 46' 18.70", 30�� 19' 40.70") so 30�� 19' 40.70" > 2786# 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 = 2787# 2:31:19 ... 2788# 2789# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08): 2790# Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in 2791# R��sum��s mensuels et annuels des observations m��t��orologiques (1895). 2792# Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in 2793# Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky. 2794 2795Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880 2796 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time 2797 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 0:00u 2798 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct 2799 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 2800 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2801 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2802 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2803 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2804 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2805 3:00 - MSK 2806 2807 2808# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06): 2809# Europe/Simferopol covers Crimea. 2810 2811Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 2812 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T 2813 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2814 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov 2815 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13 2816 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 2817 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 2818 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 20 2819# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997. 2820# 2821# From Paul Eggert (2022-07-21): 2822# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reported that central Crimea switched 2823# from Kyiv to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections. 2824# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened 2825# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say 2826# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it 2827# changed in May. This change evidently didn't last long; see below. 2828 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 May 2829# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also said that Kerch is still like Kyiv. 2830 3:00 C-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s 2831 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s 2832# IATA SSIM (1997-09) said Crimea switched to EET/EEST. 2833# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks. 2834 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u 2835# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17): 2836# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014 2837# https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html 2838# From Tim Parenti (2022-07-01), per Paul Eggert (2014-03-30): 2839# The clocks at the railway station in Simferopol were put forward from 22:00 2840# to 24:00 the previous day in a "symbolic ceremony"; however, per 2841# contemporaneous news reports, "ordinary Crimeans [made] the daylight savings 2842# time switch at 2am" on Sunday. 2843# https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/crimea-to-set-clocks-to-russia-time-114033000014_1.html 2844# https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-time/crimea-switches-to-moscow-time-amid-incorporation-frenzy-idUKBREA2S0LT20140329 2845# https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-26806583 2846 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00 2847 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2848 3:00 - MSK 2849 2850 2851# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18): 2852# Europe/Astrakhan covers: 2853# 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast 2854# 2855# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14). 2856 2857# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12): 2858# On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation 2859# Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time).... 2860# This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00. 2861# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09): 2862# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056 2863 2864Zone Europe/Astrakhan 3:12:12 - LMT 1924 May 2865 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21 2866 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 2867 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2868 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s 2869 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2870 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2871 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s 2872 4:00 - +04 2873 2874# From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11): 2875# Europe/Volgograd covers: 2876# 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast 2877# The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04). 2878 2879# From Alexander Fetisov (2018-09-20): 2880# Volgograd region in southern Russia (Europe/Volgograd) change 2881# timezone from UTC+3 to UTC+4 from 28oct2018. 2882# http://sozd.parliament.gov.ru/bill/452878-7 2883# 2884# From Stepan Golosunov (2018-10-11): 2885# The law has been published today on 2886# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201810110037 2887 2888# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2020-11-27): 2889# The State Duma approved (Nov 24, 2020) the transition of the Volgograd 2890# region to the Moscow time zone.... 2891# https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/1012130-7 2892# 2893# From Stepan Golosunov (2020-12-05): 2894# Currently proposed text for the second reading (expected on December 8) ... 2895# changes the date to December 27. https://v1.ru/text/gorod/2020/12/04/69601031/ 2896# 2897# From Stepan Golosunov (2020-12-22): 2898# The law was published today on 2899# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202012220002 2900 2901Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3 2902 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21 2903 4:00 - +04 1961 Nov 11 2904 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s 2905 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2906 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s 2907 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2908 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2909 3:00 - MSK 2018 Oct 28 2:00s 2910 4:00 - +04 2020 Dec 27 2:00s 2911 3:00 - MSK 2912 2913# From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11): 2914# Europe/Saratov covers: 2915# 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast 2916 2917# From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11): 2918# Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3.... Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4. 2919# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11): 2920# ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18. 2921# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22): 2922# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031 2923 2924Zone Europe/Saratov 3:04:18 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u 2925 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21 2926 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s 2927 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2928 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s 2929 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2930 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2931 3:00 - +03 2016 Dec 4 2:00s 2932 4:00 - +04 2933 2934# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18): 2935# Europe/Kirov covers: 2936# 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast 2937# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14). 2938# 2939Zone Europe/Kirov 3:18:48 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u 2940 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21 2941 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 2942 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2943 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s 2944 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2945 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2946 3:00 - MSK 2947 2948# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): 2949# Europe/Samara covers... 