1GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 1992. 2 3Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 2001, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 4See the end of the file for license conditions. 5 6 7This file is about changes in emacs versions 19. 8 9 10 11* Emacs 19.34 is a bug-fix release with no user-visible changes. 12 13 14 15* Changes in Emacs 19.33. 16 17** Bibtex mode no longer turns on Auto Fill automatically. (No major 18mode should do that--it is the user's choice.) 19 20** The variable normal-auto-fill-function specifies the function to 21use for auto-fill-function, if and when Auto Fill is turned on. 22Major modes can set this locally to alter how Auto Fill works. 23 24 25 26* Editing Changes in Emacs 19.32 27 28** C-x f with no argument now signals an error. 29To set the fill column at the current column, use C-u C-x f. 30 31** Expanding dynamic abbrevs with M-/ is now smarter about case 32conversion. If you type the abbreviation with mixed case, and it 33matches the beginning of the expansion including case, then the 34expansion is copied verbatim. Using SPC M-/ to copy an additional 35word always copies it verbatim except when the previous copied word is 36all caps. 37 38** On a non-windowing terminal, which can display only one Emacs frame 39at a time, creating a new frame with C-x 5 2 also selects that frame. 40 41When using a display that can show multiple frames at once, C-x 5 2 42does make the frame visible, but does not select it. This is the same 43as in previous Emacs versions. 44 45** You can use C-x 5 2 to create multiple frames on MSDOS, just as on a 46non-X terminal on Unix. Of course, only one frame is visible at any 47time, since your terminal doesn't have the ability to display multiple 48frames. 49 50** On Windows, set win32-pass-alt-to-system to a non-nil value 51if you would like tapping the Alt key to invoke the Windows menu. 52This feature is not enabled by default; since the Alt key is also the 53Meta key, it is too easy and painful to activate this feature by 54accident. 55 56** The command apply-macro-to-region-lines repeats the last defined 57keyboard macro once for each complete line within the current region. 58It does this line by line, by moving point to the beginning of that 59line and then executing the macro. 60 61This command is not new, but was never documented before. 62 63** You can now use Mouse-1 to place the region around a string constant 64(something surrounded by doublequote characters or other delimiter 65characters of like syntax) by double-clicking on one of the delimiting 66characters. 67 68** Font Lock mode 69 70*** Font Lock support modes 71 72Font Lock can be configured to use Fast Lock mode and Lazy Lock mode (see 73below) in a flexible way. Rather than adding the appropriate function to the 74hook font-lock-mode-hook, you can use the new variable font-lock-support-mode 75to control which modes have Fast Lock mode or Lazy Lock mode turned on when 76Font Lock mode is enabled. 77 78For example, to use Fast Lock mode when Font Lock mode is turned on, put: 79 80 (setq font-lock-support-mode 'fast-lock-mode) 81 82in your ~/.emacs. 83 84*** lazy-lock 85 86The lazy-lock package speeds up Font Lock mode by making fontification occur 87only when necessary, such as when a previously unfontified part of the buffer 88becomes visible in a window. When you create a buffer with Font Lock mode and 89Lazy Lock mode turned on, the buffer is not fontified. When certain events 90occur (such as scrolling), Lazy Lock makes sure that the visible parts of the 91buffer are fontified. Lazy Lock also defers on-the-fly fontification until 92Emacs has been idle for a given amount of time. 93 94To use this package, put in your ~/.emacs: 95 96 (setq font-lock-support-mode 'lazy-lock-mode) 97 98To control the package behavior, see the documentation for `lazy-lock-mode'. 99 100** Changes in BibTeX mode. 101 102*** For all entries allow spaces and tabs between opening brace or 103paren and key. 104 105*** Non-escaped double-quoted characters (as in `Sch"of') are now 106supported. 107 108** Gnus changes. 109 110Gnus, the Emacs news reader, has undergone further rewriting. Many new 111commands and variables have been added. There should be no 112significant incompatibilities between this Gnus version and the 113previously released version, except in the message composition area. 114 115Below is a list of the more user-visible changes. Coding changes 116between Gnus 5.1 and 5.2 are more extensive. 117 118*** A new message composition mode is used. All old customization 119variables for mail-mode, rnews-reply-mode and gnus-msg are now 120obsolete. 121 122*** Gnus is now able to generate "sparse" threads -- threads where 123missing articles are represented by empty nodes. 124 125 (setq gnus-build-sparse-threads 'some) 126 127*** Outgoing articles are stored on a special archive server. 128 129 To disable this: (setq gnus-message-archive-group nil) 130 131*** Partial thread regeneration now happens when articles are 132referred. 133 134*** Gnus can make use of GroupLens predictions: 135 136 (setq gnus-use-grouplens t) 137 138*** A trn-line tree buffer can be displayed. 139 140 (setq gnus-use-trees t) 141 142*** An nn-like pick-and-read minor mode is available for the summary 143buffers. 144 145 (add-hook 'gnus-summary-mode-hook 'gnus-pick-mode) 146 147*** In binary groups you can use a special binary minor mode: 148 149 `M-x gnus-binary-mode' 150 151*** Groups can be grouped in a folding topic hierarchy. 152 153 (add-hook 'gnus-group-mode-hook 'gnus-topic-mode) 154 155*** Gnus can re-send and bounce mail. 156 157 Use the `S D r' and `S D b'. 158 159*** Groups can now have a score, and bubbling based on entry frequency 160is possible. 161 162 (add-hook 'gnus-summary-exit-hook 'gnus-summary-bubble-group) 163 164*** Groups can be process-marked, and commands can be performed on 165groups of groups. 166 167*** Caching is possible in virtual groups. 168 169*** nndoc now understands all kinds of digests, mail boxes, rnews news 170batches, ClariNet briefs collections, and just about everything else. 171 172*** Gnus has a new backend (nnsoup) to create/read SOUP packets. 173 174*** The Gnus cache is much faster. 175 176*** Groups can be sorted according to many criteria. 177 178 For instance: (setq gnus-group-sort-function 'gnus-group-sort-by-rank) 179 180*** New group parameters have been introduced to set list-address and 181expiration times. 182 183*** All formatting specs allow specifying faces to be used. 184 185*** There are several more commands for setting/removing/acting on 186process marked articles on the `M P' submap. 187 188*** The summary buffer can be limited to show parts of the available 189articles based on a wide range of criteria. These commands have been 190bound to keys on the `/' submap. 191 192*** Articles can be made persistent -- as an alternative to saving 193articles with the `*' command. 194 195*** All functions for hiding article elements are now toggles. 196 197*** Article headers can be buttonized. 198 199 (add-hook 'gnus-article-display-hook 'gnus-article-add-buttons-to-head) 200 201*** All mail backends support fetching articles by Message-ID. 202 203*** Duplicate mail can now be treated properly. See the 204`nnmail-treat-duplicates' variable. 205 206*** All summary mode commands are available directly from the article 207buffer. 208 209*** Frames can be part of `gnus-buffer-configuration'. 210 211*** Mail can be re-scanned by a daemonic process. 212 213*** Gnus can make use of NoCeM files to filter spam. 214 215 (setq gnus-use-nocem t) 216 217*** Groups can be made permanently visible. 218 219 (setq gnus-permanently-visible-groups "^nnml:") 220 221*** Many new hooks have been introduced to make customizing easier. 222 223*** Gnus respects the Mail-Copies-To header. 224 225*** Threads can be gathered by looking at the References header. 226 227 (setq gnus-summary-thread-gathering-function 228 'gnus-gather-threads-by-references) 229 230*** Read articles can be stored in a special backlog buffer to avoid 231refetching. 232 233 (setq gnus-keep-backlog 50) 234 235*** A clean copy of the current article is always stored in a separate 236buffer to allow easier treatment. 237 238*** Gnus can suggest where to save articles. See `gnus-split-methods'. 239 240*** Gnus doesn't have to do as much prompting when saving. 241 242 (setq gnus-prompt-before-saving t) 243 244*** gnus-uu can view decoded files asynchronously while fetching 245articles. 246 247 (setq gnus-uu-grabbed-file-functions 'gnus-uu-grab-view) 248 249*** Filling in the article buffer now works properly on cited text. 250 251*** Hiding cited text adds buttons to toggle hiding, and how much 252cited text to hide is now customizable. 253 254 (setq gnus-cited-lines-visible 2) 255 256*** Boring headers can be hidden. 257 258 (add-hook 'gnus-article-display-hook 'gnus-article-hide-boring-headers) 259 260*** Default scoring values can now be set from the menu bar. 261 262*** Further syntax checking of outgoing articles have been added. 263 264The Gnus manual has been expanded. It explains all these new features 265in greater detail. 266 267 268* Lisp Changes in Emacs 19.32 269 270** The function set-visited-file-name now accepts an optional 271second argument NO-QUERY. If it is non-nil, then the user is not 272asked for confirmation in the case where the specified file already 273exists. 274 275** The variable print-length applies to printing vectors and bitvectors, 276as well as lists. 277 278** The new function keymap-parent returns the parent keymap 279of a given keymap. 280 281** The new function set-keymap-parent specifies a new parent for a 282given keymap. The arguments are KEYMAP and PARENT. PARENT must be a 283keymap or nil. 284 285** Sometimes menu keymaps use a command name, a symbol, which is really 286an automatically generated alias for some other command, the "real" 287name. In such a case, you should give that alias symbol a non-nil 288menu-alias property. That property tells the menu system to look for 289equivalent keys for the real name instead of equivalent keys for the 290alias. 291 292 293 294* Editing Changes in Emacs 19.31 295 296** Freedom of the press restricted in the United States. 297 298Emacs has been censored in accord with the Communications Decency Act. 299This includes removing some features of the doctor program. That law 300was described by its supporters as a ban on pornography, but it bans 301far more than that. The Emacs distribution has never contained any 302pornography, but parts of it were nonetheless prohibited. 303 304For information on US government censorship of the Internet, and what 305you can do to bring back freedom of the press, see the web site 306`http://www.vtw.org/'. 307 308** A note about C mode indentation customization. 309 310The old (Emacs 19.29) ways of specifying a C indentation style 311do not normally work in the new implementation of C mode. 312It has its own methods of customizing indentation, which are 313much more powerful than the old C mode. See the Editing Programs 314chapter of the manual for details. 315 316However, you can load the library cc-compat to make the old 317customization variables take effect. 318 319** Marking with the mouse. 320 321When you mark a region with the mouse, the region now remains 322highlighted until the next input event, regardless of whether you are 323using M-x transient-mark-mode. 324 325** Improved Windows NT/95 support. 326 327*** Emacs now supports scroll bars on Windows NT and Windows 95. 328 329*** Emacs now supports subprocesses on Windows 95. (Subprocesses used 330to work on NT only and not on 95.) 331 332*** There are difficulties with subprocesses, though, due to problems 333in Windows, beyond the control of Emacs. They work fine as long as 334you run Windows applications. The problems arise when you run a DOS 335application in a subprocesses. Since current shells run as DOS 336applications, these problems are significant. 337 338If you run a DOS application in a subprocess, then the application is 339likely to busy-wait, which means that your machine will be 100% busy. 340However, if you don't mind the temporary heavy load, the subprocess 341will work OK as long as you tell it to terminate before you start any 342other DOS application as a subprocess. 343 344Emacs is unable to terminate or interrupt a DOS subprocess. 345You have to do this by providing input directly to the subprocess. 346 347If you run two DOS applications at the same time in two separate 348subprocesses, even if one of them is asynchronous, you will probably 349have to reboot your machine--until then, it will remain 100% busy. 350Windows simply does not cope when one Windows process tries to run two 351separate DOS subprocesses. Typing CTL-ALT-DEL and then choosing 352Shutdown seems to work although it may take a few minutes. 353 354** M-x resize-minibuffer-mode. 355 356This command, not previously mentioned in NEWS, toggles a mode in 357which the minibuffer window expands to show as many lines as the 358minibuffer contains. 359 360** `title' frame parameter and resource. 361 362The `title' X resource now specifies just the frame title, nothing else. 363It does not affect the name used for looking up other X resources. 364It works by setting the new `title' frame parameter, which likewise 365affects just the displayed title of the frame. 366 367The `name' parameter continues to do what it used to do: 368it specifies the frame name for looking up X resources, 369and also serves as the default for the displayed title 370when the `title' parameter is unspecified or nil. 371 372** Emacs now uses the X toolkit by default, if you have a new 373enough version of X installed (X11R5 or newer). 374 375** When you compile Emacs with the Motif widget set, Motif handles the 376F10 key by activating the menu bar. To avoid confusion, the usual 377Emacs binding of F10 is replaced with a no-op when using Motif. 378 379If you want to be able to use F10 in Emacs, you can rebind the Motif 380menubar to some other key which you don't use. To do so, add 381something like this to your X resources file. This example rebinds 382the Motif menu bar activation key to S-F12: 383 384 Emacs*defaultVirtualBindings: osfMenuBar : Shift<Key>F12 385 386** In overwrite mode, DEL now inserts spaces in most cases 387to replace the characters it "deletes". 388 389** The Rmail summary now shows the number of lines in each message. 390 391** Rmail has a new command M-x unforward-rmail-message, which extracts 392a forwarded message from the message that forwarded it. To use it, 393select a message which contains a forwarded message and then type the command. 394It inserts the forwarded message as a separate Rmail message 395immediately after the selected one. 396 397This command also undoes the textual modifications that are standardly 398made, as part of forwarding, by Rmail and other mail reader programs. 399 400** Turning off saving of .saves-... files in your home directory. 401 402Each Emacs session writes a file named .saves-... in your home 403directory to record which files M-x recover-session should recover. 404If you exit Emacs normally with C-x C-c, it deletes that file. If 405Emacs or the operating system crashes, the file remains for M-x 406recover-session. 407 408You can turn off the writing of these files by setting 409auto-save-list-file-name to nil. If you do this, M-x recover-session 410will not work. 411 412Some previous Emacs versions failed to delete these files even on 413normal exit. This is fixed now. If you are thinking of turning off 414this feature because of past experiences with versions that had this 415bug, it would make sense to check whether you still want to do so 416now that the bug is fixed. 417 418** Changes to Version Control (VC) 419 420There is a new variable, vc-follow-symlinks. It indicates what to do 421when you visit a link to a file that is under version control. 422Editing the file through the link bypasses the version control system, 423which is dangerous and probably not what you want. 424 425If this variable is t, VC follows the link and visits the real file, 426telling you about it in the echo area. If it is `ask' (the default), 427VC asks for confirmation whether it should follow the link. If nil, 428the link is visited and a warning displayed. 429 430** iso-acc.el now lets you specify a choice of language. 431Languages include "latin-1" (the default) and "latin-2" (which 432is designed for entering ISO Latin-2 characters). 433 434There are also choices for specific human languages such as French and 435Portuguese. These are subsets of Latin-1, which differ in that they 436enable only the accent characters needed for particular language. 437The other accent characters, not needed for the chosen language, 438remain normal. 439 440** Posting articles and sending mail now has M-TAB completion on various 441header fields (Newsgroups, To, CC, ...). 442 443Completion in the Newsgroups header depends on the list of groups 444known to your news reader. Completion in the Followup-To header 445offers those groups which are in the Newsgroups header, since 446Followup-To usually just holds one of those. 447 448Completion in fields that hold mail addresses works based on the list 449of local users plus your aliases. Additionally, if your site provides 450a mail directory or a specific host to use for any unrecognized user 451name, you can arrange to query that host for completion also. (See the 452documentation of variables `mail-directory-process' and 453`mail-directory-stream'.) 454 455** A greatly extended sgml-mode offers new features such as (to be configured) 456skeletons with completing read for tags and attributes, typing named 457characters including optionally all 8bit characters, making tags invisible 458with optional alternate display text, skipping and deleting tag(pair)s. 459 460Note: since Emacs' syntax feature cannot limit the special meaning of ', " and 461- to inside <>, for some texts the result, especially of font locking, may be 462wrong (see `sgml-specials' if you get wrong results). 463 464The derived html-mode configures this with tags and attributes more or 465less HTML3ish. It also offers optional quick keys like C-c 1 for 466headline or C-c u for unordered list (see `html-quick-keys'). Edit / 467Text Properties / Face or M-g combinations create tags as applicable. 468Outline minor mode is supported and level 1 font-locking tries to 469fontify tag contents (which only works when they fit on one line, due 470to a limitation in font-lock). 471 472External viewing via browse-url can occur automatically upon saving. 473 474** M-x imenu-add-to-menubar now adds to the menu bar for the current 475buffer only. If you want to put an Imenu item in the menu bar for all 476buffers that use a particular major mode, use the mode hook, as in 477this example: 478 479 (add-hook 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook 480 '(lambda () (imenu-add-to-menubar "Index"))) 481 482** Changes in BibTeX mode. 483 484*** Field names may now contain digits, hyphens, and underscores. 485 486*** Font Lock mode is now supported. 487 488*** bibtex-make-optional-field is no longer interactive. 489 490*** If bibtex-maintain-sorted-entries is non-nil, inserting new 491entries is now done with a faster algorithm. However, inserting 492will fail in this case if the buffer contains invalid entries or 493isn't in sorted order, so you should finish each entry with C-c C-c 494(bibtex-close-entry) after you have inserted or modified it. 495The default value of bibtex-maintain-sorted-entries is nil. 496 497*** Function `show-all' is no longer bound to a key, since C-u C-c C-q 498does the same job. 499 500*** Entries with quotes inside quote-delimited fields (as `author = 501"Stefan Sch{\"o}f"') are now supported. 502 503*** Case in field names doesn't matter anymore when searching for help 504text. 505 506** Font Lock mode 507 508*** Global Font Lock mode 509 510Font Lock mode can be turned on globally, in buffers that support it, by the 511new command global-font-lock-mode. You can use the new variable 512font-lock-global-modes to control which modes have Font Lock mode automagically 513turned on. By default, this variable is set so that Font Lock mode is turned 514on globally where the buffer mode supports it. 515 516For example, to automagically turn on Font Lock mode where supported, put: 517 518 (global-font-lock-mode t) 519 520in your ~/.emacs. 521 522*** Local Refontification 523 524In Font Lock mode, editing a line automatically refontifies that line only. 525However, if your change alters the syntactic context for following lines, 526those lines remain incorrectly fontified. To refontify them, use the new 527command M-g M-g (font-lock-fontify-block). 528 529In certain major modes, M-g M-g refontifies the entire current function. 530(The variable font-lock-mark-block-function controls how to find the 531current function.) In other major modes, M-g M-g refontifies 16 lines 532above and below point. 533 534With a prefix argument N, M-g M-g refontifies N lines above and below point. 535 536** Follow mode 537 538Follow mode is a new minor mode combining windows showing the same 539buffer into one tall "virtual window". The windows are typically two 540side-by-side windows. Follow mode makes them scroll together as if 541they were a unit. To use it, go to a frame with just one window, 542split it into two side-by-side windows using C-x 3, and then type M-x 543follow-mode. 544 545M-x follow-mode turns off Follow mode if it is already enabled. 546 547To display two side-by-side windows and activate Follow mode, use the 548command M-x follow-delete-other-windows-and-split. 549 550** hide-show changes. 551 552The hooks hs-hide-hooks and hs-show-hooks have been renamed 553to hs-hide-hook and hs-show-hook, to follow the convention for 554normal hooks. 555 556** Simula mode now has a menu containing the most important commands. 557The new command simula-indent-exp is bound to C-M-q. 558 559** etags can now handle programs written in Erlang. Files are 560recognised by the extensions .erl and .hrl. The tagged lines are 561those that begin a function, record, or macro. 562 563** MSDOS Changes 564 565*** It is now possible to compile Emacs with the version 2 of DJGPP. 566Compilation with DJGPP version 1 also still works. 567 568*** The documentation of DOS-specific aspects of Emacs was rewritten 569and expanded; see the ``MS-DOS'' node in the on-line docs. 570 571*** Emacs now uses ~ for backup file names, not .bak. 572 573*** You can simulate mouse-3 on two-button mice by simultaneously 574pressing both mouse buttons. 575 576*** A number of packages and commands which previously failed or had 577restricted functionality on MS-DOS, now work. The most important ones 578are: 579 580**** Printing (both with `M-x lpr-buffer' and with `ps-print' package) 581now works. 582 583**** `Ediff' works (in a single-frame mode). 584 585**** `M-x display-time' can be used on MS-DOS (due to the new 586implementation of Emacs timers, see below). 587 588**** `Dired' supports Unix-style shell wildcards. 589 590**** The `c-macro-expand' command now works as on other platforms. 591 592**** `M-x recover-session' works. 593 594**** `M-x list-colors-display' displays all the available colors. 595 596**** The `TPU-EDT' package works. 597 598 599* Lisp changes in Emacs 19.31. 600 601** The function using-unix-filesystems on Windows NT and Windows 95 602tells Emacs to read and write files assuming that they reside on a 603remote Unix filesystem. No CR/LF translation is done on any files in 604this case. Invoking using-unix-filesystems with t activates this 605behavior, and invoking it with any other value deactivates it. 606 607** Change in system-type and system-configuration values. 608 609The value of system-type on a Linux-based GNU system is now `lignux', 610not `linux'. This means that some programs which use `system-type' 611need to be changed. The value of `system-configuration' will also 612be different. 613 614It is generally recommended to use `system-configuration' rather 615than `system-type'. 616 617See the file LINUX-GNU in this directory for more about this. 618 619** The functions shell-command and dired-call-process 620now run file name handlers for default-directory, if it has them. 621 622** Undoing the deletion of text now restores the positions of markers 623that pointed into or next to the deleted text. 624 625** Timers created with run-at-time now work internally to Emacs, and 626no longer use a separate process. Therefore, they now work more 627reliably and can be used for shorter time delays. 628 629The new function run-with-timer is a convenient way to set up a timer 630to run a specified amount of time after the present. A call looks 631like this: 632 633 (run-with-timer SECS REPEAT FUNCTION ARGS...) 634 635SECS says how many seconds should elapse before the timer happens. 636It may be an integer or a floating point number. When the timer 637becomes ripe, the action is to call FUNCTION with arguments ARGS. 638 639REPEAT gives the interval for repeating the timer (measured in 640seconds). It may be an integer or a floating point number. nil or 0 641means don't repeat at all--call FUNCTION just once. 642 643*** with-timeout provides an easy way to do something but give 644up if too much time passes. 645 646 (with-timeout (SECONDS TIMEOUT-FORMS...) BODY...) 647 648This executes BODY, but gives up after SECONDS seconds. 649If it gives up, it runs the TIMEOUT-FORMS and returns the value 650of the last one of them. Normally it returns the value of the last 651form in BODY. 652 653*** You can now arrange to call a function whenever Emacs is idle for 654a certain length of time. To do this, call run-with-idle-timer. A 655call looks like this: 656 657 (run-with-idle-timer SECS REPEAT FUNCTION ARGS...) 658 659SECS says how many seconds of idleness should elapse before the timer 660runs. It may be an integer or a floating point number. When the 661timer becomes ripe, the action is to call FUNCTION with arguments 662ARGS. 663 664Emacs becomes idle whenever it finishes executing a keyboard or mouse 665command. It remains idle until it receives another keyboard or mouse 666command. 667 668REPEAT, if non-nil, means this timer should be activated again each 669time Emacs becomes idle and remains idle for SECS seconds The timer 670does not repeat if Emacs *remains* idle; it runs at most once after 671each time Emacs becomes idle. 672 673If REPEAT is nil, the timer runs just once, the first time Emacs is 674idle for SECS seconds. 675 676*** post-command-idle-hook is now obsolete; you shouldn't use it at 677all, because it interferes with the idle timer mechanism. If your 678programs use post-command-idle-hook, convert them to use idle timers 679instead. 680 681*** y-or-n-p-with-timeout lets you ask a question but give up if 682there is no answer within a certain time. 683 684 (y-or-n-p-with-timeout PROMPT SECONDS DEFAULT-VALUE) 685 686asks the question PROMPT (just like y-or-n-p). If the user answers 687within SECONDS seconds, it returns the answer that the user gave. 688Otherwise it gives up after SECONDS seconds, and returns DEFAULT-VALUE. 689 690** Minor change to `encode-time': you can now pass more than seven 691arguments. If you do that, the first six arguments have the usual 692meaning, the last argument is interpreted as the time zone, and the 693arguments in between are ignored. 694 695This means that it works to use the list returned by `decode-time' as 696the list of arguments for `encode-time'. 697 698** The default value of load-path now includes the directory 699/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp In addition to 700/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp. You can use this new directory for 701site-specific Lisp packages that belong with a particular Emacs 702version. 703 704It is not unusual for a Lisp package that works well in one Emacs 705version to cause trouble in another. Sometimes packages need updating 706for incompatible changes; sometimes they look at internal data that 707has changed; sometimes the package has been installed in Emacs itself 708and the installed version should be used. Whatever the reason for the 709problem, this new feature makes it easier to solve. 710 711** When your program contains a fixed file name (like .completions or 712.abbrev.defs), the file name usually needs to be different on operating 713systems with limited file name syntax. 714 715Now you can avoid ad-hoc conditionals by using the function 716convert-standard-filename to convert the file name to a proper form 717for each operating system. Here is an example of use, from the file 718completions.el: 719 720(defvar save-completions-file-name 721 (convert-standard-filename "~/.completions") 722 "*The filename to save completions to.") 723 724This sets the variable save-completions-file-name to a value that 725depends on the operating system, because the definition of 726convert-standard-filename depends on the operating system. On 727Unix-like systems, it returns the specified file name unchanged. On 728MS-DOS, it adapts the name to fit the limitations of that system. 729 730** The interactive spec N now returns the numeric prefix argument 731rather than the raw prefix argument. (It still reads a number using the 732minibuffer if there is no prefix argument at all.) 733 734** When a process is deleted, this no longer disconnects the process 735marker from its buffer position. 736 737** The variable garbage-collection-messages now controls whether 738Emacs displays a message at the beginning and end of garbage collection. 739The default is nil, meaning there are no messages. 740 741** The variable debug-ignored-errors specifies certain kinds of errors 742that should not enter the debugger. Its value is a list of error 743condition symbols and/or regular expressions. If the error has any 744of the condition symbols listed, or if any of the regular expressions 745matches the error message, then that error does not enter the debugger, 746regardless of the value of debug-on-error. 747 748This variable is initialized to match certain common but uninteresting 749errors that happen often during editing. 750 751** The new function error-message-string converts an error datum 752into its error message. The error datum is what condition-case 753puts into the variable, to describe the error that happened. 754 755** Anything that changes which buffer appears in a given window 756now runs the window-scroll-functions for that window. 757 758** The new function get-buffer-window-list returns a list of windows displaying 759a buffer. The function is called with the buffer (a buffer object or a buffer 760name) and two optional arguments specifying the minibuffer windows and frames 761to search. Therefore this function takes optional args like next-window etc., 762and not get-buffer-window. 763 764** buffer-substring now runs the hook buffer-access-fontify-functions, 765calling each function with two arguments--the range of the buffer 766being accessed. buffer-substring-no-properties does not call them. 767 768If you use this feature, you should set the variable 769buffer-access-fontified-property to a non-nil symbol, which is a 770property name. Then, if all the characters in the buffer range have a 771non-nil value for that property, the buffer-access-fontify-functions 772are not called. When called, these functions should put a non-nil 773property on the text that they fontify, so that they won't get called 774over and over for the same text. 775 776** Changes in lisp-mnt.el 777 778*** The lisp-mnt package can now recognize file headers that are written 779in the formats used by the `what' command and the RCS `ident' command: 780 781;; @(#) HEADER: text 782;; $HEADER: text $ 783 784in addition to the normal 785 786;; HEADER: text 787 788*** The commands lm-verify and lm-synopsis are now interactive. lm-verify 789checks that the library file has proper sections and headers, and 790lm-synopsis extracts first line "synopsis'"information. 791 792 793 794* Editing Changes in Emacs 19.30. 795 796** Be sure to recompile your byte-compiled Emacs Lisp files 797if you last compiled them with Emacs 19.28 or earlier. 798You can use M-x byte-force-recompile to recompile all the .elc files 799in a specified directory. 800 801** Emacs now provides multiple-frame support on Windows NT 802and Windows 95. 803 804** M-x column-number-mode toggles a minor mode which displays 805the current column number in the mode line. 806 807** Line Number mode is now enabled by default. 808 809** M-x what-line now displays the line number in the accessible 810portion of the buffer as well as the line number in the full buffer, 811when narrowing is in effect. 812 813** If you type a M-x command that has an equivalent key binding, 814the equivalent is shown in the minibuffer before the command executes. 815This feature is enabled by default for the sake of beginning users. 816You can turn the feature off by setting suggest-key-bindings to nil. 817 818** The menu bar is now visible on text-only terminals. To choose a 819command from the menu bar when you have no mouse, type M-` 820(Meta-Backquote) or F10. To turn off menu bar display, 821do (menu-bar-mode -1). 822 823** Whenever you invoke a minibuffer, it appears in the minibuffer 824window that the current frame uses. 825 826Emacs can only use one minibuffer window at a time. If you activate 827the minibuffer while a minibuffer window is active in some other 828frame, the outer minibuffer window disappears while the inner one is 829active. 830 831** Echo area messages always appear in the minibuffer window that the 832current frame uses. If a minibuffer is active in some other frame, 833the echo area message does not hide it even temporarily. 834 835** The minibuffer now has a menu-bar menu. You can use it to exit or 836abort the minibuffer, or to ask for completion. 837 838** Dead-key and composite character processing is done in the standard 839X11R6 manner (through the default "input method" using the 840/usr/lib/X11/locale/*/Compose databases of key combinations). I.e. if 841it works in xterm, it should also work in emacs now. 842 843** Mouse changes 844 845*** You can now use the mouse when running Emacs in an xterm. 846Use M-x xterm-mouse-mode to let emacs take control over the mouse. 847 848*** C-mouse-1 now once again provides a menu of buffers to select. 849S-mouse-1 is now the way to select a default font for the frame. 850 851*** There is a new mouse-scroll-min-lines variable to control the 852minimum number of lines scrolled by dragging the mouse outside a 853window's edge. 854 855*** Dragging mouse-1 on a vertical line that separates windows 856now moves the line, thus changing the widths of the two windows. 857(This feature is available only if you don't have vertical scroll bars. 858If you do use them, a scroll bar separates two side-by-side windows.) 859 860*** Double-click mouse-1 on a character with "symbol" syntax (such as 861underscore, in C mode) selects the entire symbol surrounding that 862character. (Double-click mouse-1 on a letter selects a whole word.) 863 864** When incremental search wraps around to the beginning (or end) of 865the buffer, if you keep on searching until you go past the original 866starting point of the search, the echo area changes from "Wrapped" to 867"Overwrapped". That tells you that you are revisiting matches that 868you have already seen. 869 870** Filling changes. 871 872*** If the variable colon-double-space is non-nil, the explicit fill 873commands put two spaces after a colon. 874 875*** Auto-Fill mode now supports Adaptive Fill mode just as the 876explicit fill commands do. The variable adaptive-fill-regexp 877specifies a regular expression to match text at the beginning of 878a line that should be the fill prefix. 879 880*** Adaptive Fill mode can take a fill prefix from the first line of a 881paragraph, *provided* that line is not a paragraph-starter line. 882 883Paragraph-starter lines are indented lines that start a new 884paragraph because they are indented. This indentation shouldn't 885be copied to additional lines. 886 887Whether indented lines are paragraph lines depends on the value of the 888variable paragraph-start. Some major modes set this; you can set it 889by hand or in mode hooks as well. For editing text in which paragraph 890first lines are not indented, and which contains paragraphs in which 891all lines are indented, you should use Indented Text mode or arrange 892for paragraph-start not to match these lines. 