mpfr/dist/mpfr.texi

\input texinfo    @c -*-texinfo-*-
@c %**start of header
@setfilename mpfr.info
@documentencoding UTF-8
@set VERSION 3.0.1
@set UPDATED-MONTH April 2011
@settitle GNU MPFR @value{VERSION}
@synindex tp fn
@iftex
@afourpaper
@end iftex
@comment %**end of header

@c Note: avoid using non-ASCII characters directly when possible,
@c as the "info" utility cannot currently handle them.
@c   http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=212549

@copying
This manual documents how to install and use the Multiple Precision
Floating-Point Reliable Library, version @value{VERSION}.

Copyright 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under
the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later
version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections,
with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the
license is included in @ref{GNU Free Documentation License}.
@end copying


@c  Texinfo version 4.2 or up will be needed to process this file.
@c
@c  A suitable texinfo.tex is supplied, a newer one should work
@c  equally well.
@c
@c  The edition number is in the VERSION variable above and should be
@c  updated where appropriate.  Also, update the month and year in
@c  UPDATED-MONTH.


@dircategory Software libraries
@direntry
* mpfr: (mpfr).                 Multiple Precision Floating-Point Reliable Library.
@end direntry

@c  html <meta name=description content="...">
@documentdescription
How to install and use GNU MPFR, a library for reliable multiple precision
floating-point arithmetic, version @value{VERSION}.
@end documentdescription

@c smallbook
@finalout
@setchapternewpage on

@ifnottex
@node Top, Copying, (dir), (dir)
@top GNU MPFR
@end ifnottex

@iftex
@titlepage
@title GNU MPFR
@subtitle The Multiple Precision Floating-Point Reliable Library
@subtitle Edition @value{VERSION}
@subtitle @value{UPDATED-MONTH}

@author The MPFR team
@email{mpfr@@loria.fr}

@c Include the Distribution inside the titlepage so
@c that headings are turned off.

@tex
\global\parindent=0pt
\global\parskip=8pt
\global\baselineskip=13pt
@end tex

@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
@end iftex

@insertcopying
@ifnottex
@sp 1
@end ifnottex

@iftex
@end titlepage
@headings double
@end iftex

@c  Don't bother with contents for html, the menus seem adequate.
@ifnothtml
@contents
@end ifnothtml

@menu
* Copying::                     MPFR Copying Conditions (LGPL).
* Introduction to MPFR::        Brief introduction to GNU MPFR.
* Installing MPFR::             How to configure and compile the MPFR library.
* Reporting Bugs::              How to usefully report bugs.
* MPFR Basics::                 What every MPFR user should now.
* MPFR Interface::              MPFR functions and macros.
* API Compatibility::           API compatibility with previous MPFR versions.
* Contributors::
* References::
* GNU Free Documentation License::
* Concept Index::
* Function Index::
@end menu


@c  @m{T,N} is $T$ in tex or @math{N} otherwise.  This is an easy way to give
@c  different forms for math in tex and info.  Commas in N or T don't work,
@c  but @C{} can be used instead.  \, works in info but not in tex.
@iftex
@macro m {T,N}
@tex$\T\$@end tex
@end macro
@end iftex
@ifnottex
@macro m {T,N}
@math{\N\}
@end macro
@end ifnottex

@c  Usage: @GMPabs{x}
@c  Give either |x| in tex, or abs(x) in info or html.
@tex
\gdef\GMPabs#1{|#1|}
@end tex
@ifnottex
@macro GMPabs {X}
@abs{}(\X\)
@end macro
@end ifnottex

@c  Usage: @GMPtimes{}
@c  Give either \times or the word "times".
@tex
\gdef\GMPtimes{\times}
@end tex
@ifnottex
@macro GMPtimes
times
@end macro
@end ifnottex

@c  New math operators.
@c  @abs{} can be used in both tex and info, or just \abs in tex.
@tex
\gdef\abs{\mathop{\rm abs}}
@end tex
@ifnottex
@macro abs
abs
@end macro
@end ifnottex

@c  @times{} made available as a "*" in info and html (already works in tex).
@ifnottex
@macro times
*
@end macro
@end ifnottex

@c  Math operators already available in tex, made available in info too.
@c  For example @log{} can be used in both tex and info.
@ifnottex
@macro le
<=
@end macro
@macro ge
>=
@end macro
@macro ne
<>
@end macro
@macro log
log
@end macro
@end ifnottex

@c  @pom{} definition
@tex
\gdef\pom{\ifmmode\pm\else$\pm$\fi}
@end tex
@ifnottex
@macro pom
±
@end macro
@end ifnottex

@c The following macro have been copied from gmp.texi
@c
@c  Usage: @MPFRpxreftop{info,title}
@c
@c  Like @pxref{}, but designed for a reference to the top of a document, not
@c  a particular section.
@c
@c  The texinfo manual recommends putting a likely section name in references
@c  like this, eg. "Introduction", but it seems better to just give the title.
@c
@iftex
@macro MPFRpxreftop{info,title}
see @cite{\title\}.
@end macro
@end iftex
@ifhtml
@macro MPFRpxreftop{info,title}
see @cite{\title\}.
@end macro
@end ifhtml
@ifnottex
@ifnothtml
@macro MPFRpxreftop{info,title}
@pxref{Top,\title\,\title\,\info\,\title\}
@end macro
@end ifnothtml
@end ifnottex

@node Copying, Introduction to MPFR, Top, Top
@comment  node-name, next, previous,  up
@unnumbered MPFR Copying Conditions
@cindex Copying conditions
@cindex Conditions for copying MPFR

The GNU MPFR library (or MPFR for short)
is @dfn{free}; this means that everyone is free to use it and
free to redistribute it on a free basis.  The library is not in the public
domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions on its distribution, but
these restrictions are designed to permit everything that a good cooperating
citizen would want to do.  What is not allowed is to try to prevent others
from further sharing any version of this library that they might get from
you.@refill

Specifically, we want to make sure that you have the right to give away copies
of the library, that you receive source code or else can get it if you want
it, that you can change this library or use pieces of it in new free programs,
and that you know you can do these things.@refill

To make sure that everyone has such rights, we have to forbid you to deprive
anyone else of these rights.  For example, if you distribute copies of the
GNU MPFR library, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have.
You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code.  And you
must tell them their rights.@refill

Also, for our own protection, we must make certain that everyone finds out
that there is no warranty for the GNU MPFR library.  If it is modified by
someone else and passed on, we want their recipients to know that what they
have is not what we distributed, so that any problems introduced by others
will not reflect on our reputation.@refill

The precise conditions of the license for the GNU MPFR library are found in the
Lesser General Public License that accompanies the source code.
See the file COPYING.LESSER.@refill

@node Introduction to MPFR, Installing MPFR, Copying, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@chapter Introduction to MPFR


MPFR is a portable library written in C for arbitrary precision arithmetic
on floating-point numbers. It is based on the GNU MP library.
It aims to provide a class of floating-point numbers with
precise semantics. The main characteristics of MPFR, which make it differ
from most arbitrary precision floating-point software tools, are:

@itemize @bullet
@item the MPFR code is portable, i.e., the result of any operation
does not depend on the machine word size
@code{mp_bits_per_limb} (64 on most current processors);
@item the precision in bits can be set @emph{exactly} to any valid value
for each variable (including very small precision);
@item MPFR provides the four rounding modes from the IEEE 754-1985
standard, plus away-from-zero, as well as for basic operations as for other
mathematical functions.
@end itemize

In particular, with a precision of 53 bits, MPFR is able to
exactly reproduce all computations with double-precision machine
floating-point numbers (e.g., @code{double} type in C, with a C
implementation that rigorously follows Annex F of the ISO C99 standard
and @code{FP_CONTRACT} pragma set to @code{OFF}) on the four arithmetic
operations and the square root, except the default exponent range is much
wider and subnormal numbers are not implemented (but can be emulated).

This version of MPFR is released under the GNU Lesser General Public
License, version 3 or any later version.
It is permitted to link MPFR to most non-free programs, as long as when
distributing them the MPFR source code and a means to re-link with a
modified MPFR library is provided.

@section How to Use This Manual

Everyone should read @ref{MPFR Basics}.  If you need to install the library
yourself, you need to read @ref{Installing MPFR}, too.
To use the library you will need to refer to @ref{MPFR Interface}.

The rest of the manual can be used for later reference, although it is
probably a good idea to glance through it.

@node Installing MPFR, Reporting Bugs, Introduction to MPFR, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@chapter Installing MPFR
@cindex Installation

The MPFR library is already installed on some GNU/Linux distributions,
but the development files necessary to the compilation such as
@file{mpfr.h} are not always present. To check that MPFR is fully
installed on your computer, you can check the presence of the file
@file{mpfr.h} in @file{/usr/include}, or try to compile a small program
having @code{#include <mpfr.h>} (since @file{mpfr.h} may be installed
somewhere else). For instance, you can try to compile:

@example
#include <stdio.h>
#include <mpfr.h>
int main (void)
@{
  printf ("MPFR library: %-12s\nMPFR header:  %s (based on %d.%d.%d)\n",
          mpfr_get_version (), MPFR_VERSION_STRING, MPFR_VERSION_MAJOR,
          MPFR_VERSION_MINOR, MPFR_VERSION_PATCHLEVEL);
  return 0;
@}
@end example

@noindent
with

@example
cc -o version version.c -lmpfr -lgmp
@end example

@noindent
and if you get errors whose first line looks like

@example
version.c:2:19: error: mpfr.h: No such file or directory
@end example

@noindent
then MPFR is probably not installed. Running this program will give you
the MPFR version.

If MPFR is not installed on your computer, or if you want to install a
different version, please follow the steps below.

@section How to Install

Here are the steps needed to install the library on Unix systems
(more details are provided in the @file{INSTALL} file):

@enumerate
@item
To build MPFR, you first have to install GNU MP
(version 4.1 or higher) on your computer.
You need a C compiler, preferably GCC, but any reasonable compiler should
work.  And you need the standard Unix @samp{make} command, plus some other
standard Unix utility commands.

Then, in the MPFR build directory, type the following commands.

@item
@samp{./configure}

This will prepare the build and setup the options according to your system.
You can give options to specify the install directories (instead of
the default @file{/usr/local}), threading support, and so on. See
the @file{INSTALL} file and/or the output of @samp{./configure --help}
for more information, in particular if you get error messages.

@item
@samp{make}

This will compile MPFR, and create a library archive file @file{libmpfr.a}.
On most platforms, a dynamic library will be produced too.
@item
@samp{make check}

This will make sure MPFR was built correctly.
If you get error messages, please
report this to @samp{mpfr@@loria.fr}.  (@xref{Reporting Bugs}, for
information on what to include in useful bug reports.)

@item
@samp{make install}

This will copy the files @file{mpfr.h} and @file{mpf2mpfr.h} to the directory
@file{/usr/local/include}, the library files (@file{libmpfr.a} and possibly
others) to the directory @file{/usr/local/lib}, the file @file{mpfr.info}
to the directory @file{/usr/local/share/info}, and some other documentation
files to the directory @file{/usr/local/share/doc/mpfr} (or if you passed the
@samp{--prefix} option to @file{configure}, using the prefix directory given
as argument to @samp{--prefix} instead of @file{/usr/local}).
@end enumerate

@section Other `make' Targets

There are some other useful make targets:

@itemize @bullet
@item
@samp{mpfr.info} or @samp{info}

Create or update an info version of the manual, in @file{mpfr.info}.

This file is already provided in the MPFR archives.

@item
@samp{mpfr.pdf} or @samp{pdf}

Create a PDF version of the manual, in @file{mpfr.pdf}.

@item
@samp{mpfr.dvi} or @samp{dvi}

Create a DVI version of the manual, in @file{mpfr.dvi}.

@item
@samp{mpfr.ps} or @samp{ps}

Create a Postscript version of the manual, in @file{mpfr.ps}.

@item
@samp{mpfr.html} or @samp{html}

Create a HTML version of the manual, in several pages in the directory
@file{mpfr.html}; if you want only one output HTML file, then type
@samp{makeinfo --html --no-split mpfr.texi} instead.

@item
@samp{clean}

Delete all object files and archive files, but not the configuration files.

@item
@samp{distclean}

Delete all generated files not included in the distribution.

@item
@samp{uninstall}

Delete all files copied by @samp{make install}.
@end itemize


@section Build Problems

In case of problem, please read the @file{INSTALL} file carefully
before reporting a bug, in particular section ``In case of problem''.
Some problems are due to bad configuration on the user side (not
specific to MPFR). Problems are also mentioned in the FAQ
@url{http://www.mpfr.org/faq.html}.

@comment Warning! Do not split "MPFR ... @url{...}" across several lines
@comment as this needs to be updated with update-version.
Please report problems to @samp{mpfr@@loria.fr}.
@xref{Reporting Bugs}.
Some bug fixes are available on the
MPFR 3.0.1 web page @url{http://www.mpfr.org/mpfr-3.0.1/}.

@section Getting the Latest Version of MPFR

The latest version of MPFR is available from
@url{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/mpfr/} or @url{http://www.mpfr.org/}.

@node Reporting Bugs, MPFR Basics, Installing MPFR, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@chapter Reporting Bugs
@cindex Reporting bugs

@comment Warning! Do not split "MPFR ... @url{...}" across several lines
@comment as this needs to be updated with update-version.
If you think you have found a bug in the MPFR library, first have a look
on the MPFR 3.0.1 web page @url{http://www.mpfr.org/mpfr-3.0.1/} and the
FAQ @url{http://www.mpfr.org/faq.html}:
perhaps this bug is already known, in which case you may find there
a workaround for it.
You might also look in the archives of the MPFR mailing-list:
@url{http://websympa.loria.fr/wwsympa/arc/mpfr}.
Otherwise, please investigate and report it.
We have made this library available to you, and it is not to ask too
much from you, to ask you to report the bugs that you find.

There are a few things you should think about when you put your bug report
together.

You have to send us a test case that makes it possible for us to reproduce the
bug, i.e., a small self-content program, using no other library than MPFR.
Include instructions on how to run the test case.

You also have to explain what is wrong; if you get a crash, or if the results
you get are incorrect and in that case, in what way.

Please include compiler version information in your bug report. This can
be extracted using @samp{cc -V} on some machines, or, if you're using GCC,
@samp{gcc -v}. Also, include the output from @samp{uname -a} and the MPFR
version (the GMP version may be useful too).

If your bug report is good, we will do our best to help you to get a corrected
version of the library; if the bug report is poor, we will not do anything
about it (aside of chiding you to send better bug reports).

Send your bug report to: @samp{mpfr@@loria.fr}.

If you think something in this manual is unclear, or downright incorrect, or if
the language needs to be improved, please send a note to the same address.

@node MPFR Basics, MPFR Interface, Reporting Bugs, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@chapter MPFR Basics

@section Headers and Libraries

@cindex @file{mpfr.h}
All declarations needed to use MPFR are collected in the include file
@file{mpfr.h}.  It is designed to work with both C and C++ compilers.
You should include that file in any program using the MPFR library:

@example
#include <mpfr.h>
@end example

@cindex @code{stdio.h}
Note however that prototypes for MPFR functions with @code{FILE *} parameters
are provided only if @code{<stdio.h>} is included too (before @file{mpfr.h}):

@example
#include <stdio.h>
#include <mpfr.h>
@end example

@cindex @code{stdarg.h}
Likewise @code{<stdarg.h>} (or @code{<varargs.h>}) is required for prototypes
with @code{va_list} parameters, such as @code{mpfr_vprintf}.

@cindex @code{stdint.h}
@cindex @code{inttypes.h}
@cindex @code{intmax_t}
@cindex @code{uintmax_t}
And for any functions using @code{intmax_t}, you must include
@code{<stdint.h>} or @code{<inttypes.h>} before @file{mpfr.h}, to
allow @file{mpfr.h} to define prototypes for these functions. Moreover,
users of C++ compilers under some platforms may need to define
@code{MPFR_USE_INTMAX_T} (and should do it for portability) before
@file{mpfr.h} has been included; of course, it is possible to do that
on the command line, e.g., with @code{-DMPFR_USE_INTMAX_T}.

Note: If @code{mpfr.h} and/or @code{gmp.h} (used by @code{mpfr.h})
are included several times (possibly from another header file), the
aforementioned standard headers should be included @strong{before} the
first inclusion of @code{mpfr.h} or @code{gmp.h}. For the time being,
this problem is not avoidable in MPFR without a change in GMP.

When calling a MPFR macro, it is not allowed to have previously defined
a macro with the same name as some keywords (currently @code{do},
@code{while} and @code{sizeof}).

You can avoid the use of MPFR macros encapsulating functions by defining
the @samp{MPFR_USE_NO_MACRO} macro before @file{mpfr.h} is included.  In
general this should not be necessary, but this can be useful when debugging
user code: with some macros, the compiler may emit spurious warnings with
some warning options, and macros can prevent some prototype checking.

@cindex Libraries
@cindex Linking
@cindex @code{libmpfr}
All programs using MPFR must link against both @file{libmpfr} and
@file{libgmp} libraries.  On a typical Unix-like system this can be
done with @samp{-lmpfr -lgmp} (in that order), for example:

@example
gcc myprogram.c -lmpfr -lgmp
@end example

@cindex Libtool
MPFR is built using Libtool and an application can use that to link if
desired, @MPFRpxreftop{libtool.info, GNU Libtool}
@c Note: the .info extension has been added to avoid the following bug:
@c   http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=484740
@c which occurs when reading the info file from the build directory:
@c   info ./mpfr    or    info -f ./mpfr.info
@c Due to a poor design, the "info" utility will not find the correct
@c libtool info file if the .info extension is not provided, because of
@c the "libtool" script in MPFR's directory!

If MPFR has been installed to a non-standard location, then it may be
necessary to set up environment variables such as @samp{C_INCLUDE_PATH}
and @samp{LIBRARY_PATH}, or use @samp{-I} and @samp{-L} compiler options,
in order to point to the right directories. For a shared library, it may
also be necessary to set up some sort of run-time library path (e.g.,
@samp{LD_LIBRARY_PATH}) on some systems. Please read the @file{INSTALL}
file for additional information.