2950# 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic 2951# 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast 2952 2953# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18): 2954# Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20. 2955# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14). 2956 2957Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u 2958 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21 2959 4:00 - +04 1935 Jan 27 2960 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 2961 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2962 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2963 3:00 - +03 1991 Oct 20 3:00 2964 4:00 Russia +04/+05 2010 Mar 28 2:00s 2965 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2966 4:00 - +04 2967 2968# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18): 2969# Europe/Ulyanovsk covers: 2970# 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast 2971 2972# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14). 2973 2974# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17): 2975# Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am. 2976# Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ... 2977# 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading. 2978# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09): 2979# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051 2980 2981Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk 3:13:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u 2982 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21 2983 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 2984 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2985 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2986 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2987 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2988 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s 2989 4:00 - +04 2990 2991# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): 2992# Asia/Yekaterinburg covers... 2993# 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of 2994# 90 RU-PER Perm Krai 2995# 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast 2996# 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast 2997# 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast 2998# 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast 2999# 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast 3000# 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra 3001# 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 3002# 3003# Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak 3004# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai. 3005 3006# Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9. 3007# Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05. 3008# Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard. 3009# The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks. 3010 3011 #STDOFF 4:02:32.9 3012Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3 3013 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00 3014 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21 3015 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3016 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3017 5:00 Russia +05/+06 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3018 6:00 - +06 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 3019 5:00 - +05 3020 3021 3022# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): 3023# Asia/Omsk covers... 3024# 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast 3025 3026# Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30. 3027 3028Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14 3029 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21 3030 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3031 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3032 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3033 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 3034 6:00 - +06 3035 3036# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22): 3037# Asia/Barnaul covers: 3038# 04 RU-AL Altai Republic 3039# 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai 3040 3041# Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger. 3042 3043# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07): 3044# Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25 3045# http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm 3046# suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on 3047# 1995-05-28. 3048# 3049# https://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html 3050# has some historical data for Altai Krai: 3051# before 1957: west part on UT+6, east on UT+7 3052# after 1957: UT+7 3053# since 1995: UT+6 3054# http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html 3055# confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date. 3056 3057# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17): 3058# Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones 3059# by March 27, 2016 at 2am.... 3060# Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ... 3061# Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) 3062# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09): 3063# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043 3064# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038 3065 3066Zone Asia/Barnaul 5:35:00 - LMT 1919 Dec 10 3067 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21 3068 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3069 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3070 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1995 May 28 3071 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3072 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 3073 6:00 - +06 2016 Mar 27 2:00s 3074 7:00 - +07 3075 3076# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18): 3077# Asia/Novosibirsk covers: 3078# 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast 3079 3080# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30): 3081# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6 3082# moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7. 3083# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04): 3084# The law was signed yesterday and published today on 3085# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064 3086 3087Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00 3088 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21 3089 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3090 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3091 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P. 3092 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3093 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 3094 6:00 - +06 2016 Jul 24 2:00s 3095 7:00 - +07 3096 3097# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18): 3098# Asia/Tomsk covers: 3099# 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast 3100 3101# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24): 3102# Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51. 3103 3104# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29): 3105# Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow. 3106 3107# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19): 3108# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743 3109# (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time) 3110# / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ... 3111# Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their 3112# GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally 3113# belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced 3114# with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a 3115# 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014). 3116 3117# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12): 3118# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6 3119# This bill was approved in the first reading today. It moves Tomsk oblast 3120# from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at 3121# 2:00. The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by 3122# the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President 3123# and published to become a law. Minor changes in the text are to be expected 3124# before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the 3125# recent changes). 