893 894*** You can specify more complex ways of choosing a fill prefix 895automatically by setting `adaptive-fill-function'. This function 896is called with point after the left margin of a line, and it should 897return the appropriate fill prefix based on that line. 898If it returns nil, that means it sees no fill prefix in that line. 899 900** Gnus changes. 901 902Gnus, the Emacs news reader, has been rewritten and expanded. Most 903things that worked with the old version should still work with the new 904version. Code that relies heavily on Gnus internals is likely to 905fail, though. 906 907*** Incompatibilities with the old GNUS. 908 909**** All interactive commands have kept their names, but many internal 910functions have changed names. 911 912**** The summary mode gnus-uu commands have been moved from the `C-c 913C-v' keymap to the `X' keymap. 914 915**** There can now be several summary buffers active at once. 916Variables that are relevant to each summary buffer are buffer-local to 917that buffer. 918 919**** Old hilit code doesn't work at all. Gnus performs its own 920highlighting based not only on what's visible in the buffer, but on 921other data structures. 922 923**** Old packages like `expire-kill' will no longer work. 924 925**** `C-c C-l' in the group buffer no longer switches to a different 926buffer, but instead lists killed groups in the group buffer. 927 928*** New features. 929 930**** The look of all buffers can be changed by setting format-like 931variables. 932 933**** Local spool and several NNTP servers can be used at once. 934 935**** Groups can be combined into virtual groups. 936 937**** Different mail formats can be read much the same way as one would 938read newsgroups. All the mail backends implement mail expiry schemes. 939 940**** Gnus can use various strategies for gathering threads that have 941lost their roots (thereby gathering loose sub-threads into one thread) 942or it can go back and retrieve enough headers to build a complete 943thread. 944 945**** Killed groups can be read. 946 947**** Gnus can do partial group updates - you do not have to retrieve 948the entire active file just to check for new articles in a few groups. 949 950**** Gnus implements a sliding scale of subscribedness to groups. 951 952**** You can score articles according to any number of criteria. You 953can get Gnus to score articles for you using adaptive scoring. 954 955**** Gnus maintains a dribble buffer that is auto-saved the normal 956Emacs manner, so it should be difficult to lose much data on what you 957have read if your machine should go down. 958 959**** Gnus now has its own startup file (`.gnus.el') to avoid 960cluttering up the `.emacs' file. 961 962**** You can set the process mark on both groups and articles and 963perform operations on all the marked items. 964 965**** You can grep through a subset of groups and create a group from 966the results. 967 968**** You can list subsets of groups using matches on group names or 969group descriptions. 970 971**** You can browse foreign servers and subscribe to groups from those 972servers. 973 974**** Gnus can pre-fetch articles asynchronously on a second connection 975to the servers. 976 977**** You can cache articles locally. 978 979**** Gnus can fetch FAQs to and descriptions of groups. 980 981**** Digests (and other files) can be used as the basis for groups. 982 983**** Articles can be highlighted and customized. 984 985** Changes to Version Control (VC) 986 987*** General changes (all backends). 988 989VC directory listings (C-x v d) are now kept up to date when you do a 990vc-next-action (C-x v v) on the marked files. The `g' command updates 991the buffer properly. `=' in a VC dired buffer produces a version 992control diff, not an ordinary diff. 993 994*** CVS changes. 995 996Under CVS, you no longer need to type C-x C-q before you can edit a 997file. VC doesn't write-protect unmodified buffers anymore; you can 998freely change them at any time. The mode line keeps track of the 999file status. 1000 1001If you do want unmodified files to be write-protected, set your 1002CVSREAD environment variable. VC sees this and behaves accordingly; 1003that will give you the behavior of Emacs 19.29, similar to that under 1004RCS and SCCS. In this mode, if the variable vc-mistrust-permissions 1005is nil, VC learns the modification state from the file permissions. 1006When setting CVSREAD for the first time, you should check out the 1007whole module anew, so that the file permissions are set correctly. 1008 1009VC also works with remote repositories now. When you visit a file, it 1010doesn't run "cvs status" anymore, so there shouldn't be any long delays. 1011 1012Directory listings under VC/CVS have been enhanced. Type C-x v d, and 1013you get a list of all files in or below the current directory that are 1014not up-to-date. The actual status (modified, merge, conflict, ...) is 1015displayed for each file. If you give a prefix argument (C-u C-x v d), 1016up-to-date files are also listed. You can mark any number of files, 1017and execute the next logical version control command on them (C-x v v). 1018 1019*** Starting a new branch. 1020 1021If you try to lock a version that is not the latest on its branch, 1022VC asks for confirmation in the minibuffer. If you say no, it offers 1023to lock the latest version instead. 1024 1025*** RCS non-strict locking. 1026 1027VC can now handle RCS non-strict locking, too. In this mode, working 1028files are always writable and you needn't lock the file before making 1029changes, similar to the default mode under CVS. To enable non-strict 1030locking for a file, use the "rcs -U" command. 1031 1032*** Sharing RCS master files. 1033 1034If you share RCS subdirs with other users (through symbolic links), 1035and you always want to work on the latest version, set 1036vc-consult-headers to nil and vc-mistrust-permissions to `t'. 1037Then you see the state of the *latest* version on the mode line, not 1038that of your working file. When you do a check out, VC overwrites 1039your working file with the latest version from the master. 1040 1041*** RCS customization. 1042 1043There is a new variable vc-consult-headers. If it is t (the default), 1044VC searches for RCS headers in working files (like `$Id$') and 1045determines the state of the file from them, not from the master file. 1046This is fast and more reliable when you use branches. (The variable 1047was already present in Emacs 19.29, but didn't get mentioned in the 1048NEWS.) 1049 1050** Calendar changes. 1051 1052*** New calendars supported: Chinese, Coptic, Ethiopic 1053 1054Here are the commands for converting to and from these calendars: 1055 1056 gC: calendar-goto-chinese-date 1057 gk: calendar-goto-coptic-date 1058 ge: calendar-goto-ethiopic-date 1059 1060 pC: calendar-print-chinese-date 1061 pk: calendar-print-coptic-date 1062 pe: calendar-print-ethiopic-date 1063 1064*** Printed calendars 1065 1066Calendar mode now has commands to produce fancy printed calendars via 1067LaTeX. You can ask for a calendar for one or more days, weeks, months 1068or years. The commands all start with `t'; see the manual for a list 1069of them. 1070 1071*** New sexp diary entry type 1072 1073Reminders that apply in the days leading up to an event. 1074 1075** The CC-mode package now provides the default C and C++ modes. 1076See the manual for documentation of its features. 1077 1078** The uniquify package chooses buffer names differently when you 1079visit multiple files with the same name (in different directories). 1080 1081** RMAIL now always uses the movemail program when it renames an 1082inbox file, so that it can interlock properly with the mailer 1083no matter where it is delivering mail. 1084 1085** tex-start-of-header and tex-end-of-header are now regular expressions, 1086not strings. 1087 1088** To enable automatic uncompression of compressed files, 1089type M-x auto-compression-mode. (This command used to be called 1090toggle-auto-compression, but was not documented before.) In Lisp, 1091you can do 1092 1093 (auto-compression-mode 1) 1094 1095to turn the mode on. 1096 1097** The new pc-select package emulates the key bindings for cutting and 1098pasting, and selection of regions, found in Windows, Motif, and the 1099Macintosh. 1100 1101** Help buffers now use a special major mode, Help mode. This mode 1102normally turns on View mode; it also provides a hook, help-mode-hook, 1103which you can use for other customization. 1104 1105** Apropos now uses faces for enhanced legibility. It now describes 1106symbol properties as well as their function definitions and variable 1107values. You can use Mouse-2 or RET to get more information about a 1108function definition, variable, or property. 1109 1110** Font Lock mode 1111 1112*** Supports Scheme, TCL and Help modes 1113 1114For example, to automatically turn on Font Lock mode in the *Help* 1115buffer, put: 1116 1117 (add-hook 'help-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock) 1118 1119in your ~/.emacs. 1120 1121*** Enhanced fontification 1122 1123The structure of font-lock-keywords is extended to allow "anchored" keywords. 1124Typically, a keyword item of font-lock-keywords comprises a regexp to search 1125for and information to specify how the regexp should be highlighted. However, 1126the highlighting information is extended so that it can be another keyword 1127item. This keyword item, its regexp and highlighting information, is processed 1128before resuming with the keyword item of which it is part. 1129 1130For example, a typical keyword item might be: 1131 1132 ("\\<anchor\\>" (0 anchor-face)) 1133 1134which fontifies each occurrence of the discrete word "anchor" in the value of 1135the variable anchor-face. However, the highlighting information can be used to 1136fontify text that is anchored to the word "anchor". For example: 1137 1138 ("\\<anchor\\>" (0 anchor-face) ("\\=[ ,]*\\(item\\)" nil nil (1 item-face))) 1139 1140which fontifies each occurrence of "anchor" as above, but for each occurrence 1141of "anchor", each occurrence of "item", in any following comma separated list, 1142is fontified in the value of the variable item-face. Thus the "item" text is 1143anchored to the "anchor" text. See the variable documentation for further 1144information. 1145 1146This feature is used to extend the level and quality of fontification in a 1147number of modes. For example, C/C++ modes now have level 3 decoration that 1148includes the fontification of variable and function names in declaration lists. 1149In this instance, the "anchor" described in the above example is a type or 1150class name, and an "item" is a variable or function name. 1151 1152*** Fontification levels 1153 1154The variables font-lock-maximum-decoration and font-lock-maximum-size are 1155extended to specify levels and sizes for specific modes. The variable 1156font-lock-maximum-decoration specifies the preferred level of fontification for 1157modes that provide multiple levels (typically from "subdued" to "gaudy"). The 1158variable font-lock-maximum-size specifies the buffer size for which buffer 1159fontification is suppressed when Font Lock mode is turned on (typically because 1160it would take too long). 1161 1162These variables can now specify values for individual modes, by supplying 1163lists of mode names and values. For example, to use the above mentioned level 11643 decoration for buffers in C/C++ modes, and default decoration otherwise, put: 1165 1166 (setq font-lock-maximum-decoration '((c-mode . 3) (c++-mode . 3))) 1167 1168in your ~/.emacs. Maximum buffer size values for individual modes are 1169specified in the same way with the variable font-lock-maximum-size. 1170 1171*** Font Lock configuration 1172 1173The mechanism to provide default settings for Font Lock mode are the variables 1174font-lock-defaults and font-lock-maximum-decoration. Typically, you should 1175only need to change the value of font-lock-maximum-decoration. However, to 1176support Font Lock mode for buffers in modes that currently do not support Font 1177Lock mode, you should set a buffer local value of font-lock-defaults for that 1178mode, typically via its mode hook. 1179 1180These variables are used by Font Lock mode to set the values of the variables 1181font-lock-keywords, font-lock-keywords-only, font-lock-syntax-table, 1182font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function and font-lock-keywords-case-fold-search. 1183 1184You need not set these variables directly, and should not set them yourself 1185since the underlining mechanism may change in future. 1186 1187** Archive mode is now the default mode for various sorts of 1188archive files (files whose names end with .arc, .lzh, .zip, and .zoo). 1189 1190** You can automatically update the years in copyright notice by 1191means of (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'copyright-update). 1192Optionally it can update the GPL version as well. 1193 1194** Scripts of various languages (Shell, AWK, Perl, makefiles ...) can 1195be automatically provided with a magic number and be made executable 1196by their respective modes under control of various user variables. 1197The mode must call (executable-set-magic "perl") or 1198(executable-set-magic "make" "-f"). The latter for example has no 1199effect on [Mm]akefile. 1200 1201** Shell script mode now supports over 15 different shells. The new 1202command C-c ! executes the region, and optionally beginning of script 1203as well, by passing them to the shell. 1204 1205Cases such as `sh' being a `bash' are now accounted for. 1206Fontification now also does variables, the magic number and all 1207builtin commands. Shell script mode no longer mingles `tab-width' and 1208indentation style. The variable `sh-tab-width' has been renamed to 1209`sh-indentation'. Empty lines are now indented like previous 1210non-empty line, rather than just previous line. 1211 1212The annoying $ variable prompting has been eliminated. Instead, shell 1213script mode uses `comint-dynamic-completion' for commands, variables 1214and filenames. 1215 1216** Two-column mode now automatically scrolls both buffers together, 1217which makes it possible to eliminate the special scrolling commands 1218that used to do so. 1219 1220The commands that operate in two-column mode are no longer bound to 1221keys outside that mode. f2 o will now position at the same point in 1222associated buffer. 1223 1224the new command f2 RET inserts a newline in both buffers, at point and 1225at the corresponding position in the associated buffer. 1226 1227** Skeleton commands now work smoothly as abbrev definitions. The 1228element < no longer exists, ' is a new element. 1229 1230** The autoinsert insert facility for prefilling empty files as soon 1231as they are found has been extended to accommodate skeletons or calling 1232functions. See the function auto-insert. 1233 1234** TPU-edt Changes 1235 1236Loading tpu-edt no longer turns on tpu-edt mode. In fact, it is no 1237longer necessary to explicitly load tpu-edt. All you need to do to 1238turn on tpu-edt is run the tpu-edt function. Here's how to run 1239tpu-edt instead of loading the file: 1240 1241 Running Emacs: Type emacs -f tpu-edt 1242 not emacs -l tpu-edt 1243 1244 Within Emacs: Type M-x tpu-edt <ret> 1245 not M-x load-library <ret> tpu-edt <ret> 1246 1247 In .emacs: Use (tpu-edt) 1248 not (load "tpu-edt") 1249 1250The default name of the tpu-edt X key definition file has changed from 1251~/.tpu-gnu-keys to ~/.tpu-keys. If you don't rename the file yourself, 1252tpu-edt will offer to rename it the first time you invoke it under 1253x-windows. 1254 1255** MS-DOS Enhancements: 1256 1257*** Better mouse control by adding the following functions [in dosfns.c] 1258msdos-mouse-enable, msdos-mouse-disable, msdos-mouse-init. 1259 1260*** If another foreground/background color than the default is setup in 1261your ~/_emacs, then the screen briefly flickers with the default 1262colors before changing to the colors you have specified. To avoid 1263this, the EMACSCOLORS environment variable exists. It shall be 1264defined as a string with the following elements: 1265 1266 set EMACSCOLORS=fb;fb 1267 1268The first set of "fb" defines the initial foreground and background 1269colors using standard dos color numbers (0=black,.., 7=white). 1270If specified, the second set of "fb" defines the colors which are 1271restored when you leave emacs. 1272 1273*** The new SUSPEND environment variable can now be set as the shell to 1274use when suspending emacs. This can be used to override the stupid 1275limitation on the environment of sub-shells in MS-DOS (they are just 1276large enough to hold the currently defined variables, not leaving 1277room for more); to overcome this limitation, add this to autoexec.bat: 1278 1279 set SUSPEND=%COMSPEC% /E:2000 1280 1281** The escape character can now be displayed on X frames. Try 1282this: 1283 (aset standard-display-table 27 (vector 27)) 1284after first creating a display table (you can do that by loading 1285the disp-table library). 1286 1287** The new command-line option --eval specifies an expression to evaluate 1288from the command line. 1289 1290** etags has now the ability to tag Perl files. They are recognised 1291either by the .pm and .pl suffixes or by a first line which starts 1292with `#!' and specifies a Perl interpreter. The tagged lines are 1293those beginning with the `sub' keyword. 1294 1295New suffixes recognised are .hpp for C++; .f90 for Fortran; .bib, 1296.ltx, .TeX for TeX (.bbl, .dtx removed); .ml for Lisp; .prolog for 1297prolog (.pl is now Perl). 1298 1299** The files etc/termcap.dat and etc/termcap.ucb have been replaced 1300with a new, merged, and much more comprehensive termcap file. The 1301new file should include all the special entries from the old one. 1302This new file is under active development as part of the ncurses 1303project. If you have any questions about this file, or problems with 1304an entry in it, email terminfo@ccil.org. 1305 1306 1307* Lisp changes in Emacs 19.30. 1308 1309** New Data Types 1310 1311*** There is a new data type called a char-table which is an array 1312indexed by a character. Currently this is mostly equivalent to a 1313vector of length 256, but in the future, when a wider character set is 1314in use, it will be different. To create one, call 1315 (make-char-table SUBTYPE INITIAL-VALUE) 1316 1317SUBTYPE is a symbol that identifies the specific use of this 1318character table. It can be any of these values: 1319 1320 syntax-table 1321 display-table 1322 keyboard-translate-table 1323 case-table 1324 1325The function `char-table-subtype' returns the subtype of a char-table. 1326You cannot alter the subtype of an existing char-table. 1327 1328A char-table has an element for each character code. It also has some 1329"extra slots". The number of extra slots depends on the subtype and 1330their use depends on the subtype. (Each subtype symbol has a 1331`char-table-extra-slots' property that says how many extra slots to 1332make.) Use (char-table-extra-slot TABLE N) to access extra slot N and 1333(set-char-table-extra-slot TABLE N VALUE) to store VALUE in slot N. 1334 1335A char-table T can have a parent, which should be another char-table 1336P. If you look for the value in T for character C, and the table T 1337actually holds nil, P's element for character C is used instead. 1338The functions `char-table-parent' and `set-char-table-parent' 1339let you read or set the parent of a char-table. 1340 1341To scan all the values in a char-table, do not try to loop through all 1342possible character codes. That would work for now, but will not work 1343in the future. Instead, call map-char-table. (map-char-table 1344FUNCTION TABLE) calls FUNCTION once for each character or character 1345set that has a distinct value in TABLE. FUNCTION gets two arguments, 1346RANGE and VALUE. RANGE specifies a range of TABLE that has one 1347uniform value, and VALUE is the value in TABLE for that range. 1348 1349Currently, RANGE is always a vector containing a single character 1350and it refers to that character alone. In the future, other kinds 1351of ranges will occur. You can set the value for a given range 1352with (set-char-table-range TABLE RANGE VALUE) and examine the value 1353for a range with (char-table-range TABLE RANGE). 1354 1355*** Syntax tables are now represented as char-tables. 1356All syntax tables other than the standard syntax table 1357normally have the standard syntax table as their parent. 1358Their subtype is `syntax-table'. 1359 1360*** Display tables are now represented as char-tables. 1361Their subtype is `display-table'. 1362 1363*** Case tables are now represented as char-tables. 1364Their subtype is `case-table'. 1365 1366*** The value of keyboard-translate-table may now be a char-table 1367instead of a string. Normally the char-tables used for this purpose 1368have the subtype `keyboard-translate-table', but that is not required. 1369 1370*** A new data type called a bool-vector is a vector of values 1371that are either t or nil. To create one, do 1372 (make-bool-vector LENGTH INITIAL-VALUE) 1373 1374** You can now specify, for each marker, how it should relocate when 1375text is inserted at the place where the marker points. This is called 1376the "insertion type" of the marker. 1377 1378To set the insertion type, do (set-marker-insertion-type MARKER TYPE). 1379If TYPE is t, it means the marker advances when text is inserted. If 1380TYPE is nil, it means the marker does not advance. (In Emacs 19.29, 1381markers did not advance.) 1382 1383The function marker-insertion-type reports the insertion type of a 1384given marker. The function copy-marker takes a second argument TYPE 1385which specifies the insertion type of the new copied marker. 1386 1387** When you create an overlay, you can specify the insertion type of 1388the beginning and of the end. To do this, you can use two new 1389arguments to make-overlay: front-advance and rear-advance. 1390 1391** The new function overlays-in returns a list of the overlays that 1392overlap a specified range of the buffer. The returned list includes 1393empty overlays at the beginning of this range, as well as within the 1394range. 1395 1396** The new hook window-scroll-functions is run when a window has been 1397scrolled. The functions in this list are called just before 1398redisplay, after the new window-start has been computed. Each function 1399is called with two arguments--the window that has been scrolled, and its 1400new window-start position. 1401 1402This hook is useful for on-the-fly fontification and other features 1403that affect how the redisplayed text will look when it is displayed. 1404 1405The window-end value of the window is not valid when these functions 1406are called. The computation of window-end is byproduct of actual 1407redisplay of the window contents, which means it has not yet happened 1408when the hook is run. Computing window-end specially in advance for 1409the sake of these functions would cause a slowdown. 1410 1411The hook functions can determine where the text on the window will end 1412by calling vertical-motion starting with the window-start position. 1413 1414** The new hook redisplay-end-trigger-functions is run whenever 1415redisplay in window uses text that extends past a specified end 1416trigger position. You set the end trigger position with the function 1417set-window-redisplay-end-trigger. The functions are called with two 1418arguments: the window, and the end trigger position. Storing nil for 1419the end trigger position turns off the feature, and the trigger value 1420is automatically reset to nil just after the hook is run. 1421 1422You can use the function window-redisplay-end-trigger to read a 1423window's current end trigger value. 1424 1425** The new function insert-file-contents-literally inserts the 1426contents of a file without any character set translation or decoding. 1427 1428** The new function safe-length computes the length of a list. 1429It never gets an error--it treats any non-list like nil. 1430If given a circular list, it returns an upper bound for the number 1431of elements before the circularity. 1432 1433** replace-match now takes a fifth argument, SUBEXP. If SUBEXP is 1434non-nil, that says to replace just subexpression number SUBEXP of the 1435regexp that was matched, not the entire match. For example, after 1436matching `foo \(ba*r\)' calling replace-match with 1 as SUBEXP means 1437to replace just the text that matched `\(ba*r\)'. 1438 1439** The new keymap special-event-map defines bindings for certain 1440events that should be handled at a very low level--as soon as they 1441are read. The read-event function processes these events itself, 1442and never returns them. 1443 1444Events that are handled in this way do not echo, they are never 1445grouped into key sequences, and they never appear in the value of 1446last-command-event or (this-command-keys). They do not discard a 1447numeric argument, they cannot be unread with unread-command-events, 1448they may not appear in a keyboard macro, and they are not recorded 1449in a keyboard macro while you are defining one. 1450 1451These events do, however, appear in last-input-event immediately after 1452they are read, and this is the way for the event's definition to find 1453the actual event. 1454 1455The events types iconify-frame, make-frame-visible and delete-frame 1456are normally handled in this way. 1457 1458** encode-time now supports simple date arithmetic by means of 1459out-of-range values for its SEC, MINUTE, HOUR, DAY, and MONTH 1460arguments; for example, day 0 means the day preceding the given month. 1461Also, the ZONE argument can now be a TZ-style string. 1462 1463** command-execute and call-interactively now accept an optional third 1464argument KEYS. If specified and non-nil, this specifies the key 1465sequence containing the events that were used to invoke the command. 1466 1467** The environment variable NAME, if set, now specifies the value of 1468(user-full-name), when Emacs starts up. 1469 1470 1471 1472* User Editing Changes in Emacs 19.29 1473 1474** If you run out of memory. 1475 1476If you get the error message "Virtual memory exhausted", type C-x s. 1477That way of saving files has the least additional memory needs. Emacs 147819.29 keeps a reserve of memory which it makes available when this 1479error happens; that is to ensure that C-x s can complete its work. 1480 1481Once you have saved your data, you can exit and restart Emacs, or use 1482M-x kill-some-buffers to free up space. If you kill buffers 1483containing a substantial amount of text, you can go on editing. 1484 1485Do not use M-x buffer-menu to save or kill buffers when you are out of 1486memory, because that needs a fair amount memory itself and you may not 1487have enough to get it started. 1488 1489** The format of compiled files has changed incompatibly. 1490 1491Byte-compiled files made with Emacs 19.29 normally use a new format 1492that will not work in older Emacs versions. You can compile files 1493in the old format if you wish; see "Changes in compilation," below. 1494 1495** Emacs 19.29 supports the DEC Alpha. 1496 1497** Emacs runs on Windows NT. 1498 1499This port does not yet support windowing features. It works like a 1500text-only terminal, but it does support a mouse. 1501 1502In general, support for non-GNU-like operating systems is not a high 1503priority for the GNU project. We merged in the support for Windows NT 1504because that system is expected to be very widely used. 1505 1506** Emacs supports Motif widgets. 1507 1508You can build Emacs with Motif widgets by specifying --with-x-toolkit=motif 1509when you run configure. 1510 1511Motif defines collections of windows called "tab groups", and uses the 1512tab key and the cursor keys to move between windows in a tab group. 1513Emacs naturally does not support this--it has other uses for the tab 1514key and cursor keys. Emacs does not support Motif accelerators either, 1515because it uses its normal keymap event binding features. 1516 1517We give higher priority to operation with a free widget set than to 1518operation with a proprietary one. 1519 1520** If Emacs or the computer crashes, you can recover all the files you 1521were editing from their auto save files by typing M-x recover-session. 1522This first shows you a list of recorded interrupted sessions. Move 1523point to the one you choose, and type C-c C-c. 1524 1525Then recover-session asks about each of the files that were being 1526edited during that session, asking whether to recover that file. If 1527you answer y, it calls recover-file, which works in its normal 1528fashion. It shows the dates of the original file and its auto-save 1529file and asks once again whether to recover that file. 1530 1531When recover-session is done, the files you've chosen to recover 1532are present in Emacs buffers. You should then save them. 1533Only this--saving them--updates the files themselves. 1534 1535** Menu bar menus now stay up if you click on the menu bar item and 1536release the mouse button within a certain amount of time. This is in 1537the X Toolkit version. 1538 1539** The menu bar menus have been rearranged and split up to make for a 1540better organization. Two new menu bar menus, Tools and Search, 1541contain items that were formerly in the Files and Edit menus, as well 1542as some that did not exist in the menu bar menus before. 1543 1544** Emacs can now display on more than one X display at the same time. 1545Use the command make-frame-on-display to create a frame, specifying 1546which display to use. 1547 1548** M-x talk-connect sets up a multi-user talk connection 1549via Emacs. Specify the X display of the person you want to talk to. 1550You can talk to any number of people (within reason) by using 1551this command repeatedly to specify different people. 1552 1553Emacs does not make a fuss about security; the people who you talk to 1554can use all Emacs features, including visiting and editing files. If 1555this frightens you, don't use M-x talk-connect. 1556 1557** The range of integer values is now at least 2**28 on all machines. 1558This means the maximum size of a buffer is at least 2**27-1, 1559or 134,217,727. 1560 1561** When you start Emacs, you can now specify option names in 1562long GNU form (starting with `--') and you can abbreviate the names. 1563 1564You can now specify the options in any order. 1565The previous requirements about the order of options 1566have been eliminated. 1567 1568The -L or --directory option lets you specify an additional 1569directory to search for Lisp libraries (including libraries 1570that you specify with the -l or --load options). 1571 1572** Incremental search in Transient Mark mode, if the mark is already 1573active, now leaves the mark active and does not change its position. 1574You can make incremental search deactivate the mark once again with 1575this expression. 1576 1577 (add-hook 'isearch-mode-hook 'deactivate-mark) 1578 1579** C-delete now deletes a word backwards. This is for compatibility 1580with some editors in the PC world. (This key is not available on 1581ordinary ASCII terminals, because C-delete is not a distinct character 1582on those terminals.) 1583 1584** ESC ESC ESC is now a command to escape from various temporary modes 1585and states. 1586 1587** M-x pc-bindings-mode sets up bindings compatible with many PC editors. 1588In particular, Delete and its variants delete forward instead of backward. 1589Use Backspace to delete backward. 1590 1591C-Backspace kills backward a word (as C-Delete normally would). 1592M-Backspace does undo. 1593Home and End move to beginning and end of line 1594C-Home and C-End move to beginning and end of buffer. 1595 1596** The key sequence for evaluating a Lisp expression using the minibuffer 1597is now ESC :. It used to be ESC ESC, but we moved it to make way for 1598the ESC ESC ESC feature, on the grounds that people who evaluate Lisp 1599expressions are experienced users and can cope with a change. 1600If you prefer the old ESC ESC binding, put in your `~/.emacs': 1601 1602 (global-set-key "\e\e" 'eval-expression) 1603 1604** The f1 function key is now equivalent to the help key. This is 1605done with key-translation-map; delete the binding for f1 in that map 1606if you want to use f1 for something else. 1607 1608** Mouse-3, in the simplest case, still sets the region. But now, it 1609places the mark where point was, and sets point where you click. 1610(It used to set the mark where you click and leave point alone.) 1611 1612If you position point with Mouse-1, then scroll with the scroll bar 1613and use Mouse-3, Mouse-3 uses the position you specified with Mouse-1 1614even if it has scrolled off the screen (and point is no longer there). 1615This makes it easier to select a region with the mouse which is bigger 1616than a screenful. 1617 1618Any editing of the buffer, and any cursor motion or scrolling for any 1619reason other than the scroll bar, cancels the special state set up by 1620Mouse-1--so that a subsequent Mouse-3 click will use the actual value 1621of point. 1622 1623** C-mouse-3 now pops up a mode-specific menu of commands--normally 1624the same ones available in the mode's own menu bar menus. 1625 1626** C-mouse-2 now pops up a menu of faces, indentation, justification, 1627and certain other text properties. This menu is also available 1628through the menu-bar Edit menu. It is meant for use with Enriched 1629mode. 1630 1631*** You can use this menu to change the face of the region. 1632You can also set the face of the region with the new M-g command. 1633 1634*** The menu also includes commands for indenting the region, 1635which locally changes the values of left-margin and fill-column that 1636are used. 1637 1638*** All fill functions now indent every line to the left-margin. If 1639there is also a fill-prefix, that goes after the margin indentation. 1640 1641*** Open-line and newline also make sure that the lines they create 1642are indented to the left margin. 1643 1644*** It also allows you to set the "justification" of the region: 1645whether it should be centered, flush right, and so forth. The fill 1646functions (including auto-fill-mode) will maintain the justification 1647and indentation that you request. 1648 1649*** The new function `list-colors-display' shows you what colors are 1650available. This is also accessible from the C-mouse-2 menu. 1651 1652** You can now save and load files including their faces and other 1653text-properties by using Enriched-mode. Files are saved in an 1654extended version of the MIME text/enriched format. You can use the 1655menus described above, or M-g and other keyboard commands, to 1656alter the formatting information. 1657 1658** C-mouse-1 now pops up the menu for changing the frame's default font. 1659 1660** You can input Hyper, Super, Meta, and Alt characters, as well as 1661non-ASCII control characters, on an ASCII-only terminal. 1662To do this, use 1663 1664 C-x @ h -- hyper 1665 C-x @ s -- super 1666 C-x @ m -- meta 1667 C-x @ a -- alt 1668 C-x @ S -- shift 1669 C-x @ c -- control 1670 1671These are not ordinary key sequences; they operate through 1672function-key-map, which means they can be used even in the 1673middle of an ordinary key sequence. 1674 1675** Outline minor mode and Hideif mode now use C-c @ as their prefix 1676character. 1677 1678** Echo area messages are now logged in the "*Messages*" buffer. The 1679size of this buffer is limited to message-log-max lines. 1680 1681** RET in various special modes for read-only buffers that contain 1682lists of items now selects the item point is on. These modes include 1683Dired, Compilation buffers, Buffer-menu, Tar mode, and Occur mode. 1684(In Info, RET follows the reference near point; in completion list 1685buffers, RET chooses the completion around point.) 1686 1687** set-background-color now updates the modeline face in a special 1688way. If that face was previously set up to be reverse video, the 1689reverse of the default face, then set-background-color updates it so 1690that it remains the reverse of the default face. 1691 1692** The functions raise-frame and lower-frame are now commands. 1693When used interactively, they apply to the selected frame. 1694 1695** M-x buffer-menu now displays the buffer list in the selected window. 1696Use M-x buffer-menu-other-window to display it in another window. 1697 1698** M-w followed by a kill command now *does not* append the text in 1699the kill ring. In consequence, M-w followed by C-w works as you would 1700expect: it leaves the top of the kill ring matching the region that 1701you killed. 1702 1703** In Lisp mode, the C-M-x command now executes defvar forms in a 1704special way: it unconditionally sets the variable to the specified 1705default value, if there is one. Normal execution of defvar does not 1706alter the variable if it already has a non-void value. 