@section Nomenclature and Types

@cindex Floating-point number
@tindex @code{mpfr_t}
@noindent
A @dfn{floating-point number}, or @dfn{float} for short, is an arbitrary
precision significand (also called mantissa) with a limited precision
exponent. The C data type
for such objects is @code{mpfr_t} (internally defined as a one-element
array of a structure, and @code{mpfr_ptr} is the C data type representing
a pointer to this structure). A floating-point number can have
three special values: Not-a-Number (NaN) or plus or minus Infinity. NaN
represents an uninitialized object, the result of an invalid operation
(like 0 divided by 0), or a value that cannot be determined (like
+Infinity minus +Infinity). Moreover, like in the IEEE 754 standard,
zero is signed, i.e., there are both +0 and @minus{}0; the behavior
is the same as in the IEEE 754 standard and it is generalized to
the other functions supported by MPFR. Unless documented otherwise,
the sign bit of a NaN is unspecified.
@c VL: re-added how mpfr_t is defined, due to some questions from users
@c in the past (the fact that the result was returned in an argument
@c seemed strange); also, mpfr_ptr needs to be defined here, as it is
@c used in the API.

@cindex Precision
@tindex @code{mpfr_prec_t}
@noindent
The @dfn{precision} is the number of bits used to represent the significand
of a floating-point number;
the corresponding C data type is @code{mpfr_prec_t}.
The precision can be any integer between @code{MPFR_PREC_MIN} and
@code{MPFR_PREC_MAX}. In the current implementation, @code{MPFR_PREC_MIN}
is equal to 2.

Warning! MPFR needs to increase the precision internally, in order to
provide accurate results (and in particular, correct rounding). Do not
attempt to set the precision to any value near @code{MPFR_PREC_MAX},
otherwise MPFR will abort due to an assertion failure. Moreover, you
may reach some memory limit on your platform, in which case the program
may abort, crash or have undefined behavior (depending on your C
implementation).

@cindex Rounding Modes
@tindex @code{mpfr_rnd_t}
@noindent
The @dfn{rounding mode} specifies the way to round the result of a
floating-point operation, in case the exact result can not be represented
exactly in the destination significand;
the corresponding C data type is @code{mpfr_rnd_t}.

@section MPFR Variable Conventions

Before you can assign to an MPFR variable, you need to initialize it by calling
one of the special initialization functions.  When you're done with a
variable, you need to clear it out, using one of the functions for that
purpose.
A variable should only be initialized once, or at least cleared out between
each initialization.  After a variable has been initialized, it may be
assigned to any number of times.
For efficiency reasons, avoid to initialize and clear out a variable in loops.
Instead, initialize it before entering the loop, and clear it out after the
loop has exited.
You do not need to be concerned about allocating additional space for MPFR
variables, since any variable has a significand of fixed size.
Hence unless you change its precision, or clear and reinitialize it,
a floating-point variable will have the same allocated space during all its
life.

As a general rule, all MPFR functions expect output arguments before input
arguments.  This notation is based on an analogy with the assignment operator.
MPFR allows you to use the same variable for both input and output in the same
expression.  For example, the main function for floating-point multiplication,
@code{mpfr_mul}, can be used like this: @code{mpfr_mul (x, x, x, rnd)}.
This
computes the square of @var{x} with rounding mode @code{rnd}
and puts the result back in @var{x}.

@section Rounding Modes

The following five rounding modes are supported:

@itemize @bullet
@item @code{MPFR_RNDN}: round to nearest (roundTiesToEven in IEEE 754-2008),
@item @code{MPFR_RNDZ}: round toward zero (roundTowardZero in IEEE 754-2008),
@item @code{MPFR_RNDU}: round toward plus infinity (roundTowardPositive in IEEE 754-2008),
@item @code{MPFR_RNDD}: round toward minus infinity (roundTowardNegative in IEEE 754-2008),
@item @code{MPFR_RNDA}: round away from zero (experimental).
@end itemize

The @samp{round to nearest} mode works as in the IEEE 754 standard: in
case the number to be rounded lies exactly in the middle of two representable
numbers, it is rounded to the one with the least significant bit set to zero.
For example, the number 2.5, which is represented by (10.1) in binary, is
rounded to (10.0)=2 with a precision of two bits, and not to (11.0)=3.
This rule avoids the @dfn{drift} phenomenon mentioned by Knuth in volume 2
of The Art of Computer Programming (Section 4.2.2).

Most MPFR functions take as first argument the destination variable, as
second and following arguments the input variables, as last argument a
rounding mode, and have a return value of type @code{int}, called the
@dfn{ternary value}. The value stored in the destination variable is
correctly rounded, i.e., MPFR behaves as if it computed the result with
an infinite precision, then rounded it to the precision of this variable.
The input variables are regarded as exact (in particular, their precision
does not affect the result).

As a consequence, in case of a non-zero real rounded result, the error
on the result is less or equal to 1/2 ulp (unit in the last place) of
that result in the rounding to nearest mode, and less than 1 ulp of that
result in the directed rounding modes (a ulp is the weight of the least
significant represented bit of the result after rounding).
@c Since subnormals are not supported, we must take into account the ulp of
@c the rounded result, not the one of the exact result, for full generality.

Unless documented otherwise, functions returning an @code{int} return
a ternary value.
If the ternary value is zero, it means that the value stored in the
destination variable is the exact result of the corresponding mathematical
function. If the ternary value is positive (resp.@: negative), it means
the value stored in the destination variable is greater (resp.@: lower)
than the exact result. For example with the @code{MPFR_RNDU} rounding mode,
the ternary value is usually positive, except when the result is exact, in
which case it is zero. In the case of an infinite result, it is considered
as inexact when it was obtained by overflow, and exact otherwise. A NaN
result (Not-a-Number) always corresponds to an exact return value.
The opposite of a returned ternary value is guaranteed to be representable
in an @code{int}.

Unless documented otherwise, functions returning as result the value @code{1}
(or any other value specified in this manual)
for special cases (like @code{acos(0)}) yield an overflow or
an underflow if that value is not representable in the current exponent range.

@section Floating-Point Values on Special Numbers

This section specifies the floating-point values (of type @code{mpfr_t})
returned by MPFR functions (where by ``returned'' we mean here the modified
value of the destination object, which should not be mixed with the ternary
return value of type @code{int} of those functions).
For functions returning several values (like
@code{mpfr_sin_cos}), the rules apply to each result separately.

Functions can have one or several input arguments. An input point is
a mapping from these input arguments to the set of the MPFR numbers.
When none of its components are NaN, an input point can also be seen
as a tuple in the extended real numbers (the set of the real numbers
with both infinities).

When the input point is in the domain of the mathematical function, the
result is rounded as described in Section ``Rounding Modes'' (but see
below for the specification of the sign of an exact zero). Otherwise
the general rules from this section apply unless stated otherwise in
the description of the MPFR function (@ref{MPFR Interface}).

When the input point is not in the domain of the mathematical function
but is in its closure in the extended real numbers and the function can
be extended by continuity, the result is the obtained limit.
Examples: @code{mpfr_hypot} on (+Inf,0) gives +Inf. But @code{mpfr_pow}
cannot be defined on (1,+Inf) using this rule, as one can find
sequences (@m{x_n,@var{x}_@var{n}},@m{y_n,@var{y}_@var{n}}) such that
@m{x_n,@var{x}_@var{n}} goes to 1, @m{y_n,@var{y}_@var{n}} goes to +Inf
and @m{(x_n)^{y_n},@var{x}_@var{n} to the @var{y}_@var{n}} goes to any
positive value when @var{n} goes to the infinity.

When the input point is in the closure of the domain of the mathematical
function and an input argument is +0 (resp.@: @minus{}0), one considers
the limit when the corresponding argument approaches 0 from above
(resp.@: below). If the limit is not defined (e.g., @code{mpfr_log} on
@minus{}0), the behavior is specified in the description of the MPFR function.

When the result is equal to 0, its sign is determined by considering the
limit as if the input point were not in the domain: If one approaches 0
from above (resp.@: below), the result is +0 (resp.@: @minus{}0);
for example, @code{mpfr_sin} on +0 gives +0.
In the other cases, the sign is specified in the description of the MPFR
function; for example @code{mpfr_max} on @minus{}0 and +0 gives +0.

When the input point is not in the closure of the domain of the function,
the result is NaN. Example: @code{mpfr_sqrt} on @minus{}17 gives NaN.

When an input argument is NaN, the result is NaN, possibly except when
a partial function is constant on the finite floating-point numbers;
such a case is always explicitly specified in @ref{MPFR Interface}.
@c Said otherwise, if such a case is not specified, this is a bug, thus
@c we may change the returned value after documenting it without having
@c to change the libtool interface number (this would have more drawbacks
@c that advantages in practice), like for any bug fix.
Example: @code{mpfr_hypot} on (NaN,0) gives NaN, but @code{mpfr_hypot}
on (NaN,+Inf) gives +Inf (as specified in @ref{Special Functions}),
since for any finite input @var{x}, @code{mpfr_hypot} on (@var{x},+Inf)
gives +Inf.

@section Exceptions

MPFR supports 5 exception types:

@itemize @bullet

@item Underflow:
An underflow occurs when the exact result of a function is a non-zero
real number and the result obtained after the rounding, assuming an
unbounded exponent range (for the rounding), has an exponent smaller
than the minimum value of the current exponent range. (In the round-to-nearest
mode, the halfway case is rounded toward zero.)

Note: This is not the single possible definition of the underflow. MPFR chooses
to consider the underflow @emph{after} rounding. The underflow before rounding
can also be defined. For instance, consider a function that has the
exact result @m{7 \times 2^{e-4}, 7 multiplied by two to the power
@var{e}@minus{}4}, where @var{e} is the smallest exponent (for a
significand between 1/2 and 1),
with a 2-bit target precision and rounding toward plus infinity.
The exact result has the exponent @var{e}@minus{}1. With the underflow
before rounding, such a function call would yield an underflow, as
@var{e}@minus{}1 is outside the current exponent range. However, MPFR
first considers the rounded result assuming an unbounded exponent range.
The exact result cannot be represented exactly in precision 2, and here,
it is rounded to @m{0.5 @times 2^e, 0.5 times 2 to @var{e}}, which is
representable in the current exponent range. As a consequence, this will
not yield an underflow in MPFR.

@item Overflow:
An overflow occurs when the exact result of a function is a non-zero
real number and the result obtained after the rounding, assuming an
unbounded exponent range (for the rounding), has an exponent larger
than the maximum value of the current exponent range. In the round-to-nearest
mode, the result is infinite.
Note: unlike the underflow case, there is only one possible definition of
overflow here.

@item NaN:
A NaN exception occurs when the result of a function is NaN.
@c NaN is defined above. So, we don't say anything more.

@item Inexact:
An inexact exception occurs when the result of a function cannot be
represented exactly and must be rounded.

@item Range error:
A range exception occurs when a function that does not return a MPFR
number (such as comparisons and conversions to an integer) has an
invalid result (e.g., an argument is NaN in @code{mpfr_cmp}, or a
conversion to an integer cannot be represented in the target type).

@end itemize

MPFR has a global flag for each exception, which can be cleared, set
or tested by functions described in @ref{Exception Related Functions}.

Differences with the ISO C99 standard:

@itemize @bullet

@item In C, only quiet NaNs are specified, and a NaN propagation does not
raise an invalid exception. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, MPFR sets
the NaN flag whenever a NaN is generated, even when a NaN is propagated
(e.g., in NaN + NaN), as if all NaNs were signaling.

@item An invalid exception in C corresponds to either a NaN exception or
a range error in MPFR.

@end itemize

@section Memory Handling

MPFR functions may create caches, e.g., when computing constants such
as @m{\pi,Pi}, either because the user has called a function like
@code{mpfr_const_pi} directly or because such a function was called
internally by the MPFR library itself to compute some other function.

At any time, the user can free the various caches with
@code{mpfr_free_cache}. It is strongly advised to do that before
terminating a thread, or before exiting when using tools like
@samp{valgrind} (to avoid memory leaks being reported).

MPFR internal data such as flags, the exponent range, the default
precision and rounding mode, and caches (i.e., data that are not
accessed via parameters) are either global (if MPFR has not been
compiled as thread safe) or per-thread (thread local storage).

@node MPFR Interface, API Compatibility, MPFR Basics, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@chapter MPFR Interface
@cindex Floating-point functions
@cindex Float functions

The floating-point functions expect arguments of type @code{mpfr_t}.

The MPFR floating-point functions have an interface that is similar to the
GNU MP
functions.  The function prefix for floating-point operations is @code{mpfr_}.

The user has
to specify the precision of each variable.  A computation that assigns a
variable will take place with the precision of the assigned variable; the
cost of that computation should not depend on the
precision of variables used as input (on average).

@cindex Precision
The semantics of a calculation in MPFR is specified as follows: Compute the
requested operation exactly (with ``infinite accuracy''), and round the result
to the precision of the destination variable, with the given rounding mode.
The MPFR floating-point functions are intended to be a smooth extension
of the IEEE 754 arithmetic. The results obtained on a given computer are
identical to those obtained on a computer with a different word size,
or with a different compiler or operating system.

@cindex Accuracy
MPFR @emph{does not keep track} of the accuracy of a computation. This is left
to the user or to a higher layer (for example the MPFI library for interval
arithmetic).
As a consequence, if two variables are used to store
only a few significant bits, and their product is stored in a variable with large
precision, then MPFR will still compute the result with full precision.

The value of the standard C macro @code{errno} may be set to non-zero by
any MPFR function or macro, whether or not there is an error.

@menu
* Initialization Functions::
* Assignment Functions::
* Combined Initialization and Assignment Functions::
* Conversion Functions::
* Basic Arithmetic Functions::
* Comparison Functions::
* Special Functions::
* Input and Output Functions::
* Formatted Output Functions::
* Integer Related Functions::
* Rounding Related Functions::
* Miscellaneous Functions::
* Exception Related Functions::
* Compatibility with MPF::
* Custom Interface::
* Internals::
@end menu

@node Initialization Functions, Assignment Functions, MPFR Interface, MPFR Interface
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@cindex Initialization functions
@section Initialization Functions

An @code{mpfr_t} object must be initialized before storing the first value in
it.  The functions @code{mpfr_init} and @code{mpfr_init2} are used for that
purpose.

@deftypefun void mpfr_init2 (mpfr_t @var{x}, mpfr_prec_t @var{prec})
Initialize @var{x}, set its precision to be @strong{exactly}
@var{prec} bits and its value to NaN. (Warning: the corresponding
MPF function initializes to zero instead.)

Normally, a variable should be initialized once only or at
least be cleared, using @code{mpfr_clear}, between initializations.
To change the precision of a variable which has already been initialized,
use @code{mpfr_set_prec}.
The precision @var{prec} must be an integer between @code{MPFR_PREC_MIN} and
@code{MPFR_PREC_MAX} (otherwise the behavior is undefined).
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void mpfr_inits2 (mpfr_prec_t @var{prec}, mpfr_t @var{x}, ...)
Initialize all the @code{mpfr_t} variables of the given variable
argument @code{va_list}, set their precision to be @strong{exactly}
@var{prec} bits and their value to NaN.
See @code{mpfr_init2} for more details.
The @code{va_list} is assumed to be composed only of type @code{mpfr_t}
(or equivalently @code{mpfr_ptr}).
It begins from @var{x}, and ends when it encounters a null pointer (whose
type must also be @code{mpfr_ptr}).
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void mpfr_clear (mpfr_t @var{x})
Free the space occupied by the significand of
@var{x}.  Make sure to call this function for all
@code{mpfr_t} variables when you are done with them.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void mpfr_clears (mpfr_t @var{x}, ...)
Free the space occupied by all the @code{mpfr_t} variables of the given
@code{va_list}. See @code{mpfr_clear} for more details.
The @code{va_list} is assumed to be composed only of type @code{mpfr_t}
(or equivalently @code{mpfr_ptr}).
It begins from @var{x}, and ends when it encounters a null pointer (whose
type must also be @code{mpfr_ptr}).
@end deftypefun

Here is an example of how to use multiple initialization functions
(since @code{NULL} is not necessarily defined in this context, we use
@code{(mpfr_ptr) 0} instead, but @code{(mpfr_ptr) NULL} is also correct).

@example
@{
  mpfr_t x, y, z, t;
  mpfr_inits2 (256, x, y, z, t, (mpfr_ptr) 0);
  @dots{}
  mpfr_clears (x, y, z, t, (mpfr_ptr) 0);
@}
@end example

@deftypefun void mpfr_init (mpfr_t @var{x})
Initialize @var{x}, set its precision to the default precision,
and set its value to NaN.
The default precision can be changed by a call to @code{mpfr_set_default_prec}.

Warning! In a given program, some other libraries might change the default
precision and not restore it. Thus it is safer to use @code{mpfr_init2}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void mpfr_inits (mpfr_t @var{x}, ...)
Initialize all the @code{mpfr_t} variables of the given @code{va_list},
set their precision to the default precision and their value to NaN.
See @code{mpfr_init} for more details.
The @code{va_list} is assumed to be composed only of type @code{mpfr_t}
(or equivalently @code{mpfr_ptr}).
It begins from @var{x}, and ends when it encounters a null pointer (whose
type must also be @code{mpfr_ptr}).