3126# 3127# Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws, 3128# the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule 3129# http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/ 3130# http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303 3131# I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the 3132# bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday, 3133# approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and 3134# published as a law around 2016-04-26. 3135 3136# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26): 3137# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048 3138 3139Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:51 - LMT 1919 Dec 22 3140 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21 3141 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3142 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3143 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2002 May 1 3:00 3144 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3145 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 3146 6:00 - +06 2016 May 29 2:00s 3147 7:00 - +07 3148 3149 3150# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03): 3151# Asia/Novokuznetsk covers... 3152# 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast 3153 3154# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13): 3155# Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on 3156# March 28, 2010: 3157# from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700 3158# to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600 3159# 3160# This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September 3161# 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth 3162# time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600) 3163# 3164# Russian Government web site (Russian language) 3165# http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm 3166# or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference 3167# map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010 3168# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html 3169# 3170# Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010 3171# Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock. 3172 3173# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02): 3174# The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus 3175# realigning itself with KRAT. 3176 3177Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May 1 3178 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21 3179 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3180 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3181 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2010 Mar 28 2:00s 3182 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3183 7:00 - +07 3184 3185# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): 3186# Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers... 3187# 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic 3188# 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of 3189# 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai 3190# 3191# Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr 3192# Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai. 3193 3194# Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26. 3195 3196Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6 3197 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21 3198 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3199 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3200 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3201 8:00 - +08 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 3202 7:00 - +07 3203 3204 3205# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): 3206# Asia/Irkutsk covers... 3207# 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of 3208# 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast 3209# 3210# Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was 3211# merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast. 3212 3213# Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15. 3214# Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05. 3215# Go with Byalokoz. 3216 3217Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880 3218 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time 3219 7:00 - +07 1930 Jun 21 3220 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3221 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3222 8:00 Russia +08/+09 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3223 9:00 - +09 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 3224 8:00 - +08 3225 3226 3227# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06): 3228# Asia/Chita covers... 3229# 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai 3230# 3231# Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat 3232# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai. 3233 3234# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02): 3235# [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) - 3236# Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9. Effective date will 3237# be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am.... 3238# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107 3239 3240Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 3241 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21 3242 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3243 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3244 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3245 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 3246 8:00 - +08 2016 Mar 27 2:00 3247 9:00 - +09 3248 3249 3250# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29): 3251# Asia/Yakutsk covers... 3252# 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast 3253# 3254# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic: 3255# 14-02 **** Aldansky District 3256# 14-04 **** Amginsky District 3257# 14-05 **** Anabarsky District 3258# 14-06 **** Bulunsky District 3259# 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District 3260# 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District 3261# 14-11 **** Gorny District 3262# 14-12 **** Zhigansky District 3263# 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District 3264# 14-14 **** Lensky District 3265# 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District 3266# 14-16 **** Mirninsky District 3267# 14-18 **** Namsky District 3268# 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District 3269# 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District 3270# 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District 3271# 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District 3272# 14-26 **** Suntarsky District 3273# 14-27 **** Tattinsky District 3274# 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District 3275# 14-32 **** Khangalassky District 3276# 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District 3277# 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District 3278 3279# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03): 3280# Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District. 3281# Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too. 3282# Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk. 3283 3284# Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58. 3285 3286Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 3287 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21 3288 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3289 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3290 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3291 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 3292 9:00 - +09 3293 3294 3295# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29): 3296# Asia/Vladivostok covers... 3297# 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai 3298# 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai 3299# 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast 3300# 3301# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic: 3302# 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District 3303# 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District 3304 3305# Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5. 