1707 1708** In completion list buffers, the left and right arrow keys run the 1709new commands previous-completion and next-completion. They move one 1710completion at a time. 1711 1712** While doing completion in the minibuffer, the `prior' or `pageup' 1713key switches to the completion list window. 1714 1715** When you exit the minibuffer with empty contents, the empty string 1716is not put in the minibuffer history. 1717 1718** The default buffer for insert-buffer is now the "first" buffer 1719other than the current one. If you have more than one window, this 1720is a buffer visible in another window. (Usually it is the buffer 1721that C-M-v would scroll.) 1722 1723** The etags program is now capable of recording tags based on regular 1724expressions provided on the command line. 1725 1726This new feature allows easy support for constructs not normally 1727handled by etags, such as the macros frequently used in big C/C++ 1728projects to define project-specific structures. It also enables the 1729use of etags and TAGS files for languages not supported by etags. 1730 1731The Emacs manual section on Tags contains explanations and examples 1732for Emacs's DEFVAR, VHDL, Cobol, Postscript and TCL. 1733 1734** Various mode-specific commands that used to be bound to C-c LETTER 1735have been moved. 1736 1737*** In gnus-uu mode, gnus-uu-interactive-scan-directory is now on C-c C-d, 1738and gnus-uu-interactive-save-current-file is on C-c C-z. 1739 1740*** In Scribe mode, scribe-insert-environment is now on C-c C-v, 1741scribe-chapter is on C-c C-c, scribe-subsection is on C-c C-s, 1742scribe-section is on C-c C-t, scribe-bracket-region-be is on C-c C-e, 1743scribe-italicize-word is on C-c C-i, scribe-bold-word is on C-c C-b, 1744and scribe-underline-word is on C-c C-u. 1745 1746*** In Gomoku mode, gomoku-human-takes-back is now on C-c C-b, 1747gomoku-human-plays is on C-c C-p, gomoku-human-resigns is on C-c C-r, 1748and gomoku-emacs-plays is on C-c C-e. 1749 1750*** In the Outline mode defined in allout.el, 1751outline-rebullet-current-heading is now on C-c *. 1752 1753** M-s in Info now searches through the nodes of the Info file, 1754just like s. The alias M-s was added so that you can use the same 1755command for searches in both Info and Rmail. 1756 1757** iso-acc.el now lets you enter inverted-! and inverted-? 1758with the sequences ~! and ~?. 1759 1760** M-x compare-windows now pushes mark in both windows before 1761it starts moving point. 1762 1763** There are two new commands in Dired, A (dired-do-search) 1764and Q (dired-do-query-replace). These are similar to tags-search and 1765tags-query-replace, but instead of searching the list of files that 1766appears in a tags table, they search all the files marked in Dired. 1767 1768** Changes to dabbrev. 1769 1770A new function, `dabbrev-completion' (bound to M-C-/), expands the 1771unique part of an abbreviation. 1772 1773Dabbrev now looks for expansions in other buffers, looks for symbols 1774instead of words and it works in the minibuffer. 1775 1776Dabbrev can be customized to work for shell scripts, with variables 1777that sometimes have and sometimes haven't a leading "$". See the 1778variable 'dabbrev-abbrev-skip-leading-regexp'. 1779 1780** In Rmail, the command rmail-input-menu has been eliminated. The 1781feature of selecting an Rmail file from a menu is now implemented in 1782another way. 1783 1784** Bookmarks changes. 1785 1786*** It now works to set bookmarks in Info nodes. 1787 1788*** Bookmarks can have annotations; type "C-h m" after doing 1789"M-x list-bookmarks", for more information on annotations. 1790 1791*** The bookmark-jump popup menu function is now `bookmark-menu-jump', for 1792those who bind it to a mouse click. 1793 1794*** The default bookmarks file name is now "~/.emacs.bmk". If you 1795already have a bookmarks file, it will be renamed automagically when 1796you next load it. 1797 1798** New package, ps-print. 1799 1800The ps-print package generates PostScript printouts of buffers or 1801regions, and includes face attributes such as color, underlining, 1802boldface and italics in the printed output. 1803 1804** New package, msb. 1805 1806The msb package provides a buffer-menu in the menubar with separate 1807menus for different types of buffers. 1808 1809** `cpp.el' is a new library that can highlight or hide parts of a C 1810file according to C preprocessor conditionals. To try it, run the 1811command M-x cpp-highlight-buffer. 1812 1813** Changes in CC mode. 1814 1815*** c-set-offset and related functions and variables can now accept 1816variable symbols. Also ++ and -- which mean 2* positive and negative 1817c-basic-offset respectively. 1818 1819*** New variable, c-recognize-knr-p, which controls whether K&R C 1820constructs will be recognized. Trying to recognize K&R constructs is a 1821time hog so if you're programming strictly in ANSI C, set this 1822variable to nil (it should already be nil in c++-mode). 1823 1824*** New variable, c-hanging-comment-ender-p for controlling 1825c-fill-paragraph's behavior. 1826 1827*** New syntactic symbol: statement-case-open. This is assigned to lines 1828containing an open brace just after a case/default label. 1829 1830*** New variable, c-progress-interval, which controls minibuffer update 1831message displays during long re-indention. This is a new feature 1832which prints percentage complete messages at specified intervals. 1833 1834** Makefile mode changes. 1835 1836*** The electric keys are not enabled by default. 1837 1838*** There is now a mode-specific menu bar menu. 1839 1840*** The mode supports font-lock, add-log, and imenu. 1841 1842*** The command M-TAB does completion of target names and variable names. 1843 1844** icomplete.el now works more like a minor mode. Use M-x icomplete-mode 1845to turn it on and off. 1846 1847Icomplete now supports an `icomplete-minibuffer-setup-hook', which is 1848run on minibuffer setup whenever icompletion will be occurring. This 1849hook can be used to customize interoperation of icomplete with other 1850minibuffer-specific packages, eg rsz-mini. See the doc string for 1851more info. 1852 1853** Ediff change. 1854 1855Use ediff-revision instead of vc-ediff. It also replaces rcs-ediff, 1856for those who use that; if you want to use a version control package 1857other than vc.el, you must set the variable 1858ediff-version-control-package to specify which package. 1859 1860** VC now supports branches with RCS. 1861 1862You can use C-u C-x C-q to select any branch or version by number. 1863It reads the version number or branch number with the minibuffer, 1864then checks out the file unlocked. 1865 1866Type C-x C-q again to lock the selected branch or version. 1867When you check in changes to that branch or version, there are two 1868possibilities: 1869 1870-- If you've selected a branch, or a version at the tip of a branch, 1871then the new version adds to that branch. If you wish to create a 1872new branch, use C-u C-x C-q to specify a version number when you check 1873in the new version. 1874 1875-- If you've selected an inner version which is not the latest in its 1876branch, then the new version automatically creates a new branch. 1877 1878** VC now supports CVS as well as RCS and SCCS. 1879 1880Since there are no locks in CVS, some things behave slightly 1881different when the backend is CVS. When vc-next-action is invoked 1882in a directory handled by CVS, it does the following: 1883 1884 If the file is not already registered, this registers it for version 1885control. This does a "cvs add", but no "cvs commit". 1886 If the file is added but not committed, it is committed. 1887 If the file has not been changed, neither in your working area or 1888in the repository, a message is printed and nothing is done. 1889 If your working file is changed, but the repository file is 1890unchanged, this pops up a buffer for entry of a log message; when you 1891finish the log message with C-c C-c, that checks in the resulting 1892changes along with the log message as change commentary. A writable 1893file remains in existence. 1894 1895 If vc-next-action changes the repository file, it asks you 1896whether to merge in the changes into your working copy. 1897 1898vc-directory, when started in a CVS file hierarchy, reports 1899all files that are modified (and thus need to be committed). 1900(When the backend is RCS or SCCS vc-directory reports all 1901locked files). 1902 1903VC has no support for running the initial "cvs checkout" to get a 1904working copy of a module. You can only use VC in a working copy of 1905a module. 1906 1907You can disable the CVS support as follows: 1908 1909 (setq vc-master-templates (delq 'vc-find-cvs-master vc-master-templates)) 1910 1911or by setting vc-handle-cvs to nil. 1912 1913This may be desirable if you run a non-standard version of CVS, or 1914if CVS was compiled with FORCE_USE_EDITOR or (possibly) 1915RELATIVE_REPOS. 1916 1917** Comint and shell mode changes: 1918 1919*** Completion works with file names containing quoted characters. 1920 1921File names containing special characters (such as " ", "!", etc.) that are 1922quoted with a "\" character are recognised during completion. Special 1923characters are quoted when they are inserted during completion. 1924 1925*** You can use M-x comint-truncate-buffer to truncate the buffer. 1926 1927When this command is run, the buffer is truncated to a maximum number 1928of lines, specified by the variable comint-buffer-maximum-size. Just 1929like the command comint-strip-ctrl-m, this can be run automatically 1930during process output by doing this: 1931 1932(add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions 1933 'comint-truncate-buffer) 1934 1935** Telnet mode buffer name changed. 1936 1937The buffer name for a Telnet buffer is now *telnet-HOST*, not 1938 *HOST-telnet*. This is for consistency with other Emacs packages. 1939 1940** M-x man (man) is now faster and more robust. On systems where the 1941entire man page is indented, the indentation is removed. 1942 1943The user option names that used to end in -p now end in -flag. The 1944new names are: Man-reuse-okay-flag, Man-downcase-section-letters-flag, 1945Man-circular-pages-flag. The Man-notify user option has been renamed to 1946Man-notify-method and accepts one more value, `pushy', that just 1947switches the current buffer to the manpage buffer, without switching 1948frames nor changing your windows configuration. 1949 1950A new user option Man-fontify-manpage-flag disables fontification 1951(thus speeding up man) when set to nil. Default is to fontify if a 1952window system is used. Two new user options Man-overstrike-face 1953(default 'bold) and Man-underline-face (default 'underline) can be set 1954to the preferred faces to be used for the words that man overstrikes 1955and underlines. Useful for those who like coloured man pages. 1956 1957Two new interactive functions are provided: Man-cleanup-manpage and 1958Man-fontify-manpage. Both can be used on a buffer that contains the 1959output of a `rsh host man manpage' command, or the output of an 1960`nroff -man -Tman manpage' command to make them readable. 1961Man-cleanup-manpage is faster, but does not fontify. 1962 1963** The new function modify-face makes it easy to specify 1964all the attributes of a face, all at once. 1965 1966** Faces now support background stippling. 1967 1968Use the command set-face-stipple to specify the stipple-pattern for a 1969face. Use face-stipple to access the specified stipple pattern. The 1970existing face functions now handle the stipple pattern when 1971appropriate. 1972 1973If you specify one of the standard gray colors as a face background 1974color, and your display doesn't handle gray, Emacs automatically uses 1975stipple instead to get the same effect. 1976 1977** Changes in Font Lock mode. 1978 1979*** Fontification 1980 1981Two new default faces are provided; `font-lock-variable-name-face' and 1982`font-lock-reference-face'. The face `font-lock-doc-string-face' has 1983been removed since it is the same as the existing 1984`font-lock-string-face'. Where appropriate, fontification 1985automatically uses these new faces. 1986 1987Fontification via commands `font-lock-mode' and 1988`font-lock-fontify-buffer' is now cleanly interruptible (i.e., with 1989C-g). If you interrupt during the fontification process, the buffer 1990remains in its previous modified state and all highlighting is removed 1991from the buffer. 1992 1993For C/C++ modes, Font Lock mode is much faster but highlights much 1994more. Other modes are faster/more extensive/more discriminatory, or a 1995combination of these. 1996 1997To enable Font Lock mode, add the new function `turn-on-font-lock' in 1998one of the following ways: 1999 2000 (add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock) 2001 2002Or for any visited file with: 2003 2004 (add-hook 'find-file-hooks 'turn-on-font-lock) 2005 2006*** Supports color and grayscale displays 2007 2008Font Lock mode supports different ways of highlighting, depending on 2009the type of display and background shade. Attributes (face color, 2010bold, italic and underline, and display type and background mode) can 2011be controlled either from Emacs Lisp or X resources. 2012 2013See the new variables `font-lock-display-type' and 2014`font-lock-face-attributes'. 2015 2016*** Supports more modes 2017 2018The following modes are directly supported: 2019 2020ada-mode, asm-mode, bibtex-mode, c++-c-mode, c++-mode, c-mode, 2021change-log-mode, compilation-mode, dired-mode, emacs-lisp-mode, 2022fortran-mode, latex-mode, lisp-mode, mail-mode, makefile-mode, 2023outline-mode, pascal-mode, perl-mode, plain-tex-mode, rmail-mode, 2024rmail-summary-mode, scheme-mode, shell-mode, slitex-mode, tex-mode, 2025texinfo-mode. 2026 2027See the new variables `font-lock-defaults-alist' and 2028`font-lock-defaults'. 2029 2030Some modes support different levels of fontification. You can choose 2031to use the minimum or maximum available decoration by changing the 2032value of the new variable `font-lock-maximum-decoration'. 2033 2034Programmers are urged to make available to the community their own 2035keywords for modes not yet supported. See font-lock.el for 2036information about efficiency. 2037 2038*** fast-lock 2039 2040The fast-lock package speeds up Font Lock mode by saving font choices 2041in associated cache files. When you visit a file with Font Lock mode 2042and Fast Lock mode turned on for the first time, the file's buffer is 2043fontified as normal. When certain events occur (such as exiting 2044Emacs), Fast Lock saves the highlighting in a cache file. When you 2045subsequently visit this file, its cache is used to restore the 2046highlighting. 2047 2048To use this package, put in your `~/.emacs': 2049 2050 (add-hook 'font-lock-mode-hook 'turn-on-fast-lock) 2051 2052To control the use of caches, see the documentation for `fast-lock-mode'. 2053 2054** You can tell pop-to-buffer to display certain buffers in the selected 2055window rather than finding some other window to display them in. 2056There are two variables you can use to specify these buffers. 2057 2058same-window-buffer-names holds a list of buffer names; if a buffer's 2059name appears in this list, pop-to-buffer puts it in the selected window. 2060 2061same-window-regexps holds a list of regexps--if any one of them 2062matches a buffer's name, then pop-to-buffer puts that buffer in the 2063selected window. 2064 2065The default values of these variables are not nil: they list various 2066buffers that normally appear, when you as for them, in the selected 2067window. These include shell buffers, mail buffers, telnet buffers, 2068and others. By removing elements from these variables, you can ask 2069Emacs to display those buffers in separate windows. 2070 2071** The special-display-buffer-names and special-display-regexps lists 2072have been generalized. An element may now be a list. The car of the list 2073is the buffer name or regular expression for matching buffer names. 2074 2075The cdr of the list can be an alist specifying additional frame 2076parameters for use in constructing the special display frame. 2077 2078Alternatively, the cdr can have this form: 2079 2080 (FUNCTION ARGS...) 2081 2082where FUNCTION is a symbol. Then the frame is constructed by calling 2083FUNCTION; its first argument is the buffer, and its remaining 2084arguments are ARGS. 2085 2086** If the environment variable REPLYTO is set, its value is the default 2087for mail-default-reply-to. 2088 2089** When you send a message in Emacs, if you specify an Rmail file with 2090the FCC: header field, Emacs converts the message to Rmail format 2091before writing it. Thus, the file never contains anything but Rmail 2092format messages. 2093 2094** The new variable mail-from-style controls whether the From: header 2095should include the sender's full name, and if so, which format to use. 2096 2097** The new variable mail-personal-alias-file specifies the name of the 2098user's personal aliases. This defaults to the file ~/.mailrc. 2099mailabbrev.el used to have its own variable for this purpose 2100(mail-abbrev-mailrc-file). That variable is no longer used. 2101 2102** In Buffer-Menu mode, the d and C-d commands (which mark buffers for 2103deletion) now accept a prefix argument which serves as a repeat count. 2104 2105** Changes in BibTeX mode. 2106 2107*** Reference keys can now be entered with TAB completion. All 2108reference keys defined in that buffer and all labels that appear in 2109crossreference entries are object to completion. 2110 2111*** Braces are supported as field delimiters in addition to quotes. 2112BibTeX entries may have brace-delimited and quote-delimited fields 2113intermixed. The delimiters generated for new entries are specified by 2114the variables bibtex-field-left-delimiter and 2115bibtex-field-right-delimiter on a buffer-local basis. Those variables 2116default to braces, since it is easier to put quote accented characters 2117(as the german umlauts) into a brace-delimited entry. 2118 2119*** The function bibtex-clean-entry can now be invoked with a prefix 2120argument. In this case, a label is automatically generated from 2121various fields in the record. If bibtex-clean-entry is invoked on a 2122record without label, a label is also generated automatically. 2123Various variables (all beginning with `bibtex-autokey-') control the 2124creation of that key. The variable bibtex-autokey-edit-before-use 2125determines, if the user is allowed to edit auto-generated reference 2126keys before they are used. 2127 2128*** A New function bibtex-complete-string completes strings with 2129respect to the strings defined in this buffer and a set of predefined 2130strings (initialized to the string macros defined in the standard 2131BibTeX style files) in the same way in which ispell-complete-word 2132works with respect to words in a dictionary. Candidates for 2133bibtex-complete-string are initialized from variable 2134bibtex-predefined-strings and by parsing the files found in 2135bibtex-string-files for @String definitions. 2136 2137*** Every reference/field pair has now attached a comment which 2138appears in the echo area when this field is edited. These comments 2139should provide useful hints for BibTeX usage, especially for BibTeX 2140beginners. New variable bibtex-help-message determines if these help 2141messages are to appear in the minibuffer when moving to a text entry. 2142 2143*** Inscriptions of menu bar changed from "Entry Types" to 2144"Entry-Types" and "Bibtex Edit" to "BibTeX-Edit". 2145 2146*** The variable bibtex-include-OPTcrossref is now not longer a binary 2147switch but a list of reference names which should contain a crossref 2148field. E.g., you can tell bibtex-mode you want a crossref field for 2149@InProceedings and @InBook entries but for no other. 2150 2151*** The function validate-bibtex-buffer was completely rewritten to 2152validate if a buffer is syntactically correct. find-bibtex-duplicates 2153is no longer a function itself but was moved into 2154validate-bibtex-buffer. 2155 2156*** Cleaning a BibTeX entry tests, if necessary fields are there. 2157E.g., if you tell bibtex-mode to include a crossref entry, some fields 2158are optional which would be required without the crossref entry. If 2159you now leave the crossref entry empty and do a bibtex-clean-entry 2160with some now required fields left empty, version 2.0 of bibtex.el 2161complains about the absence of these fields, whereas version 1.3 2162didn't. 2163 2164*** Default value for variables bibtex-maintain-sorted-entries and 2165bibtex-sort-ignore-string-entries is now t. 2166 2167*** All interactive functions are renamed to begin with `bibtex-'. 2168 2169*** Keybindings with \C-c\C-e entry changed for unification. Often 2170used reference types are now on control-modified keys, mediocre used 2171types are on unmodified keys, seldom used types are on shift-modified 2172keys and almost never used types on meta-modified keys. 2173 2174 2175* Configuration Changes in Emacs 19.29 2176 2177** Emacs now uses directory /usr/local/share for most of its installed 2178files. This follows a GNU convention for directory usage. 2179 2180** The option --with-x11 is no longer supported. 2181X11 is the only version of X that Emacs 19.29 supports; 2182use --with-x if you need to request X support explicitly. 2183(Normally this should not be necessary, since configure should 2184automatically enable X support if X is installed on your machine.) 2185 2186** If you use the site-init.el file to set the variable 2187mail-host-address to a string in the dumped Emacs, that string becomes 2188the default host address for initializing user-mail-address. 2189It is used instead of the value of (system-name). 2190 2191 2192* Lisp-Level Changes in Emacs 19.29 2193 2194** Basic Lisp 2195 2196*** The range of integer values is now at least 2**28 on all machines. 2197This means the maximum size of a buffer is at least 2**27-1, 2198or 134,217,727. 2199 2200*** You can now use Common Lisp syntax for the backquote and comma 2201macros. Thus, you can now write `(x ,y z) instead of (` (x (, y) z)). 2202 2203The old syntax is still accepted. 2204 2205*** The new function rassoc is like assoc, except that it compares the 2206key against the cdr of each alist element, where assoc would compare 2207it against the car of each alist element. 2208 2209*** The new function unintern deletes a symbol from an obarray. The 2210first argument can be the symbol to delete, or a string giving its 2211name. The second argument specifies the obarray (nil means the 2212current default obarray). 2213 2214If the specified symbol is not in the obarray, or if there's no symbol 2215in the obarray matching the specified string, unintern does nothing 2216and returns nil. If it does delete a symbol, it returns t. 2217 2218*** You can specify an alternative read function for use by load and 2219eval-region by binding the variable load-read-function to some other 2220function. This function should accept one argument just like read. 2221If load-read-function is nil, load and eval-region use ordinary read. 2222 2223*** The new function `type-of' takes any object as argument, and 2224returns a symbol identifying the type of that object--one of `symbol', 2225`integer', `float', `string', `cons', `vector', `marker', `overlay', 2226`window', `buffer', `subr', `compiled-function', 2227`window-configuration', `process'. 2228 2229*** When you use eval-after-load for a file that is already loaded, it 2230executes the FORM right away. As before, if the file is not yet 2231loaded, it arranges to execute FORM if and when the file is loaded 2232later. The result is: if you have called eval-after-load for a file, 2233and if that file has been loaded, then regardless of the order of 2234these two events, the specified form has been evaluated. 2235 2236*** The Lisp construct #@NUMBER now skips the next NUMBER characters, 2237treating them as a comment. 2238 2239You would not want to use this in a file you edit by hand, but it is 2240useful for commenting out parts of machine-generated files. 2241 2242*** Two new functions, `plist-get' and `plist-put', 2243allow you to modify and retrieve values from lists formatted as property-lists. 2244They work like `get' and `put', but operate on any list. 2245`plist-put' returns the modified property-list; you must store it 2246back where you got it. 2247 2248*** The new function add-to-list is called with two elements, 2249a variable that holds a list and a new element. 2250It adds the element to the list unless it is already present. 2251It compares elements using `equal'. Here is an example: 2252 2253(setq foo '(a b)) => (a b) 2254 2255(add-to-list 'foo 'c) => (c a b) 2256 2257(add-to-list 'foo 'b) => (c a b) 2258 2259foo => (c a b) 2260 2261** Changes in compilation. 2262 2263Functions and variables loaded from a byte-compiled file 2264now refer to the file for their doc strings. 2265 2266This has a few consequences: 2267 2268-- Loading the file is faster and uses less memory. 2269-- Reference to doc strings is a little slower (the same speed 2270 as reference to the doc strings of primitive and preloaded functions). 2271-- The compiled files will not work in old versions of Emacs. 2272-- If you move the compiled file after loading it, Emacs can no longer 2273 find these doc strings. 2274-- If you alter the compiled file (such as by compiling a new 2275 version), then further access to documentation strings will get 2276 nonsense results. 2277 2278The byte compiler now optionally supports lazy loading of compiled 2279functions' definitions. If you enable this feature when you compile, 2280loading the compiled file does not actually bring the function 2281definitions into core. Instead it creates references to the compiled 2282file, and brings each function's definition into core the first time 2283you call that function, or when you force it with the new function 2284`fetch-bytecode'. 2285 2286Using the lazy loading feature has a few consequences: 2287 2288-- Loading the file is faster and uses less memory. 2289-- Calling any function in the file for the first time is slower. 2290-- If you move the compiled file after loading it, Emacs can no longer 2291 find the function definitions. 2292-- If you alter the compiled file (such as by compiling a new 2293 version), then further access to functions not already loaded 2294 will get nonsense results. 2295 2296To enable the lazy loading feature, set up a non-nil file local 2297variable binding for the variable `byte-compile-dynamic' in the Lisp 2298source file. For example, put this on the first line: 2299 2300 -*-byte-compile-dynamic: t;-*- 2301 2302It's a good idea to use the lazy loading feature for a file that 2303contains many functions, most of which are not actually used by a 2304given user in a given session. 2305 2306To turn off the basic feature of referring to the file for doc 2307strings, set byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings to nil. You can do this 2308globally, or for one source file by adding this to the first line: 2309 2310 -*-byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings: nil;-*- 2311 2312** Strings 2313 2314*** Do not pass integer arguments to `concat' (or `vconcat' or 2315`append'). We are phasing out the old unrecommended support for 2316integers as arguments to these functions, in preparation for treating 2317numbers as single characters in a future release. To concatenate 2318numbers in string form, use `number-to-string' first, or rewrite the 2319call to use `format' instead of `concat'. 2320 2321*** The new function match-string returns the string of text matched at 2322the given parenthesized expression by the last regexp search, or nil 2323if there was no match. If the last match was by `string-match' on a 2324string, the string must be given. Therefore, this function can be 2325used in place of `buffer-substring' and `substring', when using 2326`match-beginning' and `match-end' to find match positions. 2327 2328 (match-string N) or (match-string N STRING) 2329 2330*** The function replace-match now accepts an optional fourth argument, 2331STRING. Use this after performing string-match on STRING, to replace 2332the portion of STRING that was matched. When used in this way, 2333replace-match returns a newly created string which is the same as 2334STRING except for the matched portion. 2335 2336*** The new function buffer-substring-no-properties 2337is like buffer-substring except that the string it returns 2338has no text properties. 2339 2340*** The function `equal' now considers two strings to be different 2341if they don't have the same text properties. 2342 2343** Completion 2344 2345*** all-completions now takes an optional fourth argument. 2346If that argument is non-nil, completions that start with a space 2347are ignored unless the initial string also starts with a space. 2348(This used to happen unconditionally.) 2349 2350** Local Variables 2351 2352*** Local hook variables. 2353 2354There is now a clean way to give a hook variable a buffer-local value. 2355Call the function `make-local-hook' to do this. 2356 2357Once a hook variable is buffer-local, you can add hooks to it either 2358globally or locally. run-hooks runs the local hook functions 2359of the current buffer, then all the global hook functions. 2360 2361The functions add-hook and remove-hook take an additional optional 2362argument LOCAL which says whether to add (or remove) a local hook 2363function or a global one. 2364 2365Local hooks use t as an element of the (local) value of the hook 2366variable as a flag meaning to use the global value also. 2367 2368*** The new function local-variable-p tells you whether a particular 2369variable is buffer-local in the current buffer or a specified buffer. 2370 2371** Editing Facilities 2372 2373*** The function copy-region-as-kill no longer sets this-command; 2374as a result, a following kill command will not normally append 2375to the text saved by copy-region-as-kill. 2376 2377*** Regular expression searching and matching no longer performs full 2378Posix backtracking by default. They now stop with the first match found 2379instead of looking for the longest match--just as they did in Emacs 18. 2380The reason for this change is to get higher speed. 2381 2382There are new functions you can use if you really want to search or 2383match with Posix behavior: posix-search-forward, 2384posix-search-backward, posix-looking-at, and posix-string-match. Call 2385these just like re-search-forward, re-search-backward, looking-at, and 2386string-match. 2387 2388** Files 2389 2390*** The new variable `format-alist' defines file formats, 2391which are ways of translating between the data in a file and things 2392(text, text-properties, and possibly other information) in a buffer. 2393 2394`format-alist' has one element for each format. Each element is a 2395list like this: 2396 (NAME DOC-STRING REGEXP FROM-FN TO-FN MODIFY MODE-FN) 2397containing the name of the format, a documentation string, a regular 2398expression which is used to recognize files in that format, a decoding 2399function, an encoding function, a flag that indicates whether the 2400encoding function modifies the buffer, and a mode function. 2401 2402FROM-FN is called to decode files in that format; it gets two args, BEGIN 2403 and END, and can make any modifications it likes, returning the new 2404 end position. It must make sure that the beginning of the file no 2405 longer matches REGEXP, or else it will get called again. 2406TO-FN is called to encode a region into that format; it is also passed BEGIN 2407 and END, and either returns a list of annotations as in 2408 `write-region-annotate-functions', or modifies the region and returns 2409 the new end position. 2410MODIFY, if non-nil, means the TO-FN modifies the region. If nil, TO-FN may 2411 not make any changes and should return a list of annotations. 2412 2413`insert-file-contents' checks the beginning of the file that it is 2414inserting to see if it matches one of the regexps. If so, then it 2415calls the decoding function, and then looks for another match. When 2416visiting a file, it also calls the mode function, and sets the 2417variable `buffer-file-format' to the list of formats that the file 2418used. 2419 2420`write-region' calls the encoding functions for each format in 2421`buffer-file-format' before it writes the file. To save a file in a 2422different format, either set `buffer-file-format' to a different 2423value, or call the new function `format-write-file'. 2424 2425Since some encoding functions may be slow, you can request that 2426auto-save use a format different from the buffer's default by setting 2427the variable `auto-save-file-format' to the desired format. This will 2428determine the format of all auto-save files. 2429 2430*** The new function file-ownership-preserved-p tells you whether 2431deleting a file and recreating it would keep the file's owner 2432unchanged. 2433 2434*** The new function file-regular-p returns t if a file 2435is a "regular" file (not a directory, symlink, named pipe, 2436terminal, or other I/O device). 2437 2438*** The new function file-name-sans-extension discards the extension 2439of a file name. You call it with a file name, and returns a string 2440lacking the extension. 2441 2442*** The variable path-separator is a string which says which 2443character separates directories in a search path. It is ":" 2444for Unix and GNU systems, ";" for MSDOG and Windows NT. 2445 2446** Commands and Key Sequences 2447 2448*** Key sequences consisting of C-c followed by {, }, <, >, : or ; are 2449now reserved for major modes. Sequences consisting of C-c followed by 2450any other punctuation character are now meant for minor modes. We don't 2451plan to convert all existing major modes to stop using those sequences, 2452but we hope to keep them to a minimum. 2453 2454*** When the post-command-hook or the pre-command-hook gets an error, the error 2455is silently ignored. Emacs no longer sets the hook variable to nil when this 2456happens. Meanwhile, the hook functions can now alter the hook variable in 2457a normal fashion; there is no need to do anything special. 2458 2459*** define-key, lookup-key, and various other functions for changing or 2460looking up key bindings now let you write an event type with a list 2461like (ctrl meta newline) or (meta ?d), as in XEmacs. (ctrl meta newline) 2462is equivalent to the event type symbol C-M-newline, and (meta ?d) 2463is equivalent to the character ?\M-d. 2464 2465*** The function event-convert-list converts a list such as 2466(meta ?d) into the corresponding event type (a symbol or integer). 2467 2468*** In an interactive spec, `k' means to read a key sequence. In this 2469key sequence, upper case characters and shifted function keys which 2470have no bindings are converted to lower case if that makes them 2471defined. 2472 2473The new interactive code `K' reads a key sequence similarly, but does 2474not convert the last event. `K' is useful for reading a key sequence 2475to be given a binding. 2476 2477*** The variable overriding-local-map now has no effect on the menu bar 2478display unless overriding-local-map-menu-flag is non-nil. This is why 2479incremental search no longer temporarily changes the menu bars. 2480 2481Note that overriding-local-map does still affect the execution of key 2482sequences entered using the menu bar. So if you use 2483overriding-local-map, and a menu bar key sequence comes in, you should 2484make sure to clear overriding-local-map before that key sequence gets 2485looked up and executed. But this is what you'd normally do anyway: 2486programs that use overriding-local-map normally exit and "put back" 2487any event such as menu-bar that they do not handle specially. 2488 2489*** The new variable `overriding-terminal-local-map' is like 2490overriding-local-map, but is specific to a single terminal. 2491 2492*** delete-frame events. 2493 2494When you use the X window manager's "delete window" command, this now 2495generates a delete-frame event. The standard definition of this event 2496is a command that deletes the frame that received the event, and kills 2497Emacs when the last visible or iconified frame is deleted. You can 2498rebind the event to some other command if you wish. 2499 2500*** Two new types of events, iconify-frame and make-frame-visible, 2501indicate that the user iconified or deiconified a frame with the 2502window manager. Since the window manager has already done the work, 2503the default definition for both event types in Emacs is to do nothing. 