Warning! In a given program, some other libraries might change the default
precision and not restore it. Thus it is safer to use @code{mpfr_inits2}.
@end deftypefun

@defmac MPFR_DECL_INIT (@var{name}, @var{prec})
This macro declares @var{name} as an automatic variable of type @code{mpfr_t},
initializes it and sets its precision to be @strong{exactly} @var{prec} bits
and its value to NaN. @var{name} must be a valid identifier.
You must use this macro in the declaration section.
This macro is much faster than using @code{mpfr_init2} but has some
drawbacks:

@itemize @bullet
@item You @strong{must not} call @code{mpfr_clear} with variables
created with this macro (the storage is allocated at the point of declaration
and deallocated when the brace-level is exited).
@item You @strong{cannot} change their precision.
@item You @strong{should not} create variables with huge precision with this
macro.
@item Your compiler must support @samp{Non-Constant Initializers} (standard
in C++ and ISO C99) and @samp{Token Pasting}
(standard in ISO C89). If @var{prec} is not a constant expression, your
compiler must support @samp{variable-length automatic arrays} (standard
in ISO C99). GCC 2.95.3 and above supports all these features.
If you compile your program with GCC in C89 mode and with @samp{-pedantic},
you may want to define the @code{MPFR_USE_EXTENSION} macro to avoid warnings
due to the @code{MPFR_DECL_INIT} implementation.
@end itemize
@end defmac

@deftypefun void mpfr_set_default_prec (mpfr_prec_t @var{prec})
Set the default precision to be @strong{exactly} @var{prec} bits, where
@var{prec} can be any integer between @code{MPFR_PREC_MIN} and
@code{MPFR_PREC_MAX}.
The
precision of a variable means the number of bits used to store its significand.
All
subsequent calls to @code{mpfr_init} or @code{mpfr_inits}
will use this precision, but previously
initialized variables are unaffected.
The default precision is set to 53 bits initially.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun mpfr_prec_t mpfr_get_default_prec (void)
Return the current default MPFR precision in bits.
@end deftypefun

@need 2000
Here is an example on how to initialize floating-point variables:

@example
@{
  mpfr_t x, y;
  mpfr_init (x);                /* use default precision */
  mpfr_init2 (y, 256);          /* precision @emph{exactly} 256 bits */
  @dots{}
  /* When the program is about to exit, do ... */
  mpfr_clear (x);
  mpfr_clear (y);
  mpfr_free_cache ();           /* free the cache for constants like pi */
@}
@end example

The following functions are useful for changing the precision during a
calculation.  A typical use would be for adjusting the precision gradually in
iterative algorithms like Newton-Raphson, making the computation precision
closely match the actual accurate part of the numbers.

@deftypefun void mpfr_set_prec (mpfr_t @var{x}, mpfr_prec_t @var{prec})
Reset the precision of @var{x} to be @strong{exactly} @var{prec} bits,
and set its value to NaN.
The previous value stored in @var{x} is lost. It is equivalent to
a call to @code{mpfr_clear(x)} followed by a call to
@code{mpfr_init2(x, prec)}, but more efficient as no allocation is done in
case the current allocated space for the significand of @var{x} is enough.
The precision @var{prec} can be any integer between @code{MPFR_PREC_MIN} and
@code{MPFR_PREC_MAX}.
In case you want to keep the previous value stored in @var{x},
use @code{mpfr_prec_round} instead.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun mpfr_prec_t mpfr_get_prec (mpfr_t @var{x})
Return the precision of @var{x}, i.e., the
number of bits used to store its significand.
@end deftypefun

@node Assignment Functions, Combined Initialization and Assignment Functions, Initialization Functions, MPFR Interface
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@cindex Assignment functions
@section Assignment Functions

These functions assign new values to already initialized floats
(@pxref{Initialization Functions}).

@deftypefun int mpfr_set (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_set_ui (mpfr_t @var{rop}, unsigned long int @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_set_si (mpfr_t @var{rop}, long int @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_set_uj (mpfr_t @var{rop}, uintmax_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_set_sj (mpfr_t @var{rop}, intmax_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_set_flt (mpfr_t @var{rop}, float @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_set_d (mpfr_t @var{rop}, double @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_set_ld (mpfr_t @var{rop}, long double @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_set_decimal64 (mpfr_t @var{rop}, _Decimal64 @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_set_z (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpz_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_set_q (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpq_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_set_f (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpf_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set the value of @var{rop} from @var{op}, rounded
toward the given direction @var{rnd}.
Note that the input 0 is converted to +0 by @code{mpfr_set_ui},
@code{mpfr_set_si}, @code{mpfr_set_uj}, @code{mpfr_set_sj},
@code{mpfr_set_z}, @code{mpfr_set_q} and
@code{mpfr_set_f}, regardless of the rounding mode.
If the system does not support the IEEE 754 standard,
@code{mpfr_set_flt}, @code{mpfr_set_d}, @code{mpfr_set_ld} and
@code{mpfr_set_decimal64} might not preserve the signed zeros.
The @code{mpfr_set_decimal64} function is built only with the configure
option @samp{--enable-decimal-float}, which also requires
@samp{--with-gmp-build}, and when the compiler or
system provides the @samp{_Decimal64} data type
(recent versions of GCC support this data type).
@c GCC 4.2.0 required to be configured with --enable-decimal-float
@c but GCC 4.4.3 seems to have decimal support by default
@code{mpfr_set_q} might fail if the numerator (or the
denominator) can not be represented as a @code{mpfr_t}.

Note: If you want to store a floating-point constant to a @code{mpfr_t},
you should use @code{mpfr_set_str} (or one of the MPFR constant functions,
such as @code{mpfr_const_pi} for @m{\pi,Pi}) instead of
@code{mpfr_set_flt}, @code{mpfr_set_d},
@code{mpfr_set_ld} or @code{mpfr_set_decimal64}.
Otherwise the floating-point constant will be first
converted into a reduced-precision (e.g., 53-bit) binary number before
MPFR can work with it.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_set_ui_2exp (mpfr_t @var{rop}, unsigned long int @var{op}, mpfr_exp_t @var{e}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_set_si_2exp (mpfr_t @var{rop}, long int @var{op}, mpfr_exp_t @var{e}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_set_uj_2exp (mpfr_t @var{rop}, uintmax_t @var{op}, intmax_t @var{e}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_set_sj_2exp (mpfr_t @var{rop}, intmax_t @var{op}, intmax_t @var{e}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_set_z_2exp (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpz_t @var{op}, mpfr_exp_t @var{e}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set the value of @var{rop} from @m{@var{op} \times 2^e, @var{op} multiplied by
two to the power @var{e}}, rounded toward the given direction @var{rnd}.
Note that the input 0 is converted to +0.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_set_str (mpfr_t @var{rop}, const char *@var{s}, int @var{base}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the value of the string @var{s} in base @var{base},
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
See the documentation of @code{mpfr_strtofr} for a detailed description
of the valid string formats.
Contrary to @code{mpfr_strtofr}, @code{mpfr_set_str} requires the
@emph{whole} string to represent a valid floating-point number.
@c Additionally, special values
@c @code{@@NaN@@}, @code{@@Inf@@}, @code{+@@Inf@@} and @code{-@@Inf@@},
@c all case insensitive, without leading whitespace and possibly followed by
@c other characters, are accepted too (it may change).
This function returns 0 if the entire string up to the final null character
is a valid number in base @var{base}; otherwise it returns @minus{}1, and
@var{rop} may have changed.
Note: it is preferable to use @code{mpfr_set_str} if one wants to distinguish
between an infinite @var{rop} value coming from an infinite @var{s} or from
an overflow.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_strtofr (mpfr_t @var{rop}, const char *@var{nptr}, char **@var{endptr}, int @var{base}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})

Read a floating-point number from a string @var{nptr} in base @var{base},
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}; @var{base} must be either 0 (to
detect the base, as described below) or a number from 2 to 62 (otherwise
the behavior is undefined). If @var{nptr} starts with valid data, the
result is stored in @var{rop} and @code{*@var{endptr}} points to the
character just after the valid data (if @var{endptr} is not a null pointer);
otherwise @var{rop} is set to zero (for consistency with @code{strtod})
and the value of @var{nptr} is stored
in the location referenced by @var{endptr} (if @var{endptr} is not a null
pointer). The usual ternary value is returned.

Parsing follows the standard C @code{strtod} function with some extensions.
After optional leading whitespace, one has a subject sequence consisting of an
optional sign (@code{+} or @code{-}), and either numeric data or special
data. The subject sequence is defined as the longest initial subsequence of
the input string, starting with the first non-whitespace character, that is of
the expected form.

The form of numeric data is a non-empty sequence of significand digits with an
optional decimal point, and an optional exponent consisting of an exponent
prefix followed by an optional sign and a non-empty sequence of decimal
digits. A significand digit is either a decimal digit or a Latin letter (62
possible characters), with @code{A} = 10, @code{B} = 11, @dots{}, @code{Z} =
35; case is ignored in bases less or equal to 36, in bases larger than 36,
@code{a} = 36, @code{b} = 37, @dots{}, @code{z} = 61.
The value of a
significand digit must be strictly less than the base.  The decimal point can
be either the one defined by the current locale or the period (the first one
is accepted for consistency with the C standard and the practice, the second
one is accepted to allow the programmer to provide MPFR numbers from strings
in a way that does not depend on the current locale).
The exponent prefix can be @code{e} or @code{E} for bases up to 10, or
@code{@@} in any base; it indicates a multiplication by a power of the
base. In bases 2 and 16, the exponent prefix can also be @code{p} or @code{P},
in which case the exponent, called @emph{binary exponent}, indicates a
multiplication by a power of 2 instead of the base (there is a difference
only for base 16); in base 16 for example @code{1p2} represents 4 whereas
@code{1@@2} represents 256. The value of an exponent is always written in
base 10.

If the argument @var{base} is 0, then the base is automatically detected
as follows. If the significand starts with @code{0b} or @code{0B}, base 2
is assumed. If the significand starts with @code{0x} or @code{0X}, base 16
is assumed. Otherwise base 10 is assumed.

Note: The exponent (if present)
must contain at least a digit. Otherwise the possible
exponent prefix and sign are not part of the number (which ends with the
significand). Similarly, if @code{0b}, @code{0B}, @code{0x} or @code{0X}
is not followed by a binary/hexadecimal digit, then the subject sequence
stops at the character @code{0}, thus 0 is read.

Special data (for infinities and NaN) can be @code{@@inf@@} or
@code{@@nan@@(n-char-sequence-opt)}, and if @math{@var{base} @le{} 16},
it can also be @code{infinity}, @code{inf}, @code{nan} or
@code{nan(n-char-sequence-opt)}, all case insensitive.
A @code{n-char-sequence-opt} is a possibly empty string containing only digits,
Latin letters and the underscore (0, 1, 2, @dots{}, 9, a, b, @dots{}, z,
A, B, @dots{}, Z, _). Note: one has an optional sign for all data, even
NaN.
For example, @code{-@@nAn@@(This_Is_Not_17)} is a valid representation for NaN
in base 17.

@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void mpfr_set_nan (mpfr_t @var{x})
@deftypefunx void mpfr_set_inf (mpfr_t @var{x}, int @var{sign})
@deftypefunx void mpfr_set_zero (mpfr_t @var{x}, int @var{sign})
Set the variable @var{x} to NaN (Not-a-Number), infinity or zero respectively.
In @code{mpfr_set_inf} or @code{mpfr_set_zero}, @var{x} is set to plus
infinity or plus zero iff @var{sign} is nonnegative;
in @code{mpfr_set_nan}, the sign bit of the result is unspecified.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void mpfr_swap (mpfr_t @var{x}, mpfr_t @var{y})
Swap the values @var{x} and @var{y} efficiently. Warning: the
precisions are exchanged too; in case the precisions are different,
@code{mpfr_swap} is thus not equivalent to three @code{mpfr_set} calls
using a third auxiliary variable.
@end deftypefun

@node Combined Initialization and Assignment Functions, Conversion Functions, Assignment Functions, MPFR Interface
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@cindex Combined initialization and assignment functions
@section Combined Initialization and Assignment Functions

@deftypefn Macro int mpfr_init_set (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefnx Macro int mpfr_init_set_ui (mpfr_t @var{rop}, unsigned long int @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefnx Macro int mpfr_init_set_si (mpfr_t @var{rop}, long int @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefnx Macro int mpfr_init_set_d (mpfr_t @var{rop}, double @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefnx Macro int mpfr_init_set_ld (mpfr_t @var{rop}, long double @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefnx Macro int mpfr_init_set_z (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpz_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefnx Macro int mpfr_init_set_q (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpq_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefnx Macro int mpfr_init_set_f (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpf_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Initialize @var{rop} and set its value from @var{op}, rounded in the direction
@var{rnd}.
The precision of @var{rop} will be taken from the active default precision,
as set by @code{mpfr_set_default_prec}.
@end deftypefn

@deftypefun int mpfr_init_set_str (mpfr_t @var{x}, const char *@var{s}, int @var{base}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Initialize @var{x} and set its value from
the string @var{s} in base @var{base},
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
See @code{mpfr_set_str}.
@end deftypefun

@node Conversion Functions, Basic Arithmetic Functions, Combined Initialization and Assignment Functions, MPFR Interface
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@cindex Conversion functions
@section Conversion Functions

@deftypefun float mpfr_get_flt (mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx double mpfr_get_d (mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx {long double} mpfr_get_ld (mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx _Decimal64 mpfr_get_decimal64 (mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Convert @var{op} to a @code{float} (respectively @code{double},
@code{long double} or @code{_Decimal64}), using the rounding mode @var{rnd}.
If @var{op} is NaN, some fixed NaN (either quiet or signaling) or the result
of 0.0/0.0 is returned. If @var{op} is @pom{}Inf, an infinity of the same
sign or the result of @pom{}1.0/0.0 is returned. If @var{op} is zero, these
functions return a zero, trying to preserve its sign, if possible.
The @code{mpfr_get_decimal64} function is built only under some conditions:
see the documentation of @code{mpfr_set_decimal64}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun long mpfr_get_si (mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx {unsigned long} mpfr_get_ui (mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx intmax_t mpfr_get_sj (mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx uintmax_t mpfr_get_uj (mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Convert @var{op} to a @code{long}, an @code{unsigned long},
an @code{intmax_t} or an @code{uintmax_t} (respectively) after rounding
it with respect to @var{rnd}.
If @var{op} is NaN, 0 is returned and the @emph{erange} flag is set.
If @var{op} is too big for the return type, the function returns the maximum
or the minimum of the corresponding C type, depending on the direction
of the overflow; the @emph{erange} flag is set too.
See also @code{mpfr_fits_slong_p}, @code{mpfr_fits_ulong_p},
@code{mpfr_fits_intmax_p} and @code{mpfr_fits_uintmax_p}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun double mpfr_get_d_2exp (long *@var{exp}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx {long double} mpfr_get_ld_2exp (long *@var{exp}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Return @var{d} and set @var{exp}
(formally, the value pointed to by @var{exp})
such that @math{0.5@le{}@GMPabs{@var{d}}<1}
and @m{@var{d}\times 2^{exp}, @var{d} times 2 raised to @var{exp}} equals
@var{op} rounded to double (resp.@: long double)
precision, using the given rounding mode.
@comment See ISO C standard, frexp function.
If @var{op} is zero, then a zero of the same sign (or an unsigned zero,
if the implementation does not have signed zeros) is returned, and
@var{exp} is set to 0.
If @var{op} is NaN or an infinity, then the corresponding double precision
(resp.@: long-double precision)
value is returned, and @var{exp} is undefined.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun mpfr_exp_t mpfr_get_z_2exp (mpz_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op})
Put the scaled significand of @var{op} (regarded as an integer, with the
precision of @var{op}) into @var{rop}, and return the exponent @var{exp}
(which may be outside the current exponent range) such that @var{op}
exactly equals
@ifnottex
@var{rop} times 2 raised to the power @var{exp}.
@end ifnottex
@tex
$rop \times 2^{\rm exp}$.
@end tex
If @var{op} is zero, the minimal exponent @code{emin} is returned.
If @var{op} is NaN or an infinity, the @emph{erange} flag is set, @var{rop}
is set to 0, and the the minimal exponent @code{emin} is returned.
The returned exponent may be less than the minimal exponent @code{emin}
of MPFR numbers in the current exponent range; in case the exponent is
not representable in the @code{mpfr_exp_t} type, the @emph{erange} flag
is set and the minimal value of the @code{mpfr_exp_t} type is returned.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_get_z (mpz_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Convert @var{op} to a @code{mpz_t}, after rounding it with respect to
@var{rnd}. If @var{op} is NaN or an infinity, the @emph{erange} flag is
set, @var{rop} is set to 0, and 0 is returned.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_get_f (mpf_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Convert @var{op} to a @code{mpf_t}, after rounding it with respect to
@var{rnd}.
@c Since we say it in the "API Compatibility" section, no need to say it here:
@c Return the usual ternary value. Notice that the meaning of the returned value
@c has changed since version 3.0.
The @emph{erange} flag is set if @var{op} is NaN or Inf, which do not exist in
MPF.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun {char *} mpfr_get_str (char *@var{str}, mpfr_exp_t *@var{expptr}, int @var{b}, size_t @var{n}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Convert @var{op} to a string of digits in base @var{b}, with rounding in
the direction @var{rnd}, where @var{n} is either zero (see below) or the
number of significant digits output in the string;
in the latter case, @var{n} must be greater
or equal to 2. The base may vary from 2 to 62.
If the input number is an ordinary number, the exponent is written through
the pointer @var{expptr} (for input 0, the current minimal exponent is
written).

The generated string is a fraction, with an implicit radix point immediately
to the left of the first digit.  For example, the number @minus{}3.1416 would
be returned as "@minus{}31416" in the string and 1 written at @var{expptr}.
If @var{rnd} is to nearest, and @var{op} is exactly in the middle of two
consecutive possible outputs, the one with an even significand is chosen,
where both significands are considered with the exponent of @var{op}.
Note that for an odd base, this may not correspond to an even last digit:
for example with 2 digits in base 7, (14) and a half is rounded to (15)
which is 12 in decimal, (16) and a half is rounded to
(20) which is 14 in decimal,
@c The following example duplicates (16) and a half
@c (36) and a half is rounded to (40) which is 28 in decimal,
and (26) and a half is rounded to (26) which is 20 in decimal.