3306# Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31. 3307# Go with Byalokoz. 3308 3309Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15 3310 9:00 - +09 1930 Jun 21 3311 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3312 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3313 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3314 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 3315 10:00 - +10 3316 3317 3318# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03): 3319# Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic: 3320# 14-28 **** Tomponsky District 3321# 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District 3322 3323# From Arthur David Olson (2022-03-21): 3324# Tomponsky and Ust-Maysky switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time 3325# in 2011. 3326 3327# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25): 3328# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time. 3329# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004. 3330# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info. 3331 3332Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 3333 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21 3334 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3335 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3336 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2004 3337 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3338 11:00 - +11 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725? 3339 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 3340 9:00 - +09 3341 3342 3343# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03): 3344# Asia/Sakhalin covers... 3345# 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast 3346# ...with the exception of: 3347# 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands) 3348 3349# From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22): 3350# Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ... 3351# (2016-03-09): 3352# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044 3353 3354# The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long. 3355Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23 3356 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 25 3357 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T 3358 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3359 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s 3360 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3361 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 3362 10:00 - +10 2016 Mar 27 2:00s 3363 11:00 - +11 3364 3365 3366# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29): 3367# Asia/Magadan covers... 3368# 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast 3369 3370# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02): 3371# Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however, 3372# several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of 3373# the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented 3374# until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will 3375# need their own zone. 3376 3377# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27): 3378# ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ... 3379# will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock 3380# 3381# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05): 3382# ... signed by the President today ... 3383# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038 3384 3385Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 3386 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time 3387 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3388 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3389 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3390 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 3391 10:00 - +10 2016 Apr 24 2:00s 3392 11:00 - +11 3393 3394 3395# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06): 3396# Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic: 3397# 14-01 **** Abyysky District 3398# 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District 3399# 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District 3400# 14-17 **** Momsky District 3401# 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District 3402# 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District 3403# 3404# ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast: 3405# 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands) 3406 3407# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02): 3408# Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with 3409# most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on 3410# 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District 3411# of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by 3412# Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11. 3413 3414# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06): 3415# Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27. 3416# There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone 3417# Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary. 3418# 3419# Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these 3420# districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently 3421# lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females 3422# each! (Yikes!) 3423# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276 3424# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493 3425# Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one. 3426# 3427# Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have 3428# fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the 3429# 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most 3430# recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of 3431# http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf 3432# in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older 3433# settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining. 3434# Go with Srednekolymsk. 3435 3436Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2 3437 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21 3438 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3439 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3440 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3441 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 3442 11:00 - +11 3443 3444 3445# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03): 3446# Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic: 3447# 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District 3448 3449# From Arthur David Olson (2022-03-21): 3450# Oymyakonsky and the Kuril Islands switched from 3451# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011. 3452# 3453# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02): 3454# It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch, 3455# as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of 3456# Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on 3457# UTC+12 since at least then, too. 3458 3459Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 3460 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21 3461 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1981 Apr 1 3462 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3463 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3464 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3465 12:00 - +12 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725? 3466 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 3467 10:00 - +10 3468 3469 3470# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): 3471# Asia/Kamchatka covers... 3472# 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai 3473# 3474# Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak 3475# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai. 3476 3477# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps 3478# Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long. 3479Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10 3480 11:00 - +11 1930 Jun 21 3481 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3482 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3483 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s 3484 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3485 12:00 - +12 3486 3487 3488# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03): 3489# Asia/Anadyr covers... 