2504 2505** Frames and X 2506 2507*** Certain Lisp variables are now local to an X terminal (in other 2508words, all the screens of a single X server). The value in effect, at 2509any given time, is the one that belongs to the terminal of the 2510selected frame. The terminal-local variables are 2511default-minibuffer-frame, system-key-alist, defining-kbd-macro, and 2512last-kbd-macro. There is no way for Lisp programs to create others. 2513 2514The terminal-local variables cannot be buffer-local. 2515 2516*** When you create an X frame, for the `top' and `left' frame 2517parameters, you can now use values of the form (+ N) or (- N), where N 2518is an integer. (+ N) means N pixels to the right of the left edge of 2519the screen and (- N) means N pixels to the left of the right edge. In 2520both cases, N may be zero (exactly at the edge) or negative (putting 2521the window partly off the screen). 2522 2523The function x-parse-geometry can return values of these forms 2524for certain inputs. 2525 2526*** The variable menu-bar-file-menu has been renamed to 2527menu-bar-files-menu to match the actual item that appears in the menu. 2528(All the other such variable names do match.) 2529 2530*** The new function active-minibuffer-window returns the minibuffer window 2531currently active, or nil if none is now active. 2532 2533*** In the functions next-window, previous-window, next-frame, 2534previous-frame, get-buffer-window, get-lru-window, get-largest-window 2535and delete-windows-on, if you specify 0 for the last argument, 2536it means to consider all visible and iconified frames. 2537 2538*** When you set a frame's cursor type with modify-frame-parameters, 2539you can now specify (bar . INTEGER) as the cursor type. This stands 2540for a bar cursor of width INTEGER. 2541 2542*** The new function facep returns t if its argument is a face name 2543(or if it is a vector such as is used internally by the Lisp code 2544to represent a face). 2545 2546*** Each frame can now have a buffer-predicate function, 2547which is the `buffer-predicate' frame parameter. 2548When `other-buffer' looks for an alternative buffer, it considers 2549only the buffers that fit the selected frame's buffer predicate (if it 2550has one). This is useful for applications that make their own frames. 2551 2552*** When you create an X frame, you can now specify the frame parameter 2553`display'. This says which display to put the frame on. The value 2554should be a display name--a string of the form 2555"HOST:DPYNUMBER.SCREENNUMBER". 2556 2557The functions x-server-... and x-display-... now take an optional 2558argument which specifies the display to ask about. You can use either 2559a display name string or a frame. A value of nil stands for the 2560selected frame. 2561 2562To close the connection to an X display, use the function 2563x-close-connection. Specify which display with a display name. You 2564cannot close the connection if Emacs still has frames open on that 2565display. 2566 2567x-display-list returns a list indicating which displays Emacs has 2568connections to. Its elements are display names (strings). 2569 2570*** The icon-type frame parameter may now be a file name. 2571Then the contents of that file specify the icon bitmap to use 2572for that frame. 2573 2574*** The title of an Emacs frame, displayed by most window managers, is 2575set from frame-title-format or icon-title-format. These have the same 2576structure as mode-line-format. 2577 2578*** x-display-grayscale-p is a new function that returns non-nil if 2579your X server can display shades of gray. Currently it returns 2580non-nil for color displays (because they can display shades of gray); 2581we may change it in the next version to return nil for color displays. 2582 2583*** The frame parameter scroll-bar-width specifies the width of the 2584scrollbar in pixels. 2585 2586** Buffers 2587 2588*** Creating a buffer with get-buffer-create does not obey 2589default-major-mode. That variable is now handled in a separate 2590function, set-buffer-major-mode. get-buffer-create and generate-new-buffer 2591always leave the newly created buffer in Fundamental mode. 2592 2593Creating a new buffer by visiting a file or with switch-to-buffer, 2594pop-to-buffer, and similar functions does call set-buffer-major-mode 2595to select the default major mode specified with default-major-mode. 2596 2597*** You can now create an "indirect buffer". An indirect buffer shares 2598its text, including text properties, with another buffer (the "base 2599buffer"), but has its own major mode, local variables, overlays, and 2600narrowing. An indirect buffer has a name of its own, distinct from 2601those of the base buffer and all other buffers. An indirect buffer 2602cannot itself be visiting a file (though its base buffer can be). 2603The base buffer cannot itself be indirect. 2604 2605Use (make-indirect-buffer BASE-BUFFER NAME) to make an indirect buffer 2606named NAME whose base is BASE-BUFFER. If BASE-BUFFER is an indirect 2607buffer, its base buffer is used as the base for the new buffer. 2608 2609You can make an indirect buffer current, or switch to it in a window, 2610just as you would a non-indirect buffer. 2611 2612The function buffer-base-buffer, given an indirect buffer, returns its 2613base buffer. It returns nil when given an ordinary buffer (not 2614indirect). 2615 2616The library `noutline' has versions of Outline mode and Outline minor 2617mode which let you display different parts of the outline in different 2618indirect buffers. 2619 2620** Subprocesses 2621 2622*** The functions call-process and call-process-region now allow 2623you to direct error message output from the subprocess into a 2624separate destination, instead of mixing it with ordinary output. 2625To do this, specify for the third argument, BUFFER, a list of the form 2626 (BUFFER-OR-NAME ERROR-DESTINATION) 2627BUFFER-OR-NAME specifies where to put ordinary output; it should 2628be a buffer or buffer name, or t, nil or 0. This is what would 2629have been the BUFFER argument, ordinarily. 2630 2631ERROR-DESTINATION specifies where to put the error output. 2632nil means discard it, t means mix it with the ordinary output, 2633and a string specifies a file name to write this output into. 2634 2635You can't specify a buffer to put the error output in; that is not 2636easy to implement directly. You can put the error output into a 2637buffer by sending it to a temporary file and then inserting the file 2638into a buffer. 2639 2640*** Comint mode changes: 2641 2642**** The variable comint-completion-addsuffix can also be a cons pair 2643of the form (DIRSUFFIX . FILESUFFIX), where DIRSUFFIX and FILESUFFIX are 2644strings added on unambiguous or exact completion of directories and file 2645names, respectively. 2646 2647** Text properties 2648 2649*** You can now specify which values of the `invisible' property 2650make text invisible in a given buffer. The variable 2651`buffer-invisibility-spec', which is always local in all buffers, 2652controls this. 2653 2654If its value is t, then any non-nil `invisible' property makes 2655a character invisible. 2656 2657If its value is a list, then a character is invisible if its 2658`invisible' property value appears as a member of the list, or if it 2659appears as the car of a member of the list. 2660 2661When the `invisible' property value appears as the car of a member of 2662the `buffer-invisibility-spec' list, then the cdr of that member has 2663an effect. If it is non-nil, then an ellipsis appears in place of the 2664character. (This happens only for the *last* invisible character in a 2665series of consecutive invisible characters, and only at the end of a 2666line.) 2667 2668If a character's `invisible' property is a list, then Emacs checks each 2669element of the list against `buffer-invisibility-spec'. If any element 2670matches, the character is invisible. 2671 2672*** The command `list-text-properties-at' shows what text properties 2673are in effect at point. 2674 2675*** Frame objects now exist in Emacs even on systems that don't support 2676X Windows. You can create multiple frames, and switch between them 2677using select-frame. The selected frame is actually displayed on your 2678terminal; other frames are not displayed at all. The selected frame 2679number appears in the mode line after `Emacs', except for frame 1. 2680 2681Switching frames on ASCII terminals is therefore more or less 2682equivalent to switching between different window configurations. 2683 2684*** The new variable window-size-change-functions holds a list of 2685functions to be called if window sizes change (or if windows are 2686created or deleted). The functions are called once for each frame on 2687which changes have occurred, with the frame as the sole argument. 2688This takes place shortly before redisplay. 2689 2690*** The modification hook functions of overlays now work differently. 2691They are called both before and after each change. This makes it 2692possible for the functions to determine exactly what the change was. 2693 2694This change affects three overlay properties: the modification-hooks 2695property, a list of functions called for deletions overlapping the 2696overlay's range and for insertions inside it; the 2697insert-in-front-hooks, a list of functions called for insertions at 2698the beginning of the overlay; and the insert-behind-hooks, a list of 2699functions called for insertions at the end of the overlay. 2700 2701Each function is called both before and after each change that it 2702applies to. Before the change, it is called with four arguments: 2703 (funcall FUNCTION OVERLAY nil START END) 2704START and END are the same arguments that the before-change-functions 2705receive. 2706 2707After the change, each function is called with five arguments: 2708 (funcall FUNCTION OVERLAY t START END OLDSIZE) 2709The last arguments, START and END and OLDSIZE, 2710are the same arguments that the after-change-functions receive. 2711 2712This means the function must accept either four or five arguments. 2713 2714*** You can set defaults for text-properties with the new variable 2715`default-text-properties'. Its value is a property list; the values 2716specified there are used whenever a character (or its category) does 2717not specify a value. 2718 2719*** The `face' property of a character or an overlay can now be a list 2720of face names. Formerly it had to be just one face name. 2721 2722*** Changes in handling the `intangible' text property. 2723 2724**** If inhibit-point-motion-hooks is non-nil, then `intangible' properties 2725are ignored. 2726 2727**** Moving to just before a stretch of intangible text 2728is no longer special in any way. Point stays at that place. 2729 2730**** When you move point backwards into the midst of intangible text, 2731point moves back to the beginning of that text. (It used to move 2732forward to the end of that text, which was not very useful.) 2733 2734**** When moving across intangible text, Emacs stops wherever the 2735property value changes. So if you have two stretches of intangible 2736text, with different non-nil intangible properties, it is possible to 2737place point between them. 2738 2739** Overlays 2740 2741*** Overlay changes. 2742 2743**** The new function previous-overlay-change returns the position of 2744the previous overlay start or end, before a specified position. This 2745is the backwards-moving counterpart of next-overlay-change. 2746 2747**** overlay-get now supports category properties on an overlay 2748the same way get-text-property supports them as text properties. 2749 2750Specifically, if an overlay does not have the property PROP that you 2751ask for, but it does have a `category' property which is a symbol, 2752then that symbol's PROP property is used. 2753 2754**** If an overlay has a non-nil `evaporate' property, it will be 2755deleted if it ever becomes empty (i.e., when it spans no characters). 2756 2757**** If an overlay has a `before-string' and/or `after-string' property, 2758these strings are displayed at the overlay's endpoints. 2759 2760** Filling 2761 2762*** The new variable fill-paragraph-function provides a way for major 2763modes to override the filling of paragraphs. If this is non-nil, 2764fill-paragraph calls it as a function, passing along its sole 2765argument. If the function returns non-nil, fill-paragraph assumes it 2766has done the job and simply passes on whatever value it returned. 2767 2768The usual use of this feature is to fill comments in programming 2769language modes. 2770 2771*** Text filling and justification changes: 2772 2773**** The new variable use-hard-newlines can be used to make a 2774distinction between "hard" and "soft" newlines; the fill functions 2775will then never remove a newline that was manually inserted. Hard 2776newlines are marked with a non-nil `hard' text-property. 2777 2778**** The fill-column and left-margin can now be modified by text-properties. 2779Most lisp programs should use the new functions (current-fill-column) and 2780(current-left-margin), which return the proper values to use for the 2781current line. 2782 2783**** There are new functions for dealing with margins: 2784 2785***** Set-left-margin and set-right-margin (set the value for a region 2786and re-fill). These functions take three arguments: two to specify 2787a region, and the desired margin value. 2788 2789***** Increase-left-margin, decrease-left-margin, increase-right-margin, and 2790decrease-right-margin (change settings relative to current values, and 2791re-fill). 2792 2793***** move-to-left-margin moves point there, optionally adding 2794indentation or changing tabs to spaces in order to make that possible. 2795beginning-of-line-text also moves past the fill-prefix and any 2796indentation added to center or right-justify a line, to the beginning 2797of the text that the user actually typed. 2798 2799***** delete-to-left-margin removes any left-margin indentation, but 2800does not change the property. 2801 2802**** The paragraph-movement functions look for the paragraph-start and 2803paragraph-separate regexps at the current left margin, not at the 2804beginning of the line. This means that those regexps should NOT use ^ 2805to anchor the search. However, for backwards compatibility, a ^ at 2806the beginning of the regexp will be ignored, so most packages won't break. 2807 2808**** justify-current-line is now capable of doing left, center, or 2809right justification as well as full justification. 2810 2811**** The fill functions can do any kind of justification based on the new 2812`justification' text-property and `default-justification' variable, 2813or arguments to the functions. They also have a new option which 2814defeats the normal removal of extra whitespace. 2815 2816**** The new function `current-justification' returns the kind of 2817justification used for the current line. The new function 2818`set-justification' can be used to change it, including re-justifying 2819the text of the region according to the new value. 2820 2821**** Filling and auto-fill are disabled if justification is `none'. 2822 2823**** The auto-fill-function is now called regardless of whether 2824the fill-column has been exceeded; the function can determine on its 2825own whether filling (or justification) is necessary. 2826 2827** Processes 2828 2829*** process-tty-name is a new function that returns the name of the 2830terminal that the process itself reads and writes on (not the name of 2831the pty that Emacs uses to talk with that terminal). 2832 2833*** Errors in process filters and sentinels are now normally caught 2834automatically, so that they don't abort other Lisp programs. 2835 2836Setting debug-on-error non-nil turns off this feature; then errors in 2837filters and sentinels are not caught. As a result, they can invoke 2838the debugger, under the control of debug-on-error. 2839 2840*** Emacs now preserves the match data around the execution of process 2841filters and sentinels. You can use search and match functions freely 2842in filters and sentinels without explicitly bothering to save the 2843match data. 2844 2845** Display 2846 2847*** The variable message-log-max controls how messages are logged in the 2848"*Messages*" buffer. An integer value means to keep that many lines; 2849t means to log with no limit; nil means disable message logging. Lisp 2850code that calls `message' excessively (e.g. isearch.el) should probably 2851bind this variable to nil. 2852 2853*** Display tables now have a new element, at index 261, specifying the 2854glyph to use for the separator between two side-by-side windows. By 2855default, this is the vertical bar character `|'. Probably the only 2856other useful character to store for this element is a space, to make 2857less visual separation between two side-by-side windows displaying 2858related information. 2859 2860*** The new mode-line-format spec %c displays the current column number. 2861 2862*** The new variable blink-matching-delay specifies how long to keep 2863the cursor at the matching open-paren, after you insert a close-paren. 2864This is useful mainly on systems which can wait for a fraction of a 2865second--you can then specify fractional values such as 0.5. 2866 2867*** Faster processing of buffers with long lines 2868 2869The new variable cache-long-line-scans determines whether Emacs 2870should use caches to handle long lines more quickly. This variable is 2871buffer-local, in all buffers. 2872 2873Normally, the line-motion functions work by scanning the buffer for 2874newlines. Columnar operations (like `move-to-column' and 2875`compute-motion') also work by scanning the buffer, summing character 2876widths as they go. This works well for ordinary text, but if the 2877buffer's lines are very long (say, more than 500 characters), these 2878motion functions will take longer to execute. Emacs may also take 2879longer to update the display. 2880 2881If cache-long-line-scans is non-nil, these motion functions cache 2882the results of their scans, and consult the cache to avoid rescanning 2883regions of the buffer until the text is modified. The caches are most 2884beneficial when they prevent the most searching---that is, when the 2885buffer contains long lines and large regions of characters with the 2886same, fixed screen width. 2887 2888When cache-long-line-scans is non-nil, processing short lines will 2889become slightly slower (because of the overhead of consulting the 2890cache), and the caches will use memory roughly proportional to the 2891number of newlines and characters whose screen width varies. 2892 2893The caches require no explicit maintenance; their accuracy is 2894maintained internally by the Emacs primitives. Enabling or disabling 2895the cache should not affect the behavior of any of the motion functions; 2896it should only affect their performance. 2897 2898** System Interface 2899 2900*** The function user-login-name now accepts an optional 2901argument uid. If the argument is non-nil, user-login-name 2902returns the login name for that user id. 2903 2904*** system-name, user-name, user-full-name and user-real-name are now 2905variables as well as functions. The variables hold the same values 2906that the functions would return. The new variable multiple-frames 2907is non-nil if at least two non-minibuffer frames are visible. These 2908variables may be useful in constructing the value of frame-title-format 2909or icon-title-format. 2910 2911*** Changes in time-conversion functions. 2912 2913**** The new function format-time-string takes a format string and a 2914time value. It converts the time to a string, according to the format 2915specified. You can specify what kind of conversion to use with 2916%-specifications. 2917 2918**** The new function decode-time converts a time value into a list of 2919specific items of information: the year, month, day of week, day of 2920month, hour, minute and second. (A time value is a list of two or 2921three integers.) 2922 2923**** The new function encode-time converts specific items of time 2924information--the second, minute, hour, day, month, year, and time 2925zone--into a time value. 2926 2927 2928 2929* Changes in Emacs 19.27 2930 2931There are no changes; however, here is one bug fix made in 19.26 that users 2932think should be documented here. 2933 2934** SPC and DEL in Info now handle menus consistently. 2935 2936SPC and DEL scroll through an entire subtree an Info manual. Once you 2937scroll through a node far enough to reach a menu, SPC begins moving 2938into the subnodes of the menu, starting with the first one. When you 2939reach the end of a subnode, SPC moves into the next subnode, and so 2940on. 2941 2942DEL more or less scrolls through the same text in reverse order. 2943 2944 2945 2946* User Editing Changes in Emacs 19.26 2947 2948** In the X toolkit version, if you click on a menu bar item and 2949release the button quickly outside the menu, the menu remains visible 2950until you click or type something else. If you click on the menu, you 2951select from the menu. Any other mouse click makes the menu disappear. 2952Keyboard input gets rid of the menu and then is processed normally. 2953 2954"Quickly" means within double-click-time milliseconds. 2955 2956** The C-x 5 commands to select a buffer in "another frame" now use an 2957existing iconified frame, if any, deiconifying it. They also raise 2958the frame. 2959 2960** Region highlighting on a black-and-white-only display now uses 2961underlining. Inverse-video had the problem that you couldn't see 2962the cursor. 2963 2964** You can now change the height of a window by pressing mouse-1 on 2965the mode line and dragging it up and down. 2966 2967** If you set the environment variable LC_CTYPE to iso_8859_1 or 2968iso-8859-1, Emacs automatically sets up for display and syntactic 2969handling of the ISO Latin-1 character set. 2970 2971This does not automatically load any of the packages for input of 2972these characters, because it's not yet clear what is right to do. 2973You must still explicitly load either iso-transl or iso-acc. 2974 2975** For a read-only buffer that is also modified, the mode line now displays 2976%* instead of %%. 2977 2978** M-prior (scroll-other-window-down) is a new command that works like 2979M-next (and C-M-v) but scrolls in the opposite direction. 2980 2981M-home moves to the beginning of the buffer, in the other window. 2982M-end moves to the end of the buffer, in the other window. These two 2983commands, along with M-next and M-prior, form a series of commands for 2984moving around in the other window. 2985 2986** In change logs, the mail address is now delimited with <...> instead 2987of (...). 2988 2989This makes it a little more convenient to extract the mail address for 2990use in mailing a message. 2991 2992** In Shell mode and other comint modes, C-a has now returned to 2993its ordinary meaning: move to the beginning of the line. 2994Use C-c C-a to move to the end of the prompt. 2995 2996** If you set mail-signature to t to cause automatic insertion of 2997your .signature file, you now get a -- before the signature. 2998 2999** Setting rmail-highlighted-headers to nil entirely turns off 3000highlighting in Rmail. However, if your motivation for doing this is 3001that the highlighted text doesn't look good on your display, it might 3002be better to change the appearance of the `highlight' face. Once 3003you've done that, you may find Rmail highlighting is useful. 3004 3005** In the calendar, mouse-2 is now used only for commands that apply to a date. 3006If you click it when not on a date, it gives an immediate error. 3007 3008Mouse-3 in the calendar now gives a menu of commands that do not apply 3009to a particular date. 3010 3011The D command displays diary entries from a specified diary file (not 3012your standard diary file). 3013 3014** In the gnus-uu package, the binding for gnus-uu-threaded-decode-and-view 3015is now C-c C-v C-d, not C-c C-v C-h. Thus, C-c C-v C-h is now available 3016for asking for a list of the subcommands of C-c C-v. 3017 3018** You can now specify "who you are" for various Emacs packages by 3019setting just one variable, user-mail-address. This currently applies 3020to posting news with GNUS and to making change log entries. It may 3021apply to additional Emacs features in the future. 3022 3023 3024* Lisp-Level Changes in Emacs 19.26: 3025 3026** The function insert-char now takes an optional third argument 3027which, if non-nil, says the inserted characters should inherit sticky 3028text properties from the surrounding text. 3029 3030** The `diary' library has been renamed to `diary-lib'. If you refer 3031to this library in your Lisp code, you must update the references. 3032 3033** Sending text to a subprocess can read input from subprocesses if it 3034has to wait because the destination subprocess's terminal input buffer 3035is full. 3036 3037It was already possible in unusual occasions for this operation to 3038read subprocess input, but it did not happen very often. It is now 3039more likely to happen. 3040 3041** last-nonmenu-event is now bound to t around filter functions and sentinels. 3042This is to ensure that y-or-n-p and yes-or-no-p use the keyboard by default. 3043 3044** In mode lines, %+ now displays as % for unmodified read-only 3045buffers. It is now the same as %* except in the case of a modified 3046read-only buffer; in that case, %+ displays as *. 3047 3048The old meaning of %+ is now available on %&. 3049It displays * for a modified buffer and - for an unmodified buffer, 3050regardless of read-only status. 3051 3052** You can now use `underline' in the color list of a face. 3053It serves as a last resort, and says to underline the face 3054(if previous color list elements can't be used). 3055 3056** The new function x-color-values returns the list of color values 3057for a given color name (a string). The list contains three integers 3058which give the amounts of red, green and blue in the color: (R G B). 3059 3060** In run-at-time, 0 as the repeat interval means "don't repeat". 3061 3062** The variable trim-versions-without-asking has been renamed to 3063delete-old-versions. 3064 3065** The new function other-window-for-scrolling returns the choice of 3066other window for C-M-v to scroll. 3067 3068** Note that the function fceiling was mistakenly documented as fceil before. 3069 3070 3071* Changes in cc-mode.el in Emacs 19.26: 3072 3073** A new syntactic symbol has been added: substatement-open. It 3074 defines the open brace of a substatement block. These used to get: 3075 ((block-open ...) (substatement . ...)). 3076 3077 Non-block substatement lines still get just ((substatement . ...)) 3078 3079 Note that the custom indent function c-adaptive-block-open has been 3080 removed as obsolete. 3081 3082** You can now specify the `hanginess' of closing braces. See 3083 c-hanging-braces-alist. 3084 3085** Recognizes try and catch blocks in C++. They are given the 3086 substatement syntactic symbol. 3087 3088** should be generally more forgiving about non-GNU standard top-level 3089 construct definition styles (i.e. where the function/class/struct 3090 opening brace does not start in column zero). 3091 3092 If you hang the braces that open a top-level construct on the right 3093 edge, and you find you still need to define defun-open-prompt (Emacs 3094 19) please let me know. Note that there may still be performance 3095 issues related to non-column zero opening braces. 3096 3097** c-macro-expand is put on C-c C-e 3098 3099** New style: "Default". Resets indentation to those shipped with 3100 cc-mode.el. 3101 3102** internal defun c-indent-via-language-element has been renamed 3103 c-indent-line for compatibility with c-mode.el and awk-mode. 3104 3105** new buffer-local variable c-comment-start-regexp for (potential) 3106 flexibility in adding new modes based on cc-mode.el 3107 3108 3109 3110* Changes in Emacs 19.25 3111 3112The variable x-cross-pointer-shape (which didn't really exist) has 3113been renamed to x-sensitive-text-pointer-shape, and now does exist. 3114 3115 3116 3117* Changes in Emacs 19.24 3118 3119Here is a list of new Lisp packages introduced since 19.22. 3120 3121derived.el Define new major modes based on old ones. 3122dired-x.el Extra Dired features. 3123double.el New mode for conveniently inputting non-beyond chars. 3124easymenu.el Create menus easily. 3125ediff.el Snazzy diff interface. 3126foldout.el A kind of outline mode designed for editing programs. 3127gnus-uu.el UUdecode in GNUS buffers. 3128ielm.el Interactively evaluate Lisp. 3129 This is a replacement for Lisp Interaction Mode. 3130iso-cvt.el Conversion of beyond-ASCII characters between 3131 various different representations. 3132jka-compr.el Automatic compression/decompression. 3133mldrag.el Drag modeline to change heights of windows. 3134mail-hist.el Provides history for headers of outgoing mail. 3135rsz-mini.el Automatically resizing minibuffers. 3136s-region.el Set region by holding shift. 3137skeleton.el Templates for statement insertion. 3138soundex.el Classifying words by how they sound. 3139tempo.el Template insertion with hotspots. 3140 3141 3142 3143* User Editing Changes in 19.23. 3144 3145** Emacs 19.23 uses Ispell version 3. 3146 3147Previous Emacs 19 versions used Ispell version 4. That version had 3148improvements in storing the dictionary compactly, but these are not 3149very important nowadays. Meanwhile, in parallel to the work on Ispell 31504, many useful features were added to Ispell 3. Until a few months 3151ago, the terms on Ispell 3 did not let us use it; but they have now 3152been changed, so now we are using it. We are dropping Ispell 4. 3153 3154** Emacs 19.23 can run on MS-DOG. See the file MSDOS in the same 3155directory as this file. 3156 3157** Emacs 19.23 can work with an X toolkit. You must specify toolkit 3158operation when you configure Emacs: use the option 3159--with-x-toolkit=yes. (This option uses code developed by Lucid; 3160thanks to Frederic Pierresteguy for helping to adapt it.) 3161 3162** Emacs now has dialog boxes; yes/no and y/n questions automatically 3163use them in commands invoked with the mouse. For more information, 3164see below under "Lisp programming changes". 3165 3166** Menus now display the keyboard equivalents (if any) of the menu 3167commands in parentheses after the menu item. 3168 3169** Kill commands, used in a read-only buffer, now move point across 3170the text they would otherwise have killed. This way, you can use 3171repeated kill commands to transfer text into the kill ring. 3172 3173** There is now a global mark ring in addition to the mark ring that is local 3174to each buffer. The global mark ring stores positions in any buffer. Any 3175time the mark is set and the current buffer is different from the last time 3176the mark was set, the new mark is pushed on the global mark ring as well. 3177The new command C-x C-SPC (pop-global-mark) pops the global mark ring and 3178jumps to the last mark pushed, first switching to that buffer. 3179 3180** Query Replace is now available in the Edit menu. 3181 3182** ESC no longer simply exits a Query Replace. It now exits the Query 3183Replace and remains pending. Thus, ESC A and M-A are now equivalent 3184in Query Replace. 3185 3186To simply exit a Query Replace, type RET or Period. 3187 3188** M-mouse-2 now puts point at the end of the yanked secondary selection. 3189 3190** Mouse-1 in the mode line now simply selects the window above that 3191mode line. Mouse-2 in the mode line selects that window and expands 3192it to fill the frame it is in. 3193 3194** You can now use mouse-2 in a Dired buffer or Tar mode buffer to find 3195a file you click on, in a compilation buffer to go to a particular 3196error message, and in a *Occur* buffer to go to a particular 3197occurrence. 3198 3199(It was already possible to do likewise in Info and in completion list 3200buffers.) 3201 3202What's more, the sensitive areas of the buffer now highlight when you 3203move the mouse over them. 3204 3205** In a completion list buffer, the command RET now chooses the completion 3206that is around or next to point. 3207 3208** If you specify the foreground color for the `mode-line' face, and 3209mode-line-inverse-video is non-nil, then the default background color 3210is the usual foreground color. 3211 3212** revert-buffer now preserves markers pointing within the unchanged 3213text (if any) at the beginning and end of the file. 3214 3215** Version control checkin and checkout preserve all markers if the 3216file does not contain any of the magic version header sequences that 3217are updated automatically by RCS and SCCS. If such version headers 3218are present, checkin and checkout preserve a marker unless it comes 3219between two such sequences. (So it's a good idea to put all the 3220header sequences close together.) 3221 3222** When a large deletion shuts off auto save temporarily in a buffer, 3223you can now turn it on again by saving the buffer with C-x C-s (as was 3224possible in Emacs 18). You can also turn it on again with M-1 M-x 3225auto-save (as has been possible in Emacs 19). 3226 3227** C-x r d now runs the command delete-rectangle. 3228 3229** The new command imenu shows you a menu of interesting places in the 3230current buffer and lets you select one; then it moves point there. 3231The definition of interesting places depends on the major mode, but 3232typically this includes function definitions and such. Normally, 3233imenu displays the menu in a buffer; but if you bind it to a mouse 3234event, it shows a mouse popup menu. 3235 3236** You can make certain chosen buffers, that normally appear in a 3237separate window, appear in special frames of their own. To do this, 3238set special-display-buffer-names to a list of buffer names; any buffer 3239whose name is in that list automatically gets a special frame when it 3240is to be displayed in another window. 3241 3242A good value to try is ("*compilation*" "*grep*" "*TeX Shell*"). 3243 3244More generally, you can set special-display-regexps to a list of regular 3245expressions; then each buffer whose name matches any of those regular 3246expressions gets its own frame. 3247 3248The variable special-display-frame-alist specifies the frame 3249parameters for these frames. It has a default value, so you don't 3250need to set it. 3251 3252** If you set sentence-end-double-space to nil, the fill commands 3253expect just one space at the end of a sentence. (If you want the 3254sentence commands to accept single spaces, you must modify the regexp 3255sentence-end also.) 3256 3257** You can suppress the startup echo area message by adding text like 3258this to your .emacs file: 3259 3260(setq inhibit-startup-echo-area-message "YOUR-LOGIN-NAME") 3261 3262Simply setting inhibit-startup-echo-area-message to your login name is 3263not sufficient to inhibit the message; Emacs explicitly checks whether 3264.emacs contains an expression as shown above. Your login name must 3265appear in the expression as a Lisp string constant. 3266 3267This way, you can easily inhibit the message for yourself if you wish, 3268but thoughtless copying of your .emacs file will not inhibit the 3269message for someone else. 3270 3271** Outline minor mode now uses C-c C-o as a prefix instead of just C-c. 3272 3273** In Outline mode, hide-subtree is now C-c C-d. (It was C-c C-h; but 3274that is now a conventional way to ask for help about C-c commands.) 3275 3276** There are two additional commands in Outline mode. 3277M-x hide-sublevels 3278 hides all headers except the topmost N levels. 3279M-x hide-other 3280 hides everything about the body that point is in 3281 plus the headers leading up from there to the top of the tree. 3282 3283** In iso-transl and iso-insert, the sequences for entering A-ring and 3284the AE ligature are now just A and E (plus the initial C-x 8 or Alt). 3285You used to have to enter AA or AE, after the C-x 8 prefix of course. 3286Likewise for lower case a-ring and ae. 3287 3288** iso-transl now defines convenient Alt keys as well as the C-x 8 prefix. 3289Instead of prefixing a sequence with C-x 8, you can add Alt to the 3290first character of the sequence. For example, Alt-" a is now a way 3291to enter an a-umlaut. 3292 3293** CC mode is a greatly improved mode for C and C++. 3294See the following page. 3295 3296** tcl mode is a new major mode. It provides features for 3297editing, indenting and running tcl programs. 3298 3299** Compilation minor mode lets you parse error messages in any buffer, 3300not just a normal compilation output buffer. Type M-x 3301compilation-minor-mode to enable the minor mode; then C-c C-c jumps to 3302the source location for the error at point, as in the `*compilation*' 3303buffer. If you use compilation-minor-mode in an Rlogin buffer, it 3304automatically accesses remote source files by ftp. 3305 3306** Comint and shell mode changes: 3307 3308*** Comint modes (including Shell mode, GUD modes, etc.) now bind 3309C-M-l to the command comint-show-output. This command scrolls the 3310buffer to show the last batch of output from the subprogram. 