If @var{n} is zero, the number of digits of the significand is chosen
large enough so that re-reading the printed value with the same precision,
assuming both output and input use rounding to nearest, will recover
the original value of @var{op}.
More precisely, in most cases, the chosen precision of @var{str} is the
minimal precision @math{m} depending only on @var{p} = PREC(@var{op}) and
@var{b} that satisfies the above property, i.e.,
@ifnottex
m = 1 + ceil(@var{p}*log(2)/log(@var{b})),
@end ifnottex
@tex
$m = 1 + \lceil p {\log 2 \over \log b} \rceil$,
@end tex
with @var{p} replaced by @var{p}@minus{}1 if @var{b} is a power of 2,
but in some very rare cases, it might be @math{m+1}
(the smallest case for bases up to 62 is when @var{p} equals 186564318007
for bases 7 and 49).

If @var{str} is a null pointer, space for the significand is allocated using
the current allocation function, and a pointer to the string is returned.
To free the returned string, you must use @code{mpfr_free_str}.

If @var{str} is not a null pointer, it should point to a block of storage
large enough for the significand, i.e., at least @code{max(@var{n} + 2, 7)}.
The extra two bytes are for a possible minus sign, and for the terminating null
character, and the value 7 accounts for @code{-@@Inf@@}
plus the terminating null character.

A pointer to the string is returned, unless there is an error, in which
case a null pointer is returned.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void mpfr_free_str (char *@var{str})
Free a string allocated by @code{mpfr_get_str} using the current unallocation
function.
The block is assumed to be @code{strlen(@var{str})+1} bytes.
For more information about how it is done:
@ifinfo
@pxref{Custom Allocation,,, gmp.info,GNU MP}.
@end ifinfo
@ifnotinfo
see Section ``Custom Allocation'' in @cite{GNU MP}.
@end ifnotinfo
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_fits_ulong_p (mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_fits_slong_p (mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_fits_uint_p (mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_fits_sint_p (mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_fits_ushort_p (mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_fits_sshort_p (mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_fits_uintmax_p (mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_fits_intmax_p (mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Return non-zero if @var{op} would fit in the respective C data type,
respectively @code{unsigned long}, @code{long}, @code{unsigned int},
@code{int}, @code{unsigned short}, @code{short}, @code{uintmax_t},
@code{intmax_t}, when rounded to an integer in the direction @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@node Basic Arithmetic Functions, Comparison Functions, Conversion Functions, MPFR Interface
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@cindex Basic arithmetic functions
@cindex Float arithmetic functions
@cindex Arithmetic functions
@section Basic Arithmetic Functions

@deftypefun int mpfr_add (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_add_ui (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, unsigned long int @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_add_si (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, long int @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_add_d (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, double @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_add_z (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpz_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_add_q (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpq_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @math{@var{op1} + @var{op2}} rounded in the direction
@var{rnd}. For types having no signed zero, it is considered unsigned
(i.e., (+0) + 0 = (+0) and (@minus{}0) + 0 = (@minus{}0)).
The @code{mpfr_add_d} function assumes that the radix of the @code{double} type
is a power of 2, with a precision at most that declared by the C implementation
(macro @code{IEEE_DBL_MANT_DIG}, and if not defined 53 bits).
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_sub (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_ui_sub (mpfr_t @var{rop}, unsigned long int @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_sub_ui (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, unsigned long int @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_si_sub (mpfr_t @var{rop}, long int @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_sub_si (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, long int @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_d_sub (mpfr_t @var{rop}, double @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_sub_d (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, double @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_sub_z (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpz_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_sub_q (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpq_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @math{@var{op1} - @var{op2}} rounded in the direction
@var{rnd}. For types having no signed zero, it is considered unsigned
(i.e., (+0) @minus{} 0 = (+0), (@minus{}0) @minus{} 0 = (@minus{}0),
0 @minus{} (+0) = (@minus{}0) and 0 @minus{} (@minus{}0) = (+0)).
The same restrictions than for @code{mpfr_add_d} apply to @code{mpfr_d_sub}
and @code{mpfr_sub_d}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_mul (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_mul_ui (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, unsigned long int @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_mul_si (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, long int @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_mul_d (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, double @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_mul_z (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpz_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_mul_q (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpq_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @math{@var{op1} @GMPtimes{} @var{op2}} rounded in the
direction @var{rnd}.
When a result is zero, its sign is the product of the signs of the operands
(for types having no signed zero, it is considered positive).
The same restrictions than for @code{mpfr_add_d} apply to @code{mpfr_mul_d}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_sqr (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @m{@var{op}^{2}, the square of @var{op}}
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_div (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_ui_div (mpfr_t @var{rop}, unsigned long int @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_div_ui (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, unsigned long int @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_si_div (mpfr_t @var{rop}, long int @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_div_si (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, long int @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_d_div (mpfr_t @var{rop}, double @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_div_d (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, double @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_div_z (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpz_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_div_q (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpq_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @math{@var{op1}/@var{op2}} rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
When a result is zero, its sign is the product of the signs of the operands
(for types having no signed zero, it is considered positive).
The same restrictions than for @code{mpfr_add_d} apply to @code{mpfr_d_div}
and @code{mpfr_div_d}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_sqrt (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_sqrt_ui (mpfr_t @var{rop}, unsigned long int @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @m{\sqrt{@var{op}}, the square root of @var{op}}
rounded in the direction @var{rnd} (set @var{rop} to @minus{}0 if @var{op} is
@minus{}0, to be consistent with the IEEE 754 standard).
Set @var{rop} to NaN if @var{op} is negative.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_rec_sqrt (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @m{1/\sqrt{@var{op}}, the reciprocal square root of @var{op}}
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}. Set @var{rop} to +Inf if @var{op} is
@pom{}0, +0 if @var{op} is +Inf, and NaN if @var{op} is negative.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_cbrt (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_root (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, unsigned long int @var{k}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the cubic root (resp.@: the @var{k}th root)
of @var{op} rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
For @var{k} odd (resp.@: even) and @var{op} negative (including @minus{}Inf),
set @var{rop} to a negative number (resp.@: NaN).
The @var{k}th root of @minus{}0 is defined to be @minus{}0,
whatever the parity of @var{k}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_pow (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_pow_ui (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, unsigned long int @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_pow_si (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, long int @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_pow_z (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpz_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_ui_pow_ui (mpfr_t @var{rop}, unsigned long int @var{op1}, unsigned long int @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_ui_pow (mpfr_t @var{rop}, unsigned long int @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @m{@var{op1}^{op2}, @var{op1} raised to @var{op2}},
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
Special values are handled as described in the ISO C99 and IEEE 754-2008
standards for the @code{pow} function:
@itemize @bullet
@item @code{pow(@pom{}0, @var{y})} returns plus or minus infinity for @var{y} a negative odd integer.
@item @code{pow(@pom{}0, @var{y})} returns plus infinity for @var{y} negative and not an odd integer.
@item @code{pow(@pom{}0, @var{y})} returns plus or minus zero for @var{y} a positive odd integer.
@item @code{pow(@pom{}0, @var{y})} returns plus zero for @var{y} positive and not an odd integer.
@item @code{pow(-1, @pom{}Inf)} returns 1.
@item @code{pow(+1, @var{y})} returns 1 for any @var{y}, even a NaN.
@item @code{pow(@var{x}, @pom{}0)} returns 1 for any @var{x}, even a NaN.
@item @code{pow(@var{x}, @var{y})} returns NaN for finite negative @var{x} and finite non-integer @var{y}.
@item @code{pow(@var{x}, -Inf)} returns plus infinity for @math{0 < @GMPabs{x} < 1}, and plus zero for @math{@GMPabs{x} > 1}.
@item @code{pow(@var{x}, +Inf)} returns plus zero for @math{0 < @GMPabs{x} < 1}, and plus infinity for @math{@GMPabs{x} > 1}.
@item @code{pow(-Inf, @var{y})} returns minus zero for @var{y} a negative odd integer.
@item @code{pow(-Inf, @var{y})} returns plus zero for @var{y} negative and not an odd integer.
@item @code{pow(-Inf, @var{y})} returns minus infinity for @var{y} a positive odd integer.
@item @code{pow(-Inf, @var{y})} returns plus infinity for @var{y} positive and not an odd integer.
@item @code{pow(+Inf, @var{y})} returns plus zero for @var{y} negative, and plus infinity for @var{y} positive.
@end itemize
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_neg (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_abs (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @math{-@var{op}} and the absolute value of @var{op}
respectively, rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
Just changes or adjusts
the sign if @var{rop} and @var{op} are the same variable,
otherwise a rounding might occur if the precision of @var{rop} is less than
that of @var{op}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_dim (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the positive difference of @var{op1} and @var{op2}, i.e.,
@math{@var{op1} - @var{op2}} rounded in the direction @var{rnd}
if @math{@var{op1} > @var{op2}}, +0 if @math{@var{op1} @le{} @var{op2}},
and NaN if @var{op1} or @var{op2} is NaN.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_mul_2ui (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, unsigned long int @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_mul_2si (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, long int @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @m{@var{op1} \times 2^{op2}, @var{op1} times 2 raised
to @var{op2}}
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}. Just increases the exponent by @var{op2}
when @var{rop} and @var{op1} are identical.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_div_2ui (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, unsigned long int @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_div_2si (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, long int @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @m{@var{op1}/2^{op2}, @var{op1} divided by 2 raised
to @var{op2}}
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}. Just decreases the exponent by @var{op2}
when @var{rop} and @var{op1} are identical.
@end deftypefun

@node Comparison Functions, Special Functions, Basic Arithmetic Functions, MPFR Interface
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@cindex Float comparisons functions
@cindex Comparison functions
@section Comparison Functions

@deftypefun int mpfr_cmp (mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_cmp_ui (mpfr_t @var{op1}, unsigned long int @var{op2})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_cmp_si (mpfr_t @var{op1}, long int @var{op2})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_cmp_d (mpfr_t @var{op1}, double @var{op2})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_cmp_ld (mpfr_t @var{op1}, long double @var{op2})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_cmp_z (mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpz_t @var{op2})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_cmp_q (mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpq_t @var{op2})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_cmp_f (mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpf_t @var{op2})
Compare @var{op1} and @var{op2}.  Return a positive value if @math{@var{op1} >
@var{op2}}, zero if @math{@var{op1} = @var{op2}}, and a negative value if
@math{@var{op1} < @var{op2}}.
Both @var{op1} and @var{op2} are considered to their full own precision,
which may differ.
If one of the operands is NaN, set the @emph{erange} flag and return zero.

Note: These functions may be useful to distinguish the three possible cases.
If you need to distinguish two cases only, it is recommended to use the
predicate functions (e.g., @code{mpfr_equal_p} for the equality) described
below; they behave like the IEEE 754 comparisons, in particular when one
or both arguments are NaN. But only floating-point numbers can be compared
(you may need to do a conversion first).
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_cmp_ui_2exp (mpfr_t @var{op1}, unsigned long int @var{op2}, mpfr_exp_t @var{e})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_cmp_si_2exp (mpfr_t @var{op1}, long int @var{op2}, mpfr_exp_t @var{e})
Compare @var{op1} and @m{@var{op2} \times 2^e, @var{op2} multiplied by two to
the power @var{e}}. Similar as above.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_cmpabs (mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2})
Compare @math{|@var{op1}|} and @math{|@var{op2}|}.  Return a positive value if
@math{|@var{op1}| > |@var{op2}|}, zero if @math{|@var{op1}| = |@var{op2}|}, and
a negative value if @math{|@var{op1}| < |@var{op2}|}.
If one of the operands is NaN, set the @emph{erange} flag and return zero.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_nan_p (mpfr_t @var{op})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_inf_p (mpfr_t @var{op})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_number_p (mpfr_t @var{op})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_zero_p (mpfr_t @var{op})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_regular_p (mpfr_t @var{op})
Return non-zero if @var{op} is respectively NaN, an infinity, an ordinary
number (i.e., neither NaN nor an infinity), zero, or a regular number
(i.e., neither NaN, nor an infinity nor zero). Return zero otherwise.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefn Macro int mpfr_sgn (mpfr_t @var{op})
Return a positive value if @math{@var{op} > 0}, zero if @math{@var{op} = 0},
and a negative value if @math{@var{op} < 0}.
If the operand is NaN, set the @emph{erange} flag and return zero.
This is equivalent to @code{mpfr_cmp_ui (op, 0)}, but more efficient.
@end deftypefn

@deftypefun int mpfr_greater_p (mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_greaterequal_p (mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_less_p (mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_lessequal_p (mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_equal_p (mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2})
Return non-zero if
@math{@var{op1} > @var{op2}},
@math{@var{op1} @ge{} @var{op2}},
@math{@var{op1} < @var{op2}},
@math{@var{op1} @le{} @var{op2}},
@math{@var{op1} = @var{op2}} respectively,
and zero otherwise.
Those functions return zero whenever @var{op1} and/or @var{op2} is NaN.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_lessgreater_p (mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2})
Return non-zero if @math{@var{op1} < @var{op2}} or
@math{@var{op1} > @var{op2}} (i.e., neither @var{op1}, nor @var{op2} is
NaN, and @math{@var{op1} @ne{} @var{op2}}), zero otherwise (i.e., @var{op1}
and/or @var{op2} is NaN, or @math{@var{op1} = @var{op2}}).
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_unordered_p (mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2})
Return non-zero if @var{op1} or @var{op2} is a NaN (i.e., they cannot be
compared), zero otherwise.
@end deftypefun

@node Special Functions, Input and Output Functions, Comparison Functions, MPFR Interface
@cindex Special functions
@section Special Functions

All those functions, except explicitly stated (for example
@code{mpfr_sin_cos}), return a ternary value as defined in Section
``Rounding Modes'', i.e., zero for an
exact return value, a positive value for a return value larger than the
exact result, and a negative value otherwise.

Important note: in some domains, computing special functions (either with
correct or incorrect rounding) is expensive, even for small precision,
for example the trigonometric and Bessel functions for large argument.

@deftypefun int mpfr_log (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_log2 (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_log10 (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the natural logarithm of @var{op},
@m{\log_2 @var{op}, log2(@var{op})} or
@m{\log_{10} @var{op}, log10(@var{op})}, respectively,
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
Set @var{rop} to @minus{}Inf if @var{op} is @minus{}0
(i.e., the sign of the zero has no influence on the result).
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_exp (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_exp2 (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_exp10 (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the exponential of @var{op},
 to @m{2^{op}, 2 power of @var{op}}
or to @m{10^{op}, 10 power of @var{op}}, respectively,
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_cos (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_sin (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_tan (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the cosine of @var{op}, sine of @var{op},
tangent of @var{op}, rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_sin_cos (mpfr_t @var{sop}, mpfr_t @var{cop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set simultaneously @var{sop} to the sine of @var{op} and @var{cop} to the
cosine of @var{op}, rounded in the direction @var{rnd} with the corresponding
precisions of @var{sop} and @var{cop}, which must be different variables.
Return 0 iff both results are exact, more precisely it returns @math{s+4c}
where @math{s=0} if @var{sop} is exact, @math{s=1} if @var{sop} is larger
than the sine of @var{op}, @math{s=2} if @var{sop} is smaller than the sine
of @var{op}, and similarly for @math{c} and the cosine of @var{op}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_sec (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_csc (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_cot (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the secant of @var{op}, cosecant of @var{op},
cotangent of @var{op}, rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_acos (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_asin (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_atan (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the arc-cosine, arc-sine or arc-tangent of @var{op},
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
Note that since @code{acos(-1)} returns the floating-point number closest to
@m{\pi,Pi} according to the given rounding mode, this number might not be
in the output range @math{0 @le{} @var{rop} < \pi}
of the arc-cosine function;
still, the result lies in the image of the output range
by the rounding function.
The same holds for @code{asin(-1)}, @code{asin(1)}, @code{atan(-Inf)},
@code{atan(+Inf)} or for @code{atan(op)} with large @var{op} and
small precision of @var{rop}.
@c PZ: check the above is correct
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_atan2 (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{y}, mpfr_t @var{x}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the arc-tangent2 of @var{y} and @var{x},
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}:
if @code{x > 0}, @code{atan2(y, x) = atan (y/x)};
if @code{x < 0}, @code{atan2(y, x) = sign(y)*(Pi - atan (@GMPabs{y/x}))},
thus a number from @m{-\pi,-Pi} to @m{\pi,Pi}.
As for @code{atan}, in case the exact mathematical result is @m{+\pi,+Pi} or
@m{-\pi,-Pi},
its rounded result might be outside the function output range.