3490# 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug 3491 3492Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 3493 12:00 - +12 1930 Jun 21 3494 13:00 Russia +13/+14 1982 Apr 1 0:00s 3495 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 3496 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3497 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s 3498 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3499 12:00 - +12 3500 3501# San Marino 3502Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino 3503 3504# Serbia 3505# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 3506Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 3507 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 3508 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 3509 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s 3510 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 3511# Metod Ko��elj reports that the legal date of 3512# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time. 3513# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Ko��elj. 3514 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 3515 1:00 EU CE%sT 3516 3517# Slovakia 3518Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava 3519 3520# Slovenia 3521# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 3522Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884 3523 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 3524 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 3525 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 3526 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 3527 1:00 EU CE%sT 3528 3529# Spain 3530# 3531# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-14): 3532# 3533# The source for Europe/Madrid before 2013 is: 3534# Planesas P. La hora oficial en Espa��a y sus cambios. 3535# Anuario del Observatorio Astron��mico de Madrid (2013, in Spanish). 3536# http://astronomia.ign.es/rknowsys-theme/images/webAstro/paginas/documentos/Anuario/lahoraoficialenespana.pdf 3537# As this source says that historical time in the Canaries is obscure, 3538# and it does not discuss Ceuta, stick with Shanks for now for that data. 3539# 3540# In the 1918 and 1919 fallback transitions in Spain, the clock for 3541# the hour-longer day officially kept going after midnight, so that 3542# the repeated instances of that day's 00:00 hour were 24 hours apart, 3543# with a fallback transition from the second occurrence of 00:59... to 3544# the next day's 00:00. Our data format cannot represent this 3545# directly, and instead repeats the first hour of the next day, with a 3546# fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00. 3547 3548# From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15): 3549# The Royal Decree of 1900-07-26 quoted by Planesas, online at 3550# https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf 3551# says in its article 5 (my translation): 3552# These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the 3553# instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1, 3554# the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin. 3555 3556# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 3557Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S 3558Rule Spain 1918 1919 - Oct 6 24:00s 0 - 3559Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 6 23:00 1:00 S 3560Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00 1:00 S 3561Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 24:00s 0 - 3562Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S 3563Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 - 3564Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S 3565Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S 3566Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S 3567# Republican Spain during the civil war; it controlled Madrid until 1939-03-28. 3568Rule Spain 1937 only - Jun 16 23:00 1:00 S 3569Rule Spain 1937 only - Oct 2 24:00s 0 - 3570Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S 3571Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 30 23:00 2:00 M 3572Rule Spain 1938 only - Oct 2 24:00 1:00 S 3573# The following rules are for unified Spain again. 3574# 3575# Planesas does not say what happened in Madrid between its fall on 3576# 1939-03-28 and the Nationalist spring-forward transition on 3577# 1939-04-15. For lack of better info, assume Madrid's clocks did not 3578# change during that period. 3579# 3580# The first rule is commented out, as it is redundant for Republican Spain. 3581#Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S 3582Rule Spain 1939 only - Oct 7 24:00s 0 - 3583Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 23:00 1:00 S 3584Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 1:00 0 - 3585Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S 3586Rule Spain 1943 1944 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 3587Rule Spain 1945 1946 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 3588Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 3589Rule Spain 1949 only - Oct 2 1:00 0 - 3590Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=12 23:00 1:00 S 3591Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 3592Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S 3593Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 3594Rule Spain 1977 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S 3595Rule Spain 1978 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 3596Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 3597# Nationalist Spain during the civil war 3598#Rule NatSpain 1937 only - May 22 23:00 1:00 S 3599#Rule NatSpain 1937 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 - 3600#Rule NatSpain 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00 1:00 S 3601# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978, 3602# except with "S" letters. 3603Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S 3604Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 3605Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S 3606Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 3607Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 3608Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - 3609Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 3610Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 3611Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 - 3612# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 3613Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00u 3614 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1940 Mar 16 23:00 3615 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 3616 1:00 EU CE%sT 3617Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00u 3618 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 3619 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 3620 0:00 - WET 1924 3621 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 3622 0:00 - WET 1967 # Help zishrink.awk. 3623 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 3624 1:00 - CET 1986 3625 1:00 EU CE%sT 3626Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. 3627 -1:00 - -01 1946 Sep 30 1:00 3628 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 3629 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u 3630 0:00 EU WE%sT 3631# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u. 3632# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU. 3633 3634# Sweden 3635# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 3636Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1 3637 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time 3638 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00 3639 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00 3640 1:00 - CET 1980 3641 1:00 EU CE%sT 3642 3643# Switzerland 3644# From Howse: 3645# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace 3646# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep 3647# mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 .... 