3311 3312*** Completion in Comint modes now truly operates on the string before 3313point, rather than the word that point is within. 3314 3315*** Comint mode file name completion ignores those files that end with a 3316string in the new variable comint-completion-fignore. This variable's 3317default value is nil. 3318 3319*** Shell mode uses the variable shell-completion-fignore to set 3320comint-completion-fignore. The default value is nil, but some 3321people prefer ("~" "#" "%"). 3322 3323*** The function `comint-watch-for-password-prompt' can be used to 3324suppress echoing when a subprocess asks for a password. To use it, 3325do this: 3326 3327(add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions 3328 'comint-watch-for-password-prompt) 3329 3330*** You can use M-x shell-strip-ctrl-m to strip ^M characters from 3331process output. 3332 3333*** In Shell mode, TAB now completes environment variables, if possible, 3334and expands directory references. 3335 3336*** You can use M-x comint-run to execute any program of your choice in 3337a comint mode. Some programs such as shells, rlogin, and debuggers 3338have their own specialized modes; this command is one way to use 3339comint to run programs for which no such specialized mode exits. (You 3340can also run a shell with M-x shell and run the program of your choice 3341under the shell--but that gives you the specializations of Shell 3342mode.) 3343 3344** When you run GUD (M-x gdb, M-x dbx, and so on), you can use TAB 3345to do file name completion in the minibuffer. 3346 3347The "Complete" menu includes an item for directory expansion. 3348 3349** GUD working with future versions of GDB will permit TAB for 3350GDB-style symbol completion. This will work with GDB 4.13. 3351 3352** Rmail no longer gets new mail automatically when you visit an Rmail 3353file specified by name--not even if it is your primary Rmail file. To 3354get new mail, type `g'. This feature is an advantage because you now 3355have a choice of whether to get new mail. (This change actually 3356occurred in an earlier version, but wasn't listed here then, since it 3357made the code do what the documentation already said.) 3358 3359** Rmail now highlights certain fields automatically, when you use X 3360windows. The variable rmail-highlighted-headers controls which 3361fields. 3362 3363** If you set rmail-summary-window-size to an integer, Rmail uses 3364a window that many lines high for the summary buffer. 3365 3366** rmail-input-menu is a new command that visits an Rmail file letting 3367you choose which file with a mouse menu. rmail-output-menu is 3368similar; it outputs the current message, using a mouse menu to choose 3369which Rmail file. These commands use the variables 3370rmail-secondary-file-directory and rmail-secondary-file-regexp. 3371 3372** The mh-e package has been changed substantially. 3373See the file ./MH-E-NEWS for details. 3374 3375** The calendar and diary have new features. 3376 3377The menu bar for the calendar contains most of the calendar commands, 3378arranged into logical categories. 3379 3380Mouse-2 now performs specific-date-related commands when clicked on a 3381date in the calendar window and common three-month-related commands 3382when clicked elsewhere in the calendar window. 3383 3384You can set up colored/shaded highlighting of holidays, diary entry 3385dates, and today's date, by setting calendar-holiday-marker, 3386diary-entry-marker, and calendar-today-marker to a face instead of a 3387character. Using a special face is now the default if you are using a 3388window system. 3389 3390** The appt package for displaying appointment reminders has new 3391features. 3392 3393*** The appt alarm window stays for the full duration of 3394appt-display-duration. It no longer disappears when you start typing 3395text. 3396 3397*** You can change the way the appointment window is created/deleted by 3398setting the variables appt-disp-window-function and 3399appt-delete-window-function. 3400 3401For instance, these variables can be set to functions that display 3402appointments in pop-up frames, which are lowered or iconified after 3403appt-display-duration seconds. 3404 3405** desktop.el can now save a list of buffer-local variables, 3406and saves more global ones. 3407 3408** Pascal mode has been completely rewritten. It now features 3409completing of function names, variables and type definitions around 3410current point (like M-TAB does with lisp-symbols). There's also an 3411outline mode (M-x pascal-outline) that hides the bodies of all 3412functions you're not working with. 3413 3414** Edebug has a number of changes: 3415 3416*** Edebug syntax error reporting is improved. 3417 3418*** Top-level forms and defining forms other than defun and defmacro may 3419now be debugged with Edebug. 3420 3421*** Edebug specifications may now contain body, &define, name, arg or 3422arglist, def-body, and def-form, to support definitions. 3423 3424*** edebug-all-defuns is renamed to edebug-all-defs. 3425def-edebug-form-spec is replaced by def-edebug-form whose arguments 3426are unevaluated. The old names are still available for now. 3427 3428*** Frequency counts and coverage data may be displayed for functions being 3429debugged. 3430 3431*** A global break condition is now checked at every stop point. 3432 3433*** The previous condition at a breakpoint may now be edited. 3434 3435*** A new "next" mode stops only after expression evaluation. 3436 3437*** A new command, top-level-nonstop, does not even stop for unwind-protect, 3438as top-level would. 3439 3440 3441* Changes in CC mode in Emacs 19.23. 3442 3443`cc-mode' provides ANSI C, K&R C, and ARM C++ language editing. It 3444represents the merge of c++-mode.el and c-mode.el. cc-mode provides a 3445new, more flexible indentation engine so that indentation 3446customization is more intuitive. There are two steps to calculating 3447indentation: first, CC mode analyzes the line for syntactic content, 3448then based on this content it applies user defined offsets and adds 3449this offset to the indentation of some previous line. 3450 3451The syntactic analysis determines if the line describes a `statement', 3452`substatement', `class-open', `member-init-intro', etc. These are 3453described in detail with C-h v c-offsets-alist. You can change the 3454offsets interactively with C-c C-o (c-set-offsets), or 3455programmatically in your c-mode-common-hook, which is run both by 3456c-mode and c++-mode. You can also set up "styles" in the same way 3457that you could with c-mode.el. The variable c-basic-offset controls 3458the basic offset given to a level of indentation. 3459 3460If, for example, you wanted to change this style: 3461 3462int foo (int i) 3463{ 3464 switch (i) { 3465 case 1: 3466 printf ("its a foo\n"); 3467 break; 3468 default: 3469 printf ("don't know what it is\n"); 3470 break; 3471 } 3472} 3473 3474into this: 3475 3476int foo (int i) 3477{ 3478 switch (i) { 3479 case 1: 3480 printf ("its a foo\n"); 3481 break; 3482 default: 3483 printf ("don't know what it is\n"); 3484 break; 3485 } 3486} 3487 3488you could add the following to your .emacs file: 3489 3490(defun my-c-mode-common-hook () 3491 (c-set-offset 'case-label 2) 3492 (c-set-offset 'statement-case-intro 2)) 3493(add-hook 'c-mode-common-hook 'my-c-mode-common-hook) 3494 3495** New variables: 3496 3497c-offsets-alist contains an association list of syntactic symbols and 3498their relative offsets. Do a "C-h v c-offsets-alist" to get a list of 3499all syntactic symbols currently defined, and their meanings. You 3500should not change this variable directly; use the supplied interface 3501commands c-set-offset and c-set-style. 3502 3503c-mode-common-hook is run by both c-mode and c++-mode during their 3504common initializations. You should put any customizations that are 3505the same for both C and C++ into this hook. 3506 3507The variable c-strict-semantics-p is used mainly for debugging. When 3508non-nil, CC mode signals an error if it returns a syntactic symbol 3509that can't be found in c-offsets-alist. 3510 3511If you want CC mode to echo the syntactic analysis for a particular 3512line when you hit the TAB key, set c-echo-semantic-information-p to 3513non-nil. 3514 3515c-basic-offset controls the standard amount of offset for a level of 3516indentation. You can set a syntactic symbol's offset to + or - as a 3517short-hand for positive or negative c-basic-offset. 3518 3519c-comment-only-line-offset lets you control indentation given to lines 3520which contain only a comment, in the case of C++ line style comments, 3521or the introduction to a C block comment. Comment-only lines at 3522column zero can be anchored there independent of the indentation given 3523to other comment-only lines. 3524 3525c-block-comments-indent-p controls the style of C block comment 3526re-indentation. If you put leading stars in front of comment 3527continuation lines, you should set this variable to nil. 3528 3529c-cleanup-list is a list describing certain C and C++ constructs to be 3530"cleaned up" as they are typed, but only when the auto-newline feature 3531is turned on. In C++, make sure this variable contains at least 3532'scope-operator so that double colons will not be separated by a 3533newline. 3534 3535Colons (`:') and braces (`{` and `}') are special in C and C++. For 3536certain constructs, you may like them to hang on the right edge of the 3537code, or you may like them to start a new line of code. You can use 3538the two variables c-hanging-braces-alist and c-hanging-colons-alist 3539to control whether newlines are placed before and/or after colons and 3540braces when certain C and C++ constructs are entered. For example, 3541you can control whether the colon that introduces a C++ member 3542initialization list hangs on the right edge, starts a new line, or has 3543no newlines either before or after it. 3544 3545c-special-indent-hook is run after a line is indented by CC mode. You 3546can perform any custom indentations here. 3547 3548c-delete-function is the function that is called when a single 3549character is deleted with the c-electric-delete command (DEL). 3550 3551c-electric-pound-behavior describes what happens when you enter the 3552`#' that introduces a cpp macro. 3553 3554If c-tab-always-indent is neither t nor nil, then TAB inserts a tab 3555when within strings, comments, and cpp directives, but it reindents 3556the line unconditionally. 3557 3558c-inhibit-startup-warnings-p inhibits warnings about any old 3559version of Emacs you might be running, which could be incompatible 3560with cc-mode. 3561 3562** There are two new minor-mode features in CC mode: auto-newline and 3563hungry-delete. Auto-newline inserts newlines automatically as you 3564type certain constructs. Hungry-delete consumes all preceding 3565whitespace (spaces, tabs, and newlines) when the delete key is hit. 3566You can toggle auto-newline on and off on a per-buffer basis by 3567hitting C-c C-a. You can toggle hungry-delete on and off by hitting 3568C-c C-d. You can toggle them both on and off together with C-c C-t. 3569 3570** Slash (`/') and star (`*') are now both electric characters. 3571 3572** New commands: 3573 3574The new C-c C-o (c-set-offset) command can be used to interactively change 3575the offset for a particular syntactic symbol. 3576 3577The new command C-c : (c-scope-operator) inserts the C++ scope operator in 3578c++-mode only. 3579 3580The new command C-c C-q (c-indent-defun) indents the entire enclosing 3581top-level function or class. 3582 3583The new command C-c C-s (c-show-semantic-information) echos the current 3584syntactic analysis without re-indenting the current line. 3585 3586The new commands M-x c-forward-into-nomenclature and M-x 3587c-backward-into-nomenclature (currently otherwise unbound to a key 3588sequence), make movement easier when using the C++ variable naming 3589convention of VariableNamesWithoutUnderscoresButEachWordCapitalized. 3590 3591** Command from c-mode.el that have been renamed in cc-mode.el: 3592 3593 electric-c-brace => c-electric-brace 3594 electric-c-semi => c-electric-semi&comma 3595 electric-c-sharp-sign => c-electric-pound 3596 mark-c-function => c-mark-function 3597 electric-c-terminator => c-electric-colon 3598 indent-c-exp => c-indent-exp 3599 set-c-style => c-set-style 3600 3601** Variables from c-mode.el that are obsolete with cc-mode.el: 3602 3603 c-indent-level 3604 c-brace-imaginary-offset 3605 c-brace-offset 3606 c-argdecl-indent 3607 c-label-offset 3608 c-continued-statement-offset 3609 c-continued-brace-offset 3610 3611 3612* Lisp programming changes in Emacs 19.23. 3613 3614** To pop up a dialog box, call x-popup-dialog. 3615It takes two arguments, POSITION and CONTENTS. 3616 3617POSITION specifies which frame to place the dialog box over; 3618the dialog box always goes on the center of the frame. 3619POSITION may be a mouse event, a window, a frame, 3620or t meaning use the frame that the mouse is in. 3621 3622CONTENTS specifies the contents of the dialog box. 3623It looks like a single pane of a popup menu: 3624(TITLE ITEM1 ITEM2 ...), where each ITEM has the form (STRING . VALUE). 3625The return value is VALUE from the chosen item. 3626 3627An ITEM may also be just a string--that makes a nonselectable item. 3628An ITEM may also be nil--that means to put all preceding items 3629on the left of the dialog box and all following items on the right. 3630(By default, approximately half appear on each side.) 3631 3632If your Emacs is not using an X toolkit, then it cannot display a 3633real dialog box; so instead it displays a pop-up menu in the center 3634of the frame. 3635 3636** y-or-n-p, yes-or-no-p and map-y-or-n-p now use menus or dialog boxes 3637to ask their question(s) if the command that is running was reached by 3638a mouse event. 3639 3640If you want to control which way these functions work, bind the 3641variable last-nonmenu-event around the call. These functions use the 3642keyboard if that variable holds a keyboard event (actually, any 3643non-list); they use the mouse if that variable holds a mouse event 3644(actually, any list). 3645 3646** The mouse-face property is now implemented, both in overlays and as 3647a text property. It specifies a face to use when the mouse is in the 3648range of text for which the property is specified. 3649 3650** When text has a non-nil `intangible' property, you cannot move point 3651within it or right before it. If you try, point actually moves to the 3652end of the intangible text. Note that this means that backward-char 3653is a no-op when there is an intangible character to the left of point. 3654 3655** minibuffer-exit-hook is a new normal hook that is run when you 3656exit the minibuffer. 3657 3658** The variable x-cross-pointer-shape specifies the cursor shape to use 3659when the mouse is over text that has a mouse-face property. 3660 3661** The new variable interpreter-mode-alist specifies major modes to use 3662for shell scripts that specify a command interpreter. Its elements 3663look like (INTERPRETER . MODE); for example, ("perl" . perl-mode) is 3664one element present by default. This feature applies only when the 3665file name doesn't indicate which mode to use. 3666 3667** If you use a minibuffer-only frame, set the variable 3668minibuffer-auto-raise to t, and entering the minibuffer will then 3669raise the minibuffer frame. 3670 3671** If pop-up-frames is t, display-buffer now looks for an existing 3672window in any visible frame, showing the specified buffer, and uses 3673such a window in preference to making a new frame. 3674 3675** In the functions next-window, previous-window, next-frame, 3676previous-frame, get-buffer-window, get-lru-window, get-largest-window 3677and delete-windows-on, if you specify `visible' for the last argument, 3678it means to consider all visible frames. 3679 3680** Mouse events now give the X and Y coordinates in pixels, rather than 3681in characters. You can convert these values to characters by dividing by 3682the values of (frame-char-width) and (frame-char-height). 3683 3684** The new functions mouse-pixel-position and set-mouse-pixel-position 3685read and set the mouse position in units of pixels. The existing 3686functions mouse-position and set-mouse-position continue to work with 3687units of characters. 3688 3689** The new function compute-motion is useful for computing the width 3690of certain text when it is displayed. 3691 3692** The function vertical-motion now takes an option second argument WINDOW 3693which says which window to use for the display calculations. 3694 3695vertical-motion always operates on the current buffer. 3696It is ok to specify a window displaying some other buffer. 3697Then vertical-motion uses the width, hscroll and display-table of 3698the specified window, but still scans the current buffer. 3699 3700** An error no longer sets last-command to t; the value of last-command 3701does reflect the previous command (the one that got an error). 3702 3703If you do not want a particular command to be recognized as the 3704previous command in the case where it got an error, you must code that 3705command to prevent this. Set this-command to t at the beginning of 3706the command, and set this-command back to its proper value at the end, 3707like this: 3708 3709 (defun foo (args...) 3710 (interactive ...) 3711 (setq this-command t) 3712 ...do the work... 3713 (setq this-command 'foo)) 3714 3715or like this: 3716 3717 (defun foo (args...) 3718 (interactive ...) 3719 (let ((old-this-command this-command)) 3720 (setq this-command t) 3721 ...do the work... 3722 (setq this-command old-this-command))) 3723 3724The undo and yank commands do this. 3725 3726** If you specify an explicit title for a new frame when you create it, 3727the title is used as the resource name when looking up X resources to 3728control the shape of that frame. If you don't specify the frame title, 3729the value of x-resource-name is used, as before. 3730 3731** The frame parameter user-position, if non-nil, says that the user 3732has specified the frame position. Emacs reports this to the window 3733manager, to tell it not to override the position that the user 3734specified. 3735 3736** Major modes can now set change-major-mode-hook to arrange for state 3737to be cleaned up when the user switches to a new major mode. The function 3738kill-all-local-variables runs this hook. For best results, make the hook a 3739buffer-local variable so that it will disappear after doing its job and will 3740not interfere with the subsequent major mode. 3741 3742** The new variable overriding-local-map, if non-nil, specifies a keymap 3743that overrides the current local map, all minor mode keymaps, and all 3744text property keymaps. Incremental search uses this feature to override 3745all other keymaps temporarily. 3746 3747** A key definition in a menu keymap can now have additional structure: 3748in addition to (ITEMNAME [HELPSTRING] . COMMAND) which was allowed 3749before, the form (ITEMNAME [HELPSTRING] (...) . COMMAND) is 3750allowed. (HELPSTRING is optional, and is not currently used.) 3751 3752Here (...) represents a sublist containing information about keyboard 3753key sequences that run the same command COMMAND. Displaying the menu 3754automatically creates and updates the sublist when appropriate; you 3755need never set these up yourself. 3756 3757lookup-key, key-binding, and similar functions return just COMMAND, 3758not the whole binding. 3759 3760To precompute this information for a given keymap, you can do 3761 (x-popup-menu nil KEYMAP). 3762 3763** When you specify coordinates for x-popup-menu as a list ((XOFFSET 3764YOFFSET) WINDOW), the coordinates are now measured in pixels. 3765 3766** where-is-internal now takes just four arguments: 3767DEFINITION KEYMAP FIRSTONLY NOINDIRECT. 3768The single argument KEYMAP replaces two arguments KEYMAP and KEYMAP1. 3769 3770If KEYMAP is non-nil, where-is-internal searches only KEYMAP and the 3771global keymap. 3772 3773If KEYMAP is nil, where-is-internal searches all the currently active 3774keymaps, but finds the active keymaps as if overriding-local-map were 3775nil. 3776 3777If you pass a list of the form (keymap) as KEYMAP, where-is-internal 3778searches only the global map. (This is not a special case--it follows 3779from the specifications above.) 3780 3781If you pass the value of overriding-local-map as KEYMAP, where-is-internal 3782searches in exactly the same was as command execution does. 3783 3784** Use the macro define-derived-mode to define a new major mode that 3785inherits the definition of another major mode. Here's how to define a 3786command named hypertext-mode that inherits from the command text-mode: 3787 3788 (define-derived-mode hypertext-mode text-mode "Hypertext" 3789 "Major mode for hypertext.\n\n\\{hypertext-mode-map}" 3790 (setq case-fold-search nil)) 3791 3792 (define-key hypertext-mode-map [down-mouse-3] 'do-hyper-link) 3793 3794The new mode has its own keymap, which inherits from that of the 3795original mode. It also has its own syntax and abbrev tables, which 3796are initialized by copying those of the original mode. It also has 3797its own mode hook. All are given names made by appending a suffix 3798to the name of the new mode. 3799 3800** A syntax table can now inherit the data for some characters from 3801standard-syntax-table, while specifying other characters itself. 3802Syntax code 13 means "inherit this character from the standard syntax 3803table." In modify-syntax-entry, the character `@' represents this code. 3804 3805The function `make-syntax-table' now creates a syntax table which 3806inherits all letters and control characters (0 to 31 and 128 to 255) 3807from the standard syntax table, while copying the other characters 3808from the standard syntax table. Most syntax tables in Emacs are set 3809up this way. 3810 3811This sort of inheritance is useful for people who set up character 3812sets with additional alphabetic characters in the range 128 to 255. 3813Just changing the standard syntax for these characters affects all 3814major modes. 3815 3816** The new function transpose-regions swaps two regions of the buffer. 3817It preserves the markers in those two regions, so that they stay with 3818the surrounding text as it is swapped. 3819 3820** revert-buffer now runs before-revert-hook at the beginning and 3821after-revert-hook at the end. These can be used by minor modes 3822that need to clean up state variables. 3823 3824** The new function get-char-property is like get-text-property, but 3825checks for overlays with properties as well as for text properties. 3826It checks for overlays first, in order of descending priority, and 3827text properties last. 3828 3829get-char-property allows windows as the OBJECT argument, as well 3830as buffers and strings. If you specify a window, then only overlays 3831active on that window are considered. 3832 3833** Overlays can have the `invisible' property. 3834 3835** The function insert-file-contents now takes an optional fifth 3836argument called REPLACE. If this is t, it means to replace the 3837contents of the buffer (actually, just the accessible portion) 3838with the contents of the file. 3839 3840This is better than simply deleting and inserting the whole thing 3841because (1) it preserves some marker positions and (2) it puts less 3842data in the undo list. 3843 3844** The variable inhibit-first-line-modes-regexps specifies classes of 3845file names for which -*- on the first line should not be looked for. 3846 3847** The variables before-change-functions and after-change-functions 3848hold lists of functions to call before and after a change in the 3849buffer's text. They work much like before-change-function and 3850after-change-function, except that they hold a list of functions 3851instead of just one. 3852 3853These variables will eventually make before-change-function and 3854after-change-function obsolete. 3855 3856** The variable kill-buffer-query-functions holds a list of functions 3857to be called with no arguments when a buffer is about to be killed. 3858(That buffer is the current buffer when the function is called.) 3859If any of the functions returns nil, the buffer is not killed 3860(and the remaining functions in the list are not called). 3861 3862** The variable kill-emacs-query-functions holds a list of functions 3863to be called with no arguments when you ask to exit Emacs. 3864If any of the functions returns nil, the exit is canceled 3865(and the remaining functions in the list are not called). 3866 3867** The argument for buffer-disable-undo is now optional, 3868like the argument for buffer-enable-undo. 3869 3870** The new variable system-configuration holds the canonical three-part 3871GNU configuration name for which Emacs was built. 3872 3873** The function system-name now tries harder to return a fully qualified 3874domain name. 3875 3876** The variable emacs-major-version holds the major version number 3877of Emacs. (Currently 19.) 3878 3879** The variable emacs-minor-version holds the minor version number 3880of Emacs. (Currently 23.) 3881 3882** The default value of comint-input-autoexpand is now nil. 3883However, Shell mode sets it from the value of shell-input-autoexpand, 3884whose default value is `history'. 3885 3886** The new function set-process-window-size specifies the terminal window 3887size for a subprocess. On some systems it sends the subprocess a signal 3888to let it know that the size has changed. 3889 3890** %P is a new way to display a percentage in the mode line. It 3891displays the percentage of the buffer text that is above the *bottom* 3892of the window (which includes the text visible, in the window as well 3893as the text above the top). It displays `Top' as well as the 3894percentage if the top of the buffer is visible on screen. 3895 3896** %+ in the mode line specs displays `*' if the buffer is modified, 3897and otherwise `-'. It never displays `%', as `%*' would do; whether the 3898buffer is read-only has no effect on %+. 3899 3900** The new functions ffloor, fceiling, fround and ftruncate take a 3901floating point argument and return a floating point result whose value 3902is a nearby integer. ffloor returns the nearest integer below; fceiling, 3903the nearest integer above; ftruncate, the nearest integer in the 3904direction towards zero; fround, the nearest integer. 3905 3906** Setting `print-escape-newlines' to a non-nil value now also makes 3907formfeeds print as ``\f''. 3908 3909** auto-mode-alist now has a new feature. If an element has the form 3910(REGEXP FUNCTION t), and REGEXP matches the file name, then after calling 3911FUNCTION, Emacs deletes the part of the file name that matched REGEXP 3912and then searches auto-mode-alist again for a new match. 3913 3914This is useful for uncompression packages. An entry of this sort for 3915.gz can uncompress the file and then put the uncompressed file in the 3916proper mode according to the name sans .gz. 3917 3918** The new function emacs-pid returns the process ID number of Emacs. 3919 3920** user-login-name now consistently checks the LOGNAME environment 3921variable before USER. user-original-login-name is obsolete, since it 3922provides the same functionality. To ignore the environment variables, 3923use user-real-login-name. 3924 3925** There is a more general way of handling the system-specific X 3926keysyms. Set the variable system-key-alist to an alist containing 3927elements of the form (CODE . SYMBOL), where CODE is the numeric keysym 3928code minus the "vendor specific" bit, and symbol is the name for the 3929function key. 3930 3931** You can use the variable command-line-functions to set up functions 3932to process unrecognized command line arguments. The variable's value 3933should be a list of functions of no arguments. The functions are 3934called successively until one of them returns non-nil. 3935 3936Each function should access the free variables argi (the current 3937argument) and command-line-args-left (the remaining arguments). The 3938function should return non-nil only if it recognizes and processes the 3939argument in argi. If it does so, it may consume following arguments 3940as well by removing them from command-line-args-left. 3941 3942** There's a new way for a magic file name handler to run a primitive 3943and inhibit handling of the file name. Here is how to do it: 3944 3945(let ((inhibit-file-name-handlers 3946 (cons 'ange-ftp-file-handler 3947 (and (eq inhibit-file-name-operation operation) 3948 inhibit-file-name-handlers))) 3949 (inhibit-file-name-operation operation)) 3950 (apply this-operation args)) 3951 3952The function find-file-name-handler now takes two arguments. The 3953second argument is OPERATION, the operation for which the handler is 3954being sought. 3955 3956People have suggested that the second argument should be optional, for 3957backward compatibility. It would be nice if that were possible, but 3958it is not. There is simply no way for find-file-name-handler to do 3959the right thing without receiving the proper value for its second 3960argument. 3961 3962** The variable completion-regexp-list affects the completion 3963primitives try-completion and all-completions. They consider 3964only the possible completions that match each regexp in the list. 3965 3966** Case conversion in the function replace-match has been changed. 3967 3968The old behavior was this: if any word in the old text was 3969capitalized, replace-match capitalized each word of the replacement 3970text. 3971 3972The new behavior is this: if the first word in the old text is capitalized, 3973replace-match capitalizes the first word of the replacement text. 3974 3975** You can now specify a case table with CANON non-nil and EQV nil. 3976Then the EQV part of the case table is deduced from CANON. 3977 3978** The new function minibuffer-prompt takes no arguments and returns 3979the current minibuffer prompt string. 3980 3981The new function minibuffer-prompt-width takes no arguments and 3982returns the display width of the minibuffer prompt string. 3983 3984** The new function frame-first-window returns the window at the 3985upper left corner of a given frame. 3986 3987** wholenump is a new alias for natnump. 3988 3989** The variable installation-directory, if non-@code{nil}, names a 3990directory within which to look for the `lib-src' and `etc' 3991subdirectories. This is non-nil when Emacs can't find those 3992directories in their standard installed locations, but can find them 3993near where the Emacs executable was found. 3994 3995** invocation-name and invocation-directory are now variables as well 3996as functions. The variable values are the same values that the 3997functions return: the Emacs program name sans directories, and the 3998directory it was found in. (invocation-directory may be nil, if Emacs 3999can't determine which directory it should be.) 4000 4001** Installation change regarding version number counting. 4002 4003The version number of an Emacs executable contains three numbers. 4004The first two describe the Emacs release and the third increments 4005each time you build Emacs. 4006 4007Now the file version.el contains only the first two version numbers. 4008The third component is now determined on the basis of the names of the 4009existing executable files. This means that version.el is not altered 4010by building Emacs. 4011 4012 4013 4014* Changes in 19.22. 4015 4016** The mouse click M-mouse-2 now inserts the current secondary 4017selection (from Emacs or any other X client) where you click. 4018It does not move point. 4019This command is called mouse-yank-secondary. 4020 4021mouse-kill-secondary no longer has a key binding by default. 4022Clicking M-mouse-3 (mouse-secondary-save-then-kill) twice 4023may be a convenient enough way of killing the secondary selection. 4024Or perhaps there should be a keyboard binding for killing the 4025secondary selection. Any suggestions? 4026 4027** New packages: 4028 4029*** `icomplete' provides character-by-character information 4030about what you could complete if you type TAB. 4031 4032*** `avoid' moves the mouse away from point so that it doesn't hide 4033your typing. 4034 4035*** `shadowfile' helps you update files that are supposed to be stored 4036identically in different places (perhaps on different machines). 4037 4038** C-h p now knows about four additional keywords: data, faces, mouse, 4039and matching. 4040 4041** The key for starting an inferior Lisp process, in Lisp mode, 4042is now C-c C-z instead of C-c C-l. 4043 4044** When the VC commands ask whether to save the buffer, if you say no, 4045they signal an error. This is so that you won't operate on the wrong 4046data. 4047 4048** ISO Accents mode now supports `"s' as a way of typing German sharp s. 4049 4050** By default, comint buffers (including Shell mode and debuggers) 4051no longer try to scroll to keep the cursor on the bottom line. 4052This feature was added in 19.21 but did not work smoothly enough. 4053 4054** Emacs now handles the window manager "delete window" operation. 4055 4056** Display of buffers with text properties is much faster now. 4057 4058** The feature previously announced whereby `insert' does not inherit 4059text properties from surrounding text was not fully implemented 4060before; but now it is. use `insert-and-inherit' if you wish to 4061inherit sticky properties from the surrounding text. 4062 4063** The functions next-property-change, previous-property-change, 4064next-single-property-change, and previous-single-property-change 4065now take one additional optional argument LIMIT that is a position at 4066which to stop scanning. If scan ends without finding the property 4067change sought, these functions return the specified limit. 4068 4069The value returned by previous-single-property-change and 4070previous-property-change, when they do find a change, is now one 4071greater than what it used to be. It is the position between the two 4072characters whose properties differ, which is one greater than the 4073position of the first character found (while scanning back) with 4074different properties. 4075 4076 4077 4078* User editing changes in version 19.21. 4079 4080** ISO Accents mode supports four additional characters: 4081A-with-ring (entered as /A), AE ligature (entered as /E), 4082and their lower-case equivalents. 4083 4084 4085 4086* User editing changes in version 19.20. 4087(See following page for Lisp programming changes.) 4088 4089Note that some of these changes were made subsequent to the Emacs 19.20 4090editions of the Emacs manual and Emacs Lisp manual; therefore, if you 4091have those editions, do read this page. 4092 4093** Dragging with mouse button 1 now puts the selected region 4094in the kill ring so you can paste it into other X applications. 4095 4096** Double and triple clicks with button 1 now behave as in xterm, 4097selecting the word or line surrounding where you click. If you drag 4098after the last click, you can select a range of words or lines. 4099 4100** You can use button 3 to extend a mouse-selected region, as in xterm. 4101This works for regions selected either by dragging Mouse-1 or by 4102multiple-clicking Mouse-1. Clicking Mouse-3 moves the end of the 4103region that is (initially) nearer to where you click. 4104 4105If the selection was first made by multiple-clicking Mouse-1, and thus 4106consists of entire words or lines, Mouse-3 preserves that state. 4107 4108As before, clicking Mouse-3 again in the same place kills the region 4109thus selected. 4110 4111** The secondary selection commands, M-Mouse-1 and M-Mouse-3, have been 4112likewise modified. 4113 4114** You can now search for strings and regexps using the Edit menu bar menu. 4115 4116** You can now access bookmarks using the Bookmark submenu in the File 4117menu in the menu bar. 4118 4119** ISO Accents mode, a buffer-local minor mode, provides a convenient 4120way to type certain non-ASCII characters. It makes the characters `, 4121', ", ^, ~ and / serve as modifiers for the following letter. ` and ' 4122add accents, " adds an umlaut or dieresis, ^ adds a circumflex, ~ 4123adds a tilde, and / adds a slash to the following letter. 4124 4125If the following character is not a letter, or cannot be modified as 4126requested, then both characters stand for themselves. If you 4127duplicate the modifier accent character, that enters the corresponding 4128ISO non-spacing accent character (thus, '' enters the ISO acute-accent 4129character). To enter a modifier character itself, type it followed by 4130a space. 