@code{atan2(y, 0)} does not raise any floating-point exception.
Special values are handled as described in the ISO C99 and IEEE 754-2008
standards for the @code{atan2} function:
@itemize @bullet
@item @code{atan2(+0, -0)} returns @m{+\pi,+Pi}.
@item @code{atan2(-0, -0)} returns @m{-\pi,-Pi}.
@item @code{atan2(+0, +0)} returns +0.
@item @code{atan2(-0, +0)} returns @minus{}0.
@item @code{atan2(+0, x)} returns @m{+\pi,+Pi} for @math{x < 0}.
@item @code{atan2(-0, x)} returns @m{-\pi,-Pi} for @math{x < 0}.
@item @code{atan2(+0, x)} returns +0 for @math{x > 0}.
@item @code{atan2(-0, x)} returns @minus{}0 for @math{x > 0}.
@item @code{atan2(y, 0)} returns @m{-\pi/2,-Pi/2} for @math{y < 0}.
@item @code{atan2(y, 0)} returns @m{+\pi/2,+Pi/2} for @math{y > 0}.
@item @code{atan2(+Inf, -Inf)} returns @m{+3\pi/4,+3*Pi/4}.
@item @code{atan2(-Inf, -Inf)} returns @m{-3\pi/4,-3*Pi/4}.
@item @code{atan2(+Inf, +Inf)} returns @m{+\pi/4,+Pi/4}.
@item @code{atan2(-Inf, +Inf)} returns @m{-\pi/4,-Pi/4}.
@item @code{atan2(+Inf, x)} returns @m{+\pi/2,+Pi/2} for finite @math{x}.
@item @code{atan2(-Inf, x)} returns @m{-\pi/2,-Pi/2} for finite @math{x}.
@item @code{atan2(y, -Inf)} returns @m{+\pi,+Pi} for finite @math{y > 0}.
@item @code{atan2(y, -Inf)} returns @m{-\pi,-Pi} for finite @math{y < 0}.
@item @code{atan2(y, +Inf)} returns +0 for finite @math{y > 0}.
@item @code{atan2(y, +Inf)} returns @minus{}0 for finite @math{y < 0}.
@end itemize
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_cosh (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_sinh (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_tanh (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the hyperbolic cosine, sine or tangent of @var{op},
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_sinh_cosh (mpfr_t @var{sop}, mpfr_t @var{cop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set simultaneously @var{sop} to the hyperbolic sine of @var{op} and
@var{cop} to the hyperbolic cosine of @var{op},
rounded in the direction @var{rnd} with the corresponding precision of
@var{sop} and @var{cop}, which must be different variables.
Return 0 iff both results are exact (see @code{mpfr_sin_cos} for a more
detailed description of the return value).
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_sech (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_csch (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_coth (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the hyperbolic secant of @var{op}, cosecant of @var{op},
cotangent of @var{op}, rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_acosh (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_asinh (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_atanh (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the inverse hyperbolic cosine, sine or tangent of @var{op},
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_fac_ui (mpfr_t @var{rop}, unsigned long int  @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the factorial of @var{op}, rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_log1p (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the logarithm of one plus @var{op},
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_expm1 (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @m{e^{op}-1,the exponential of @var{op} followed by a
subtraction by one}, rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_eint (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the exponential integral of @var{op},
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
For positive @var{op},
the exponential integral is the sum of Euler's constant, of the logarithm
of @var{op}, and of the sum for k from 1 to infinity of
@ifnottex
@var{op} to the power k, divided by k and factorial(k).
@end ifnottex
@tex
$@var{op}^k/(k \cdot k!)$.
@end tex
For negative @var{op}, @var{rop} is set to NaN.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_li2 (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to real part of the dilogarithm of @var{op}, rounded in the
direction @var{rnd}. MPFR defines the dilogarithm function as
@m{-\int_{t=0}^{op} \log(1-t)/t\ dt,the integral of -log(1-t)/t from 0
to @var{op}}.
@c FIXME: It should be {@var{op}} instead of {op} above, but pdftex fails
@c on the correct form.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_gamma (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the value of the Gamma function on @var{op}, rounded in the
direction @var{rnd}. When @var{op} is a negative integer, @var{rop} is set
to NaN.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_lngamma (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the value of the logarithm of the Gamma function on @var{op},
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
When @math{@minus{}2@var{k}@minus{}1 @le{} @var{op} @le{} @minus{}2@var{k}},
@var{k} being a non-negative integer, @var{rop} is set to NaN.
See also @code{mpfr_lgamma}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_lgamma (mpfr_t @var{rop}, int *@var{signp}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the value of the logarithm of the absolute value of the
Gamma function on @var{op}, rounded in the direction @var{rnd}. The sign
(1 or @minus{}1) of Gamma(@var{op}) is returned in the object pointed to
by @var{signp}. When @var{op} is an infinity or a non-positive integer, set
@var{rop} to +Inf. When @var{op} is NaN, @minus{}Inf or a negative integer,
*@var{signp} is undefined, and when @var{op} is @pom{}0, *@var{signp} is
the sign of the zero.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_digamma (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the value of the Digamma (sometimes also called Psi)
function on @var{op}, rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
When @var{op} is a negative integer, set @var{rop} to NaN.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_zeta (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_zeta_ui (mpfr_t @var{rop}, unsigned long @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the value of the Riemann Zeta function on @var{op},
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_erf (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_erfc (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the value of the error function on @var{op}
(resp.@: the complementary error function on @var{op})
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_j0 (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_j1 (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_jn (mpfr_t @var{rop}, long @var{n}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the value of the first kind Bessel function of order 0,
(resp.@: 1 and @var{n})
on @var{op}, rounded in the direction @var{rnd}. When @var{op} is
NaN, @var{rop} is always set to NaN. When @var{op} is plus or minus Infinity,
@var{rop} is set to +0. When @var{op} is zero, and @var{n} is not zero,
@var{rop} is set to +0 or @minus{}0 depending on the parity and sign of @var{n},
and the sign of @var{op}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_y0 (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_y1 (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_yn (mpfr_t @var{rop}, long @var{n}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the value of the second kind Bessel function of order 0
(resp.@: 1 and @var{n})
on @var{op}, rounded in the direction @var{rnd}. When @var{op} is
NaN or negative, @var{rop} is always set to NaN. When @var{op} is +Inf,
@var{rop} is set to +0. When @var{op} is zero, @var{rop} is set to +Inf
or @minus{}Inf depending on the parity and sign of @var{n}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_fma (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_t @var{op3}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_fms (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_t @var{op3}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @math{(@var{op1} @GMPtimes{} @var{op2}) + @var{op3}}
(resp.@: @math{(@var{op1} @GMPtimes{} @var{op2}) - @var{op3}})
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_agm (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the arithmetic-geometric mean of @var{op1} and @var{op2},
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
The arithmetic-geometric mean is the common limit of the sequences
@m{u_n,@var{u}_@var{n}} and @m{v_n,@var{v}_@var{n}},
where @m{u_0,@var{u}_@var{0}}=@var{op1}, @m{v_0,@var{v}_@var{0}}=@var{op2},
@m{u_{n+1},@var{u}_(@var{n}+1)} is the
arithmetic mean of @m{u_n,@var{u}_@var{n}} and @m{v_n,@var{v}_@var{n}},
and @m{v_{n+1},@var{v}_(@var{n}+1)} is the geometric mean of
@m{u_n,@var{u}_@var{n}} and @m{v_n,@var{v}_@var{n}}.
If any operand is negative, set @var{rop} to NaN.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_hypot (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{x}, mpfr_t @var{y}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the Euclidean norm of @var{x} and @var{y},
@ifnottex
i.e., the square root of the sum of the squares of @var{x} and @var{y},
@end ifnottex
@tex
i.e., $\sqrt{x^2+y^2}$,
@end tex
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
Special values are handled as described in Section F.9.4.3 of
the ISO C99 and IEEE 754-2008 standards:
If @var{x} or @var{y} is an infinity, then +Inf is returned in @var{rop},
even if the other number is NaN.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_ai (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{x}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the value of the Airy function Ai
 on @var{x}, rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
When @var{x} is
NaN,
@var{rop} is always set to NaN. When @var{x} is +Inf or @minus{}Inf,
@var{rop} is +0.
The current implementation is not intended to be used with large arguments.
It works with @GMPabs{@var{x}} typically smaller than 500. For larger arguments,
other methods should be used and will be implemented in a future version.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_const_log2 (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_const_pi (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_const_euler (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_const_catalan (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the logarithm of 2, the value of @m{\pi,Pi},
of Euler's constant 0.577@dots{}, of Catalan's constant 0.915@dots{},
respectively, rounded in the direction
@var{rnd}. These functions cache the computed values to avoid other
calculations if a lower or equal precision is requested. To free these caches,
use @code{mpfr_free_cache}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void mpfr_free_cache (void)
Free various caches used by MPFR internally, in particular the
caches used by the functions computing constants (@code{mpfr_const_log2},
@code{mpfr_const_pi},
@code{mpfr_const_euler} and @code{mpfr_const_catalan}).
You should call this function before terminating a thread, even if you did
not call these functions directly (they could have been called internally).
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_sum (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_ptr const @var{tab}[], unsigned long int @var{n}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the sum of all elements of @var{tab}, whose size is @var{n},
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}. Warning: for efficiency reasons,
@var{tab} is an array of pointers
to @code{mpfr_t}, not an array of @code{mpfr_t}.
If the returned @code{int} value is zero, @var{rop} is guaranteed to be the
exact sum; otherwise @var{rop} might be smaller than, equal to, or larger than
the exact sum (in accordance to the rounding mode).
However, @code{mpfr_sum} does guarantee the result is correctly rounded.
@end deftypefun

@node Input and Output Functions, Formatted Output Functions, Special Functions, MPFR Interface
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@cindex Float input and output functions
@cindex Input functions
@cindex Output functions
@cindex I/O functions
@section Input and Output Functions

This section describes functions that perform input from an input/output
stream, and functions that output to an input/output stream.
Passing a null pointer for a @code{stream} to any of these functions will make
them read from @code{stdin} and write to @code{stdout}, respectively.

When using any of these functions, you must include the @code{<stdio.h>}
standard header before @file{mpfr.h}, to allow @file{mpfr.h} to define
prototypes for these functions.

@deftypefun size_t mpfr_out_str (FILE *@var{stream}, int @var{base}, size_t @var{n}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Output @var{op} on stream @var{stream}, as a string of digits in
base @var{base}, rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
The base may vary from 2 to 62.  Print @var{n} significant digits exactly,
or if @var{n} is 0, enough digits so that @var{op} can be read back
exactly (see @code{mpfr_get_str}).

In addition to the significant digits, a decimal point (defined by the
current locale) at the right of the
first digit and a trailing exponent in base 10, in the form @samp{eNNN},
are printed. If @var{base} is greater than 10, @samp{@@} will be used
instead of @samp{e} as exponent delimiter.

Return the number of characters written, or if an error occurred, return 0.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun size_t mpfr_inp_str (mpfr_t @var{rop}, FILE *@var{stream}, int @var{base}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Input a string in base @var{base} from stream @var{stream},
rounded in the direction @var{rnd}, and put the
read float in @var{rop}.
@c The argument @var{base} must be in the range 2 to 62.

@c The string is of the form @samp{M@@N} or, if the
@c base is 10 or less, alternatively @samp{MeN} or @samp{MEN}, or, if the base
@c is 16, alternatively @samp{MpB} or @samp{MPB}.
@c @samp{M} is the significand in the specified base, @samp{N} is the exponent
@c written in decimal for the specified base, and in base 16, @samp{B} is the
@c binary exponent written in decimal (i.e., it indicates the power of 2 by
@c which the significand is to be scaled).
This function reads a word (defined as a sequence of characters between
whitespace) and parses it using @code{mpfr_set_str}.
See the documentation of @code{mpfr_strtofr} for a detailed description
of the valid string formats.
@c Special values can be read as follows (the case does not matter):
@c @code{@@NaN@@}, @code{@@Inf@@}, @code{+@@Inf@@} and @code{-@@Inf@@},
@c possibly followed by other characters; if the base is smaller or equal
@c to 16, the following strings are accepted too: @code{NaN}, @code{Inf},
@c @code{+Inf} and @code{-Inf}.

Return the number of bytes read, or if an error occurred, return 0.
@end deftypefun

@c @deftypefun void mpfr_inp_raw (mpfr_t @var{float}, FILE *@var{stream})
@c Input from stdio stream @var{stream} in the format written by
@c @code{mpfr_out_raw}, and put the result in @var{float}.
@c @end deftypefun

@node Formatted Output Functions, Integer Related Functions, Input and Output Functions, MPFR Interface
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@cindex Float output functions
@cindex Output functions
@cindex I/O functions
@section Formatted Output Functions

@subsection Requirements
The class of @code{mpfr_printf} functions provides formatted output in a
similar manner as the standard C @code{printf}. These functions are defined
only if your system supports ISO C variadic functions and the corresponding
argument access macros.

When using any of these functions, you must include the @code{<stdio.h>}
standard header before @file{mpfr.h}, to allow @file{mpfr.h} to define
prototypes for these functions.

@subsection Format String
The format specification accepted by @code{mpfr_printf} is an extension of the
@code{printf} one. The conversion specification is of the form:
@example
% [flags] [width] [.[precision]] [type] [rounding] conv
@end example
@samp{flags}, @samp{width}, and @samp{precision} have the same meaning as for
the standard @code{printf} (in particular, notice that the @samp{precision} is
related to the number of digits displayed in the base chosen by @samp{conv}
and not related to the internal precision of the @code{mpfr_t} variable).
@code{mpfr_printf} accepts the same @samp{type} specifiers as GMP (except the
non-standard and deprecated @samp{q}, use @samp{ll} instead), namely the
length modifiers defined in the C standard:

@quotation
@multitable {(space)} {MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM}
@item @samp{h}  @tab @code{short}
@item @samp{hh} @tab @code{char}
@item @samp{j}  @tab @code{intmax_t} or @code{uintmax_t}
@item @samp{l}  @tab @code{long} or @code{wchar_t}
@item @samp{ll} @tab @code{long long}
@item @samp{L}  @tab @code{long double}
@item @samp{t}  @tab @code{ptrdiff_t}
@item @samp{z}  @tab @code{size_t}
@end multitable
@end quotation

and the @samp{type} specifiers defined in GMP plus @samp{R} and @samp{P}
specific to MPFR (the second column in the table below shows the type of the
argument read in the argument list and the kind of @samp{conv} specifier to
use after the @samp{type} specifier):

@quotation
@multitable {(space)} {MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM}
@item @samp{F}  @tab @code{mpf_t}, float conversions
@item @samp{Q}  @tab @code{mpq_t}, integer conversions
@item @samp{M}  @tab @code{mp_limb_t}, integer conversions
@item @samp{N}  @tab @code{mp_limb_t} array, integer conversions
@item @samp{Z}  @tab @code{mpz_t}, integer conversions

@item @samp{P}  @tab @code{mpfr_prec_t}, integer conversions
@item @samp{R}  @tab @code{mpfr_t}, float conversions
@end multitable
@end quotation

The @samp{type} specifiers have the same restrictions as those
mentioned in the GMP documentation:
@ifinfo
@pxref{Formatted Output Strings,,, gmp.info,GNU MP}.
@end ifinfo
@ifnotinfo
see Section ``Formatted Output Strings'' in @cite{GNU MP}.
@end ifnotinfo
In particular, the @samp{type} specifiers (except @samp{R} and @samp{P}) are
supported only if they are supported by @code{gmp_printf} in your GMP build;
this implies that the standard specifiers, such as @samp{t}, must @emph{also}
be supported by your C library if you want to use them.

The @samp{rounding} field is specific to @code{mpfr_t} arguments and should
not be used with other types.

With conversion specification not involving @samp{P} and @samp{R} types,
@code{mpfr_printf} behaves exactly as @code{gmp_printf}.

The @samp{P} type specifies that a following @samp{o}, @samp{u}, @samp{x}, or
@samp{X} conversion specifier applies to a @code{mpfr_prec_t} argument.
It is needed because the @code{mpfr_prec_t} type does not necessarily
correspond to an @code{unsigned int} or any fixed standard type.
The @samp{precision} field specifies the minimum number of digits to
appear. The default @samp{precision} is 1.
For example:
@example
mpfr_t x;
mpfr_prec_t p;
mpfr_init (x);
@dots{}
p = mpfr_get_prec (x);
mpfr_printf ("variable x with %Pu bits", p);
@end example

The @samp{R} type specifies that a following @samp{a}, @samp{A}, @samp{b},
@samp{e}, @samp{E}, @samp{f}, @samp{F}, @samp{g}, @samp{G}, or @samp{n}
conversion specifier applies to a @code{mpfr_t} argument.
The @samp{R} type can be followed by a @samp{rounding} specifier denoted by
one of the following characters:

@quotation
@multitable {(space)} {MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM}
@item @samp{U}  @tab round toward plus infinity
@item @samp{D}  @tab round toward minus infinity
@item @samp{Y}  @tab round away from zero
@item @samp{Z}  @tab round toward zero
@item @samp{N}  @tab round to nearest
@item @samp{*}  @tab rounding mode indicated by the @code{mpfr_rnd_t} argument
just before the corresponding @code{mpfr_t} variable.
@end multitable
@end quotation

The default rounding mode is rounding to nearest.
The following three examples are equivalent:
@example
mpfr_t x;
mpfr_init (x);
@dots{}
mpfr_printf ("%.128Rf", x);
mpfr_printf ("%.128RNf", x);
mpfr_printf ("%.128R*f", MPFR_RNDN, x);
@end example

Note that the rounding away from zero mode is specified with @samp{Y}
because ISO C reserves the @samp{A} specifier for hexadecimal output (see
below).

The output @samp{conv} specifiers allowed with @code{mpfr_t} parameter are:

@quotation
@multitable {(space)} {MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM}
@item @samp{a} @samp{A} @tab hex float, C99 style
@item @samp{b}          @tab binary output
@item @samp{e} @samp{E} @tab scientific format float
@item @samp{f} @samp{F} @tab fixed point float
@item @samp{g} @samp{G} @tab fixed or scientific float
@end multitable
@end quotation

The conversion specifier @samp{b} which displays the argument in binary is
specific to @code{mpfr_t} arguments and should not be used with other types.
Other conversion specifiers have the same meaning as for a @code{double}
argument.

In case of non-decimal output, only the significand is written in the
specified base, the exponent is always displayed in decimal.
Special values are always displayed as @code{nan}, @code{-inf}, and @code{inf}
for @samp{a}, @samp{b}, @samp{e}, @samp{f}, and @samp{g} specifiers and
@code{NAN}, @code{-INF}, and @code{INF} for @samp{A}, @samp{E}, @samp{F}, and
@samp{G} specifiers.

If the @samp{precision} field is not empty, the @code{mpfr_t} number is
rounded to the given precision in the direction specified by the rounding
mode.
If the precision is zero with rounding to nearest mode and one of the
following @samp{conv} specifiers: @samp{a}, @samp{A}, @samp{b}, @samp{e},
@samp{E}, tie case is rounded to even when it lies between two consecutive
values at the
wanted precision which have the same exponent, otherwise, it is rounded away
from zero.
For instance, 85 is displayed as "8e+1" and 95 is displayed as "1e+2" with the
format specification @code{"%.0RNe"}.
This also applies when the @samp{g} (resp. @samp{G}) conversion specifier uses
the @samp{e} (resp. @samp{E}) style.
If the precision is set to a value greater than the maximum value for an
@code{int}, it will be silently reduced down to @code{INT_MAX}.