3648# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 3649# From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"): 3650# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S 3651# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - 3652# From Shanks & Pottenger: 3653# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 3654# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 3655 3656# From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17): 3657# I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies. 3658# 3659# As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values 3660# to be wrong. This is now verified. 3661# 3662# I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal 3663# government, in 'Eidgen��ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss 3664# federal law collection)... 3665# 3666# DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am 3667# DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am. 3668# 3669# DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am 3670# DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am 3671# 3672# There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully. 3673# It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law 3674# collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any 3675# other years are made. 3676# 3677# Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported 3678# about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous 3679# night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such 3680# a thing had happened in Switzerland. 3681# 3682# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Trait�� de 3683# l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is 3684# false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled 3685# by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time. 3686# 3687# The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to: 3688# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S 3689# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 - 3690# 3691# The 1940 rules must be deleted. 3692# 3693# One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for 3694# most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ... 3695# describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of 3696# the Canton de Gen��ve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not 3697# follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time. 3698# To represent this, an extra zone would be needed. 3699# 3700# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11): 3701# The Federal regulations say 3702# https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html 3703# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7�� 26' 22.50". 3704# Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s. 3705 3706# From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11): 3707# the "Circulaire du conseil f��d��ral" (December 11 1893) 3708# http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353 3709# clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight 3710# but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one 3711# hour before the beginning of service. 3712 3713# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11): 3714# Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46. 3715# 3716# We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland 3717# except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book: 3718# 3719# Jakob Messerli. Gleichm��ssig, p��nktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und 3720# Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995, 3721# ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797. 3722# 3723# suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not 3724# agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the 3725# most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the 3726# "Bundesgesetz ��ber die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on 3727# 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16 3728# (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in 3729# practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph 3730# offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso" 3731# (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on 3732# 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and 3733# legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date. 3734 3735# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12): 3736# B��singen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton 3737# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE 3738# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did. 3739# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1, 3740# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin. 3741# 3742# Source for the time in B��singen 1980: 3743# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3 3744# 3745# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03): 3746# B��singen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970. 3747 3748# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 3749Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S 3750Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 - 3751# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 3752Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment. 3753 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 3754 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 3755 1:00 EU CE%sT 3756Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen 3757 3758# Turkey 3759 3760# From Alois Treindl (2019-08-12): 3761# http://www.astrolojidergisi.com/yazsaati.htm has researched the time zone 3762# history of Turkey, based on newspaper archives and official documents. 3763# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28): 3764# That source (Oya Vula��, "T��rkiye'de Yaz Saati Uygulamalar��") 3765# is used for 1940/1972, where it seems more reliable than our other 3766# sources. 3767 3768# From K��van�� Yazan (2019-08-12): 3769# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/14539.pdf#page=24 3770# 1973-06-03 01:00 -> 02:00, 1973-11-04 02:00 -> 01:00 3771# 3772# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/14829.pdf#page=1 3773# 1974-03-31 02:00 -> 03:00, 1974-11-03 02:00 -> 01:00 3774# 3775# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15161.pdf#page=1 3776# 1975-03-22 02:00 -> 03:00, 1975-11-02 02:00 -> 01:00 3777# 3778# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15535_1.pdf#page=1 3779# 1976-03-21 02:00 -> 03:00, 1976-10-31 02:00 -> 01:00 3780# 3781# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15778.pdf#page=5 3782# 1977-04-03 02:00 -> 03:00, 1977-10-16 02:00 -> 01:00, 3783# 1978-04-02 02:00 -> 03:00 (not applied, see below) 3784# 1978-10-15 02:00 -> 01:00 (not applied, see below) 3785# 1979-04-01 02:00 -> 03:00 (not applied, see below) 3786# 1979-10-14 02:00 -> 01:00 (not applied, see below) 3787# 3788# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16245.pdf#page=17 3789# This cancels the previous decision, and repeats it only for 1978. 3790# 1978-04-02 02:00 -> 03:00, 1978-10-15 02:00 -> 01:00 3791# (not applied due to standard TZ change below) 3792# 3793# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16331.pdf#page=3 3794# This decision changes the default longitude for Turkish time zone from 30 3795# degrees East to 45 degrees East. This means a standard TZ change, from +2 3796# to +3. This is published & applied on 1978-06-29. At that time, Turkey was 3797# already on summer time (already on 45E). Hence, this new law just meant an 3798# "continuous summer time". Note that this was reversed in a few years. 3799# 3800# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18119_1.pdf#page=1 3801# 1983-07-31 02:00 -> 03:00 (note that this jumps TZ to +4) 3802# 1983-10-02 02:00 -> 01:00 (back to +3) 3803# 3804# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18561.pdf (page 1 and 34) 3805# At this time, Turkey is still on +3 with no spring-forward on early 3806# 1984. This decision is published on 10/31/1984. Page 1 declares 3807# the decision of reverting the "default longitude change". So the 3808# standard time should go back to +3 (30E). And page 34 explains when 3809# that will happen: 1984-11-01 02:00 -> 01:00. You can think of this 3810# as "end of continuous summer time, change of standard time zone". 