4131 4132This feature can be used whenever a key sequence is expected: for 4133ordinary insertion, for searching, and for certain command arguments. 4134 4135A few special combinations: 4136 4137~c => c with cedilla 4138~d => d with stroke 4139~< => left guillemot 4140~> => right guillemot 4141 4142** iso-transl.el is a new library that replaces iso-insert.el. 4143It defines C-x 8 as an insertion prefix for the ISO characters 4144between 128 and 255, much like iso-insert, except that iso-transl 4145works even in searches and help commands--wherever a key sequence 4146is expected. 4147 4148To define case-conversion for these characters for ISO 8859/1, 4149load the library iso-syntax. (This is not new.) 4150 4151** M-TAB in Text mode now runs the command ispell-complete-word 4152which performs completion using the spelling dictionary. 4153 4154The spelling correction submenu now includes this command 4155and another command which completes a word fragment (that is, 4156it doesn't assume that the text to be completed starts at the 4157beginning of a word. 4158 4159** In incremental search, you can use M-y to yank the most recent kill 4160into the search string. 4161 4162** The new function ispell-message checks the spelling of a message 4163you are about to send or post. It ignores text cited from other 4164messages. 4165 4166To automatically check all your outgoing messages, include the 4167following line in your .emacs file: 4168 (setq news-inews-hook (setq mail-send-hook 'ispell-message)) 4169 4170** There is now a separate minibuffer history list for the names of 4171extended commands. This history list is used by M-x when reading 4172the command name. The motivation for this is to prevent command 4173names from appearing in the history used for other minibuffer 4174arguments. 4175 4176Note that the history list for entire commands that use the minibuffer 4177is a separate feature. That history list records a command with all 4178its arguments, and you must use C-x ESC ESC to access it. 4179 4180** You can use the new command C-x v ~ VERSION RET to examine a 4181specified version of a file that is maintained with version control. 4182 4183** In Indented Text mode, only blank lines now separate paragraphs. 4184Indented lines continue the paragraph that is in progress. This makes 4185the user option variable adaptive-fill-mode have its intended effect. 4186 4187** Local variable specifications in files for variables whose names end 4188in `-hook' and `-function' are now controlled by the variable 4189`enable-local-eval', just like the `eval' variable. 4190 4191** C-x r j (jump-to-register) when restoring a frame configuration now 4192makes all unwanted frames (existing frames not mentioned in the 4193configuration) invisible. 4194 4195If you want to delete these unwanted frames, use a prefix argument for 4196C-x r j. 4197 4198** You can customize the calendar to display weeks beginning on 4199Monday: set the variable `calendar-week-start-day' to 1. 4200 4201** Rmail changes. 4202 4203If you save messages to a file in Unix format while viewing a message 4204with its whole header, this now copies to the file the entire header 4205of each message copied. 4206 4207** Comint mode changes. 4208 4209C-c C-e shows as much output as possible in the window. 4210C-c RET copies an old input (the one at point) 4211and places the copy after the latest prompt. 4212C-c C-p and C-c C-n move through the buffer, stopping at places 4213where the subshell prompted for input. 4214C-c C-h lists the input history in a `*Help*' buffer. 4215 4216There are new menu bar items for completion/input/output/signal commands. 4217 4218Input behavior is configurable. Variables control whether some windows 4219showing the buffer scroll to the bottom before insertion. These are 4220`comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-input' and `before-change-function'. By default, 4221insertion causes the selected window to scroll to the bottom before insertion 4222occurs. 4223 4224Subprocess output now keeps point at the end of the buffer in each 4225window individually if point was already at the end of the buffer in 4226that window. 4227 4228If `comint-scroll-show-maximum-output' is non-nil (which is the 4229default), then scrolling due to arrival of output tries to place the 4230last line of text at the bottom line of the window, so as to show as 4231much useful text as possible. (This mimics the scrolling behavior of 4232many terminals.) 4233 4234By setting `comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-output', you can opt for having 4235point jump to the end of the buffer whenever output arrives--no matter 4236where in the buffer point was before. If the value is `this', point 4237jumps in the selected window. If the value is `all', point jumps in 4238each window that shows the comint buffer. If the value is `other', 4239point jumps in all nonselected windows that show the current buffer. 4240The default value is nil, which means point does not jump to the end. 4241 4242Input history insertion is configurable. A variable controls whether only the 4243first instance of successive identical inputs is stored in the input history. 4244This is `comint-input-ignoredups'. 4245 4246Completion (bound to TAB) is now more general. Depending on context, 4247completion now operates on the input history, on command names, or (as 4248before) on filenames. 4249 4250Filename completion is configurable. Variables control whether 4251file/directory suffix characters are added (`comint-completion-addsuffix'), 4252whether shortest completion is acceptable when no further unambiguous 4253completion is possible (`comint-completion-recexact'), and the timing of 4254completion candidate listing (`comint-completion-autolist'). 4255 4256Comint mode now provides history expansion. Insert input using `!' 4257and `^', in the same syntax that typical shells use; then type TAB. 4258This searches the comint input history for a matching element, 4259performs substitution if necessary, and places the result in the 4260comint buffer in place of the original input. 4261 4262History references in the input may be expanded before insertion into 4263the input ring, or on input to the interpreter (and therefore 4264visibly). The variable `comint-input-autoexpand' specifies which. 4265 4266You can make the SPC key perform history expansion by binding 4267SPC to the command `comint-magic-space'. 4268 4269The command `comint-dynamic-complete-variable' does variable name 4270completion using the environment variables as set within Emacs. The 4271variables controlling filename completion apply to variable name 4272completion too. This command is normally available through the menu 4273bar. 4274 4275** Shell mode 4276 4277Paragraph motion and marking commands (default bindings M-{, M-}, M-h) operate 4278on output groups (i.e., shell prompt plus associated shell output). 4279 4280TAB now completes commands, as well as file names and expand history. 4281Commands are searched for along the path that Emacs has on startup. 4282 4283C-c C-f now moves forward a command (`shell-forward-command') and 4284C-c C-b now moves backward a command (`shell-backward-command'). 4285 4286Command completion is configurable. The variables controlling 4287filename completion in comint mode apply, together with a variable 4288controlling whether to restrict possible completions to only files 4289that are executable (`shell-command-execonly'). 4290 4291The input history is initialised from the file name given in the 4292variable `shell-input-ring-file-name'--normally `.history' in your 4293home directory. 4294 4295Directory tracking is more robust. It can cope with command sequences 4296and forked commands, and can detect the failure of directory changing 4297commands in most circumstances. It's still not infallible, of course. 4298 4299You can now configure the behavior of `pushd'. Variables control 4300whether `pushd' behaves like `cd' if no argument is given 4301(`shell-pushd-tohome'), pop rather than rotate with a numeric argument 4302(`shell-pushd-dextract'), and only add directories to the directory 4303stack if they are not already on it (`shell-pushd-dunique'). The 4304configuration you choose should match the underlying shell, of course. 4305 4306 4307* Emacs Lisp programming changes in Emacs 19.20. 4308 4309** A new function `remove-hook' is now used to remove a hook that you might 4310have added with `add-hook'. 4311 4312** There is now a Lisp pretty-printer in the library `pp'. 4313 4314** The partial Common Lisp support has been entirely reimplemented. 4315 4316** When you insert text using `insert', `insert-before-markers' or 4317`insert-buffer-substring', text properties are no longer inherited 4318from the surrounding text. 4319 4320When you want to inherit text properties, use the new functions 4321`insert-and-inherit' or `insert-before-markers-and-inherit'. 4322 4323The self-inserting character command does do inheritance. 4324 4325** Frame creation hooks. 4326 4327The function make-frame now runs the normal hooks 4328before-make-frame-hook and after-make-frame-hook. 4329 4330** You can now use function-key-map to make a key an alias for other 4331key sequences that can vary depending on circumstances. To do this, 4332give the key a definition in function-key-map which is a function 4333rather than a specific expansion key sequence. 4334 4335If the function reads input itself, it can have the effect of altering 4336the event that follows. For example, here's how to define C-c h to 4337turn the character that follows into a hyper character: 4338 4339(define-key function-key-map "\C-ch" 'hyperify) 4340 4341(defun hyperify (prompt) 4342 (let ((e (read-event))) 4343 (vector (if (numberp e) 4344 (logior (lsh 1 20) e) 4345 (if (memq 'hyper (event-modifiers e)) 4346 e 4347 (add-event-modifier "H-" e)))))) 4348 4349(defun add-event-modifier (string e) 4350 (let ((symbol (if (symbolp e) e (car e)))) 4351 (setq symbol (intern (concat string (symbol-name symbol)))) 4352 (if (symbolp e) 4353 symbol 4354 (cons symbol (cdr e))))) 4355 4356The character translation function gets one argument, which is the 4357prompt that was specified in read-key-sequence--or nil if the key 4358sequence is being read by the editor command loop. In most cases 4359you can just ignore the prompt value. 4360 4361** Changes for reading and writing text properties. 4362 4363New low-level Lisp features make it possible to write Lisp programs to 4364save text properties in files, and read text properties from files. 4365You can program any file format you like. 4366 4367The variable `write-region-annotation-functions' should contain a list 4368of functions to be run by `write-region' to encode text properties in 4369some fashion as annotations to the text that is written. 4370 4371Each function in the list is called with two arguments: the start and 4372end of the region to be written. These functions should not alter the 4373contents of the buffer. Instead, they should return lists indicating 4374annotations to write in the file in addition to the text in the 4375buffer. 4376 4377Each function should return a list of elements of the form (POSITION 4378. STRING), where POSITION is an integer specifying the relative 4379position in the text to be written, and STRING is the annotation to 4380add there. 4381 4382Each list returned by one of these functions must be already sorted in 4383increasing order by POSITION. If there is more than one function, 4384`write-region' merges the lists destructively into one sorted list. 4385 4386When `write-region' actually writes the text from the buffer to the 4387file, it intermixes the specified annotations at the corresponding 4388positions. All this takes place without modifying the buffer. 4389 4390The variable `after-insert-file-functions' should contain a list of 4391functions to be run each time a file's contents have been inserted into 4392a buffer. Each function receives one argument, the length of the 4393inserted text; point indicates the start of that text. The function 4394should make whatever changes it wants to make, then return the updated 4395length of the inserted text, as it stands after those changes. The 4396value returned by one function is used as the argument to the next. 4397These functions should always return with point at the beginning of 4398the inserted text. 4399 4400The intended use of `after-insert-file-functions' is for converting 4401some sort of textual annotations into actual text properties. But many 4402other uses may be possible. 4403 4404We now invite users to begin implementing Lisp programs to store and 4405retrieve text properties in files, using these new primitive features, 4406and thus to experiment with various data formats and find good ones. 4407 4408We suggest not trying to handle arbitrary Lisp objects as property 4409names or property values--because a program that general is probably 4410difficult to write, and slow. Instead, choose a set of possible data 4411types that are reasonably flexible, and not too hard to encode. 4412 4413** Comint completion. 4414 4415Currently comint-dynamic-complete-command (and associated variable 4416comint-after-partial-pathname-command) are set by default to complete a 4417filename. Other comint-mode users should have their own functions to achieve 4418this. For example, gud-mode could complete debugger commands. A completion 4419function is provided solely for this reason (comint-dynamic-simple-complete). 4420 4421Other comint-mode users should bind comint-dynamic-complete (shell-mode does 4422already). 4423 4424** Comint history reference expansion 4425 4426Currently comint-input-autoexpand is 'history, which means only expand 4427history on insertion to comint-input-ring. For non-shell modes, this is 4428a strange default, since non-shells will not understand history references. 4429Perhaps it would be better for the variable to be 'input, which means expand 4430on RET. 4431 4432The value 'history might possibly be wrong even for shells, since the 4433expansion will be done both by comint and the underlying shell (except sh, of 4434course). It would be better for expansion to be done by one or the other, 4435not both since they may (ahem) disagree. Since it is silly to put a literal 4436history reference into comint-input-ring, perhaps it would be better for the 4437variable to be 'input too. 4438 4439The reason the variable is not 'input by default is that I was attempting to 4440adhere to The Principle of Least Astonishment. I didn't want to shock users 4441by having their input change in front of their eyes. 4442 4443** Argument delimiters and Comint mode. 4444 4445Currently comint-delimiter-argument-list is '(), which means no strings are 4446to be treated as delimiters and arguments. In shell-mode, this variable is 4447set to shell-delimiter-argument-list, '("|" "&" "<" ">" "(" ")" ";"). Other 4448comint-mode users should set this variable too. For example, a lisp-type 4449mode might want to set this to '("." "(" ")") or some such. 4450 4451** Comint output hook. 4452 4453There is now a hook, comint-output-filter-hook, that is run-hooks'ed by the 4454output filter, comint-output-filter. This is useful for scrolling (see 4455below), but also things like processing output for specific text, output 4456highlighting, etc. 4457 4458So that such output processing may be done efficiently, there is a new 4459variable, comint-last-output-start, that records the position of the start of 4460the lastest output inserted into the buffer (effectively the previous value 4461of process-mark). Output processing functions should process the text 4462between comint-last-output-start (or perhaps the beginning of the line that 4463the position lies on) and process-mark. 4464 4465** Comint scrolling. 4466 4467There is now automatic scrolling of process windows. 4468 4469Currently comint-scroll-show-maximum-output is t, which means when scrolling 4470output put process-mark at the bottom of the window. There is a good case 4471for it to be t, since the user is likely to want to see as much output as 4472possible. But, then again, there is a comint-show-maximum-output command. 4473 4474** Comint history retrieval. 4475 4476The input following point is not deleted when moving around the input history 4477(with M-p etc.). Emacs maintainers may not like this. However, I feel this 4478is a useful feature. The simple remedy is to put end-of-line in before 4479delete-region in comint-previous-matching-input. 4480 4481The input history retrieval commands still wrap-around the input ring, unlike 4482Emacs command history. 4483 4484 4485 4486* Changes in version 19.19. 4487 4488** The new package bookmark.el records named bookmarks: positions that 4489you can jump to. Bookmarks are saved automatically between Emacs 4490sessions. 4491 4492** Another simpler package saveplace.el records your position in each 4493file when you kill its buffer (or kill Emacs), and jumps to the same 4494position when you visit the file again (even in another Emacs 4495session). Use `toggle-save-place' to turn on place-saving in a given file; 4496use (setq-default save-place t) to turn it on for all files. 4497 4498** In Outline mode, you can now customize how to compute the level of a 4499heading line. Set `outline-level' to a function of no arguments which 4500returns the level, assuming point is at the beginning of a heading 4501line. 4502 4503** You can now specify the prefix key to use for Outline minor mode. 4504(The default is C-c.) Set the variable outline-minor-mode-prefix to 4505the key sequence you want to use (as a string or vector). 4506 4507** In Bibtex mode, C-c e has been changed to C-c C-b. This is because 4508C-c followed by a letter is reserved for users. 4509 4510** The `mod' function is no longer an alias for `%', but is a separate function 4511that yields a result with the same sign as the divisor. `floor' now takes an 4512optional second argument, which divides the first argument before the floor is 4513taken. 4514 4515** `%' no longer allows floating point arguments, since the results were often 4516inconsistent with integer `%'. 4517 4518 4519 4520* Changes in version 19.18. 4521 4522** Typing C-z in an iconified Emacs frame now deiconifies it. 4523 4524** hilit19 is a new library for automatic highlighting of parts of the 4525text in the buffer, based on its meaning and context. 4526 4527** Killing no longer sends the killed text to the X clipboard. 4528And large strings are not put in the cut buffer either. 4529The variable x-cut-buffer-max specifies the maximum number of characters 4530to put in the cut buffer. 4531 4532** The new command C-x 5 o (other-frame) selects different frames, 4533successively, in cyclic order. It does for frames what C-x o 4534does for windows. 4535 4536** The command M-ESC (eval-expression) has its own command history. 4537 4538** The commands M-! and M-| for running shell commands have their own 4539command history. 4540 4541** If the directory containing the Emacs executable has a sibling named 4542`lisp', that `lisp' directory is added to the end of `load-path' 4543(provided you don't override the normal value with the EMACSLOADPATH 4544environment variable). This feature may make it easier to move 4545an installed Emacs from place to place. 4546 4547** M-x validate-tex-buffer now records the locations of mismatches 4548found in the `*Occur*' buffer. You can go to that buffer and type C-c 4549C-c to visit a particular mismatch. 4550 4551** There are new commands in Shell mode. 4552 4553C-c C-n and C-c C-p move point to the next or previous shell input line. 4554 4555C-c C-d is now another way to send an end-of-file to the subshell. 4556 4557** Changes to calendar/diary. 4558 4559Time zone data is now determined automatically, including the 4560start/stop days and times of daylight saving time. The code now 4561works correctly almost anywhere in the world. 4562 4563The format of the holiday specifications has changed and IS NO LONGER 4564COMPATIBLE with the old (version 18) format. See the documentation of 4565the variable calendar-holidays for details of the new, improved 4566format. 4567 4568The hook `diary-display-hook' has been split into two: 4569diary-display-hook which should be used ONLY for the display and 4570`diary-hook' which should be used for appointment notification. If 4571diary-display-hook is nil (the default), simple-diary-display is 4572used. This allows the diary hooks to be correctly set with add-hook. 4573 4574The forms used for dates in diary entries and general display are no 4575longer autoloaded, but set at load time; this means they will be set 4576correctly based on values you assign to various variables. 4577 4578** The functions x-rebind-key and x-rebind-keys have been deleted, 4579because you can accomplish the same job by binding keys to keyboard 4580macros. 4581 4582** Emacs now distinguishes double and triple drag events and double and 4583triple button-down events. These work analogously to double and 4584triple click events. 4585 4586Double drag events, if not defined, convert to ordinary click events. 4587Double down events, if not defined, convert first to ordinary down 4588events, which are then discarded if not defined. Triple events that 4589are not defined convert to the corresponding double event; if that is 4590also not defined, it may convert further. 4591 4592** The new function event-click-count returns the number of clicks, 4593from an event which is a list. It is 1 for an ordinary click, drag, 4594or button-down event, 2 for a double event, and 3 or more for a triple 4595event. 4596 4597** The new function previous-frame is like next-frame, but moves 4598around through the set of existing frames in the opposite order. 4599 4600** The post-command-hook now runs even after commands that get an error 4601and return to top level. As a consequence of the same change, this 4602hook also runs before Emacs reads the first command. That might sound 4603paradoxical, as if this hook were the same as the pre-command-hook. 4604Actually, they are not similar; the latter runs before *execution* of 4605a command, but after it has been read. 4606 4607** You can turn off the text property hooks that run when point moves 4608to certain places in the buffer, by binding inhibit-point-motion-hooks 4609to a non-nil value. 4610 4611** Inserting a string with no text properties into the buffer normally 4612inherits the properties of the preceding character. You can now 4613control this inheritance by setting the front-sticky and 4614rear-nonsticky properties of a character. 4615 4616If you make a character's front-sticky property t, then insertion 4617before the character inherits its properties. If you make the 4618rear-nonsticky property t, then insertion after the character does not 4619inherit its properties. You can regard characters as normally being 4620rear-sticky and not front-sticky, and this is why insertion normally 4621inherits from the previous character. 4622 4623If neither side of an insertion is suitably sticky, then the inserted 4624text gets no properties. If both sides are sticky, then the inserted 4625text gets the properties of both sides, with the previous character's 4626properties taking precedence when both sides have a property in 4627common. 4628 4629You can also specify stickiness for individual properties. To do so, 4630use a list of property names as the value of the front-sticky property 4631or the rear-nonsticky property. For example, if a character has a 4632rear-nonsticky property whose value is (face read-only), then 4633insertion after the character will not inherit its face property or 4634read-only property (if any), but will inherit any other properties. 4635 4636The merging of properties when both sides of the insertion are sticky 4637takes place one property at a time. If the preceding character is 4638rear-sticky for the property, and the property is non-nil, it 4639dominates. Otherwise, the following character's property value is 4640used if it is front-sticky for that property. 4641 4642** If you give a character a non-nil `invisible' text property, the 4643character does not appear on the screen. This works much like 4644selective display. 4645 4646The details of this feature are likely to change in future Emacs 4647versions. 4648 4649** In Info, when you go to a node, it runs the normal hook 4650Info-selection-hook. 4651 4652** You can use the new function `invocation-directory' to get the name 4653of the directory containing the Emacs executable that was run. 4654 4655** Entry to the minibuffer runs the normal hook minibuffer-setup-hook. 4656 4657** The new function minibuffer-window-active-p takes one argument, a 4658minibuffer window, and returns t if the window is currently active. 4659 4660 4661 4662* Changes in version 19.17. 4663 4664** When Emacs displays a list of completions in a buffer, 4665you can select a completion by clicking mouse button 2 4666on that completion. 4667 4668** Use the command `list-faces-display' to display a list of 4669all the currently defined faces, showing what they look like. 4670 4671** Menu bar items from local maps now come after the usual items. 4672 4673** The Help menu bar item always comes last in the menu bar. 4674 4675** If you enable Font-Lock mode on a buffer containing a program 4676(certain languages such as C and Lisp are supported), everything you 4677type is automatically given a face property appropriate to its 4678syntactic role. For example, there are faces for comments, string 4679constants, names of functions being defined, and so on. 4680 4681** Dunnet, an adventure game, is now available. 4682 4683** Several major modes now have their own menu bar items, 4684including Dired, Rmail, and Sendmail. We would like to add 4685suitable menu bar items to other major modes. 4686 4687** The key binding C-x a C-h has been eliminated. 4688This is because it got in the way of the general feature of typing 4689C-h after a prefix character. If you want to run 4690inverse-add-global-abbrev, you can use C-x a - or C-x a i g instead. 4691 4692** If you set the variable `rmail-mail-new-frame' to a non-nil value, 4693all the Rmail commands to send mail make a new frame to do it in. 4694When you send the message, or use the menu bar command not to send it, 4695that frame is deleted. 4696 4697** In Rmail, the o and C-o commands are now almost interchangeable. 4698Both commands check the format of the file you specify, and append 4699the message to it in Rmail format if it is an Rmail file, and in 4700inbox file format otherwise. C-o and o are different only when you 4701specify a new file. 4702 4703** The function `copy-face' now takes an optional fourth argument 4704NEW-FRAME. If you specify this, it copies the definition of face 4705OLD-FACE on frame FRAME to face NEW-NAME on frame NEW-FRAME. 4706 4707** A local map can now cancel out one of the global map's menu items. 4708Just define that subcommand of the menu item with `undefined' 4709as the definition. For example, this cancels out the `Buffers' item 4710for the current major mode: 4711 4712 (local-set-key [menu-bar buffer] 'undefined) 4713 4714** To put global items at the end of the menu bar, use the new variable 4715`menu-bar-final-items'. It should be a list of symbols--event types 4716bound in the menu bar. The menu bar items for these symbols are 4717moved to the end. 4718 4719** The list returned by `buffer-local-variables' now contains cons-cell 4720elements of the form (SYMBOL . VALUE) only for buffer-local variables 4721that have values. For unbound buffer-local variables, the variable 4722name (symbol) appears directly as an element of the list. 4723 4724** The `modification-hooks' property of a character no longer affects 4725insertion; it runs only for deletion and modification of the character. 4726 4727To detect insertion, use `insert-in-front-hooks' and 4728`insert-behind-hooks' properties. The former runs when text is 4729inserted immediately preceding the character that has the property; 4730the latter runs when text is inserted immediately following the 4731character. 4732 4733** Buffer modification now runs hooks belonging to overlays as well as 4734hooks belonging to characters. If an overlay has a 4735`modification-hooks' property, it applies to any change to text in the 4736overlay, and any insertion within the overlay. If the overlay has a 4737`insert-in-front-hooks' property, it runs for insertion at the 4738beginning boundary of the overlay. If the overlay has an 4739`insert-behind-hooks' property, it runs for insertion at the end 4740boundary of the overlay. 4741 4742The values of these properties should be lists of functions. Each 4743function is called, receiving as arguments the overlay in question, 4744followed by the bounds of the range being modified. 4745 4746** The new `-name NAME' option directs Emacs to search for its X 4747resources using the name `NAME', and sets the title of the initial 4748frame. This argument was added for consistency with other X clients. 4749 4750** The new `-xrm DATABASE' option tells Emacs to treat the string 4751DATABASE as the text of an X resource database. Emacs searches 4752DATABASE for resource values, in addition to the usual places. This 4753argument was added for consistency with other X clients. 4754 4755** Emacs now searches for X resources in the files specified by the 4756XFILESEARCHPATH, XUSERFILESEARCHPATH, and XAPPLRESDIR environment 4757variables, emulating the functionality provided by programs written 4758using Xt. Because of this change, Emacs will now notice system-wide 4759application defaults files, as other X clients do. 4760 4761XFILESEARCHPATH and XUSERFILESEARCHPATH should be a list of file names 4762separated by colons; XAPPLRESDIR should be a list of directory names 4763separated by colons. 4764 4765Emacs searches for X resources 4766 + specified on the command line, with the `-xrm RESOURCESTRING' 4767 option, 4768 + then in the value of the XENVIRONMENT environment variable, 4769 - or if that is unset, in the file named ~/.Xdefaults-HOSTNAME if it exists 4770 (where HOSTNAME is the hostname of the machine Emacs is running on), 4771 + then in the screen-specific and server-wide resource properties 4772 provided by the server, 4773 - or if those properties are unset, in the file named ~/.Xdefaults 4774 if it exists, 4775 + then in the files listed in XUSERFILESEARCHPATH, 4776 - or in files named LANG/Emacs in directories listed in XAPPLRESDIR 4777 (where LANG is the value of the LANG environment variable), if 4778 the LANG environment variable is set, 4779 - or in files named Emacs in the directories listed in XAPPLRESDIR 4780 - or in ~/LANG/Emacs (if the LANG environment variable is set), 4781 - or in ~/Emacs, 4782 + then in the files listed in XFILESEARCHPATH. 4783 4784The paths in the variables XFILESEARCHPATH, XUSERFILESEARCHPATH, and 4785XAPPLRESDIR may contain %-escapes (like the control strings passed to 4786the Emacs lisp `format' function or C printf function), which Emacs expands. 4787 4788%N is replaced by the string "Emacs" wherever it occurs. 4789%T is replaced by "app-defaults" wherever it occurs. 4790%S is replaced by the empty string wherever it occurs. 4791%L and %l are replaced by the value of the LANG environment variable; if LANG 4792 is not set, Emacs does not use that directory or file name at all. 4793%C is replaced by the value of the resource named "customization" 4794 (class "Customization"), as retrieved from the server's resource 4795 properties or the user's ~/.Xdefaults file, or the empty string if 4796 that resource doesn't exist. 4797 4798So, for example, 4799 if XFILESEARCHPATH is set to the value 4800 "/usr/lib/X11/%L/%T/%N%C:/usr/lib/X11/%T/%N%C:/usr/lib/X11/%T/%N", 4801 and the LANG environment variable is set to 4802 "english", 4803 and the customization resource is the string 4804 "-color", 4805then, in the last step of the process described above, Emacs checks 4806for resources in the first of the following files that is present and 4807readable: 4808 /usr/lib/X11/english/app-defaults/Emacs-color 4809 /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Emacs-color 4810 /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Emacs 4811If the LANG environment variable is not set, then Emacs never uses the 4812first element of the path, "/usr/lib/X11/%L/%T/%N%C", because it 4813contains the %L escape. 4814 4815If XFILESEARCHPATH is unset, Emacs uses the default value 4816"/usr/lib/X11/%L/app-defaults/Emacs%C:\ 4817/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Emacs%C:\ 4818/usr/lib/X11/%L/app-defaults/Emacs:\ 4819/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Emacs" 4820 4821This feature was added for consistency with other X applications. 4822 4823** The new function `text-property-any' scans the region of text from 4824START to END to see if any character's property PROP is `eq' to 4825VALUE. If so, it returns the position of the first such character. 4826Otherwise, it returns nil. 4827 4828The optional fifth argument, OBJECT, specifies the string or buffer to 4829be examined. 4830 4831** The new function `text-property-not-all' scans the region of text from 4832START to END to see if any character's property PROP is not `eq' to 4833VALUE. If so, it returns the position of the first such character. 4834Otherwise, it returns nil. 4835 4836The optional fifth argument, OBJECT, specifies the string or buffer to 4837be examined. 4838 4839** The function `delete-windows-on' now takes an optional second 4840argument FRAME, which specifies which frames it should affect. 4841 + If FRAME is nil or omitted, then `delete-windows-on' deletes windows 4842 showing BUFFER (its first argument) on all frames. 4843 + If FRAME is t, then `delete-windows-on' only deletes windows on the 4844 selected frame; other frames are unaffected. 4845 + If FRAME is a frame, then `delete-windows-on' only deletes windows on 4846 the given frame; other frames are unaffected. 4847 4848 4849 4850* Changes in version 19.16. 4851 4852** When dragging the mouse to select a region, Emacs now highlights the 4853region as you drag (if Transient Mark mode is enabled). If you 4854continue the drag beyond the boundaries of the window, Emacs scrolls 4855the window at a steady rate until you either move the mouse back into 4856the window or release the button. 4857 4858** RET now exits `query-replace' and `query-replace-regexp'; this makes it 4859more consistent with the incremental search facility, which uses RET 4860to end the search. 4861 4862** In C mode, C-c C-u now runs c-up-conditional. 4863C-c C-n and C-c C-p now run new commands that move forward 4864and back over balanced sets of C conditionals (c-forward-conditional 4865and c-backward-conditional). 4866 4867** The Edit entry in the menu bar has a new alternative: 4868"Choose Next Paste". It gives you a menu showing the various 4869strings in the kill ring; click on one to select it as the text 4870to be yanked ("pasted") the next time you yank. 4871 4872** If you enable Transient Mark mode and set `mark-even-if-inactive' to 4873non-nil, then the region is highlighted in a transient fashion just as 4874normally in Transient Mark mode, but the mark really remains active 4875all the time; commands that use the region can be used even if the 4876region highlighting turns off. 4877 4878** If you type C-h after a prefix key, it displays the bindings 4879that start with that prefix. 4880 4881** The VC package now searches for version control commands in the 4882directories named by the variable `vc-path'; its value should be a 4883list of strings. 4884 4885** If you are visiting a file that has locks registered under RCS, 4886VC now displays each lock's owner and version number in the mode line 4887after the string `RCS'. If there are no locks, VC displays the head 4888version number. 4889 4890** When using X, if you load the `paren' library, Emacs automatically 4891underlines or highlights the matching paren whenever point is 4892next to the outside of a paren. When point is before an open-paren, 4893this shows the matching close; when point is after a close-paren, 4894this shows the matching open. 4895 4896** The new function `define-key-after' is like `define-key', 4897but takes an extra argument AFTER. It places the newly defined 4898binding after the binding for the event AFTER. 4899 4900** `accessible-keymaps' now takes an optional second argument, PREFIX. 4901If PREFIX is non-nil, it means the value should include only maps for 4902keys that start with PREFIX. 4903 4904`describe-bindings' also accepts an optional argument PREFIX which 4905means to describe only the keys that start with PREFIX. 4906 4907** The variable `prefix-help-command' hold a command to run to display help 4908whenever the character `help-char' follows a prefix key and does not have 4909a key binding in that context. 