If the @samp{precision} field is empty (as in @code{%Re} or @code{%.RE}) with
@samp{conv} specifier @samp{e} and @samp{E}, the number is displayed with
enough digits so that it can be read back exactly, assuming that the input and
output variables have the same precision and that the input and output
rounding modes are both rounding to nearest (as for @code{mpfr_get_str}).
The default precision for an empty @samp{precision} field with @samp{conv}
specifiers @samp{f}, @samp{F}, @samp{g}, and @samp{G} is 6.


@subsection Functions

For all the following functions, if the number of characters which ought to be
written appears to exceed the maximum limit for an @code{int}, nothing is
written in the stream (resp.@: to @code{stdout}, to @var{buf}, to @var{str}),
the function returns @minus{}1, sets the @emph{erange} flag, and (in
POSIX system only) @code{errno} is set to @code{EOVERFLOW}.

@deftypefun int mpfr_fprintf (FILE *@var{stream}, const char *@var{template}, @dots{})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_vfprintf (FILE *@var{stream}, const char *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap})
Print to the stream @var{stream} the optional arguments under the control of
the template string @var{template}.
Return the number of characters written or a negative value if an error
occurred.
@c If the number of characters which ought to be written appears
@c to exceed the maximum limit for an @code{int}, nothing is written in the
@c stream, the function returns @minus{}1, sets the @emph{erange} flag, and (in
@c POSIX system only) @code{errno} is set to @code{EOVERFLOW}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun  int mpfr_printf (const char *@var{template}, @dots{})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_vprintf (const char *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap})
Print to @code{stdout} the optional arguments under the control of the
template string @var{template}.
Return the number of characters written or a negative value if an error
occurred.
@c If the number of characters which ought to be written appears
@c to exceed the maximum limit for an @code{int}, nothing is written in
@c @code{stdout}, the function returns @minus{}1, sets the @emph{erange} flag,
@c and (in POSIX system only) @code{errno} is set to @code{EOVERFLOW}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_sprintf (char *@var{buf}, const char *@var{template}, @dots{})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_vsprintf (char *@var{buf}, const char *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap})
Form a null-terminated string corresponding to the optional arguments under
the control of the template string @var{template}, and print it in
@var{buf}. No overlap is permitted between
@var{buf} and the other arguments.
Return the number of characters written in the array @var{buf}
@emph{not counting}
the terminating null character or a negative value if an error occurred.
@c If the number of characters which ought to be written appears to exceed the
@c maximum limit for an @code{int}, nothing is written in @var{buf}, the function
@c returns @minus{}1, sets the @emph{erange} flag, and (in POSIX system only)
@c code{errno} is set to @code{EOVERFLOW}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_snprintf (char *@var{buf}, size_t @var{n}, const char *@var{template}, @dots{})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_vsnprintf (char *@var{buf}, size_t @var{n}, const char *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap})
Form a null-terminated string corresponding to the optional arguments under
the control of the template string @var{template}, and print it in
@var{buf}. If @var{n} is zero, nothing is
written and @var{buf} may be a null pointer, otherwise, the @var{n}@minus{}1
first characters are written in @var{buf} and the @var{n}-th is a null character.
Return the number of characters that would have been written had @var{n} be
sufficiently large, @emph{not counting}
the terminating null character, or a negative value if an error occurred.
@c If the number of characters produced by the
@c optional arguments under the control of the template string @var{template}
@c appears to exceed the maximum limit for an @code{int}, nothing is written in
@c @var{buf}, the function returns @minus{}1, sets the @emph{erange} flag, and
@c (in POSIX system only) @code{errno} is set to @code{EOVERFLOW}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_asprintf (char **@var{str}, const char *@var{template}, @dots{})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_vasprintf (char **@var{str}, const char *@var{template}, va_list @var{ap})
Write their output as a null terminated string in a block of memory allocated
using the current allocation function. A pointer to the block is stored in
@var{str}. The block of memory must be freed using @code{mpfr_free_str}.
The return value is the number of characters written in the string, excluding
the null-terminator, or a negative value if an error occurred.
@c If the number of
@c characters produced by the optional arguments under the control of the
@c template string @var{template} appears to exceed the maximum limit for an
@c @code{int}, @var{str} is a null pointer, the function returns @minus{}1, sets
@c the @emph{erange} flag, and (in POSIX system only) @code{errno} is set to
@c @code{EOVERFLOW}.
@end deftypefun

@node Integer Related Functions, Rounding Related Functions, Formatted Output Functions, MPFR Interface
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@cindex Integer related functions
@section Integer and Remainder Related Functions

@deftypefun int mpfr_rint (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_ceil (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_floor (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_round (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_trunc (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op})
Set @var{rop} to @var{op} rounded to an integer.
@code{mpfr_rint} rounds to the nearest representable integer in the
given direction @var{rnd}, @code{mpfr_ceil} rounds
to the next higher or equal representable integer, @code{mpfr_floor} to
the next lower or equal representable integer, @code{mpfr_round} to the
nearest representable integer, rounding halfway cases away from zero
(as in the roundTiesToAway mode of IEEE 754-2008),
and @code{mpfr_trunc} to the next representable integer toward zero.

The returned value is zero when the result is exact, positive when it is
greater than the original value of @var{op}, and negative when it is smaller.
More precisely, the returned value is 0 when @var{op} is an integer
representable in @var{rop}, 1 or @minus{}1 when @var{op} is an integer
that is not representable in @var{rop}, 2 or @minus{}2 when @var{op} is
not an integer.

Note that @code{mpfr_round} is different from @code{mpfr_rint} called with
the rounding to nearest mode (where halfway cases are rounded to an even
integer or significand). Note also that no double rounding is performed; for
instance, 10.5 (1010.1 in binary) is rounded by @code{mpfr_rint} with
rounding to nearest to 12 (1100
in binary) in 2-bit precision, because the two enclosing numbers representable
on two bits are 8 and 12, and the closest is 12.
(If one first rounded to an integer, one would round 10.5 to 10 with
even rounding, and then 10 would be rounded to 8 again with even rounding.)
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_rint_ceil (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_rint_floor (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_rint_round (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_rint_trunc (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to @var{op} rounded to an integer.
@code{mpfr_rint_ceil} rounds to the next higher or equal integer,
@code{mpfr_rint_floor} to the next lower or equal integer,
@code{mpfr_rint_round} to the nearest integer, rounding halfway cases away
from zero, and @code{mpfr_rint_trunc} to the next integer toward zero.
If the result is not representable, it is rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.
The returned value is the ternary value associated with the considered
round-to-integer function (regarded in the same way as any other
mathematical function).
Contrary to @code{mpfr_rint}, those functions do perform a double rounding:
first @var{op} is rounded to the nearest integer in the direction given by
the function name, then this nearest integer (if not representable) is
rounded in the given direction @var{rnd}.
For example, @code{mpfr_rint_round} with rounding to nearest and a precision
of two bits rounds 6.5 to 7 (halfway cases away from zero), then 7 is
rounded to 8 by the round-even rule, despite the fact that 6 is also
representable on two bits, and is closer to 6.5 than 8.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_frac (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the fractional part of @var{op}, having the same sign as
@var{op}, rounded in the direction @var{rnd} (unlike in @code{mpfr_rint},
@var{rnd} affects only how the exact fractional part is rounded, not how
the fractional part is generated).
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_modf (mpfr_t @var{iop}, mpfr_t @var{fop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set simultaneously @var{iop} to the integral part of @var{op} and @var{fop} to
the fractional part of @var{op}, rounded in the direction @var{rnd} with the
corresponding precision of @var{iop} and @var{fop} (equivalent to
@code{mpfr_trunc(@var{iop}, @var{op}, @var{rnd})} and
@code{mpfr_frac(@var{fop}, @var{op}, @var{rnd})}). The variables @var{iop} and
@var{fop} must be different. Return 0 iff both results are exact (see
@code{mpfr_sin_cos} for a more detailed description of the return value).
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_fmod (mpfr_t @var{r}, mpfr_t @var{x}, mpfr_t @var{y}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_remainder (mpfr_t @var{r}, mpfr_t @var{x}, mpfr_t @var{y}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_remquo (mpfr_t @var{r}, long* @var{q}, mpfr_t @var{x}, mpfr_t @var{y}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{r} to the value of @math{@var{x} - @var{n}@var{y}}, rounded
according to the direction @var{rnd}, where @var{n} is the integer quotient
of @var{x} divided by @var{y}, defined as follows: @var{n} is rounded
toward zero for @code{mpfr_fmod}, and to the nearest integer (ties rounded
to even) for @code{mpfr_remainder} and @code{mpfr_remquo}.

Special values are handled as described in Section F.9.7.1 of
the ISO C99 standard:
If @var{x} is infinite or @var{y} is zero, @var{r} is NaN.
If @var{y} is infinite and @var{x} is finite, @var{r} is @var{x} rounded
to the precision of @var{r}.
If @var{r} is zero, it has the sign of @var{x}.
The return value is the ternary value corresponding to @var{r}.

Additionally, @code{mpfr_remquo} stores
the low significant bits from the quotient @var{n} in @var{*q}
(more precisely the number of bits in a @code{long} minus one),
with the sign of @var{x} divided by @var{y}
(except if those low bits are all zero, in which case zero is returned).
Note that @var{x} may be so large in magnitude relative to @var{y} that an
exact representation of the quotient is not practical.
The @code{mpfr_remainder} and @code{mpfr_remquo} functions are useful for
additive argument reduction.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_integer_p (mpfr_t @var{op})
Return non-zero iff @var{op} is an integer.
@end deftypefun

@node Rounding Related Functions, Miscellaneous Functions, Integer Related Functions, MPFR Interface
@cindex Rounding mode related functions
@section Rounding Related Functions

@deftypefun void mpfr_set_default_rounding_mode (mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set the default rounding mode to @var{rnd}.
The default rounding mode is to nearest initially.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun mpfr_rnd_t mpfr_get_default_rounding_mode (void)
Get the default rounding mode.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_prec_round (mpfr_t @var{x}, mpfr_prec_t @var{prec}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Round @var{x} according to @var{rnd} with precision @var{prec}, which
must be an integer between @code{MPFR_PREC_MIN} and @code{MPFR_PREC_MAX}
(otherwise the behavior is undefined).
If @var{prec} is greater or equal to the precision of @var{x}, then new
space is allocated for the significand, and it is filled with zeros.
Otherwise, the significand is rounded to precision @var{prec} with the given
direction. In both cases, the precision of @var{x} is changed to @var{prec}.

Here is an example of how to use @code{mpfr_prec_round} to implement
Newton's algorithm to compute the inverse of @var{a}, assuming @var{x} is
already an approximation to @var{n} bits:
@example
  mpfr_set_prec (t, 2 * n);
  mpfr_set (t, a, MPFR_RNDN);         /* round a to 2n bits */
  mpfr_mul (t, t, x, MPFR_RNDN);      /* t is correct to 2n bits */
  mpfr_ui_sub (t, 1, t, MPFR_RNDN);   /* high n bits cancel with 1 */
  mpfr_prec_round (t, n, MPFR_RNDN);  /* t is correct to n bits */
  mpfr_mul (t, t, x, MPFR_RNDN);      /* t is correct to n bits */
  mpfr_prec_round (x, 2 * n, MPFR_RNDN); /* exact */
  mpfr_add (x, x, t, MPFR_RNDN);      /* x is correct to 2n bits */
@end example
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_can_round (mpfr_t @var{b}, mpfr_exp_t @var{err}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd1}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd2}, mpfr_prec_t @var{prec})
Assuming @var{b} is an approximation of an unknown number
@var{x} in the direction @var{rnd1} with error at most two to the power
E(b)-@var{err} where E(b) is the exponent of @var{b}, return a non-zero
value if one is able to round correctly @var{x} to precision
@var{prec} with the direction @var{rnd2},
and 0 otherwise (including for NaN and Inf).
This function @strong{does not modify} its arguments.

If @var{rnd1} is @code{MPFR_RNDN}, then the sign of the error is
unknown, but its absolute value is the same, so that the possible range
is twice as large as with a directed rounding for @var{rnd1}.

Note: if one wants to also determine the correct ternary value when rounding
@var{b} to precision @var{prec} with rounding mode @var{rnd},
a useful trick is the following:
@verbatim
if (mpfr_can_round (b, err, MPFR_RNDN, MPFR_RNDZ, prec + (rnd == MPFR_RNDN)))
   ...
@end verbatim
Indeed, if @var{rnd} is @code{MPFR_RNDN}, this will check if one can
round to @var{prec}+1 bits with a directed rounding:
if so, one can surely round to nearest to @var{prec} bits,
and in addition one can determine the correct ternary value, which would not
be the case when @var{b} is near from a value exactly representable on
@var{prec} bits.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun mpfr_prec_t mpfr_min_prec (mpfr_t @var{x})
Return the minimal number of bits required to store the significand of
@var{x}, and 0 for special values, including 0. (Warning: the returned
value can be less than @code{MPFR_PREC_MIN}.)

The function name is subject to change.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun {const char *} mpfr_print_rnd_mode (mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Return a string ("MPFR_RNDD", "MPFR_RNDU", "MPFR_RNDN", "MPFR_RNDZ",
"MPFR_RNDA") corresponding to the rounding mode @var{rnd}, or a null pointer
if @var{rnd} is an invalid rounding mode.
@end deftypefun

@node Miscellaneous Functions, Exception Related Functions, Rounding Related Functions, MPFR Interface
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@cindex Miscellaneous float functions
@section Miscellaneous Functions

@deftypefun void mpfr_nexttoward (mpfr_t @var{x}, mpfr_t @var{y})
If @var{x} or @var{y} is NaN, set @var{x} to NaN. If @var{x} and @var{y}
are equal, @var{x} is unchanged. Otherwise, if @var{x}
is different from @var{y}, replace @var{x} by the next floating-point
number (with the precision of @var{x} and the current exponent range)
in the direction of @var{y}
(the infinite values are seen as the smallest and largest floating-point
numbers). If the result is zero, it keeps the same sign. No underflow or
overflow is generated.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void mpfr_nextabove (mpfr_t @var{x})
@deftypefunx void mpfr_nextbelow (mpfr_t @var{x})
Equivalent to @code{mpfr_nexttoward} where @var{y} is plus infinity
(resp.@: minus infinity).
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_min (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_max (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set @var{rop} to the minimum (resp.@: maximum)
of @var{op1} and @var{op2}. If @var{op1}
and @var{op2} are both NaN, then @var{rop} is set to NaN. If @var{op1}
or @var{op2} is NaN, then @var{rop} is set to the numeric value. If
@var{op1} and @var{op2} are zeros of different signs, then @var{rop}
is set to @minus{}0 (resp.@: +0).
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_urandomb (mpfr_t @var{rop}, gmp_randstate_t @var{state})
Generate a uniformly distributed random float in the interval
@math{0 @le{} @var{rop} < 1}. More precisely, the number can be seen as a
float with a random non-normalized significand and exponent 0, which is then
normalized (thus if @var{e} denotes the exponent after normalization, then
the least @math{-@var{e}} significant bits of the significand are always 0).

Return 0, unless the exponent is not in the current exponent range, in
which case @var{rop} is set to NaN and a non-zero value is returned (this
should never happen in practice, except in very specific cases). The
second argument is a @code{gmp_randstate_t} structure which should be
created using the GMP @code{gmp_randinit} function (see the GMP manual).
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_urandom (mpfr_t @var{rop}, gmp_randstate_t @var{state}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Generate a uniformly distributed random float.
The floating-point number @var{rop} can be seen as if a random real number is
generated according to the continuous uniform distribution on the interval
[0, 1] and then rounded in the direction @var{rnd}.