3811# 3812# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18713.pdf#page=1 3813# 1985-04-20 01:00 -> 02:00, 1985-09-28 02:00 -> 01:00 3814 3815# From K��van�� Yazan (2016-09-25): 3816# 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with 3817# no exceptions. 3818# 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ... 3819# Here are official papers: 3820# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf#page=2 for 1986 3821# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf#page=4 for 1987 3822# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf#page=15 for 1988 3823# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf#page=6 for 1989 3824# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf#page=1 for 1990 - 1992 3825# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf#page=15 for 1993 - 1995 3826# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf#page=1 for overriding 1994 3827# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf#page=1 for 1996, 1997 3828# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf#page=10 for 1998 - 2000 3829# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2 - for 2001 3830# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2 - for 2002-2006 3831# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25): 3832# Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for timestamps after 1985. 3833 3834# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09): 3835# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC 3836# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07): 3837# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp 3838# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...: 3839# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm 3840# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document 3841# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006: 3842# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm 3843 3844# From G��kdeniz Karada�� (2011-03-10): 3845# According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer 3846# time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27. 3847# This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th. 3848# https://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872 3849# Turkish: 3850# https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-bir-gun-ileri-alindi-17230464 3851 3852# From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14): 3853# The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the 3854# Turkish Local election.... 3855# http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik 3856# ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m. 3857# From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15): 3858# Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31, 3859# I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST 3860# change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time. 3861# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15): 3862# The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule 3863# change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See: 3864# Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency 3865# http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30. 3866# I guess the best we can do is document the official time. 3867 3868# From Fatih (2015-09-29): 3869# It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy. 3870# Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00 3871# http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217 3872# 3873# From BBC News (2015-10-25): 3874# Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a 3875# government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan 3876# Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan. 3877# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326 3878 3879# From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08): 3880# Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter.... 3881# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf 3882# 3883# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07): 3884# The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey. 3885# It takes effect today, which is not much notice. 3886 3887# From K��van�� Yazan (2017-10-28): 3888# Turkey will go back to Daylight Saving Time starting 2018-10. 3889# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/10/20171028-5.pdf 3890# 3891# From Even Scharning (2017-11-08): 3892# ... today it was announced that the DST will become "continuous": 3893# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/son-dakika-yaz-saati-uygulamasi-surekli-hale-geldi-40637482 3894# From Paul Eggert (2017-11-08): 3895# Although Google Translate misfires on that source, it looks like 3896# Turkey reversed last month's decision, and so will stay at +03. 3897 3898# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 3899Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 3900Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 3901Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S 3902Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - 3903Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 3904Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 3905Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S 3906Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 3907# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; 3908# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 3909Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S 3910Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 3911Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 3912Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 3913Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 6 0:00 0 - 3914Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S 3915Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - 3916Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 3917Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 3918Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 3919Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 3920Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S 3921Rule Turkey 1947 1951 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 3922Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S 3923Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 S 3924Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S 3925# DST for 15 months; unusual but we'll let it pass. 3926Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S 3927Rule Turkey 1963 only - Oct 30 0:00 0 - 3928Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 3929Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 3930Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S 3931Rule Turkey 1973 1976 - Oct Sun>=31 2:00 0 - 3932Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 3933Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 22 2:00 1:00 S 3934Rule Turkey 1976 only - Mar 21 2:00 1:00 S 3935Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 3936Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 3937Rule Turkey 1978 only - Jun 29 0:00 0 - 3938Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 2:00 1:00 S 3939Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 2:00 0 - 3940Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 1:00s 1:00 S 3941Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 1:00s 0 - 3942Rule Turkey 1986 1993 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 3943Rule Turkey 1986 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 3944Rule Turkey 1994 only - Mar 20 1:00s 1:00 S 3945Rule Turkey 1995 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 3946Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 3947# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 3948Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 3949 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time? 3950 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Jun 29 3951 3:00 Turkey +03/+04 1984 Nov 1 2:00 3952 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007 3953 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u 3954 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u 3955 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u 3956 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u 3957 2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25 1:00u 3958 2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u 3959 2:00 EU EE%sT 2016 Sep 7 3960 3:00 - +03 3961 3962# Ukraine 3963# 3964# From Alois Treindl (2014-03-01): 3965# REGULATION A N O V A on March 20, 1992 N 139 ... means that from 3966# 1992 on, Ukraine had DST with begin time at 02:00 am, on last Sunday 3967# in March, and end time 03:00 am, last Sunday in September.... 