4910 4911** Emacs now detects double- and triple-mouse clicks. A single mouse 4912click produces a pair events of the form: 4913 (down-mouse-N POSITION) 4914 (mouse-N POSITION) 4915Clicking the same mouse button again, soon thereafter and at the same 4916location, produces another pair of events of the form: 4917 (down-mouse-N POSITION) 4918 (double-mouse-N POSITION 2) 4919Another click will produce an event pair of the form: 4920 (down-mouse-N POSITION) 4921 (triple-mouse-N POSITION 3) 4922All the POSITIONs in such a sequence would be identical, except for 4923their timestamps. 4924 4925To count as double- and triple-clicks, mouse clicks must be at the 4926same location as the first click, and the number of milliseconds 4927between the first release and the second must be less than the value 4928of the lisp variable `double-click-time'. Setting `double-click-time' 4929to nil disables multi-click detection. Setting it to t removes the 4930time limit; Emacs then detects multi-clicks by position only. 4931 4932If `read-key-sequence' finds no binding for a double-click event, but 4933the corresponding single-click event would be bound, 4934`read-key-sequence' demotes it to a single-click. Similarly, it 4935demotes unbound triple-clicks to double- or single-clicks. This means 4936you don't have to distinguish between single- and multi-clicks if you 4937don't want to. 4938 4939Emacs reports all clicks after the third as `triple-mouse-N' clicks, 4940but increments the click count after POSITION. For example, a fourth 4941click, soon after the third and at the same location, produces a pair 4942of events of the form: 4943 (down-mouse-N POSITION) 4944 (triple-mouse-N POSITION 4) 4945 4946** The way Emacs reports positions of mouse events has changed 4947slightly. If a mouse event includes a position list of the form: 4948 (WINDOW (PLACE-SYMBOL) (COLUMN . ROW) TIMESTAMP) 4949this denotes exactly the same position as the list: 4950 (WINDOW PLACE-SYMBOL (COLUMN . ROW) TIMESTAMP) 4951That is, the event occurred over a non-textual area of the frame, 4952specified by PLACE-SYMBOL, a symbol like `mode-line' or 4953`vertical-scroll-bar'. 4954 4955Enclosing PLACE-SYMBOL in a singleton list does not change the 4956position denoted, but the `read-key-sequence' function uses the 4957presence or absence of the singleton list to tell whether or not it 4958should prefix the event with its place symbol. 4959 4960Normally, `read-key-sequence' prefixes mouse events occurring over 4961non-textual areas with their PLACE-SYMBOLs, to select the sub-keymap 4962appropriate for the event; for example, clicking on the mode line 4963produces a sequence like 4964 [mode-line (mouse-1 POSN)] 4965However, if lisp code elects to unread the resulting key sequence by 4966placing it in the `unread-command-events' variable, it is important 4967that `read-key-sequence' not insert the prefix symbol again; that 4968would produce a malformed key sequence like 4969 [mode-line mode-line (mouse-1 POSN)] 4970For this reason, `read-key-sequence' encloses the event's PLACE-SYMBOL 4971in a singleton list when it first inserts the prefix, but doesn't 4972insert the prefix when processing events whose PLACE-SYMBOLs are 4973already thus enclosed. 4974 4975 4976 4977* Changes in version 19.15. 4978 4979** `make-frame-visible', which uniconified frames, is now a command, 4980and thus may be bound to a key. This makes sense because frames 4981respond to user input while iconified. 4982 4983** You can now use Meta mouse clicks to set and use the "secondary 4984selection". You can drag M-Mouse-1 across the region you want to 4985select. Or you can press M-Mouse-1 at one end and M-Mouse-3 at the 4986other (this also copies the text to the kill ring). Repeating M-Mouse-3 4987again at the same place kills that text. 4988 4989M-Mouse-2 kills the secondary selection. 4990 4991Setting the secondary selection does not move point or the mark. It 4992is possible to make a secondary selection that does not all fit on the 4993screen, by using M-Mouse-1 at one end, scrolling, then using M-Mouse-3 4994at the other end. 4995 4996Emacs has only one secondary selection at any time. Starting to set 4997a new one cancels any previous one. The secondary selection displays 4998using a face named `secondary-selection'. 4999 5000** There's a new way to request use of Supercite (sc.el). Do this: 5001 5002 (add-hook 'mail-citation-hook 'sc-cite-original) 5003 5004Currently this works with Rmail. In the future, other Emacs based 5005mail-readers should be modified to understand this hook also. 5006In the mean time, you should keep doing what you have done in the past 5007for those other mail readers. 5008 5009** When a regular expression contains `\(...\)' inside a repetition 5010operator such as `*' or `+', and you ask about the range that was matched 5011using `match-beginning' and `match-end', the range you get corresponds 5012to the *last* repetition *only*. In Emacs 18, you would get a range 5013corresponding to all the repetitions. 5014 5015If you want to get a range corresponding to all the repetitions, 5016put a `\(...\)' grouping *outside* the repetition operator. This 5017is the syntax that corresponds logically to the desired result, and 5018it works the same in Emacs 18 and Emacs 19. 5019 5020(This change actually took place earlier, but we didn't know about it 5021and thus didn't document it.) 5022 5023 5024 5025* Changes in version 19.14. 5026 5027** To modify read-only text, bind the variable `inhibit-read-only' 5028to a non-nil value. If the value is t, then all reasons that might 5029make text read-only are inhibited (including `read-only' text properties). 5030If the value is a list, then a `read-only' property is inhibited 5031if it is `memq' in the list. 5032 5033** If you call `get-buffer-window' passing t as its second argument, it 5034will only search for windows on visible frames. Previously, passing t 5035as the secord argument caused `get-buffer-window' to search all 5036frames, visible or not. 5037 5038** If you call `other-buffer' with a nil or omitted second argument, it 5039will ignore buffers displayed windows on any visible frame, not just 5040the selected frame. 5041 5042** You can specify a window or a frame for C-x # to use when 5043selects a server buffer. Set the variable server-window 5044to the window or frame that you want. 5045 5046** The command M-( now inserts spaces outside the open-parentheses in 5047some cases--depending on the syntax classes of the surrounding 5048characters. If the variable `parens-dont-require-spaces' is non-nil, 5049it inhibits insertion of these spaces. 5050 5051** The GUD package now supports the debugger known as xdb on HP/UX 5052systems. Use M-x xdb. The variable `gud-xdb-directories' lets you 5053specify a list of directories to search for source code. 5054 5055** If you are using the mailabbrev package, you should note that its 5056function for defining an alias is now called `define-mail-abbrev'. 5057This package no longer contains a definition for `define-mail-alias'; 5058that name is used only in mailaliases. 5059 5060** Inserted characters now inherit the properties of the text before 5061them, by default, rather than those of the following text. 5062 5063** The function `insert-file-contents' now takes optional arguments BEG 5064and END that specify which part of the file to insert. BEG defaults to 50650 (the beginning of the file), and END defaults to the end of the file. 5066 5067If you specify BEG or END, then the argument VISIT must be nil. 5068 5069 5070 5071* Changes in version 19.13. 5072 5073** Magic file names can now handle the `load' operation. 5074 5075** Bibtex mode now sets up special entries in the menu bar. 5076 5077** The incremental search commands C-w and C-y, which copy text from 5078the buffer into the search string, now convert it to lower case 5079if you are in a case-insensitive search. This is to avoid making 5080the search a case-sensitive one. 5081 5082** GNUS now knows your time zone automatically if Emacs does. 5083 5084** Hide-ifdef mode no longer defines keys of the form 5085C-c LETTER, since those keys are reserved for users. 5086Those commands have been moved to C-c M-LETTER. 5087We may move them again for greater consistency with other modes. 5088 5089 5090 5091* Changes in version 19.12. 5092 5093** You can now make many of the sort commands ignore case by setting 5094`sort-fold-case' to a non-nil value. 5095 5096 5097 5098* Changes in version 19.11. 5099 5100** Supercite is installed. 5101 5102** `write-file-hooks' functions that return non-nil are responsible 5103for making a backup file if you want that to be done. 5104To do so, execute the following code: 5105 5106 (or buffer-backed-up (backup-buffer)) 5107 5108You might wish to save the file modes value returned by 5109`backup-buffer' and use that to set the mode bits of the file 5110that you write. This is what `basic-save-buffer' does when 5111it writes a file in the usual way. 5112 5113(This is not actually new, but wasn't documented before.) 5114 5115 5116 5117* Changes in version 19.10. 5118 5119** The command `repeat-complex-command' is now on C-x ESC ESC. 5120It used to be bound to C-x ESC. 5121 5122The reason for this change is to make function keys work after C-x. 5123 5124** The variable `highlight-nonselected-windows' now controls whether 5125the region is highlighted in windows other than the selected window 5126(in Transient Mark mode only, of course, and currently only when 5127using X). 5128 5129 5130 5131* Changes in version 19.8. 5132 5133** It is now simpler to tell Emacs to display accented characters under 5134X windows. M-x standard-display-european toggles the display of 5135buffer text according to the ISO Latin-1 standard. With a prefix 5136argument, this command enables European character display iff the 5137argument is positive. 5138 5139** The `-i' command-line argument tells Emacs to use a picture of the 5140GNU gnu as its icon, instead of letting the window manager choose an 5141icon for it. This option used to insert a file into the current 5142buffer; use `-insert' to do that now. 5143 5144** The `configure' script now supports `--prefix' and `--exec-prefix' 5145options. 5146 5147The `--prefix=PREFIXDIR' option specifies where the installation process 5148should put emacs and its data files. This defaults to `/usr/local'. 5149- Emacs (and the other utilities users run) go in PREFIXDIR/bin 5150 (unless the `--exec-prefix' option says otherwise). 5151- The architecture-independent files go in PREFIXDIR/lib/emacs/VERSION 5152 (where VERSION is the version number of Emacs, like `19.7'). 5153- The architecture-dependent files go in 5154 PREFIXDIR/lib/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION 5155 (where CONFIGURATION is the configuration name, like mips-dec-ultrix4.2), 5156 unless the `--exec-prefix' option says otherwise. 5157 5158The `--exec-prefix=EXECDIR' option allows you to specify a separate 5159portion of the directory tree for installing architecture-specific 5160files, like executables and utility programs. If specified, 5161- Emacs (and the other utilities users run) go in EXECDIR/bin, and 5162- The architecture-dependent files go in 5163 EXECDIR/lib/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION. 5164EXECDIR/bin should be a directory that is normally in users' PATHs. 5165 5166** When running under X, the new lisp function `x-list-fonts' 5167allows code to find out which fonts are available from the X server. 5168The first argument PATTERN is a string, perhaps with wildcard characters; 5169 the * character matches any substring, and 5170 the ? character matches any single character. 5171 PATTERN is case-insensitive. 5172If the optional arguments FACE and FRAME are specified, then 5173`x-list-fonts' returns only fonts the same size as FACE on FRAME. 5174 5175 5176 5177* Changes in version 19. 5178 5179** When you kill buffers, Emacs now returns memory to the operating system, 5180thus reducing the size of the Emacs process. All the space that you free 5181up by killing buffers can now be reused for other buffers no matter what 5182their sizes, or reused by other processes if Emacs doesn't need it. 5183 5184** Emacs now does garbage collection and auto saving while it is waiting 5185for input, which often avoids the need to do these things while you 5186are typing. 5187 5188The variable `auto-save-timeout' says how many seconds Emacs should 5189wait, after you stop typing, before it does an auto save and a garbage 5190collection. 5191 5192** If auto saving detects that a buffer has shrunk greatly, it refrains 5193from auto saving that buffer and displays a warning. Now it also turns 5194off Auto Save mode in that buffer, so that you won't get the same 5195warning again. 5196 5197If you reenable Auto Save mode in that buffer, Emacs will start saving 5198it again with no further warnings. 5199 5200** A new minor mode called Line Number mode displays the current line 5201number in the mode line, updating it as necessary when you move 5202point. 5203 5204However, if the buffer is very large (larger than the value of 5205`line-number-display-limit'), then the line number doesn't appear. 5206This is because computing the line number can be painfully slow if the 5207buffer is very large. 5208 5209** You can quit while Emacs is waiting to read or write files. 5210 5211** The arrow keys now have default bindings to move in the appropriate 5212directions. 5213 5214** You can suppress next-line's habit of inserting a newline when 5215called at the end of a buffer by setting next-line-add-newlines to nil 5216(it defaults to t). 5217 5218** You can now get back recent minibuffer inputs conveniently. While 5219in the minibuffer, type M-p to fetch the next earlier minibuffer 5220input, and use M-n to fetch the next later input. 5221 5222There are also commands to search forward or backward through the 5223history for history elements that match a regular expression. M-r 5224searches older elements in the history, while M-s searches newer 5225elements. By special dispensation, these commands can always use the 5226minibuffer to read their arguments even though you are already in the 5227minibuffer when you issue them. 5228 5229The history feature is available for all uses of the minibuffer, but 5230there are separate history lists for different kinds of input. For 5231example, there is a list for file names, used by all the commands that 5232read file names. There is a list for arguments of commands like 5233`query-replace'. There are also very specific history lists, such 5234as the one that `compile' uses for compilation commands. 5235 5236** You can now display text in a mixture of fonts and colors, using the 5237"face" feature, together with the overlay and text property features. 5238See the Emacs Lisp manual for details. The Emacs Users Manual describes 5239how to change the colors and font of standard predefined faces. 5240 5241** You can refer to files on other machines using special file name syntax: 5242 5243/HOST:FILENAME 5244/USER@HOST:FILENAME 5245 5246When you do this, Emacs uses the FTP program to read and write files on 5247the specified host. It logs in through FTP using your user name or the 5248name USER. It may ask you for a password from time to time; this 5249is used for logging in on HOST. 5250 5251** Some C-x key bindings have been moved onto new prefix keys. 5252 5253C-x r is a prefix for registers and rectangles. 5254C-x n is a prefix for narrowing. 5255C-x a is a prefix for abbrev commands. 5256 5257C-x r C-SPC 5258C-x r SPC point-to-register (Was C-x /) 5259C-x r j jump-to-register (Was C-x j) 5260C-x r s copy-to-register (Was C-x x) 5261C-x r i insert-register (Was C-x g) 5262C-x r r copy-rectangle-to-register (Was C-x r) 5263C-x r k kill-rectangle 5264C-x r y yank-rectangle 5265C-x r o open-rectangle 5266C-x r f frame-configuration-to-register 5267 (This saves the state of all windows in all frames.) 5268C-x r w window-configuration-to-register 5269 (This saves the state of all windows in the selected frame.) 5270 5271(Use C-x r j to restore a configuration saved with C-x r f or C-x r w.) 5272 5273C-x n n narrow-to-region (Was C-x n) 5274C-x n p narrow-to-page (Was C-x p) 5275C-x n w widen (Was C-x w) 5276 5277C-x a l add-mode-abbrev (Was C-x C-a) 5278C-x a g add-global-abbrev (Was C-x +) 5279C-x a i l inverse-add-mode-abbrev (Was C-x C-h) 5280C-x a i g inverse-add-global-abbrev (Was C-x -) 5281C-x a e expand-abbrev (Was C-x ') 5282 5283(The old key bindings C-x /, C-x j, C-x x and C-x g 5284have not yet been removed.) 5285 5286** You can put a file name in a register to be able to visit the file 5287quickly. Do this: 5288 5289 (set-register ?CHAR '(file . NAME)) 5290 5291where NAME is the file name as a string. Then C-x r j CHAR finds that 5292file. 5293 5294This is useful for files that you need to visit frequently, 5295but that you don't want to keep in buffers all the time. 5296 5297** The keys M-g (fill-region) and C-x a (append-to-buffer) 5298have been eliminated. 5299 5300** The new command `string-rectangle' inserts a specified string on 5301each line of the region-rectangle. 5302 5303** C-x 4 r is now `find-file-read-only-other-window'. 5304 5305** C-x 4 C-o is now `display-buffer', which displays a specified buffer 5306in another window without selecting it. 5307 5308** Picture mode has been substantially improved. The picture editing commands 5309now arrange for automatic horizontal scrolling to keep point visible 5310when editing a wide buffer with truncate-lines on. Picture-mode 5311initialization now does a better job of rebinding standard commands; 5312it finds not just their normal keybindings, but any function keys 5313attached to them. 5314 5315** If you enable Transient Mark mode, then the mark becomes "inactive" 5316after every command that modifies the buffer. While the mark is 5317active, the region is highlighted (under X, at least). Most commands 5318that use the mark give an error if the mark is inactive, but you can 5319use C-x C-x to make it active again. This feature is also sometimes 5320known as "Zmacs mode". 5321 5322** Outline mode is now available as a minor mode. This minor mode can 5323combine with any major mode; it substitutes the C-c commands of 5324Outline mode for those of the major mode. Use M-x outline-minor-mode 5325to enable and disable the new mode. 5326 5327M-x outline-mode is unchanged; it still switches to Outline mode as a 5328major mode. 5329 5330** The default setting of `version-control' comes from the environment 5331variable VERSION_CONTROL. 5332 5333** The user option for controlling whether files can set local 5334variables is now called `enable-local-variables'. A value of t means 5335local-variables lists are obeyed; nil means they are ignored; anything 5336else means query the user. 5337 5338The user option for controlling use of the `eval' local variable is 5339now called is `enable-local-eval'; its values are interpreted like 5340those of `enable-local-variables'. 5341 5342** X Window System changes: 5343 5344C-x 5 C-f and C-x 5 b switch to a specified file or buffer in a new 5345frame. Likewise, C-x 5 m starts outgoing mail in another frame, and 5346C-x 5 . finds a tag in another frame. 5347 5348When you are using X, C-z now iconifies the selected frame. 5349 5350Emacs can now exchange text with other X applications. Killing or 5351copying text in Emacs now makes that text available for pasting into 5352other X applications. The Emacs yanking commands now insert the 5353latest selection set by other applications, and add the text to the 5354kill ring. The Emacs commands for selecting and inserting text with 5355the mouse now use the kill ring in the same way the keyboard killing 5356and yanking commands do. 5357 5358The option to specify the title for the initial frame is now `-name NAME'. 5359There is currently no way to specify an icon title; perhaps we will add 5360one in the future. 5361 5362** Undoing a deletion now puts point back where it was before the 5363deletion. 5364 5365** The variables that control how much undo information to save have 5366been renamed to `undo-limit' and `undo-strong-limit'. They used to be 5367called `undo-threshold' and `undo-high-threshold'. 5368 5369** You can now use kill commands in read-only buffers. They don't 5370actually change the buffer, and Emacs will beep and warn you that the 5371buffer is read-only, but they do copy the text you tried to kill into 5372the kill ring, so you can yank it into other buffers. 5373 5374** C-o inserts the fill-prefix on the newly created line. The command 5375M-^ deletes the prefix (if it occurs) after the newline that it 5376deletes. 5377 5378** C-M-l now runs the command `reposition-window'. It scrolls the 5379window heuristically in a way designed to get useful information onto 5380the screen. 5381 5382** C-M-r is now reverse incremental regexp search. 5383 5384** M-z now kills through the target character. In version 18, it 5385killed up to but not including the target character. 5386 5387** M-! now runs the specified shell command asynchronously if it 5388ends in `&' (just as the shell does). 5389 5390** C-h C-f and C-h C-k are new help commands that display the Info 5391node for a given Emacs function name or key sequence, respectively. 5392 5393** The C-h p command system lets you find Emacs Lisp packages by 5394topic keywords. Here is a partial list of package categories: 5395 5396abbrev abbreviation handling, typing shortcuts, macros 5397bib code related to the bib bibliography processor 5398c C and C++ language support 5399calendar calendar and time management support 5400comm communications, networking, remote access to files 5401docs support for Emacs documentation 5402emulations emulations of other editors 5403extensions Emacs Lisp language extensions 5404games games, jokes and amusements 5405hardware support for interfacing with exotic hardware 5406help support for on-line help systems 5407i14n internationalization and alternate character-set support 5408internal code for Emacs internals, build process, defaults 5409languages specialized modes for editing programming languages 5410lisp Lisp support, including Emacs Lisp 5411local code local to your site 5412maint maintenance aids for the Emacs development group 5413mail modes for electronic-mail handling 5414news support for netnews reading and posting 5415processes process, subshell, compilation, and job control support 5416terminals support for terminal types 5417tex code related to the TeX formatter 5418tools programming tools 5419unix front-ends/assistants for, or emulators of, UNIX features 5420vms support code for vms 5421wp word processing 5422 5423More will be added soon. 5424 5425** The command to split a window into two side-by-side windows is now 5426C-x 3. It was C-x 5. 5427 5428** M-. (find-tag) no longer has any effect on what M-, will do 5429subsequently. You can no longer use M-, to find the next similar tag; 5430you must use M-. with a prefix argument, instead. 5431 5432The motive for this change is so that you can more reliably use 5433M-, to resume a suspended `tags-search' or `tags-query-replace'. 5434 5435** C-x s (`save-some-buffers') now gives you more options when it asks 5436whether to save a particular buffer. In addition to `y' or `n', you 5437can answer `!' to save all the remaining buffers, `.' to save this 5438buffer but not save any others, ESC to stop saving and exit the 5439command, and C-h to get help. These options are analogous to those 5440of `query-replace'. 5441 5442** M-x make-symbolic-link does not expand its first argument. 5443This lets you make a link with a target that is a relative file name. 5444 5445** M-x add-change-log-entry and C-x 4 a now automatically insert the 5446name of the file and often the name of the function that you changed. 5447They also handle grouping of entries. 5448 5449There is now a special major mode for editing ChangeLog files. It 5450makes filling work conveniently. Each bunch of grouped entries is one 5451paragraph, and each collection of entries from one person on one day 5452is considered a page. 5453 5454** The `comment-region' command adds comment delimiters to the lines that 5455start in the region, thus commenting them out. With a negative argument, 5456it deletes comment delimiters from the lines in the region--this cancels 5457the effect of `comment-region' without an argument. 5458 5459With a positive argument, `comment-region' adds comment delimiters 5460but duplicates the last character of the comment start sequence as many 5461times as the argument specifies. This is a way of calling attention to 5462the comment. In Lisp, you should use an argument at least two, because 5463the indentation convention for single semicolon comments does not leave 5464them at the beginning of a line. 5465 5466** If `split-window-keep-point' is non-nil, C-x 2 tries to avoid 5467shifting any text on the screen by putting point in whichever window 5468happens to contain the screen line the cursor is already on. 5469The default is that `split-window-keep-point' is non-nil on slow 5470terminals. 5471 5472** M-x super-apropos is like M-x apropos except that it searches both 5473Lisp symbol names and documentation strings for matches. It describes 5474every symbol that has a match in either the symbol's name or its 5475documentation. 5476 5477Both M-x apropos and M-x super-apropos take an optional second 5478argument DO-ALL which controls the more expensive part of the job. 5479This includes looking up and printing the key bindings of all 5480commands. It also includes checking documentation strings in 5481super-apropos. DO-ALL is nil by default; use a prefix arg to make it 5482non-nil. 5483 5484** M-x revert-buffer no longer offers to revert from a recent auto-save 5485file unless you give it a prefix argument. Otherwise it always 5486reverts from the real file regardless of whether there has been an 5487auto-save since thenm. (Reverting from the auto-save file is no longer 5488very useful now that the undo capacity is larger.) 5489 5490** M-x recover-file no longer turns off Auto Save mode when it reads 5491the last Auto Save file. 5492 5493** M-x rename-buffer, if you give it a prefix argument, 5494avoids errors by modifying the new name to make it unique. 5495 5496** M-x rename-uniquely renames the current buffer to a similar name 5497with a numeric suffix added to make it both different and unique. 5498 5499One use of this command is for creating multiple shell buffers. 5500If you rename your shell buffer, and then do M-x shell again, it 5501makes a new shell buffer. This method is also good for mail buffers, 5502compilation buffers, and any Emacs feature which creates a special 5503buffer with a particular name. 5504 5505** M-x compare-windows with a prefix argument ignores changes in whitespace. 5506If `compare-ignore-case' is non-nil, then differences in case are also 5507ignored. 5508 5509** `backward-paragraph' is now bound to M-{ by default, and `forward-paragraph' 5510to M-}. Originally, these commands were bound to M-[ and M-], but they were 5511running into conflicts with the use of function keys. On many terminals, 5512function keys send a sequence beginning ESC-[, so many users have defined this 5513as a prefix key. 5514 5515** C-x C-u (upcase-region) and C-x C-l (downcase-region) are now disabled by 5516default; these commands seem to be often hit by accident, and can be 5517quite destructive if their effects are not noticed immediately. 5518 5519** The function `erase-buffer' is now interactive, but disabled by default. 5520 5521** When visiting a new file, Emacs attempts to abbreviate the file's 5522path using the symlinks listed in `directory-abbrev-alist'. 5523 5524** When you visit the same file in under two names that translate into 5525the same name once symbolic links are handled, Emacs warns you that 5526you have two buffers for the same file. 5527 5528** If you wish to avoid visiting the same file in two buffers under 5529different names, set the variable `find-file-existing-other-name' 5530non-nil. Then `find-file' uses the existing buffer visiting the file, 5531no matter which of the file's names you specify. 5532 5533** If you set `find-file-visit-truename' non-nil, then the file name 5534recorded for a buffer is the file's truename (in which all symbolic 5535links have been removed), rather than the name you specify. Setting 5536`find-file-visit-truename' also implies the effect of 5537`find-file-existing-other-name'. 5538 5539** C-x C-v now inserts the entire current file name in the minibuffer. 5540This is convenient if you made a small mistake in typing it. Point 5541goes after the last slash, before the last file name component, so if 5542you want to replace it entirely, you can use C-k right away to delete 5543it. 5544 5545** Commands such as C-M-f in Lisp mode now ignore parentheses within comments. 5546 5547** C-x q now uses ESC to terminate all iterations of the keyboard 5548macro, rather than C-d as before. 5549 5550** Use the command `setenv' to set an individual environment variable 5551for Emacs subprocesses. Specify a variable name and a value, both as 5552strings. This command applies only to subprocesses yet to be 5553started. 5554 5555** Use `rot13-other-window' to examine a buffer with rot13. 5556 5557This command does not change the text in the buffer. Instead, it 5558creates a window with a funny display table that applies the code when 5559displaying the text. 5560 5561** The command `M-x version' now prints the current Emacs version; The 5562`version' command is an alias for the `emacs-version' command. 5563 5564** More complex changes in existing packages. 5565 5566*** `fill-nonuniform-paragraphs' is a new command, much like 5567`fill-individual-paragraphs' except that only separator lines separate 5568paragraphs. Since this means that the lines of one paragraph may have 5569different amounts of indentation, the fill prefix used is the smallest 5570amount of indentation of any of the lines of the paragraph. 5571 5572*** Filling is now partially controlled by a new minor mode, Adaptive 5573Fill mode. When this mode is enabled (and it is enabled by default), 5574if you use M-x fill-region-as-paragraph on an indented paragraph and 5575you don't have a fill prefix, it uses the indentation of the second 5576line of the paragraph as the fill prefix. 5577 5578Adaptive Fill mode doesn't have much effect on M-q in most major 5579modes, because an indented line will probably count as a paragraph 5580starter and thus each line of an indented paragraph will be considered 5581a paragraph of its own. 5582 5583*** M-q in C mode now runs `c-fill-paragraph', which is designed 5584for filling C comments. (We assume you don't want to fill 5585the code in a C program.) 5586 5587*** M-$ now runs the Ispell program instead of the Unix spell program. 5588 5589M-$ starts an Ispell process the first time you use it. But the process 5590stays alive, so that subsequent uses of M-$ run very fast. 5591If you want to get rid of the process, use M-x kill-ispell. 5592 5593To check the entire current buffer, use M-x ispell-buffer. 5594Use M-x ispell-region to check just the current region. 5595 5596Ispell commands often involve interactive replacement of words. 5597You can interrupt the interactive replacement with C-g. 5598You can restart it again afterward with C-u M-$. 5599 5600During interactive replacement, you can type the following characters: 5601 5602a Accept this word this time. 5603DIGIT Replace the word (this time) with one of the displayed near-misses. 5604 The digit you use says which near-miss to use. 5605i Insert this word in your private dictionary 5606 so that Ispell will consider it correct it from now on. 5607r Replace the word this time with a string typed by you. 5608 5609When the Ispell process starts, it reads your private dictionary which 5610is the file `~/ispell.words'. If you "insert" words with the `i' command, 5611these words are added to that file, but not right away--only at the end 5612of the interactive replacement process. 5613 5614Use M-x reload-ispell to reload your private dictionary from 5615`~/ispell.words' if you edit it outside of Ispell. 5616 5617** Changes in existing modes. 5618 5619*** gdb-mode has been replaced by gud-mode. 5620 5621The package gud.el (Grand Unified Debugger) replaces gdb.el in Emacs 562219. It provides a gdb.el-like interface to any of three debuggers; 5623gdb itself, the sdb debugger supported on some Unix systems, or the 5624dbx debugger on Berkeley systems. 5625 5626 You start it up with one of the commands M-x gdb, M-x sdb, or 5627M-x dbx. Each entry point finishes by executing a hook; gdb-mode-hook, 5628sdb-mode-hook or dbx-mode-hook respectively. 5629 5630These bindings have changed: 5631C-x C-a > gud-down (was M-d) 5632C-x C-a < gud-up (was M-u) 5633C-x C-a C-r gud-cont (was M-c) 5634C-x C-a C-n gud-next (was M-n) 5635C-x C-a C-s gud-step (was M-s) 5636C-x C-a C-i gud-stepi (was M-i) 5637C-x C-a C-l gud-recenter (was C-l) 5638C-d comint-delchar-or-maybe-eof (was C-c C-d) 5639 5640These bindings have been removed: 5641C-c C-r (was comint-show-output; now gud-cont) 5642 5643Since GUD mode uses comint, it uses comint's input history commands, 5644superseding C-c C-y (copy-last-shell-input): 5645 M-p comint-next-input 5646 M-n comint-previous-input 5647 M-r comint-previous-similar-input 5648 M-s comint-next-similar-input 5649 M-C-r comint-previous-input-matching 5650 5651The C-x C-a bindings are also active in source files. 5652 5653*** The old TeX mode bindings of M-{ and M-} have been moved to C-c { 5654and C-c }. (These commands are `up-list' and `tex-insert-braces'; 5655they are the TeX equivalents of M-( and M-).) This is because M-{ 5656and M-} are now globally defined commands. 5657 5658*** Changes in Mail mode. 5659 5660`%' is now a word-separator character in Mail mode. 5661 5662`mail-signature', if non-nil, tells M-x mail to insert your 5663`.signature' file automatically. If you don't want your signature in 5664a particular message, just delete it before you send the message. 5665 5666You can specify the text to insert at the beginning of each line when 5667you use C-c C-y to yank the message you are replying to. Set 5668`mail-yank-prefix' to the desired string. A value of `nil' (the 5669default) means to use indentation, as in Emacs 18. If you use just 5670C-u as the prefix argument to C-c C-y, then it does not insert 5671anything at the beginning of the lines, regardless of the value of 5672`mail-yank-prefix'. 5673 5674If you like, you can expand mail aliases as abbrevs, as soon as you 5675type them in. To enable this feature, execute the following: 5676 5677 (add-hook 'mail-setup-hook 'mail-abbrevs-setup) 5678 5679This can go in your .emacs file. 5680 5681Word abbrevs don't expand unless you insert a word-separator character 5682afterward. Any mail aliases that you didn't expand at insertion time 5683are expanded subsequently when you send the message. 5684 5685*** Changes in Rmail. 5686 5687Rmail by default gets new mail only from the system inbox file, 5688not from `~/mbox'. 5689 5690In Rmail, you can retry sending a message that failed 5691by typing `M-m' on the failure message. 5692 5693By contrast, another new command M-x rmail-resend is used for 5694forwarding a message and marking it as "resent from" you 5695with header fields "Resent-From:" and "Resent-To:". 5696 5697`e' is now the command to edit a message. 5698To expunge, type `x'. We know this will surprise people 5699some of the time, but the surprise will not be disastrous--if 5700you type `e' meaning to expunge, just turn off editing with C-c C-c 5701and then type `x'. 5702 5703Another new Rmail command is `<', which moves to the first message. 5704This is for symmetry with `>'. 5705 5706Use the `b' command to bury the Rmail buffer and its summary buffer, 5707if any, removing both of them from display on the screen. 5708 5709The variable `rmail-output-file-alist' now controls the default 5710for the file to output a message to. 5711 5712In the Rmail summary buffer, all cursor motion commands select 5713the message you move to. It's really neat when you use 5714incremental search. 5715 5716You can now issue most Rmail commands from an Rmail summary buffer. 5717The commands do the same thing in that buffer that they do in the 5718Rmail buffer. They apply to the message that is selected in the Rmail 5719buffer, which is always the one described by the current summary 5720line. 5721 5722Conversely, motion and deletion commands in the Rmail buffer also 5723update the summary buffer. If you set the variable 5724`rmail-redisplay-summary' to a non-nil value, then they bring the 5725summary buffer (if one exists) back onto the screen. 