The second argument is a @code{gmp_randstate_t} structure which should be
created using the GMP @code{gmp_randinit} function (see the GMP manual).
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun mpfr_exp_t mpfr_get_exp (mpfr_t @var{x})
Return the exponent of @var{x}, assuming that @var{x} is a non-zero ordinary
number and the significand is considered in [1/2,1). The behavior for NaN,
infinity or zero is undefined.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_set_exp (mpfr_t @var{x}, mpfr_exp_t @var{e})
Set the exponent of @var{x} if @var{e} is in the current exponent range,
and return 0 (even if @var{x} is not a non-zero ordinary number);
otherwise, return a non-zero value.
The significand is assumed to be in [1/2,1).
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_signbit (mpfr_t @var{op})
Return a non-zero value iff @var{op} has its sign bit set (i.e., if it is
negative, @minus{}0, or a NaN whose representation has its sign bit set).
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_setsign (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op}, int @var{s}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set the value of @var{rop} from @var{op}, rounded toward the given
direction @var{rnd}, then set (resp.@: clear) its sign bit if @var{s}
is non-zero (resp.@: zero), even when @var{op} is a NaN.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_copysign (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Set the value of @var{rop} from @var{op1}, rounded toward the given
direction @var{rnd}, then set its sign bit to that of @var{op2} (even
when @var{op1} or @var{op2} is a NaN). This function is equivalent to
@code{mpfr_setsign (@var{rop}, @var{op1}, mpfr_signbit (@var{op2}), @var{rnd})}.
@end deftypefun

@c By definition, a C string is always null-terminated, so that we
@c could just say "string" or "null-terminated character array",
@c but "null-terminated string" is not an error and probably better
@c for most users.
@deftypefun {const char *} mpfr_get_version (void)
Return the MPFR version, as a null-terminated string.
@end deftypefun

@defmac MPFR_VERSION
@defmacx MPFR_VERSION_MAJOR
@defmacx MPFR_VERSION_MINOR
@defmacx MPFR_VERSION_PATCHLEVEL
@defmacx MPFR_VERSION_STRING
@code{MPFR_VERSION} is the version of MPFR as a preprocessing constant.
@code{MPFR_VERSION_MAJOR}, @code{MPFR_VERSION_MINOR} and
@code{MPFR_VERSION_PATCHLEVEL} are respectively the major, minor and patch
level of MPFR version, as preprocessing constants.
@code{MPFR_VERSION_STRING} is the version (with an optional suffix, used
in development and pre-release versions) as a string constant, which can
be compared to the result of @code{mpfr_get_version} to check at run time
the header file and library used match:
@example
if (strcmp (mpfr_get_version (), MPFR_VERSION_STRING))
  fprintf (stderr, "Warning: header and library do not match\n");
@end example
Note: Obtaining different strings is not necessarily an error, as
in general, a program compiled with some old MPFR version can be
dynamically linked with a newer MPFR library version (if allowed
by the library versioning system).
@end defmac

@deftypefn Macro long MPFR_VERSION_NUM (@var{major}, @var{minor}, @var{patchlevel})
Create an integer in the same format as used by @code{MPFR_VERSION} from the
given @var{major}, @var{minor} and @var{patchlevel}.
Here is an example of how to check the MPFR version at compile time:
@example
#if (!defined(MPFR_VERSION) || (MPFR_VERSION<MPFR_VERSION_NUM(3,0,0)))
# error "Wrong MPFR version."
#endif
@end example
@end deftypefn

@deftypefun {const char *} mpfr_get_patches (void)
Return a null-terminated string containing the ids of the patches applied to
the MPFR library (contents of the @file{PATCHES} file), separated by spaces.
Note: If the program has been compiled with an older MPFR version and is
dynamically linked with a new MPFR library version, the identifiers of the
patches applied to the old (compile-time) MPFR version are not available
(however this information should not have much interest in general).
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_buildopt_tls_p (void)
Return a non-zero value if MPFR was compiled as thread safe using
compiler-level Thread Local Storage (that is MPFR was built with the
@code{--enable-thread-safe} configure option, see @code{INSTALL} file), return
zero otherwise.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_buildopt_decimal_p (void)
Return a non-zero value if MPFR was compiled with decimal float support (that
is MPFR was built with the @code{--enable-decimal-float} configure option),
return zero otherwise.
@end deftypefun

@node Exception Related Functions, Compatibility with MPF, Miscellaneous Functions, MPFR Interface
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@cindex Exception related functions
@section Exception Related Functions

@deftypefun mpfr_exp_t mpfr_get_emin (void)
@deftypefunx mpfr_exp_t mpfr_get_emax (void)
Return the (current) smallest and largest exponents allowed for a
floating-point variable. The smallest positive value of a floating-point
variable is @m{1/2 \times 2^{\rm emin}, one half times 2 raised to the
smallest exponent} and the largest value has the form @m{(1 - \varepsilon)
\times 2^{\rm emax}, (1 - epsilon) times 2 raised to the largest exponent},
where @m{\varepsilon,epsilon} depends on the precision of the considered
variable.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_set_emin (mpfr_exp_t @var{exp})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_set_emax (mpfr_exp_t @var{exp})
Set the smallest and largest exponents allowed for a floating-point variable.
Return a non-zero value when @var{exp} is not in the range accepted by the
implementation (in that case the smallest or largest exponent is not changed),
and zero otherwise.
If the user changes the exponent range, it is her/his responsibility to check
that all current floating-point variables are in the new allowed range
(for example using @code{mpfr_check_range}), otherwise the subsequent
behavior will be undefined, in the sense of the ISO C standard.
@c It is also her/his responsibility to check that @m {emin <= emax}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun mpfr_exp_t mpfr_get_emin_min (void)
@deftypefunx mpfr_exp_t mpfr_get_emin_max (void)
@deftypefunx mpfr_exp_t mpfr_get_emax_min (void)
@deftypefunx mpfr_exp_t mpfr_get_emax_max (void)
Return the minimum and maximum of the exponents
allowed for @code{mpfr_set_emin} and @code{mpfr_set_emax} respectively.
These values are implementation dependent, thus a program using
@code{mpfr_set_emax(mpfr_get_emax_max())}
or @code{mpfr_set_emin(mpfr_get_emin_min())} may not be portable.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_check_range (mpfr_t @var{x}, int @var{t}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
This function assumes that @var{x} is the correctly-rounded value of some
real value @var{y} in the direction @var{rnd} and some extended exponent
range, and that @var{t} is the corresponding ternary value.
For example, one performed @code{t = mpfr_log (x, u, rnd)}, and @var{y} is the
exact logarithm of @var{u}.
Thus @var{t} is negative if @var{x} is smaller than @var{y},
positive if @var{x} is larger than @var{y}, and zero if @var{x} equals @var{y}.
This function modifies @var{x} if needed
to be in the current range of acceptable values: It
generates an underflow or an overflow if the exponent of @var{x} is
outside the current allowed range; the value of @var{t} may be used
to avoid a double rounding. This function returns zero if the new value of
@var{x} equals the exact one @var{y}, a positive value if that new value
is larger than @var{y}, and a negative value if it is smaller than @var{y}.
Note that unlike most functions,
the new result @var{x} is compared to the (unknown) exact one @var{y},
not the input value @var{x}, i.e., the ternary value is propagated.

Note: If @var{x} is an infinity and @var{t} is different from zero (i.e.,
if the rounded result is an inexact infinity), then the overflow flag is
set. This is useful because @code{mpfr_check_range} is typically called
(at least in MPFR functions) after restoring the flags that could have
been set due to internal computations.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_subnormalize (mpfr_t @var{x}, int @var{t}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
This function rounds @var{x} emulating subnormal number arithmetic:
if @var{x} is outside the subnormal exponent range, it just propagates the
ternary value @var{t}; otherwise, it rounds @var{x} to precision
@code{EXP(x)-emin+1} according to rounding mode @var{rnd} and previous
ternary value @var{t}, avoiding double rounding problems.
More precisely in the subnormal domain, denoting by @var{e} the value of
@code{emin}, @var{x} is rounded in fixed-point
arithmetic to an integer multiple of @m{2^{e-1}, two to the power
@var{e}@minus{}1}; as a consequence, @m{1.5 \times 2^{e-1},
1.5 multiplied by two to the power @var{e}@minus{}1} when @var{t} is zero
is rounded to @m{2^e, two to the power @var{e}} with rounding to nearest.

@code{PREC(x)} is not modified by this function.
@var{rnd} and @var{t} must be the rounding mode
and the returned ternary value used when computing @var{x}
(as in @code{mpfr_check_range}).
The subnormal exponent range is from @code{emin} to @code{emin+PREC(x)-1}.
If the result cannot be represented in the current exponent range
(due to a too small @code{emax}), the behavior is undefined.
Note that unlike most functions, the result is compared to the exact one,
not the input value @var{x}, i.e., the ternary value is propagated.

As usual, if the returned ternary value is non zero, the inexact flag is set.
Moreover, if a second rounding occurred (because the input @var{x} was in the
subnormal range), the underflow flag is set.
@end deftypefun

This is an example of how to emulate binary double IEEE 754 arithmetic
(binary64 in IEEE 754-2008) using MPFR:

@example
@{
  mpfr_t xa, xb; int i; volatile double a, b;

  mpfr_set_default_prec (53);
  mpfr_set_emin (-1073); mpfr_set_emax (1024);

  mpfr_init (xa); mpfr_init (xb);

  b = 34.3; mpfr_set_d (xb, b, MPFR_RNDN);
  a = 0x1.1235P-1021; mpfr_set_d (xa, a, MPFR_RNDN);

  a /= b;
  i = mpfr_div (xa, xa, xb, MPFR_RNDN);
  i = mpfr_subnormalize (xa, i, MPFR_RNDN); /* new ternary value */

  mpfr_clear (xa); mpfr_clear (xb);
@}
@end example

Warning: this emulates a double IEEE 754 arithmetic with correct rounding
in the subnormal range, which may not be the case for your hardware.

@deftypefun void mpfr_clear_underflow (void)
@deftypefunx void mpfr_clear_overflow (void)
@deftypefunx void mpfr_clear_nanflag (void)
@deftypefunx void mpfr_clear_inexflag (void)
@deftypefunx void mpfr_clear_erangeflag (void)
Clear the underflow, overflow, invalid, inexact and @emph{erange} flags.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void mpfr_set_underflow (void)
@deftypefunx void mpfr_set_overflow (void)
@deftypefunx void mpfr_set_nanflag (void)
@deftypefunx void mpfr_set_inexflag (void)
@deftypefunx void mpfr_set_erangeflag (void)
Set the underflow, overflow, invalid, inexact and @emph{erange} flags.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void mpfr_clear_flags (void)
Clear all global flags (underflow, overflow, invalid, inexact, @emph{erange}).
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_underflow_p (void)
@deftypefunx int mpfr_overflow_p (void)
@deftypefunx int mpfr_nanflag_p (void)
@deftypefunx int mpfr_inexflag_p (void)
@deftypefunx int mpfr_erangeflag_p (void)
Return the corresponding (underflow, overflow, invalid, inexact, @emph{erange})
flag, which is non-zero iff the flag is set.
@end deftypefun

@node Compatibility with MPF, Custom Interface, Exception Related Functions, MPFR Interface
@cindex Compatibility with MPF
@section Compatibility With MPF

A header file @file{mpf2mpfr.h} is included in the distribution of MPFR for
compatibility with the GNU MP class MPF.
By inserting the following two lines after the @code{#include <gmp.h>} line,
@verbatim
#include <mpfr.h>
#include <mpf2mpfr.h>
@end verbatim
@noindent
any program written for
MPF can be compiled directly with MPFR without any changes
(except the @code{gmp_printf} functions will not work for arguments of type
@code{mpfr_t}).
All operations are then performed with the default MPFR rounding mode,
which can be reset with @code{mpfr_set_default_rounding_mode}.

Warning: the @code{mpf_init} and @code{mpf_init2} functions initialize
to zero, whereas the corresponding MPFR functions initialize to NaN:
this is useful to detect uninitialized values, but is slightly incompatible
with MPF.

@deftypefun void mpfr_set_prec_raw (mpfr_t @var{x}, mpfr_prec_t @var{prec})
Reset the precision of @var{x} to be @strong{exactly} @var{prec} bits.
The only difference with @code{mpfr_set_prec} is that @var{prec} is assumed to
be small enough so that the significand fits into the current allocated memory
space for @var{x}. Otherwise the behavior is undefined.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_eq (mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, unsigned long int @var{op3})
Return non-zero if @var{op1} and @var{op2} are both non-zero ordinary
numbers with the same exponent and the same first @var{op3} bits, both
zero, or both infinities of the same sign. Return zero otherwise.
This function is defined for compatibility with MPF, we do not recommend
to use it otherwise.
Do not use it either if
you want to know whether two numbers are close to each other; for instance,
1.011111 and 1.100000 are regarded as different for any value of
@var{op3} larger than 1.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void mpfr_reldiff (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, mpfr_t @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
Compute the relative difference between @var{op1} and @var{op2}
and store the result in @var{rop}.
This function does not guarantee the correct rounding on the relative
difference; it just computes @math{|@var{op1}-@var{op2}|/@var{op1}}, using the
precision of @var{rop} and the rounding mode @var{rnd} for all operations.
@c VL: say that if op1 and op2 have the same precision and are close to
@c each other, then one gets correct rounding?
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_mul_2exp (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, unsigned long int @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
@deftypefunx int mpfr_div_2exp (mpfr_t @var{rop}, mpfr_t @var{op1}, unsigned long int @var{op2}, mpfr_rnd_t @var{rnd})
These functions are identical to @code{mpfr_mul_2ui} and @code{mpfr_div_2ui}
respectively.
These functions are only kept for compatibility with MPF, one should
prefer @code{mpfr_mul_2ui} and @code{mpfr_div_2ui} otherwise.
@end deftypefun


@node Custom Interface, Internals, Compatibility with MPF, MPFR Interface
@cindex Custom interface
@section Custom Interface

Some applications use a stack to handle the memory and their objects.
However, the MPFR memory design is not well suited for such a thing. So that
such applications are able to use MPFR, an auxiliary memory interface has
been created: the Custom Interface.

The following interface allows one to use MPFR in two ways:
@itemize
@item Either directly store a floating-point number as a @code{mpfr_t}
on the stack.
@item Either store its own representation on the
stack and construct a new temporary @code{mpfr_t} each time it is needed.
@end itemize
Nothing has to be done to destroy the floating-point
numbers except garbaging the used
memory: all the memory management (allocating, destroying, garbaging) is left
to the application.

Each function in this interface is also implemented as a macro for
efficiency reasons: for example @code{mpfr_custom_init (s, p)}
uses the macro, while @code{(mpfr_custom_init) (s, p)} uses the function.

Note 1: MPFR functions may still initialize temporary floating-point numbers
using @code{mpfr_init} and similar functions. See Custom Allocation (GNU MP).

Note 2: MPFR functions may use the cached functions (@code{mpfr_const_pi} for
example), even if they are not explicitly called. You have to call
@code{mpfr_free_cache} each time you garbage the memory iff @code{mpfr_init},
through GMP Custom Allocation, allocates its memory on the application stack.

@deftypefun size_t mpfr_custom_get_size (mpfr_prec_t @var{prec})
Return the needed size in bytes to store the significand of a floating-point
number of precision @var{prec}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void mpfr_custom_init (void *@var{significand}, mpfr_prec_t @var{prec})
Initialize a significand of precision @var{prec}, where
@var{significand} must be an area of @code{mpfr_custom_get_size (prec)} bytes
at least and be suitably aligned for an array of @code{mp_limb_t} (GMP type,
@pxref{Internals}).
@c PZ: give an example how to align?
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void mpfr_custom_init_set (mpfr_t @var{x}, int @var{kind}, mpfr_exp_t @var{exp}, mpfr_prec_t @var{prec}, void *@var{significand})
Perform a dummy initialization of a @code{mpfr_t} and set it to:
@itemize
@item if @code{ABS(kind) == MPFR_NAN_KIND}, @var{x} is set to NaN;
@item if @code{ABS(kind) == MPFR_INF_KIND}, @var{x} is set to the infinity
of sign @code{sign(kind)};
@item if @code{ABS(kind) == MPFR_ZERO_KIND}, @var{x} is set to the zero of
sign @code{sign(kind)};
@item if @code{ABS(kind) == MPFR_REGULAR_KIND}, @var{x} is set to a regular
number: @code{x = sign(kind)*significand*2^exp}.
@end itemize
In all cases, it uses @var{significand} directly for further computing
involving @var{x}. It will not allocate anything.
A floating-point number initialized with this function cannot be resized using
@code{mpfr_set_prec} or @code{mpfr_prec_round},
or cleared using @code{mpfr_clear}!
The @var{significand} must have been initialized with @code{mpfr_custom_init}
using the same precision @var{prec}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int mpfr_custom_get_kind (mpfr_t @var{x})
Return the current kind of a @code{mpfr_t} as created by
@code{mpfr_custom_init_set}.
The behavior of this function for any @code{mpfr_t} not initialized
with @code{mpfr_custom_init_set} is undefined.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun {void *} mpfr_custom_get_significand (mpfr_t @var{x})
Return a pointer to the significand used by a @code{mpfr_t} initialized with
@code{mpfr_custom_init_set}.
The behavior of this function for any @code{mpfr_t} not initialized
with @code{mpfr_custom_init_set} is undefined.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun mpfr_exp_t mpfr_custom_get_exp (mpfr_t @var{x})
Return the exponent of @var{x}, assuming that @var{x} is a non-zero ordinary
number. The return value for NaN, Infinity or zero is unspecified but does not
produce any trap.
The behavior of this function for any @code{mpfr_t} not initialized
with @code{mpfr_custom_init_set} is undefined.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void mpfr_custom_move (mpfr_t @var{x}, void *@var{new_position})
Inform MPFR that the significand of @var{x} has moved due to a garbage collect
and update its new position to @code{new_position}.
However the application has to move the significand and the @code{mpfr_t}
itself.
The behavior of this function for any @code{mpfr_t} not initialized
with @code{mpfr_custom_init_set} is undefined.
@end deftypefun

@node Internals,  , Custom Interface, MPFR Interface
@cindex Internals
@section Internals

@cindex Limb
@c @tindex @code{mp_limb_t}
@noindent
A @dfn{limb} means the part of a multi-precision number that fits in a single
word. Usually a limb contains
32 or 64 bits.  The C data type for a limb is @code{mp_limb_t}.

The @code{mpfr_t} type is internally defined as a one-element
array of a structure, and @code{mpfr_ptr} is the C data type representing
a pointer to this structure.
The @code{mpfr_t} type consists of four fields:

@itemize @bullet

@item The @code{_mpfr_prec} field is used to store the precision of
the variable (in bits); this is not less than @code{MPFR_PREC_MIN}.

@item The @code{_mpfr_sign} field is used to store the sign of the variable.

@item The @code{_mpfr_exp} field stores the exponent.
An exponent of 0 means a radix point just above the most significant
limb.  Non-zero values @math{n} are a multiplier @math{2^n} relative to that
point.
A NaN, an infinity and a zero are indicated by special values of the exponent
field.

@item Finally, the @code{_mpfr_d} field is a pointer to the limbs, least
significant limbs stored first.
The number of limbs in use is controlled by @code{_mpfr_prec}, namely
ceil(@code{_mpfr_prec}/@code{mp_bits_per_limb}).
Non-singular (i.e., different from NaN, Infinity or zero)
values always have the most significant bit of the most
significant limb set to 1.  When the precision does not correspond to a
whole number of limbs, the excess bits at the low end of the data are zeros.

@end itemize

@node API Compatibility, Contributors, MPFR Interface, Top
@chapter API Compatibility

The goal of this section is to describe some API changes that occurred
from one version of MPFR to another, and how to write code that can be compiled
and run with older MPFR versions.  The minimum MPFR version that is
considered here is 2.2.0 (released on 20 September 2005).