3968# CABINET OF MINISTERS OF UKRAINE RESOLUTION on May 13, 1996 N 509 3969# "On the order of computation time on the territory of Ukraine" .... 3970# As this cabinet decision is from May 1996, it seems likely that the 3971# transition in March 1996, which predates it, was still at 2:00 am 3972# and not at 3:00 as would have been under EU rules. 3973# This is why I have set the change to EU rules into May 1996, 3974# so that the change in March is stil covered by the Ukraine rule. 3975# The next change in October 1996 happened under EU rules. 3976# 3977# From Paul Eggert (2022-08-27): 3978# For now, assume that Ukraine's zones all followed the same rules, 3979# except that Crimea switched to Moscow time in 1994 as described elsewhere. 3980 3981# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice, 3982# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27): 3983# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government 3984# regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says: 3985# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday 3986# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of 3987# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am" 3988 3989# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20): 3990# On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to 3991# abolish the transfer clock to winter time. 3992# 3993# Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got 3994# approval from 266 deputies. 3995# 3996# Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian) 3997# http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/ 3998# 3999# The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian) 4000# http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html 4001# 4002# Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian) 4003# https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/ 4004# 4005# From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18): 4006# Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the 4007# Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter 4008# time this year after all. 4009# 4010# From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18): 4011# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone 4012# (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar 4013# to Russia) was reverted today: 4014# http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995 4015# 4016# Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted: 4017# The law documents themselves are at 4018# http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484 4019 4020# From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kyiv time 1991/2 (2014-02-28): 4021# First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST: 4022# 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST 4023# 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST 4024# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134. 4025# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html 4026# 4027# They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law, 4028# "summer time" was still in action): 4029# 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST 4030# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272. 4031# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html 4032# 4033# Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action): 4034# 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST 4035# 4036# DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended): 4037# 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST 4038# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225. 4039# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm 4040# This is an answer. 4041# 4042# Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure: 4043# 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started 4044# 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended 4045# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139. 4046# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm 4047 4048# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 4049Zone Europe/Kyiv 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 4050 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kyiv Mean Time 4051 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 4052 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20 4053 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6 4054 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00 4055 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00 4056 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1996 May 13 4057 2:00 EU EE%sT 4058 4059# Vatican City 4060Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican 4061 4062 4063############################################################################### 4064 4065# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from 4066# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986. 4067# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else. 4068# 4069# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but 4070# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules. 4071# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at 4072# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey 4073# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time 4074# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST) 4075 4076# ... 4077# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100 4078# From: Tom Hofmann 4079# ... 4080# 4081# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when 4082# most European countries started DST. Before that year, only 4083# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according 4084# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on 4085# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following 4086# years... 4087# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions 4088# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST 4089# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep 4090# lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now. 4091# 4092# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the 4093# Soviet Union (as far as I know). 4094# 4095# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG, 4096# 4002 Basle, Switzerland 4097# ... 4098 4099# ... 4100# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100 4101# From: Dik T. Winter 4102# ... 4103# 4104# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct. 4105# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information 4106# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969. 4107# 4108# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on 4109# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September... 4110# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that 4111# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982 4112# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in 4113# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch 4114# dates... 4115# 4116# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g. 4117# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST... 4118# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not 4119# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations 4120# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always 4121# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the 4122# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours 4123# in advance of normal time. 4124# 4125# ... 4126# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland 4127# ... 4128 4129# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): 4130# ... 4131# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates). 4132# Since 1978. Change at midnight. 4133# ... 4134# Monaco: has same DST as France. 4135# ... 4136