5726 5727C-M-t is a new command to make a summary by topic. It uses regexp 5728matching against just the subjects of the messages to decide which 5729messages to show in the summary. 5730 5731You can easily convert an Rmail file to system mailbox format with the 5732command `unrmail'. This command reads two arguments, the name of 5733the Rmail file to convert, and the name of the new mailbox file. 5734(This command does not change the Rmail file itself.) 5735 5736Rmail now handles Content Length fields in messages. 5737 5738*** `mail-extract-address-components' unpacks mail addresses. 5739It takes an address as a string (the contents of the From field, for 5740example) and returns a list of the form (FULL-NAME 5741CANONICAL-ADDRESS). 5742 5743*** Changes in C mode and C-related commands. 5744 5745**** M-x c-up-conditional 5746 5747In C mode, `c-up-conditional' moves back to the containing 5748preprocessor conditional, setting the mark where point was 5749previously. 5750 5751A prefix argument acts as a repeat count. With a negative argument, 5752this command moves forward to the end of the containing preprocessor 5753conditional. When going backwards, `#elif' acts like `#else' followed 5754by `#if'. When going forwards, `#elif' is ignored. 5755 5756**** In C mode, M-a and M-e are now defined as 5757`c-beginning-of-statement' and `c-end-of-statement'. 5758 5759**** In C mode, M-x c-backslash-region is a new command to insert or 5760align `\' characters at the ends of the lines of the region, except 5761for the last such line. This is useful after writing or editing a C 5762macro definition. 5763 5764If a line already ends in `\', this command adjusts the amount of 5765whitespace before it. Otherwise, it inserts a new `\'. 5766 5767*** New features in info. 5768 5769When Info looks for an Info file, it searches the directories 5770in `Info-directory-list'. This makes it easy to install the Info files 5771that come with various packages. You can specify the path with 5772the environment variable INFOPATH. 5773 5774There are new commands in Info mode. 5775 5776`]' now moves forward a node, going up and down levels as needed. 5777`[' is similar but moves backward. These two commands try to traverse 5778the entire Info tree, node by node. They are the equivalent of reading 5779a printed manual sequentially. 5780 5781`<' moves to the top node of the current Info file. 5782`>' moves to the last node of the file. 5783 5784SPC scrolls through the current node; at the end, it advances to the 5785next node in depth-first order (like `]'). 5786 5787DEL scrolls backwards in the current node; at the end, it moves to the 5788previous node in depth-first order (like `['). 5789 5790After a menu select, the info `up' command now restores point in the 5791menu. The combination of this and the previous two changes means that 5792repeated SPC keystrokes do the right (depth-first traverse forward) thing. 5793 5794`i STRING RET' moves to the node associated with STRING in the index 5795or indices of this manual. If there is more than one match for 5796STRING, the `i' command finds the first match. 5797 5798`,' finds the next match for the string in the previous `i' command 5799 5800If you click the middle mouse button near a cross-reference, 5801menu item or node pointer while in Info, you will go to the node 5802which is referenced. 5803 5804*** Changes in M-x compile. 5805 5806You can repeat any previous compilation command conveniently using the 5807minibuffer history commands, while in the minibuffer entering the 5808compilation command. 5809 5810While a compilation is going on, the string `Compiling' appears in 5811the mode line. When this string disappears, that tells you the 5812compilation is finished. 5813 5814The buffer of compiler messages is in Compilation mode. This mode 5815provides the keys SPC and DEL to scroll by screenfuls, and M-n and M-p 5816to move to the next or previous error message. You can also use C-c 5817C-c on any error message to find the corresponding source code. 5818 5819Emacs 19 has a more general parser for compiler messages. For example, it 5820can understand messages from lint, and from certain C compilers whose error 5821message format is unusual. Also, it only parses until it sees the error 5822message you want; you never have to wait a long time to see the first 5823error, no matter how big the buffer is. 5824 5825*** M-x diff and M-x diff-backup. 5826 5827This new command compares two files, displaying the differences in an 5828Emacs buffer. The options for the `diff' program come from the 5829variable `diff-switches', whose value should be a string. 5830 5831The buffer of differences has Compilation mode as its major mode, so you 5832can use C-x ` to visit successive changed locations in the two 5833source files, or you can move to a particular hunk of changes and type 5834C-c C-c to move to the corresponding source. You can also use the 5835other special commands of Compilation mode: SPC and DEL for 5836scrolling, and M-n and M-p for cursor motion. 5837 5838M-x diff-backup compares a file with its most recent backup. 5839If you specify the name of a backup file, `diff-backup' compares it 5840with the source file that it is a backup of. 5841 5842*** The View commands (such as M-x view-buffer and M-x view-file) no 5843longer use recursive edits; instead, they switch temporarily to a 5844different major mode (View mode) specifically designed for moving 5845around through a buffer without editing it. 5846 5847*** Changes in incremental search. 5848 5849**** The character to terminate an incremental search is now RET. 5850This is for compatibility with the way most other arguments are read. 5851 5852To search for a newline in an incremental search, type LFD (also known 5853as C-j). 5854 5855**** Incremental search now maintains a ring of previous search 5856strings. Use M-p and M-n to move through the ring to pick a search 5857string to reuse. These commands leave the selected search ring 5858element in the minibuffer, where you can edit it. Type C-s or C-r to 5859finish editing and search for the chosen string. 5860 5861**** If you type an upper case letter in incremental search, that turns 5862off case-folding, so that you get a case-sensitive search. 5863 5864**** If you type a space during regexp incremental search, it matches 5865any sequence of whitespace characters. If you want to match just a space, 5866type C-q SPC. 5867 5868**** Incremental search is now implemented as a major mode. When you 5869type C-s, it switches temporarily to a different keymap which defines 5870each key to do what it ought to do for incremental search. This has 5871next to no effect on the user-visible behavior of searching, but makes 5872it easier to customize that behavior. 5873 5874Emacs 19 eliminates the old variables `search-...-char' that used to 5875be the way to specify the characters to use for various special 5876purposes in incremental search. Instead, you can define the meaning 5877of a character in incremental search by modifying `isearch-mode-map'. 5878 5879*** New commands in Buffer Menu mode. 5880 5881The command C-o now displays the current line's buffer in another 5882window but does not select it. This is like the existing command `o' 5883which selects the current line's buffer in another window. 5884 5885The command % toggles the read-only flag of the current line's buffer. 5886 5887The way to switch to a set of several buffers, including those marked 5888with m, is now v. The q command simply quits, replacing the buffer 5889menu buffer with the buffer that was displayed previously. 5890 5891** New major modes and packages. 5892 5893*** The news reader GNUS is now installed. 5894 5895*** There is a new interface for version control systems, called VC. 5896It works with both RCS and SCCS; in fact, you don't really have to 5897know which one of them is being used, because it automatically deals 5898with either one. 5899 5900Most of the time, the only command you have to know about is C-x C-q. 5901This command normally toggles the read-only flag of the current 5902buffer. If the buffer is visiting a file that is maintained with a 5903version control system, the command still toggles read-only, but does 5904so by checking the file in or checking it out. 5905 5906When you check a file in, VC asks you for a log entry by popping up a 5907buffer. Edit the entry there, then type C-c C-c when it is ready. 5908That's when the actual checkin happens. If you change your mind about 5909the checkin, simply switch buffers and don't ever go back to the log 5910buffer. 5911 5912To start using version control for a file, use the command C-x v v. 5913This works like C-x C-q (performing the next logical version-control 5914operation needed to change the file's writability) but it will also 5915perform initial checkin on an unregistered file. 5916 5917By default, VC uses RCS if RCS is installed on your machine; 5918otherwise, SCCS. If you want to make the choice explicitly, you can do 5919it by setting `vc-default-back-end' to the symbol `RCS' or the symbol 5920`SCCS'. 5921 5922You can tell when a file you visit is maintained with version control 5923because either `RCS' or `SCCS' appears in the mode line. 5924 5925*** A new Calendar mode has been added, the work of Edward M. Reingold. 5926The mode can display the Gregorian calendar and a variety of other 5927calendars at any date, and interacts with a diary facility similar to 5928the UNIX `calendar' utility. 5929 5930*** There is a new major mode for editing binary files: Hexl mode. 5931To use it, use M-x hexl-find-file instead of C-x C-f to visit the file. 5932This command converts the file's contents to hexadecimal and lets you 5933edit the translation. When you save the file, it is converted 5934automatically back to binary. 5935 5936You can also use M-x hexl-mode to translate an existing buffer into hex. 5937Do this if you have already visited a binary file. 5938 5939Hexl mode has a few other commands: 5940 5941C-M-d insert a byte with a code typed in decimal. 5942C-M-o insert a byte with a code typed in octal. 5943C-M-x insert a byte with a code typed in hex. 5944 5945C-x [ move to the beginning of a 1k-byte "page". 5946C-x ] move to the end of a 1k-byte "page". 5947 5948M-g go to an address specified in hex. 5949M-j go to an address specified in decimal. 5950 5951C-c C-c leave hexl mode and go back to the previous major mode. 5952 5953*** Miscellaneous new major modes include Awk mode, Icon mode, Makefile 5954mode, Perl mode and SGML mode. 5955 5956*** Edebug, a new source-level debugger for Emacs Lisp functions. 5957 5958To use Edebug, use the command M-x edebug-defun to "evaluate" a 5959function definition in an Emacs Lisp file. We put "evaluate" in 5960quotation marks because it doesn't just evaluate the function, it also 5961inserts additional information to support source-level debugging. 5962 5963You must also do 5964 5965 (setq debugger 'edebug-debug) 5966 5967to cause errors and single-stepping to use Edebug instead of the usual 5968Emacs Lisp debugger. 5969 5970For more information, see the Edebug manual, which should be included 5971in the Emacs distribution. 5972 5973*** C++ mode is like C mode, except that it understands C++ comment syntax 5974and certain other differences between C and C++. It also has a command 5975`fill-c++-comment' which fills a paragraph made of comment lines. 5976 5977The command `comment-region' is useful in C++ mode for commenting out 5978several consecutive lines, or removing the commenting out of such lines. 5979 5980*** A new package for merging two variants of the same text. 5981 5982It's not unusual for programmers to get their signals crossed and 5983modify the same program in two different directions. Then somebody 5984has to merge the two versions. The command `emerge-files' makes this 5985easier. 5986 5987`emerge-files' reads two file names and compares them. Then it 5988displays three buffers: one for each file, and one for the 5989differences. 5990 5991If the original version of the file is available, you can make things 5992even easier using `emerge-files-with-ancestor'. It reads three file 5993names--variant 1, variant 2, and the common ancestor--and uses diff3 5994to compare them. 5995 5996You control the merging interactively. The main loop of Emerge 5997consists of showing you one set of differences, asking you what to do 5998about them, and doing it. You have a choice of two modes for giving 5999directions to Emerge: "fast" mode and "edit" mode. 6000 6001In Fast mode, Emerge commands are single characters, and ordinary 6002Emacs commands are disabled. This makes Emerge operations fast, but 6003prevents you from doing more than selecting the A or the B version of 6004differences. In Edit mode, all emerge commands use the C-c prefix, 6005and the usual Emacs commands are available. This allows editing the 6006merge buffer, but slows down Emerge operations. Edit and fast modes 6007are indicated by `F' and `E' in the minor modes in the mode line. 6008 6009The Emerge commands are: 6010 6011 p go to the previous difference 6012 n go to the next difference 6013 a select the A version of this difference 6014 b select the B version of this difference 6015 j go to a particular difference (prefix argument 6016 specifies which difference) (0j suppresses display of 6017 the flags) 6018 q quit - finish the merge* 6019 f go into fast mode 6020 e go into edit mode 6021 l recenter (C-l) all three windows* 6022 - and 0 through 9 6023 prefix numeric arguments 6024 d a select the A version as the default from here down in 6025 the merge buffer* 6026 d b select the B version as the default from here down in 6027 the merge buffer* 6028 c a copy the A version of the difference into the kill 6029 ring 6030 c b copy the B version of the difference into the kill 6031 ring 6032 i a insert the A version of the difference at the point 6033 i b insert the B version of the difference at the point 6034 m put the point and mark around the difference region 6035 ^ scroll-down (like M-v) the three windows* 6036 v scroll-up (like C-v) the three windows* 6037 < scroll-left (like C-x <) the three windows* 6038 > scroll-right (like C-x >) the three windows* 6039 | reset horizontal scroll on the three windows* 6040 x 1 shrink the merge window to one line (use C-u l to restore it 6041 to full size) 6042 x a find the difference containing a location in the A buffer* 6043 x b find the difference containing a location in the B buffer* 6044 x c combine the two versions of this difference* 6045 x C combine the two versions of this difference, using a 6046 register's value as the template* 6047 x d find the difference containing a location in the merge buffer* 6048 x f show the files/buffers Emerge is operating on in Help window 6049 (use C-u l to restore windows) 6050 x j join this difference with the following one 6051 (C-u x j joins this difference with the previous one) 6052 x l show line numbers of points in A, B, and merge buffers 6053 x m change major mode of merge buffer* 6054 x s split this difference into two differences 6055 (first position the point in all three buffers to the places 6056 to split the difference) 6057 x t trim identical lines off top and bottom of difference 6058 (such lines occur when the A and B versions are 6059 identical but differ from the ancestor version) 6060 x x set the template for the x c command* 6061 6062Normally, the merged output goes back in the first file specified. 6063If you use a prefix argument, Emerge reads another file name to use 6064for the output file. 6065 6066Once Emerge has prepared the buffer of differences, it runs the hooks 6067in `emerge-startup-hooks'. 6068 6069*** Asm mode is a new major mode for editing files of assembler code. 6070It defines these commands: 6071 6072TAB tab-to-tab-stop. 6073LFD Insert a newline and then indent using tab-to-tab-stop. 6074: Insert a colon and then remove the indentation 6075 from before the label preceding colon. Then tab-to-tab-stop. 6076; Insert or align a comment. 6077 6078*** Two-column mode lets you conveniently edit two side-by-side columns 6079of text. It works using two side-by-side windows, each showing its 6080own buffer. 6081 6082Here are three ways to enter two-column mode: 6083 6084C-x 6 2 makes the current buffer into the left-hand buffer. In the 6085right-hand window it puts a buffer whose name is based on the current 6086buffer's name. 6087 6088C-x 6 b BUFFER RET makes the current buffer into the left-hand buffer, 6089and uses buffer BUFFER as the right-hand buffer. 6090 6091C-x 6 s splits the current buffer, which contains two-column text, 6092into two side-by-side buffers. The old current buffer becomes the 6093left-hand buffer, but the text in the right column is moved into the 6094right-hand buffer. The current column specifies the split point. 6095Splitting starts with the current line and continues to the end of the 6096buffer. 6097 6098C-x 6 s takes a prefix argument which specifies how many characters 6099before point constitute the column separator. (The default argument 6100is 1, as usual, so by default the column separator is the character 6101before point.) Lines that don't have the column separator at the 6102proper place remain unsplit; they stay in the left-hand buffer, and 6103the right-hand buffer gets an empty line to correspond. 6104 6105You can scroll both buffers together using C-x 6 SPC (scroll up), C-x 61066 DEL (scroll down), and C-x 6 RET (scroll up one line). C-x 6 C-l 6107recenters both buffers together. 6108 6109If you want to make a line which will span both columns, put it in 6110the left-hand buffer, with an empty line in the corresponding place in 6111the right-hand buffer. 6112 6113When you have edited both buffers as you wish, merge them with C-x 6 61141. This copies the text from the right-hand buffer as a second column 6115in the other buffer. To go back to two-column editing, use C-x 6 s. 6116 6117Use C-x 6 d to disassociate the two buffers, leaving each as it 6118stands. (If the other buffer, the one that was not current when you 6119type C-x 6 d, is empty, C-x 6 d kills it.) 6120 6121*** You can supply command arguments such as files to visit to an Emacs 6122that is already running. To do this, you must do this in your .emacs 6123file: 6124 (add-hook 'suspend-hook 'resume-suspend-hook) 6125Also you must use the shellscript emacs.csh or emacs.sh, found in the 6126etc subdirectory. 6127 6128*** Shell mode has been completely replaced. 6129The basic idea is the same, but there are new commands available in 6130this mode. 6131 6132TAB now completes the file name before point in the shell buffer. 6133To get a list of all possible completions, type M-?. 6134 6135There is a new convenient history mechanism for repeating previous 6136commands. Use the command M-p to recall the last command; it copies 6137the text of that command to the place where you are editing. If you 6138repeat M-p, it replaces the copied command with the previous command. 6139M-n is similar but goes in the opposite direction towards the present. 6140When you find the command you wanted, you can edit it, or just 6141resubmit it by typing RET. 6142 6143You can also use M-r and M-s to search for (respectively) earlier or 6144later inputs starting with a given string. First type the string, 6145then type M-r to yank a previous input from the history which starts 6146with that string. You can repeat M-r to find successively earlier 6147inputs starting with the same string. You can start moving in the 6148opposite direction (toward more recent inputs) by typing M-s instead 6149of M-r. As long as you don't use any commands except M-r and M-s, 6150they keep using the same string that you had entered initially. 6151 6152C-c C-o kills the last batch of output from a shell command. This is 6153useful if a shell command spews out lots of output that just gets in 6154the way. 6155 6156C-c C-r scrolls to display the beginning of the last batch of output 6157at the top of the window; it also moves the cursor there. 6158 6159C-a on a line that starts with a shell prompt moves to the end of the 6160prompt, not to the very beginning of the line. 6161 6162C-d typed at the end of the shell buffer sends EOF to the subshell. 6163At any other position in the buffer, it deletes a character as usual. 6164 6165If Emacs gets confused while trying to track changes in the shell's 6166current directory, type M-x dirs to re-synchronize. 6167 6168M-x send-invisible reads a line of text without echoing it, and 6169sends it to the shell. 6170 6171If you accidentally suspend your process, use M-x comint-continue-subjob 6172to continue it. 6173 6174*** There is now a convenient way to enable flow control on terminals 6175where you can't win without it. Suppose you want to do this on 6176VT-100 and H19 terminals; put the following in your `.emacs' file: 6177 6178 (enable-flow-control-on "vt100" "h19") 6179 6180When flow control is enabled, you must type C-\ to get the effect of a 6181C-s, and type C-^ to get the effect of a C-q. 6182 6183The function `enable-flow-control' enables flow control unconditionally. 6184 6185** Changes in Dired 6186 6187Dired has many new features which allow you to do these things: 6188 6189- Rename, copy, or make links to many files at once. 6190 6191- Make distinguishable types of marks for different operations. 6192 6193- Display contents of subdirectories in the same Dired buffer as the 6194parent directory. 6195 6196*** Setting and Clearing Marks 6197 6198There are now two kinds of marker that you can put on a file in Dired: 6199`D' for deletion, and `*' for any other kind of operation. 6200The `x' command deletes only files marked with `D', and most 6201other Dired commands operate only on the files marked with `*'. 6202 6203To mark files with `D' (also called "flagging" the files), you 6204can use `d' as usual. Here are some commands for marking with 6205`*' (and also for unmarking): 6206 6207**** `m' marks the current file with `*', for an operation other than 6208deletion. 6209 6210**** `*' marks all executable files. With a prefix argument, it 6211unmarks all those files. 6212 6213**** `@' marks all symbolic links. With a prefix argument, it unmarks 6214all those files. 6215 6216**** `/' marks all directory files except `.' and `..'. With a prefix 6217argument, it unmarks all those files. 6218 6219**** M-DEL removes a specific or all marks from every file. With an 6220argument, queries for each marked file. Type your help character, 6221usually C-h, at that time for help. 6222 6223**** `c' replaces all marks that use the character OLD with marks that 6224use the character NEW. You can use almost any character as a mark 6225character by means of this command, to distinguish various classes of 6226files. If OLD is ` ', then the command operates on all unmarked 6227files; if NEW is ` ', then the command unmarks the files it acts on. 6228 6229*** Operating on Multiple Files 6230 6231The Dired commands to operate directly on files (rename them, copy 6232them, and so on) have been generalized to work on multiple files. 6233There are also some additional commands in this series. 6234 6235All of these commands use the same convention to decide which files to 6236manipulate: 6237 6238- If you give the command a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, it operates 6239on the next @var{n} files, starting with the current file. 6240 6241- Otherwise, if there are marked files, the commands operate on all the 6242marked files. 6243 6244- Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only. 6245 6246These are the commands: 6247 6248**** `C' copies the specified files. You must specify a directory to 6249copy into, or (if copying a single file) a new name. 6250 6251If `dired-copy-preserve-time' is non-`nil', then copying sets 6252the modification time of the new file to be the same as that of the old 6253file. 6254 6255**** `R' renames the specified files. You must specify a directory to 6256rename into, or (if renaming a single file) a new name. 6257 6258Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers associated 6259with renamed files so that they refer to the new names. 6260 6261**** `H' makes hard links to the specified files. You must specify a 6262directory to make the links in, or (if making just one link) the name 6263to give the link. 6264 6265**** `S' makes symbolic links to the specified files. You must specify 6266a directory to make the links in, or (if making just one link) the 6267name to give the link. 6268 6269**** `M' changes the mode of the specified files. This calls the 6270`chmod' program, so you can describe the desired mode change with any 6271argument that `chmod' would handle. 6272 6273**** `G' changes the group of the specified files. 6274 6275**** `O' changes the owner of the specified files. (On normal systems, 6276only the superuser can do this.) 6277 6278The variable `dired-chown-program' specifies the name of the 6279program to use to do the work (different systems put `chown' in 6280different places. 6281 6282**** `Z' compresses or uncompresses the specified files. 6283 6284**** `L' loads the specified Emacs Lisp files. 6285 6286**** `B' byte compiles the specified Emacs Lisp files. 6287 6288**** `P' prints the specified files. It uses the variables 6289`lpr-command' and `lpr-switches' just as `lpr-file' does. 6290 6291*** Shell Commands in Dired 6292 6293`!' reads a shell command string in the minibuffer and runs the shell 6294command on all the specified files. There are two ways of applying a 6295shell command to multiple files: 6296 6297- If you use `*' in the command, then the shell command runs just 6298once, with the list of file names substituted for the `*'. 6299 6300Thus, `! tar cf foo.tar * RET' runs `tar' on the entire list of file 6301names, putting them into one tar file `foo.tar'. The file names are 6302inserted in the order that they appear in the Dired buffer. 6303 6304- If the command string doesn't contain `*', then it runs once for 6305each file, with the file name attached at the end. For example, `! 6306uudecode RET' runs `uudecode' on each file. 6307 6308To run the shell command once for each file but without being limited 6309to putting the file name inserted in the middle, use a shell loop. 6310For example, this shell command would run `uuencode' on each of the 6311specified files, writing the output into a corresponding `.uu' file: 6312 6313 for file in *; uuencode $file $file >$file.uu; done 6314 6315The working directory for the shell command is the top level directory 6316of the Dired buffer. 6317 6318*** Regular Expression File Name Substitution 6319 6320**** `% m REGEXP RET' marks all files whose names match the regular 6321expression REGEXP. 6322 6323Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. Use 6324`^' and `$' to anchor matches. Exclude subdirs by hiding them. 6325 6326**** `% d REGEXP RET' flags for deletion all files whose names match 6327the regular expression REGEXP. 6328 6329**** `% R', `% C', `% H', `% S' 6330 6331These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links, 6332in each case computing the new name by regular expression substitution 6333from the name of the old file. They effectively perform 6334`query-replace-regexp' on the selected file names in the Dired buffer. 6335 6336The commands read two arguments: a regular expression, and a 6337substitution pattern. Each selected file name is matched against the 6338regular expression, and then the part which matched is replaced with 6339the substitution pattern. You can use `\&' and `\DIGIT' in the 6340substitution pattern to refer to all or part of the old file name. 6341 6342If the regular expression matches more than once in a file name, 6343only the first match is replaced. 6344 6345Normally, the replacement process does not consider the directory names; 6346it operates on the file name within the directory. If you specify a 6347prefix argument of zero, then replacement affects entire file name. 6348 6349To apply the command to all files matching the same regexp that you 6350use in the command, mark those files with `% m REGEXP RET', then use 6351the same regular expression in `% R'. To make this easier, `% R' uses 6352as a default the last regular expression specified in a `%' command. 6353 6354*** Dired Case Conversion 6355 6356**** `% u' renames each of the selected files to an upper case name. 6357 6358**** `% l' renames each of the selected files to a lower case name. 6359 6360*** File Comparison with Dired 6361 6362**** `=' compares the current file with another file (the file at the 6363mark), by running the `diff' program. The file at the mark is given 6364to `diff' first. 6365 6366**** `M-=' compares the current file with its backup file. If there 6367are several numerical backups, it uses the most recent one. If this 6368file is a backup, it is compared with its original. 6369 6370The backup file is the first file given to `diff'. 6371 6372*** Subdirectories in Dired 6373 6374You can display more than one directory in one Dired buffer. 6375The simplest way to do this is to specify the options `-lR' for 6376running `ls'. That produces a recursive directory listing showing 6377all subdirectories, all within the same Dired buffer. 6378 6379You can also insert the contents of a particular subdirectory with the 6380`i' command. Use this command on the line that describes a file which 6381is a directory. Inserted subdirectory contents follow the top-level 6382directory of the Dired buffer, just as they do in `ls -lR' output. 6383 6384If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the 6385`i' command just moves to it (type `l' to refresh it). It sets the 6386Emacs mark before moving, so C-x C-x takes you back to the old 6387position in the buffer. 6388 6389When you have subdirectories in the Dired buffer, you can use the page 6390motion commands C-x [ and C-x ] to move by entire directories. 6391 6392The following commands move up and down in the tree of directories 6393in one Dired buffer: 6394 6395**** C-M-u Go up to the parent directory's headerline. 6396 6397**** C-M-d Go down in the tree, to the first subdirectory's 6398headerline. 6399 6400**** C-M-n Go to next subdirectory headerline, regardless of level. 6401 6402**** C-M-p Go to previous subdirectory headerline, regardless of 6403level. 6404 6405*** Hiding Subdirectories 6406 6407"Hiding" a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for its 6408headerline. Files inside a hidden subdirectory are never considered 6409by Dired. For example, the commands to operate on marked files ignore 6410files in hidden directories even if they are marked. 6411 6412**** `$' hides or unhides the current subdirectory and move to next 6413subdirectory. A prefix argument serves as a repeat count. 6414 6415**** `M-$' hides all subdirectories, leaving only their header lines. 6416Or, if at least one subdirectory is currently hidden, it makes 6417everything visible again. You can use this command to get an overview 6418in very deep directory trees or to move quickly to subdirectories far 6419away. 6420 6421*** Editing the Dired Buffer 6422 6423**** `l' updates the specified files in a Dired buffer. This means 6424reading their current status from the file system and changing the 6425buffer to reflect it properly. 6426 6427If you use this command on a subdirectory header line, it updates the 6428contents of the subdirectory. 6429 6430**** `g' updates the entire contents of the Dired buffer. It preserves 6431all marks except for those on files that have vanished. Hidden 6432subdirectories are updated but remain hidden. 6433 6434**** `k' kills all marked lines (not the files). With a prefix 6435argument, it kills that many lines starting with the current line. 6436 6437This command does not delete files; it just deletes text from the Dired 6438buffer. 6439 6440If you kill the line for a file that is a directory, then its contents 6441are also deleted from the buffer. Typing `C-u k' on the header line 6442for a subdirectory is another way to delete a subdirectory from the 6443Dired buffer. 6444 6445*** `find' and Dired. 6446 6447To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use 6448`find-name-dired'. Its arguments are DIRECTORY and 6449PATTERN. It selects all the files in DIRECTORY or its 6450subdirectories whose own names match PATTERN. 6451 6452The files thus selected are displayed in a Dired buffer in which the 6453ordinary Dired commands are available. 6454 6455If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names, use 6456`find-grep-dired'. This command takes two minibuffer arguments, 6457DIRECTORY and REGEXP; it selects all the files in 6458DIRECTORY or its subdirectories that contain a match for 6459REGEXP. It works by running `find' and `grep'. 6460 6461The most general command in this series is `find-dired', which lets 6462you specify any condition that `find' can test. It takes two 6463minibuffer arguments, DIRECTORY and FIND-ARGS; it runs `find' in 6464DIRECTORY with using FIND-ARGS as the arguments to `find' specifying 6465which files to accept. To use this command, you need to know how to 6466use `find'. 6467 6468** New amusements and novelties. 6469 6470*** `M-x mpuz' displays a multiplication puzzle, in which each letter 6471stands for a digit, and you must determine which digit. The puzzles 6472are determined randomly, so they are always different. 6473 6474*** `M-x gomoku' plays the game Gomoku with you. It needs more work. 6475 6476*** `M-x spook' adds a line of randomly chosen keywords to an outgoing 6477mail message. The keywords are chosen from a list of words that 6478suggest you are discussing something subversive. 6479 6480The idea is that the NSA reads all messages that contain keywords 6481suggesting they might be interested, and that adding these lines could 6482help to overload them. I would guess that they have modified their 6483program by now to ignore these lines of keywords; perhaps the program 6484can be updated if some clever hacker can determine what criterion they 6485actually use now. 6486 6487** Installation changes 6488 6489*** The configure script has been provided to help with the 6490installation process. It takes the place of editing the Makefiles and 6491src/config.h, and can often guess the appropriate operating system to 6492use for a particular machine type. See INSTALL for a more detailed 6493description of the steps required for installation. 6494 6495*** If you create a Lisp file named `site-start.el', Emacs loads the file 6496whenever it starts up. 6497 6498*** A new Lisp variable, `data-directory', indicates the directory 6499containing the DOC file, tutorial, copying agreement, and other 6500familiar `etc' files. The value of `data-directory' is a simple string. 6501The default should be set at build time, and the person installing 6502Emacs should place all the data files in this directory. The `help.el' 6503functions that look for docstrings and information files check this 6504variable. All Emacs Lisp packages should also be coded so that they 6505refer to `data-directory' to find data files. 6506 6507*** The PURESIZE definition has been moved from config.h to its own 6508file, puresize.h. Since almost every file of C source in the 6509distribution depends on config.h, but only alloc.c and data.c depend 6510on puresize.h, this means that changing the value of PURESIZE causes 6511only those two files to be recompiled. 6512 6513*** The makefile at the top of the Emacs source tree now supports a 6514`dist' target, which creates a compressed tar file suitable for 6515distribution, using the contents of the source tree. Object files, 6516old file versions, executables, DOC files, and other 6517architecture-specific or easy-to-recreate files are not included in 6518the tar file. 6519 6520 6521 6522---------------------------------------------------------------------- 6523This file is part of GNU Emacs. 6524 6525GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify 6526it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 6527the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) 6528any later version. 6529 6530GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 6531but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 6532MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 6533GNU General Public License for more details. 6534 6535You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 6536along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the 6537Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, 6538Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. 6539 6540 6541Local variables: 6542mode: outline 6543paragraph-separate: "[ ]*$" 6544end: 6545 6546arch-tag: 944be39b-afe8-4217-9977-c745b68a7ca2 6547