API changes can only occur between major or minor versions.  Thus the
patchlevel (the third number in the MPFR version) will be ignored in
the following.  If a program does not use MPFR internals, changes in
the behavior between two versions differing only by the patchlevel
should only result from what was regarded as a bug or unspecified behavior.
@comment This includes undefined behavior.

As a general rule, a program written for some MPFR version should work
with later versions, possibly except at a new major version, where
some features (described as obsolete for some time) can be removed.
In such a case, a failure should occur during compilation or linking.
If a result becomes incorrect because of such a change, please look
at the various changes below (they are minimal, and most software
should be unaffected), at the FAQ and at the MPFR web page for your
version (a bug could have been introduced and be already fixed);
and if the problem is not mentioned, please send us a bug report
(@pxref{Reporting Bugs}).

However, a program written for the current MPFR version (as documented
by this manual) may not necessarily work with previous versions of
MPFR.  This section should help developers to write portable code.

Note: Information given here may be incomplete.  API changes are
also described in the NEWS file (for each version, instead of being
classified like here), together with other changes.

@menu
* Type and Macro Changes::
* Added Functions::
* Changed Functions::
* Removed Functions::
* Other Changes::
@end menu

@node Type and Macro Changes, Added Functions, API Compatibility, API Compatibility
@section Type and Macro Changes

@comment r6789
The official type for exponent values changed from @code{mp_exp_t} to
@code{mpfr_exp_t} in MPFR 3.0.  The type @code{mp_exp_t} will remain
available as it comes from GMP (with a different meaning).  These types
are currently the same (@code{mpfr_exp_t} is defined as @code{mp_exp_t}
with @code{typedef}), so that programs can still use @code{mp_exp_t};
but this may change in the future.
Alternatively, using the following code after including @file{mpfr.h}
will work with official MPFR versions, as @code{mpfr_exp_t} was never
defined in MPFR 2.x:
@example
#if MPFR_VERSION_MAJOR < 3
typedef mp_exp_t mpfr_exp_t;
#endif
@end example

The official types for precision values and for rounding modes
respectively changed from @code{mp_prec_t} and @code{mp_rnd_t}
to @code{mpfr_prec_t} and @code{mpfr_rnd_t} in MPFR 3.0.  This
change was actually done a long time ago in MPFR, at least since
MPFR 2.2.0, with the following code in @file{mpfr.h}:
@example
#ifndef mp_rnd_t
# define mp_rnd_t  mpfr_rnd_t
#endif
#ifndef mp_prec_t
# define mp_prec_t mpfr_prec_t
#endif
@end example
This means that it is safe to use the new official types
@code{mpfr_prec_t} and @code{mpfr_rnd_t} in your programs.
The types @code{mp_prec_t} and @code{mp_rnd_t} (defined
in MPFR only) may be removed in the future, as the prefix
@code{mp_} is reserved by GMP.

@comment r6787
The precision type @code{mpfr_prec_t} (@code{mp_prec_t}) was unsigned
before MPFR 3.0; it is now signed.  @code{MPFR_PREC_MAX} has not changed,
though.  Indeed the MPFR code requires that @code{MPFR_PREC_MAX} be
representable in the exponent type, which may have the same size as
@code{mpfr_prec_t} but has always been signed.
The consequence is that valid code that does not assume anything about
the signedness of @code{mpfr_prec_t} should work with past and new MPFR
versions.
This change was useful as the use of unsigned types tends to convert
signed values to unsigned ones in expressions due to the usual arithmetic
conversions, which can yield incorrect results if a negative value is
converted in such a way.
Warning!  A program assuming (intentionally or not) that
@code{mpfr_prec_t} is signed may be affected by this problem when
it is built and run against MPFR 2.x.

The rounding modes @code{GMP_RNDx} were renamed to @code{MPFR_RNDx}
in MPFR 3.0. However the old names @code{GMP_RNDx} have been kept for
compatibility (this might change in future versions), using:
@example
#define GMP_RNDN MPFR_RNDN
#define GMP_RNDZ MPFR_RNDZ
#define GMP_RNDU MPFR_RNDU
#define GMP_RNDD MPFR_RNDD
@end example
The rounding mode ``round away from zero'' (@code{MPFR_RNDA}) was added in
MPFR 3.0 (however no rounding mode @code{GMP_RNDA} exists).

@node Added Functions, Changed Functions, Type and Macro Changes, API Compatibility
@section Added Functions

We give here in alphabetical order
the functions that were added after MPFR 2.2, and in which
MPFR version.

@comment The functions are listed in such a way that if a developer wonders
@comment whether some function existed in some previous version, then he can
@comment find this very quickly.

@itemize @bullet

@item @code{mpfr_add_d} in MPFR 2.4.

@item @code{mpfr_ai} in MPFR 3.0 (incomplete, experimental).

@item @code{mpfr_asprintf} in MPFR 2.4.

@item @code{mpfr_buildopt_decimal_p} and @code{mpfr_buildopt_tls_p} in MPFR 3.0.

@item @code{mpfr_copysign} in MPFR 2.3.
Note: MPFR 2.2 had a @code{mpfr_copysign} function that was available,
but not documented,
and with a slight difference in the semantics (when
the second input operand is a NaN).

@item @code{mpfr_custom_get_significand} in MPFR 3.0.
This function was named @code{mpfr_custom_get_mantissa} in previous
versions; @code{mpfr_custom_get_mantissa} is still available via a
macro in @file{mpfr.h}:
@example
#define mpfr_custom_get_mantissa mpfr_custom_get_significand
@end example
Thus code that needs to work with both MPFR 2.x and MPFR 3.x should
use @code{mpfr_custom_get_mantissa}.

@item @code{mpfr_d_div} and @code{mpfr_d_sub} in MPFR 2.4.

@item @code{mpfr_digamma} in MPFR 3.0.

@item @code{mpfr_div_d} in MPFR 2.4.

@item @code{mpfr_fmod} in MPFR 2.4.

@item @code{mpfr_fms} in MPFR 2.3.

@item @code{mpfr_fprintf} in MPFR 2.4.

@item @code{mpfr_get_flt} in MPFR 3.0.

@item @code{mpfr_get_patches} in MPFR 2.3.

@item @code{mpfr_get_z_2exp} in MPFR 3.0.
This function was named @code{mpfr_get_z_exp} in previous versions;
@code{mpfr_get_z_exp} is still available via a macro in @file{mpfr.h}:
@example
#define mpfr_get_z_exp mpfr_get_z_2exp
@end example
Thus code that needs to work with both MPFR 2.x and MPFR 3.x should
use @code{mpfr_get_z_exp}.

@item @code{mpfr_j0}, @code{mpfr_j1} and @code{mpfr_jn} in MPFR 2.3.

@item @code{mpfr_lgamma} in MPFR 2.3.

@item @code{mpfr_li2} in MPFR 2.4.

@item @code{mpfr_modf} in MPFR 2.4.

@item @code{mpfr_mul_d} in MPFR 2.4.

@item @code{mpfr_printf} in MPFR 2.4.

@item @code{mpfr_rec_sqrt} in MPFR 2.4.

@item @code{mpfr_regular_p} in MPFR 3.0.

@item @code{mpfr_remainder} and @code{mpfr_remquo} in MPFR 2.3.

@item @code{mpfr_set_flt} in MPFR 3.0.

@item @code{mpfr_set_z_2exp} in MPFR 3.0.

@item @code{mpfr_set_zero} in MPFR 3.0.

@item @code{mpfr_setsign} in MPFR 2.3.

@item @code{mpfr_signbit} in MPFR 2.3.

@item @code{mpfr_sinh_cosh} in MPFR 2.4.

@item @code{mpfr_snprintf} and @code{mpfr_sprintf} in MPFR 2.4.

@item @code{mpfr_sub_d} in MPFR 2.4.

@item @code{mpfr_urandom} in MPFR 3.0.

@item @code{mpfr_vasprintf}, @code{mpfr_vfprintf}, @code{mpfr_vprintf},
      @code{mpfr_vsprintf} and @code{mpfr_vsnprintf} in MPFR 2.4.

@item @code{mpfr_y0}, @code{mpfr_y1} and @code{mpfr_yn} in MPFR 2.3.

@end itemize

@node Changed Functions, Removed Functions, Added Functions, API Compatibility
@section Changed Functions

The following functions have changed after MPFR 2.2. Changes can affect
the behavior of code written for some MPFR version when built and run
against another MPFR version (older or newer), as described below.

@itemize @bullet

@item @code{mpfr_check_range} changed in MPFR 2.3.2 and MPFR 2.4.
If the value is an inexact infinity, the overflow flag is now set
(in case it was lost), while it was previously left unchanged.
This is really what is expected in practice (and what the MPFR code
was expecting), so that the previous behavior was regarded as a bug.
Hence the change in MPFR 2.3.2.

@item @code{mpfr_get_f} changed in MPFR 3.0.
This function was returning zero, except for NaN and Inf, which do not
exist in MPF. The @emph{erange} flag is now set in these cases,
and @code{mpfr_get_f} now returns the usual ternary value.

@item @code{mpfr_get_si}, @code{mpfr_get_sj}, @code{mpfr_get_ui}
and @code{mpfr_get_uj} changed in MPFR 3.0.
In previous MPFR versions, the cases where the @emph{erange} flag
is set were unspecified.

@item @code{mpfr_get_z} changed in MPFR 3.0.
The return type was @code{void}; it is now @code{int}, and the usual
ternary value is returned.  Thus programs that need to work with both
MPFR 2.x and 3.x must not use the return value.  Even in this case,
C code using @code{mpfr_get_z} as the second or third term of
a conditional operator may also be affected. For instance, the
following is correct with MPFR 3.0, but not with MPFR 2.x:
@example
  bool ? mpfr_get_z(...) : mpfr_add(...);
@end example
On the other hand, the following is correct with MPFR 2.x, but not
with MPFR 3.0:
@example
  bool ? mpfr_get_z(...) : (void) mpfr_add(...);
@end example
Portable code should cast @code{mpfr_get_z(...)} to @code{void} to
use the type @code{void} for both terms of the conditional operator,
as in:
@example
  bool ? (void) mpfr_get_z(...) : (void) mpfr_add(...);
@end example
Alternatively, @code{if ... else} can be used instead of the
conditional operator.

Moreover the cases where the @emph{erange} flag is set were unspecified
in MPFR 2.x.

@item @code{mpfr_get_z_exp} changed in MPFR 3.0.
In previous MPFR versions, the cases where the @emph{erange} flag
is set were unspecified.
Note: this function has been renamed to @code{mpfr_get_z_2exp}
in MPFR 3.0, but @code{mpfr_get_z_exp} is still available for
compatibility reasons.

@item @code{mpfr_strtofr} changed in MPFR 2.3.1 and MPFR 2.4.
This was actually a bug fix since the code and the documentation did
not match.  But both were changed in order to have a more consistent
and useful behavior.  The main changes in the code are as follows.
The binary exponent is now accepted even without the @code{0b} or
@code{0x} prefix.  Data corresponding to NaN can now have an optional
sign (such data were previously invalid).

@item @code{mpfr_strtofr} changed in MPFR 3.0.
This function now accepts bases from 37 to 62 (no changes for the other
bases).  Note: if an unsupported base is provided to this function,
the behavior is undefined; more precisely, in MPFR 2.3.1 and later,
providing an unsupported base yields an assertion failure (this
behavior may change in the future).

@item @code{mpfr_subnormalize} changed in MPFR 3.0.1.
This was actually regarded as a bug fix. The @code{mpfr_subnormalize}
implementation up to MPFR 3.0.0 did not change the flags. In particular,
it did not follow the generic rule concerning the inexact flag (and no
special behavior was specified). The case of the underflow flag was more
a lack of specification.

@end itemize

@node Removed Functions, Other Changes, Changed Functions, API Compatibility
@section Removed Functions

Functions @code{mpfr_random} and @code{mpfr_random2} have been
removed in MPFR 3.0 (this only affects old code built against
MPFR 3.0 or later).
(The function @code{mpfr_random} had been deprecated since at least MPFR 2.2.0,
and @code{mpfr_random2} since MPFR 2.4.0.)

@node Other Changes, , Removed Functions, API Compatibility
@section Other Changes

@comment r6699
For users of a C++ compiler, the way how the availability of @code{intmax_t}
is detected has changed in MPFR 3.0.
In MPFR 2.x, if a macro @code{INTMAX_C} or @code{UINTMAX_C} was defined
(e.g. when the @code{__STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS} macro had been defined
before @code{<stdint.h>} or @code{<inttypes.h>} has been included),
@code{intmax_t} was assumed to be defined.
However this was not always the case (more precisely, @code{intmax_t}
can be defined only in the namespace @code{std}, as with Boost), so
that compilations could fail.
Thus the check for @code{INTMAX_C} or @code{UINTMAX_C} is now disabled for
C++ compilers, with the following consequences:

@itemize

@item Programs written for MPFR 2.x that need @code{intmax_t} may no longer
be compiled against MPFR 3.0: a @code{#define MPFR_USE_INTMAX_T} may be
necessary before @file{mpfr.h} is included.

@item The compilation of programs that work with MPFR 3.0 may fail with
MPFR 2.x due to the problem described above.  Workarounds are possible,
such as defining @code{intmax_t} and @code{uintmax_t} in the global
namespace, though this is not clean.

@end itemize

@node Contributors, References, API Compatibility, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@unnumbered Contributors

The main developers of MPFR are Guillaume Hanrot, Vincent Lef@`evre,
Patrick P@'elissier, Philippe Th@'eveny and Paul Zimmermann.

Sylvie Boldo from ENS-Lyon, France,
contributed the functions @code{mpfr_agm} and @code{mpfr_log}.
Emmanuel Jeandel, from ENS-Lyon too,
contributed the generic hypergeometric code,
as well as the internal function @code{mpfr_exp3},
a first implementation of the sine and cosine,
and improved versions of
@code{mpfr_const_log2} and @code{mpfr_const_pi}.
Mathieu Dutour contributed the functions @code{mpfr_atan} and @code{mpfr_asin},
and a previous version of @code{mpfr_gamma};
David Daney contributed the hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions,
the base-2 exponential, and the factorial function. Fabrice Rouillier
contributed the @code{mpfr_xxx_z} and @code{mpfr_xxx_q} functions,
and helped to the Microsoft Windows porting.
Jean-Luc R@'emy contributed the @code{mpfr_zeta} code.
Ludovic Meunier helped in the design of the @code{mpfr_erf} code.
Damien Stehl@'e contributed the @code{mpfr_get_ld_2exp} function.
Sylvain Chevillard contributed the @code{mpfr_ai} function.

We would like to thank Jean-Michel Muller and Joris van der Hoeven for very
fruitful discussions at the beginning of that project, Torbj@"orn Granlund
and Kevin Ryde for their help about design issues,
and Nathalie Revol for her careful reading of a previous version of
this documentation. In particular
Kevin Ryde did a tremendous job for the portability of MPFR in 2002-2004.

The development of the MPFR library would not have been possible without
the continuous support of INRIA, and of the LORIA (Nancy, France) and LIP
(Lyon, France) laboratories. In particular the main authors were or are
members of the PolKA, Spaces, Cacao and Caramel
project-teams at LORIA and of the
Ar@'enaire project-team at LIP.
This project was started during the Fiable (reliable in French) action
supported by INRIA, and continued during the AOC action.
The development of MPFR was also supported by a grant
(202F0659 00 MPN 121) from the Conseil R@'egional de Lorraine in 2002,
from INRIA by an "associate engineer" grant (2003-2005),
an "op@'eration de d@'eveloppement logiciel" grant (2007-2009),
and the post-doctoral grant of Sylvain Chevillard in 2009-2010.

@node References, GNU Free Documentation License, Contributors, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@unnumbered References

@itemize @bullet

@item
Richard Brent and Paul Zimmermann,
"Modern Computer Arithmetic",
Cambridge University Press (to appear),
also available from the authors' web pages.

@item
Laurent Fousse, Guillaume Hanrot, Vincent Lef@`evre,
Patrick P@'elissier and Paul Zimmermann,
"MPFR: A Multiple-Precision Binary Floating-Point Library With Correct Rounding",
ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software,
volume 33, issue 2, article 13, 15 pages, 2007,
@url{http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1236463.1236468}.

@item
Torbj@"orn Granlund, "GNU MP: The GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library",
  version 5.0.1, 2010, @url{http://gmplib.org}.

@item
IEEE standard for binary floating-point arithmetic, Technical Report
ANSI-IEEE Standard 754-1985, New York, 1985.
Approved March 21, 1985: IEEE Standards Board; approved July 26,
  1985: American National Standards Institute, 18 pages.

@item
IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic,
ANSI-IEEE Standard 754-2008, 2008.
Revision of ANSI-IEEE Standard 754-1985,
approved June 12, 2008: IEEE Standards Board, 70 pages.

@item
Donald E. Knuth, "The Art of Computer Programming", vol 2,
"Seminumerical Algorithms", 2nd edition, Addison-Wesley, 1981.

@item
Jean-Michel Muller, "Elementary Functions, Algorithms and Implementation",
Birkh@"auser, Boston, 2nd edition, 2006.

@item
Jean-Michel Muller, Nicolas Brisebarre, Florent de Dinechin,
Claude-Pierre Jeannerod, Vincent Lef@`evre, Guillaume Melquiond,
Nathalie Revol, Damien Stehl@'e and Serge Torr@`es,
"Handbook of Floating-Point Arithmetic",
Birkh@"auser, Boston, 2009.

@end itemize


@node GNU Free Documentation License, Concept Index, References, Top
@appendix GNU Free Documentation License
@cindex GNU Free Documentation License
@include fdl.texi


@node Concept Index, Function Index, GNU Free Documentation License, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@unnumbered Concept Index
@printindex cp

@node Function Index,  , Concept Index, Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@unnumbered Function and Type Index
@printindex fn

@bye

@c Local variables:
@c fill-column: 78
@c End: