1*motion.txt* For Vim version 7.3. Last change: 2010 May 14 2 3 4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar 5 6 7Cursor motions *cursor-motions* *navigation* 8 9These commands move the cursor position. If the new position is off of the 10screen, the screen is scrolled to show the cursor (see also 'scrolljump' and 11'scrolloff' options). 12 131. Motions and operators |operator| 142. Left-right motions |left-right-motions| 153. Up-down motions |up-down-motions| 164. Word motions |word-motions| 175. Text object motions |object-motions| 186. Text object selection |object-select| 197. Marks |mark-motions| 208. Jumps |jump-motions| 219. Various motions |various-motions| 22 23General remarks: 24 25If you want to know where you are in the file use the "CTRL-G" command 26|CTRL-G| or the "g CTRL-G" command |g_CTRL-G|. If you set the 'ruler' option, 27the cursor position is continuously shown in the status line (which slows down 28Vim a little). 29 30Experienced users prefer the hjkl keys because they are always right under 31their fingers. Beginners often prefer the arrow keys, because they do not 32know what the hjkl keys do. The mnemonic value of hjkl is clear from looking 33at the keyboard. Think of j as an arrow pointing downwards. 34 35The 'virtualedit' option can be set to make it possible to move the cursor to 36positions where there is no character or halfway a character. 37 38============================================================================== 391. Motions and operators *operator* 40 41The motion commands can be used after an operator command, to have the command 42operate on the text that was moved over. That is the text between the cursor 43position before and after the motion. Operators are generally used to delete 44or change text. The following operators are available: 45 46 |c| c change 47 |d| d delete 48 |y| y yank into register (does not change the text) 49 |~| ~ swap case (only if 'tildeop' is set) 50 |g~| g~ swap case 51 |gu| gu make lowercase 52 |gU| gU make uppercase 53 |!| ! filter through an external program 54 |=| = filter through 'equalprg' or C-indenting if empty 55 |gq| gq text formatting 56 |g?| g? ROT13 encoding 57 |>| > shift right 58 |<| < shift left 59 |zf| zf define a fold 60 |g@| g@ call function set with the 'operatorfunc' option 61 62If the motion includes a count and the operator also had a count before it, 63the two counts are multiplied. For example: "2d3w" deletes six words. 64 65After applying the operator the cursor is mostly left at the start of the text 66that was operated upon. For example, "yfe" doesn't move the cursor, but "yFe" 67moves the cursor leftwards to the "e" where the yank started. 68 69 *linewise* *characterwise* 70The operator either affects whole lines, or the characters between the start 71and end position. Generally, motions that move between lines affect lines 72(are linewise), and motions that move within a line affect characters (are 73characterwise). However, there are some exceptions. 74 75 *exclusive* *inclusive* 76A character motion is either inclusive or exclusive. When inclusive, the 77start and end position of the motion are included in the operation. When 78exclusive, the last character towards the end of the buffer is not included. 79Linewise motions always include the start and end position. 80 81Which motions are linewise, inclusive or exclusive is mentioned with the 82command. There are however, two general exceptions: 831. If the motion is exclusive and the end of the motion is in column 1, the 84 end of the motion is moved to the end of the previous line and the motion 85 becomes inclusive. Example: "}" moves to the first line after a paragraph, 86 but "d}" will not include that line. 87 *exclusive-linewise* 882. If the motion is exclusive, the end of the motion is in column 1 and the 89 start of the motion was at or before the first non-blank in the line, the 90 motion becomes linewise. Example: If a paragraph begins with some blanks 91 and you do "d}" while standing on the first non-blank, all the lines of 92 the paragraph are deleted, including the blanks. If you do a put now, the 93 deleted lines will be inserted below the cursor position. 94 95Note that when the operator is pending (the operator command is typed, but the 96motion isn't yet), a special set of mappings can be used. See |:omap|. 97 98Instead of first giving the operator and then a motion you can use Visual 99mode: mark the start of the text with "v", move the cursor to the end of the 100text that is to be affected and then hit the operator. The text between the 101start and the cursor position is highlighted, so you can see what text will 102be operated upon. This allows much more freedom, but requires more key 103strokes and has limited redo functionality. See the chapter on Visual mode 104|Visual-mode|. 105 106You can use a ":" command for a motion. For example "d:call FindEnd()". 107But this can't be redone with "." if the command is more than one line. 108This can be repeated: > 109 d:call search("f")<CR> 110This cannot be repeated: > 111 d:if 1<CR> 112 call search("f")<CR> 113 endif<CR> 114 115 116FORCING A MOTION TO BE LINEWISE, CHARACTERWISE OR BLOCKWISE 117 118When a motion is not of the type you would like to use, you can force another 119type by using "v", "V" or CTRL-V just after the operator. 120Example: > 121 dj 122deletes two lines > 123 dvj 124deletes from the cursor position until the character below the cursor > 125 d<C-V>j 126deletes the character under the cursor and the character below the cursor. > 127 128Be careful with forcing a linewise movement to be used characterwise or 129blockwise, the column may not always be defined. 130 131 *o_v* 132v When used after an operator, before the motion command: Force 133 the operator to work characterwise, also when the motion is 134 linewise. If the motion was linewise, it will become 135 |exclusive|. 136 If the motion already was characterwise, toggle 137 inclusive/exclusive. This can be used to make an exclusive 138 motion inclusive and an inclusive motion exclusive. 139 140 *o_V* 141V When used after an operator, before the motion command: Force 142 the operator to work linewise, also when the motion is 143 characterwise. 144 145 *o_CTRL-V* 146CTRL-V When used after an operator, before the motion command: Force 147 the operator to work blockwise. This works like Visual block 148 mode selection, with the corners defined by the cursor 149 position before and after the motion. 150 151============================================================================== 1522. Left-right motions *left-right-motions* 153 154These commands move the cursor to the specified column in the current line. 155They stop at the first column and at the end of the line, except "$", which 156may move to one of the next lines. See 'whichwrap' option to make some of the 157commands move across line boundaries. 158 159h or *h* 160<Left> or *<Left>* 161CTRL-H or *CTRL-H* *<BS>* 162<BS> [count] characters to the left. |exclusive| motion. 163 Note: If you prefer <BS> to delete a character, use 164 the mapping: 165 :map CTRL-V<BS> X 166 (to enter "CTRL-V<BS>" type the CTRL-V key, followed 167 by the <BS> key) 168 See |:fixdel| if the <BS> key does not do what you 169 want. 170 171l or *l* 172<Right> or *<Right>* *<Space>* 173<Space> [count] characters to the right. |exclusive| motion. 174 175 *0* 1760 To the first character of the line. |exclusive| 177 motion. 178 179 *<Home>* *<kHome>* 180<Home> To the first character of the line. |exclusive| 181 motion. When moving up or down next, stay in same 182 TEXT column (if possible). Most other commands stay 183 in the same SCREEN column. <Home> works like "1|", 184 which differs from "0" when the line starts with a 185 <Tab>. {not in Vi} 186 187 *^* 188^ To the first non-blank character of the line. 189 |exclusive| motion. 190 191 *$* *<End>* *<kEnd>* 192$ or <End> To the end of the line. When a count is given also go 193 [count - 1] lines downward |inclusive|. 194 In Visual mode the cursor goes to just after the last 195 character in the line. 196 When 'virtualedit' is active, "$" may move the cursor 197 back from past the end of the line to the last 198 character in the line. 199 200 *g_* 201g_ To the last non-blank character of the line and 202 [count - 1] lines downward |inclusive|. {not in Vi} 203 204 *g0* *g<Home>* 205g0 or g<Home> When lines wrap ('wrap' on): To the first character of 206 the screen line. |exclusive| motion. Differs from 207 "0" when a line is wider than the screen. 208 When lines don't wrap ('wrap' off): To the leftmost 209 character of the current line that is on the screen. 210 Differs from "0" when the first character of the line 211 is not on the screen. {not in Vi} 212 213 *g^* 214g^ When lines wrap ('wrap' on): To the first non-blank 215 character of the screen line. |exclusive| motion. 216 Differs from "^" when a line is wider than the screen. 217 When lines don't wrap ('wrap' off): To the leftmost 218 non-blank character of the current line that is on the 219 screen. Differs from "^" when the first non-blank 220 character of the line is not on the screen. {not in 221 Vi} 222 223 *gm* 224gm Like "g0", but half a screenwidth to the right (or as 225 much as possible). {not in Vi} 226 227 *g$* *g<End>* 228g$ or g<End> When lines wrap ('wrap' on): To the last character of 229 the screen line and [count - 1] screen lines downward 230 |inclusive|. Differs from "$" when a line is wider 231 than the screen. 232 When lines don't wrap ('wrap' off): To the rightmost 233 character of the current line that is visible on the 234 screen. Differs from "$" when the last character of 235 the line is not on the screen or when a count is used. 236 Additionally, vertical movements keep the column, 237 instead of going to the end of the line. 238 {not in Vi} 239 240 *bar* 241| To screen column [count] in the current line. 242 |exclusive| motion. Ceci n'est pas une pipe. 243 244 *f* 245f{char} To [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the right. The 246 cursor is placed on {char} |inclusive|. 247 {char} can be entered as a digraph |digraph-arg|. 248 When 'encoding' is set to Unicode, composing 249 characters may be used, see |utf-8-char-arg|. 250 |:lmap| mappings apply to {char}. The CTRL-^ command 251 in Insert mode can be used to switch this on/off 252 |i_CTRL-^|. 253 254 *F* 255F{char} To the [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the left. 256 The cursor is placed on {char} |exclusive|. 257 {char} can be entered like with the |f| command. 258 259 *t* 260t{char} Till before [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the 261 right. The cursor is placed on the character left of 262 {char} |inclusive|. 263 {char} can be entered like with the |f| command. 264 265 *T* 266T{char} Till after [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the 267 left. The cursor is placed on the character right of 268 {char} |exclusive|. 269 {char} can be entered like with the |f| command. 270 271 *;* 272; Repeat latest f, t, F or T [count] times. 273 274 *,* 275, Repeat latest f, t, F or T in opposite direction 276 [count] times. 277 278============================================================================== 2793. Up-down motions *up-down-motions* 280 281k or *k* 282<Up> or *<Up>* *CTRL-P* 283CTRL-P [count] lines upward |linewise|. 284 285j or *j* 286<Down> or *<Down>* 287CTRL-J or *CTRL-J* 288<NL> or *<NL>* *CTRL-N* 289CTRL-N [count] lines downward |linewise|. 290 291gk or *gk* *g<Up>* 292g<Up> [count] display lines upward. |exclusive| motion. 293 Differs from 'k' when lines wrap, and when used with 294 an operator, because it's not linewise. {not in Vi} 295 296gj or *gj* *g<Down>* 297g<Down> [count] display lines downward. |exclusive| motion. 298 Differs from 'j' when lines wrap, and when used with 299 an operator, because it's not linewise. {not in Vi} 300 301 *-* 302- <minus> [count] lines upward, on the first non-blank 303 character |linewise|. 304 305+ or *+* 306CTRL-M or *CTRL-M* *<CR>* 307<CR> [count] lines downward, on the first non-blank 308 character |linewise|. 309 310 *_* 311_ <underscore> [count] - 1 lines downward, on the first non-blank 312 character |linewise|. 313 314 *G* 315G Goto line [count], default last line, on the first 316 non-blank character |linewise|. If 'startofline' not 317 set, keep the same column. 318 G is a one of |jump-motions|. 319 320 *<C-End>* 321<C-End> Goto line [count], default last line, on the last 322 character |inclusive|. {not in Vi} 323 324<C-Home> or *gg* *<C-Home>* 325gg Goto line [count], default first line, on the first 326 non-blank character |linewise|. If 'startofline' not 327 set, keep the same column. 328 329:[range] Set the cursor on the last line number in [range]. 330 [range] can also be just one line number, e.g., ":1" 331 or ":'m". 332 In contrast with |G| this command does not modify the 333 |jumplist|. 334 *N%* 335{count}% Go to {count} percentage in the file, on the first 336 non-blank in the line |linewise|. To compute the new 337 line number this formula is used: 338 ({count} * number-of-lines + 99) / 100 339 See also 'startofline' option. {not in Vi} 340 341:[range]go[to] [count] *:go* *:goto* *go* 342[count]go Go to {count} byte in the buffer. Default [count] is 343 one, start of the file. When giving [range], the 344 last number in it used as the byte count. End-of-line 345 characters are counted depending on the current 346 'fileformat' setting. 347 {not in Vi} 348 {not available when compiled without the 349 |+byte_offset| feature} 350 351These commands move to the specified line. They stop when reaching the first 352or the last line. The first two commands put the cursor in the same column 353(if possible) as it was after the last command that changed the column, 354except after the "$" command, then the cursor will be put on the last 355character of the line. 356 357If "k", "-" or CTRL-P is used with a [count] and there are less than [count] 358lines above the cursor and the 'cpo' option includes the "-" flag it is an 359error. |cpo--|. 360 361============================================================================== 3624. Word motions *word-motions* 363 364<S-Right> or *<S-Right>* *w* 365w [count] words forward. |exclusive| motion. 366 367<C-Right> or *<C-Right>* *W* 368W [count] WORDS forward. |exclusive| motion. 369 370 *e* 371e Forward to the end of word [count] |inclusive|. 372 Does not stop in an empty line. 373 374 *E* 375E Forward to the end of WORD [count] |inclusive|. 376 Does not stop in an empty line. 377 378<S-Left> or *<S-Left>* *b* 379b [count] words backward. |exclusive| motion. 380 381<C-Left> or *<C-Left>* *B* 382B [count] WORDS backward. |exclusive| motion. 383 384 *ge* 385ge Backward to the end of word [count] |inclusive|. 386 387 *gE* 388gE Backward to the end of WORD [count] |inclusive|. 389 390These commands move over words or WORDS. 391 *word* 392A word consists of a sequence of letters, digits and underscores, or a 393sequence of other non-blank characters, separated with white space (spaces, 394tabs, <EOL>). This can be changed with the 'iskeyword' option. An empty line 395is also considered to be a word. 396 *WORD* 397A WORD consists of a sequence of non-blank characters, separated with white 398space. An empty line is also considered to be a WORD. 399 400A sequence of folded lines is counted for one word of a single character. 401"w" and "W", "e" and "E" move to the start/end of the first word or WORD after 402a range of folded lines. "b" and "B" move to the start of the first word or 403WORD before the fold. 404 405Special case: "cw" and "cW" are treated like "ce" and "cE" if the cursor is 406on a non-blank. This is because "cw" is interpreted as change-word, and a 407word does not include the following white space. {Vi: "cw" when on a blank 408followed by other blanks changes only the first blank; this is probably a 409bug, because "dw" deletes all the blanks} 410 411Another special case: When using the "w" motion in combination with an 412operator and the last word moved over is at the end of a line, the end of 413that word becomes the end of the operated text, not the first word in the 414next line. 415 416The original Vi implementation of "e" is buggy. For example, the "e" command 417will stop on the first character of a line if the previous line was empty. 418But when you use "2e" this does not happen. In Vim "ee" and "2e" are the 419same, which is more logical. However, this causes a small incompatibility 420between Vi and Vim. 421 422============================================================================== 4235. Text object motions *object-motions* 424 425 *(* 426( [count] sentences backward. |exclusive| motion. 427 428 *)* 429) [count] sentences forward. |exclusive| motion. 430 431 *{* 432{ [count] paragraphs backward. |exclusive| motion. 433 434 *}* 435} [count] paragraphs forward. |exclusive| motion. 436 437 *]]* 438]] [count] sections forward or to the next '{' in the 439 first column. When used after an operator, then also 440 stops below a '}' in the first column. |exclusive| 441 Note that |exclusive-linewise| often applies. 442 443 *][* 444][ [count] sections forward or to the next '}' in the 445 first column. |exclusive| 446 Note that |exclusive-linewise| often applies. 447 448 *[[* 449[[ [count] sections backward or to the previous '{' in 450 the first column. |exclusive| 451 Note that |exclusive-linewise| often applies. 452 453 *[]* 454[] [count] sections backward or to the previous '}' in 455 the first column. |exclusive| 456 Note that |exclusive-linewise| often applies. 457 458These commands move over three kinds of text objects. 459 460 *sentence* 461A sentence is defined as ending at a '.', '!' or '?' followed by either the 462end of a line, or by a space or tab. Any number of closing ')', ']', '"' 463and ''' characters may appear after the '.', '!' or '?' before the spaces, 464tabs or end of line. A paragraph and section boundary is also a sentence 465boundary. 466If the 'J' flag is present in 'cpoptions', at least two spaces have to 467follow the punctuation mark; <Tab>s are not recognized as white space. 468The definition of a sentence cannot be changed. 469 470 *paragraph* 471A paragraph begins after each empty line, and also at each of a set of 472paragraph macros, specified by the pairs of characters in the 'paragraphs' 473option. The default is "IPLPPPQPP TPHPLIPpLpItpplpipbp", which corresponds to 474the macros ".IP", ".LP", etc. (These are nroff macros, so the dot must be in 475the first column). A section boundary is also a paragraph boundary. 476Note that a blank line (only containing white space) is NOT a paragraph 477boundary. 478Also note that this does not include a '{' or '}' in the first column. When 479the '{' flag is in 'cpoptions' then '{' in the first column is used as a 480paragraph boundary |posix|. 481 482 *section* 483A section begins after a form-feed (<C-L>) in the first column and at each of 484a set of section macros, specified by the pairs of characters in the 485'sections' option. The default is "SHNHH HUnhsh", which defines a section to 486start at the nroff macros ".SH", ".NH", ".H", ".HU", ".nh" and ".sh". 487 488The "]" and "[" commands stop at the '{' or '}' in the first column. This is 489useful to find the start or end of a function in a C program. Note that the 490first character of the command determines the search direction and the 491second character the type of brace found. 492 493If your '{' or '}' are not in the first column, and you would like to use "[[" 494and "]]" anyway, try these mappings: > 495 :map [[ ?{<CR>w99[{ 496 :map ][ /}<CR>b99]} 497 :map ]] j0[[%/{<CR> 498 :map [] k$][%?}<CR> 499[type these literally, see |<>|] 500 501============================================================================== 5026. Text object selection *object-select* *text-objects* 503 *v_a* *v_i* 504 505This is a series of commands that can only be used while in Visual mode or 506after an operator. The commands that start with "a" select "a"n object 507including white space, the commands starting with "i" select an "inner" object 508without white space, or just the white space. Thus the "inner" commands 509always select less text than the "a" commands. 510 511These commands are {not in Vi}. 512These commands are not available when the |+textobjects| feature has been 513disabled at compile time. 514 *v_aw* *aw* 515aw "a word", select [count] words (see |word|). 516 Leading or trailing white space is included, but not 517 counted. 518 When used in Visual linewise mode "aw" switches to 519 Visual characterwise mode. 520 521 *v_iw* *iw* 522iw "inner word", select [count] words (see |word|). 523 White space between words is counted too. 524 When used in Visual linewise mode "iw" switches to 525 Visual characterwise mode. 526 527 *v_aW* *aW* 528aW "a WORD", select [count] WORDs (see |WORD|). 529 Leading or trailing white space is included, but not 530 counted. 531 When used in Visual linewise mode "aW" switches to 532 Visual characterwise mode. 533 534 *v_iW* *iW* 535iW "inner WORD", select [count] WORDs (see |WORD|). 536 White space between words is counted too. 537 When used in Visual linewise mode "iW" switches to 538 Visual characterwise mode. 539 540 *v_as* *as* 541as "a sentence", select [count] sentences (see 542 |sentence|). 543 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 544 545 *v_is* *is* 546is "inner sentence", select [count] sentences (see 547 |sentence|). 548 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 549 550 *v_ap* *ap* 551ap "a paragraph", select [count] paragraphs (see 552 |paragraph|). 553 Exception: a blank line (only containing white space) 554 is also a paragraph boundary. 555 When used in Visual mode it is made linewise. 556 557 *v_ip* *ip* 558ip "inner paragraph", select [count] paragraphs (see 559 |paragraph|). 560 Exception: a blank line (only containing white space) 561 is also a paragraph boundary. 562 When used in Visual mode it is made linewise. 563 564a] *v_a]* *v_a[* *a]* *a[* 565a[ "a [] block", select [count] '[' ']' blocks. This 566 goes backwards to the [count] unclosed '[', and finds 567 the matching ']'. The enclosed text is selected, 568 including the '[' and ']'. 569 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 570 571i] *v_i]* *v_i[* *i]* *i[* 572i[ "inner [] block", select [count] '[' ']' blocks. This 573 goes backwards to the [count] unclosed '[', and finds 574 the matching ']'. The enclosed text is selected, 575 excluding the '[' and ']'. 576 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 577 578a) *v_a)* *a)* *a(* 579a( *v_ab* *v_a(* *ab* 580ab "a block", select [count] blocks, from "[count] [(" to 581 the matching ')', including the '(' and ')' (see 582 |[(|). Does not include white space outside of the 583 parenthesis. 584 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 585 586i) *v_i)* *i)* *i(* 587i( *v_ib* *v_i(* *ib* 588ib "inner block", select [count] blocks, from "[count] [(" 589 to the matching ')', excluding the '(' and ')' (see 590 |[(|). 591 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 592 593a> *v_a>* *v_a<* *a>* *a<* 594a< "a <> block", select [count] <> blocks, from the 595 [count]'th unmatched '<' backwards to the matching 596 '>', including the '<' and '>'. 597 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 598 599i> *v_i>* *v_i<* *i>* *i<* 600i< "inner <> block", select [count] <> blocks, from 601 the [count]'th unmatched '<' backwards to the matching 602 '>', excluding the '<' and '>'. 603 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 604 605 *v_at* *at* 606at "a tag block", select [count] tag blocks, from the 607 [count]'th unmatched "<aaa>" backwards to the matching 608 "</aaa>", including the "<aaa>" and "</aaa>". 609 See |tag-blocks| about the details. 610 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 611 612 *v_it* *it* 613it "inner tag block", select [count] tag blocks, from the 614 [count]'th unmatched "<aaa>" backwards to the matching 615 "</aaa>", excluding the "<aaa>" and "</aaa>". 616 See |tag-blocks| about the details. 617 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 618 619a} *v_a}* *a}* *a{* 620a{ *v_aB* *v_a{* *aB* 621aB "a Block", select [count] Blocks, from "[count] [{" to 622 the matching '}', including the '{' and '}' (see 623 |[{|). 624 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 625 626i} *v_i}* *i}* *i{* 627i{ *v_iB* *v_i{* *iB* 628iB "inner Block", select [count] Blocks, from "[count] [{" 629 to the matching '}', excluding the '{' and '}' (see 630 |[{|). 631 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 632 633a" *v_aquote* *aquote* 634a' *v_a'* *a'* 635a` *v_a`* *a`* 636 "a quoted string". Selects the text from the previous 637 quote until the next quote. The 'quoteescape' option 638 is used to skip escaped quotes. 639 Only works within one line. 640 When the cursor starts on a quote, Vim will figure out 641 which quote pairs form a string by searching from the 642 start of the line. 643 Any trailing white space is included, unless there is 644 none, then leading white space is included. 645 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. 646 Repeating this object in Visual mode another string is 647 included. A count is currently not used. 648 649i" *v_iquote* *iquote* 650i' *v_i'* *i'* 651i` *v_i`* *i`* 652 Like a", a' and a`, but exclude the quotes and 653 repeating won't extend the Visual selection. 654 Special case: With a count of 2 the quotes are 655 included, but no extra white space as with a"/a'/a`. 656 657When used after an operator: 658For non-block objects: 659 For the "a" commands: The operator applies to the object and the white 660 space after the object. If there is no white space after the object 661 or when the cursor was in the white space before the object, the white 662 space before the object is included. 663 For the "inner" commands: If the cursor was on the object, the 664 operator applies to the object. If the cursor was on white space, the 665 operator applies to the white space. 666For a block object: 667 The operator applies to the block where the cursor is in, or the block 668 on which the cursor is on one of the braces. For the "inner" commands 669 the surrounding braces are excluded. For the "a" commands, the braces 670 are included. 671 672When used in Visual mode: 673When start and end of the Visual area are the same (just after typing "v"): 674 One object is selected, the same as for using an operator. 675When start and end of the Visual area are not the same: 676 For non-block objects the area is extended by one object or the white 677 space up to the next object, or both for the "a" objects. The 678 direction in which this happens depends on which side of the Visual 679 area the cursor is. For the block objects the block is extended one 680 level outwards. 681 682For illustration, here is a list of delete commands, grouped from small to big 683objects. Note that for a single character and a whole line the existing vi 684movement commands are used. 685 "dl" delete character (alias: "x") |dl| 686 "diw" delete inner word *diw* 687 "daw" delete a word *daw* 688 "diW" delete inner WORD (see |WORD|) *diW* 689 "daW" delete a WORD (see |WORD|) *daW* 690 "dd" delete one line |dd| 691 "dis" delete inner sentence *dis* 692 "das" delete a sentence *das* 693 "dib" delete inner '(' ')' block *dib* 694 "dab" delete a '(' ')' block *dab* 695 "dip" delete inner paragraph *dip* 696 "dap" delete a paragraph *dap* 697 "diB" delete inner '{' '}' block *diB* 698 "daB" delete a '{' '}' block *daB* 699 700Note the difference between using a movement command and an object. The 701movement command operates from here (cursor position) to where the movement 702takes us. When using an object the whole object is operated upon, no matter 703where on the object the cursor is. For example, compare "dw" and "daw": "dw" 704deletes from the cursor position to the start of the next word, "daw" deletes 705the word under the cursor and the space after or before it. 706 707 708Tag blocks *tag-blocks* 709 710For the "it" and "at" text objects an attempt is done to select blocks between 711matching tags for HTML and XML. But since these are not completely compatible 712there are a few restrictions. 713 714The normal method is to select a <tag> until the matching </tag>. For "at" 715the tags are included, for "it" they are excluded. But when "it" is repeated 716the tags will be included (otherwise nothing would change). Also, "it" used 717on a tag block with no contents will select the leading tag. 718 719"<aaa/>" items are skipped. Case is ignored, also for XML where case does 720matter. 721 722In HTML it is possible to have a tag like <br> or <meta ...> without a 723matching end tag. These are ignored. 724 725The text objects are tolerant about mistakes. Stray end tags are ignored. 726 727============================================================================== 7287. Marks *mark-motions* *E20* *E78* 729 730Jumping to a mark can be done in two ways: 7311. With ` (backtick): The cursor is positioned at the specified location 732 and the motion is |exclusive|. 7332. With ' (single quote): The cursor is positioned on the first non-blank 734 character in the line of the specified location and 735 the motion is linewise. 736 737 *m* *mark* *Mark* 738m{a-zA-Z} Set mark {a-zA-Z} at cursor position (does not move 739 the cursor, this is not a motion command). 740 741 *m'* *m`* 742m' or m` Set the previous context mark. This can be jumped to 743 with the "''" or "``" command (does not move the 744 cursor, this is not a motion command). 745 746 *m[* *m]* 747m[ or m] Set the |'[| or |']| mark. Useful when an operator is 748 to be simulated by multiple commands. (does not move 749 the cursor, this is not a motion command). 750 751 *:ma* *:mark* *E191* 752:[range]ma[rk] {a-zA-Z'} 753 Set mark {a-zA-Z'} at last line number in [range], 754 column 0. Default is cursor line. 755 756 *:k* 757:[range]k{a-zA-Z'} Same as :mark, but the space before the mark name can 758 be omitted. 759 760 *'* *'a* *`* *`a* 761'{a-z} `{a-z} Jump to the mark {a-z} in the current buffer. 762 763 *'A* *'0* *`A* *`0* 764'{A-Z0-9} `{A-Z0-9} To the mark {A-Z0-9} in the file where it was set (not 765 a motion command when in another file). {not in Vi} 766 767 *g'* *g'a* *g`* *g`a* 768g'{mark} g`{mark} 769 Jump to the {mark}, but don't change the jumplist when 770 jumping within the current buffer. Example: > 771 g`" 772< jumps to the last known position in a file. See 773 $VIMRUNTIME/vimrc_example.vim. 774 Also see |:keepjumps|. 775 {not in Vi} 776 777 *:marks* 778:marks List all the current marks (not a motion command). 779 The |'(|, |')|, |'{| and |'}| marks are not listed. 780 The first column has number zero. 781 {not in Vi} 782 *E283* 783:marks {arg} List the marks that are mentioned in {arg} (not a 784 motion command). For example: > 785 :marks aB 786< to list marks 'a' and 'B'. {not in Vi} 787 788 *:delm* *:delmarks* 789:delm[arks] {marks} Delete the specified marks. Marks that can be deleted 790 include A-Z and 0-9. You cannot delete the ' mark. 791 They can be specified by giving the list of mark 792 names, or with a range, separated with a dash. Spaces 793 are ignored. Examples: > 794 :delmarks a deletes mark a 795 :delmarks a b 1 deletes marks a, b and 1 796 :delmarks Aa deletes marks A and a 797 :delmarks p-z deletes marks in the range p to z 798 :delmarks ^.[] deletes marks ^ . [ ] 799 :delmarks \" deletes mark " 800< {not in Vi} 801 802:delm[arks]! Delete all marks for the current buffer, but not marks 803 A-Z or 0-9. 804 {not in Vi} 805 806A mark is not visible in any way. It is just a position in the file that is 807remembered. Do not confuse marks with named registers, they are totally 808unrelated. 809 810'a - 'z lowercase marks, valid within one file 811'A - 'Z uppercase marks, also called file marks, valid between files 812'0 - '9 numbered marks, set from .viminfo file 813 814Lowercase marks 'a to 'z are remembered as long as the file remains in the 815buffer list. If you remove the file from the buffer list, all its marks are 816lost. If you delete a line that contains a mark, that mark is erased. 817 818Lowercase marks can be used in combination with operators. For example: "d't" 819deletes the lines from the cursor position to mark 't'. Hint: Use mark 't' for 820Top, 'b' for Bottom, etc.. Lowercase marks are restored when using undo and 821redo. 822 823Uppercase marks 'A to 'Z include the file name. {Vi: no uppercase marks} You 824can use them to jump from file to file. You can only use an uppercase mark 825with an operator if the mark is in the current file. The line number of the 826mark remains correct, even if you insert/delete lines or edit another file for 827a moment. When the 'viminfo' option is not empty, uppercase marks are kept in 828the .viminfo file. See |viminfo-file-marks|. 829 830Numbered marks '0 to '9 are quite different. They can not be set directly. 831They are only present when using a viminfo file |viminfo-file|. Basically '0 832is the location of the cursor when you last exited Vim, '1 the last but one 833time, etc. Use the "r" flag in 'viminfo' to specify files for which no 834Numbered mark should be stored. See |viminfo-file-marks|. 835 836 837 *'[* *`[* 838'[ `[ To the first character of the previously changed 839 or yanked text. {not in Vi} 840 841 *']* *`]* 842'] `] To the last character of the previously changed or 843 yanked text. {not in Vi} 844 845After executing an operator the Cursor is put at the beginning of the text 846that was operated upon. After a put command ("p" or "P") the cursor is 847sometimes placed at the first inserted line and sometimes on the last inserted 848character. The four commands above put the cursor at either end. Example: 849After yanking 10 lines you want to go to the last one of them: "10Y']". After 850inserting several lines with the "p" command you want to jump to the lowest 851inserted line: "p']". This also works for text that has been inserted. 852 853Note: After deleting text, the start and end positions are the same, except 854when using blockwise Visual mode. These commands do not work when no change 855was made yet in the current file. 856 857 *'<* *`<* 858'< `< To the first line or character of the last selected 859 Visual area in the current buffer. For block mode it 860 may also be the last character in the first line (to 861 be able to define the block). {not in Vi}. 862 863 *'>* *`>* 864'> `> To the last line or character of the last selected 865 Visual area in the current buffer. For block mode it 866 may also be the first character of the last line (to 867 be able to define the block). Note that 'selection' 868 applies, the position may be just after the Visual 869 area. {not in Vi}. 870 871 *''* *``* 872'' `` To the position before the latest jump, or where the 873 last "m'" or "m`" command was given. Not set when the 874 |:keepjumps| command modifier was used. 875 Also see |restore-position|. 876 877 *'quote* *`quote* 878'" `" To the cursor position when last exiting the current 879 buffer. Defaults to the first character of the first 880 line. See |last-position-jump| for how to use this 881 for each opened file. 882 Only one position is remembered per buffer, not one 883 for each window. As long as the buffer is visible in 884 a window the position won't be changed. 885 {not in Vi}. 886 887 *'^* *`^* 888'^ `^ To the position where the cursor was the last time 889 when Insert mode was stopped. This is used by the 890 |gi| command. Not set when the |:keepjumps| command 891 modifier was used. {not in Vi} 892 893 *'.* *`.* 894'. `. To the position where the last change was made. The 895 position is at or near where the change started. 896 Sometimes a command is executed as several changes, 897 then the position can be near the end of what the 898 command changed. For example when inserting a word, 899 the position will be on the last character. 900 {not in Vi} 901 902 *'(* *`(* 903'( `( To the start of the current sentence, like the |(| 904 command. {not in Vi} 905 906 *')* *`)* 907') `) To the end of the current sentence, like the |)| 908 command. {not in Vi} 909 910 *'{* *`{* 911'{ `{ To the start of the current paragraph, like the |{| 912 command. {not in Vi} 913 914 *'}* *`}* 915'} `} To the end of the current paragraph, like the |}| 916 command. {not in Vi} 917 918These commands are not marks themselves, but jump to a mark: 919 920 *]'* 921]' [count] times to next line with a lowercase mark below 922 the cursor, on the first non-blank character in the 923 line. {not in Vi} 924 925 *]`* 926]` [count] times to lowercase mark after the cursor. {not 927 in Vi} 928 929 *['* 930[' [count] times to previous line with a lowercase mark 931 before the cursor, on the first non-blank character in 932 the line. {not in Vi} 933 934 *[`* 935[` [count] times to lowercase mark before the cursor. 936 {not in Vi} 937 938 939:loc[kmarks] {command} *:loc* *:lockmarks* 940 Execute {command} without adjusting marks. This is 941 useful when changing text in a way that the line count 942 will be the same when the change has completed. 943 WARNING: When the line count does change, marks below 944 the change will keep their line number, thus move to 945 another text line. 946 These items will not be adjusted for deleted/inserted 947 lines: 948 - lower case letter marks 'a - 'z 949 - upper case letter marks 'A - 'Z 950 - numbered marks '0 - '9 951 - last insert position '^ 952 - last change position '. 953 - the Visual area '< and '> 954 - line numbers in placed signs 955 - line numbers in quickfix positions 956 - positions in the |jumplist| 957 - positions in the |tagstack| 958 These items will still be adjusted: 959 - previous context mark '' 960 - the cursor position 961 - the view of a window on a buffer 962 - folds 963 - diffs 964 965:kee[pmarks] {command} *:kee* *:keepmarks* 966 Currently only has effect for the filter command 967 |:range!|: 968 - When the number of lines after filtering is equal to 969 or larger than before, all marks are kept at the 970 same line number. 971 - When the number of lines decreases, the marks in the 972 lines that disappeared are deleted. 973 In any case the marks below the filtered text have 974 their line numbers adjusted, thus stick to the text, 975 as usual. 976 When the 'R' flag is missing from 'cpoptions' this has 977 the same effect as using ":keepmarks". 978 979 *:keepj* *:keepjumps* 980:keepj[umps] {command} 981 Moving around in {command} does not change the |''|, 982 |'.| and |'^| marks, the |jumplist| or the 983 |changelist|. 984 Useful when making a change or inserting text 985 automatically and the user doesn't want to go to this 986 position. E.g., when updating a "Last change" 987 timestamp in the first line: > 988 989 :let lnum = line(".") 990 :keepjumps normal gg 991 :call SetLastChange() 992 :keepjumps exe "normal " . lnum . "G" 993< 994 Note that ":keepjumps" must be used for every command. 995 When invoking a function the commands in that function 996 can still change the jumplist. Also, for 997 ":keepjumps exe 'command '" the "command" won't keep 998 jumps. Instead use: ":exe 'keepjumps command'" 999 1000============================================================================== 10018. Jumps *jump-motions* 1002 1003A "jump" is one of the following commands: "'", "`", "G", "/", "?", "n", 1004"N", "%", "(", ")", "[[", "]]", "{", "}", ":s", ":tag", "L", "M", "H" and 1005the commands that start editing a new file. If you make the cursor "jump" 1006with one of these commands, the position of the cursor before the jump is 1007remembered. You can return to that position with the "''" and "``" command, 1008unless the line containing that position was changed or deleted. 1009 1010 *CTRL-O* 1011CTRL-O Go to [count] Older cursor position in jump list 1012 (not a motion command). {not in Vi} 1013 {not available without the |+jumplist| feature} 1014 1015<Tab> or *CTRL-I* *<Tab>* 1016CTRL-I Go to [count] newer cursor position in jump list 1017 (not a motion command). 1018 In a |quickfix-window| it takes you to the position of 1019 the error under the cursor. 1020 {not in Vi} 1021 {not available without the |+jumplist| feature} 1022 1023 *:ju* *:jumps* 1024:ju[mps] Print the jump list (not a motion command). {not in 1025 Vi} {not available without the |+jumplist| feature} 1026 1027 *jumplist* 1028Jumps are remembered in a jump list. With the CTRL-O and CTRL-I command you 1029can go to cursor positions before older jumps, and back again. Thus you can 1030move up and down the list. There is a separate jump list for each window. 1031The maximum number of entries is fixed at 100. 1032{not available without the |+jumplist| feature} 1033 1034For example, after three jump commands you have this jump list: 1035 1036 jump line col file/line ~ 1037 3 1 0 some text ~ 1038 2 70 0 another line ~ 1039 1 1154 23 end. ~ 1040 > ~ 1041 1042The "file/line" column shows the file name, or the text at the jump if it is 1043in the current file (an indent is removed and a long line is truncated to fit 1044in the window). 1045 1046You are currently in line 1167. If you then use the CTRL-O command, the 1047cursor is put in line 1154. This results in: 1048 1049 jump line col file/line ~ 1050 2 1 0 some text ~ 1051 1 70 0 another line ~ 1052 > 0 1154 23 end. ~ 1053 1 1167 0 foo bar ~ 1054 1055The pointer will be set at the last used jump position. The next CTRL-O 1056command will use the entry above it, the next CTRL-I command will use the 1057entry below it. If the pointer is below the last entry, this indicates that 1058you did not use a CTRL-I or CTRL-O before. In this case the CTRL-O command 1059will cause the cursor position to be added to the jump list, so you can get 1060back to the position before the CTRL-O. In this case this is line 1167. 1061 1062With more CTRL-O commands you will go to lines 70 and 1. If you use CTRL-I 1063you can go back to 1154 and 1167 again. Note that the number in the "jump" 1064column indicates the count for the CTRL-O or CTRL-I command that takes you to 1065this position. 1066 1067If you use a jump command, the current line number is inserted at the end of 1068the jump list. If the same line was already in the jump list, it is removed. 1069The result is that when repeating CTRL-O you will get back to old positions 1070only once. 1071 1072When the |:keepjumps| command modifier is used, jumps are not stored in the 1073jumplist. Jumps are also not stored in other cases, e.g., in a |:global| 1074command. You can explicitly add a jump by setting the ' mark. 1075 1076After the CTRL-O command that got you into line 1154 you could give another 1077jump command (e.g., "G"). The jump list would then become: 1078 1079 jump line col file/line ~ 1080 4 1 0 some text ~ 1081 3 70 0 another line ~ 1082 2 1167 0 foo bar ~ 1083 1 1154 23 end. ~ 1084 > ~ 1085 1086The line numbers will be adjusted for deleted and inserted lines. This fails 1087if you stop editing a file without writing, like with ":n!". 1088 1089When you split a window, the jumplist will be copied to the new window. 1090 1091If you have included the ' item in the 'viminfo' option the jumplist will be 1092stored in the viminfo file and restored when starting Vim. 1093 1094 1095CHANGE LIST JUMPS *changelist* *change-list-jumps* *E664* 1096 1097When making a change the cursor position is remembered. One position is 1098remembered for every change that can be undone, unless it is close to a 1099previous change. Two commands can be used to jump to positions of changes, 1100also those that have been undone: 1101 1102 *g;* *E662* 1103g; Go to [count] older position in change list. 1104 If [count] is larger than the number of older change 1105 positions go to the oldest change. 1106 If there is no older change an error message is given. 1107 (not a motion command) 1108 {not in Vi} 1109 {not available without the |+jumplist| feature} 1110 1111 *g,* *E663* 1112g, Go to [count] newer cursor position in change list. 1113 Just like |g;| but in the opposite direction. 1114 (not a motion command) 1115 {not in Vi} 1116 {not available without the |+jumplist| feature} 1117 1118When using a count you jump as far back or forward as possible. Thus you can 1119use "999g;" to go to the first change for which the position is still 1120remembered. The number of entries in the change list is fixed and is the same 1121as for the |jumplist|. 1122 1123When two undo-able changes are in the same line and at a column position less 1124than 'textwidth' apart only the last one is remembered. This avoids that a 1125sequence of small changes in a line, for example "xxxxx", adds many positions 1126to the change list. When 'textwidth' is zero 'wrapmargin' is used. When that 1127also isn't set a fixed number of 79 is used. Detail: For the computations 1128bytes are used, not characters, to avoid a speed penalty (this only matters 1129for multi-byte encodings). 1130 1131Note that when text has been inserted or deleted the cursor position might be 1132a bit different from the position of the change. Especially when lines have 1133been deleted. 1134 1135When the |:keepjumps| command modifier is used the position of a change is not 1136remembered. 1137 1138 *:changes* 1139:changes Print the change list. A ">" character indicates the 1140 current position. Just after a change it is below the 1141 newest entry, indicating that "g;" takes you to the 1142 newest entry position. The first column indicates the 1143 count needed to take you to this position. Example: 1144 1145 change line col text ~ 1146 3 9 8 bla bla bla 1147 2 11 57 foo is a bar 1148 1 14 54 the latest changed line 1149 > 1150 1151 The "3g;" command takes you to line 9. Then the 1152 output of ":changes is: 1153 1154 change line col text ~ 1155 > 0 9 8 bla bla bla 1156 1 11 57 foo is a bar 1157 2 14 54 the latest changed line 1158 1159 Now you can use "g," to go to line 11 and "2g," to go 1160 to line 14. 1161 1162============================================================================== 11639. Various motions *various-motions* 1164 1165 *%* 1166% Find the next item in this line after or under the 1167 cursor and jump to its match. |inclusive| motion. 1168 Items can be: 1169 ([{}]) parenthesis or (curly/square) brackets 1170 (this can be changed with the 1171 'matchpairs' option) 1172 /* */ start or end of C-style comment 1173 #if, #ifdef, #else, #elif, #endif 1174 C preprocessor conditionals (when the 1175 cursor is on the # or no ([{ 1176 following) 1177 For other items the matchit plugin can be used, see 1178 |matchit-install|. This plugin also helps to skip 1179 matches in comments. 1180 1181 When 'cpoptions' contains "M" |cpo-M| backslashes 1182 before parens and braces are ignored. Without "M" the 1183 number of backslashes matters: an even number doesn't 1184 match with an odd number. Thus in "( \) )" and "\( ( 1185 \)" the first and last parenthesis match. 1186 1187 When the '%' character is not present in 'cpoptions' 1188 |cpo-%|, parens and braces inside double quotes are 1189 ignored, unless the number of parens/braces in a line 1190 is uneven and this line and the previous one does not 1191 end in a backslash. '(', '{', '[', ']', '}' and ')' 1192 are also ignored (parens and braces inside single 1193 quotes). Note that this works fine for C, but not for 1194 Perl, where single quotes are used for strings. 1195 1196 Nothing special is done for matches in comments. You 1197 can either use the matchit plugin |matchit-install| or 1198 put quotes around matches. 1199 1200 No count is allowed, {count}% jumps to a line {count} 1201 percentage down the file |N%|. Using '%' on 1202 #if/#else/#endif makes the movement linewise. 1203 1204 *[(* 1205[( go to [count] previous unmatched '('. 1206 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1207 1208 *[{* 1209[{ go to [count] previous unmatched '{'. 1210 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1211 1212 *])* 1213]) go to [count] next unmatched ')'. 1214 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1215 1216 *]}* 1217]} go to [count] next unmatched '}'. 1218 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1219 1220The above four commands can be used to go to the start or end of the current 1221code block. It is like doing "%" on the '(', ')', '{' or '}' at the other 1222end of the code block, but you can do this from anywhere in the code block. 1223Very useful for C programs. Example: When standing on "case x:", "[{" will 1224bring you back to the switch statement. 1225 1226 *]m* 1227]m Go to [count] next start of a method (for Java or 1228 similar structured language). When not before the 1229 start of a method, jump to the start or end of the 1230 class. When no '{' is found after the cursor, this is 1231 an error. |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1232 *]M* 1233]M Go to [count] next end of a method (for Java or 1234 similar structured language). When not before the end 1235 of a method, jump to the start or end of the class. 1236 When no '}' is found after the cursor, this is an 1237 error. |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1238 *[m* 1239[m Go to [count] previous start of a method (for Java or 1240 similar structured language). When not after the 1241 start of a method, jump to the start or end of the 1242 class. When no '{' is found before the cursor this is 1243 an error. |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1244 *[M* 1245[M Go to [count] previous end of a method (for Java or 1246 similar structured language). When not after the 1247 end of a method, jump to the start or end of the 1248 class. When no '}' is found before the cursor this is 1249 an error. |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1250 1251The above two commands assume that the file contains a class with methods. 1252The class definition is surrounded in '{' and '}'. Each method in the class 1253is also surrounded with '{' and '}'. This applies to the Java language. The 1254file looks like this: > 1255 1256 // comment 1257 class foo { 1258 int method_one() { 1259 body_one(); 1260 } 1261 int method_two() { 1262 body_two(); 1263 } 1264 } 1265Starting with the cursor on "body_two()", using "[m" will jump to the '{' at 1266the start of "method_two()" (obviously this is much more useful when the 1267method is long!). Using "2[m" will jump to the start of "method_one()". 1268Using "3[m" will jump to the start of the class. 1269 1270 *[#* 1271[# go to [count] previous unmatched "#if" or "#else". 1272 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1273 1274 *]#* 1275]# go to [count] next unmatched "#else" or "#endif". 1276 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1277 1278These two commands work in C programs that contain #if/#else/#endif 1279constructs. It brings you to the start or end of the #if/#else/#endif where 1280the current line is included. You can then use "%" to go to the matching line. 1281 1282 *[star* *[/* 1283[* or [/ go to [count] previous start of a C comment "/*". 1284 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1285 1286 *]star* *]/* 1287]* or ]/ go to [count] next end of a C comment "*/". 1288 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} 1289 1290 1291 *H* 1292H To line [count] from top (Home) of window (default: 1293 first line on the window) on the first non-blank 1294 character |linewise|. See also 'startofline' option. 1295 Cursor is adjusted for 'scrolloff' option. 1296 1297 *M* 1298M To Middle line of window, on the first non-blank 1299 character |linewise|. See also 'startofline' option. 1300 1301 *L* 1302L To line [count] from bottom of window (default: Last 1303 line on the window) on the first non-blank character 1304 |linewise|. See also 'startofline' option. 1305 Cursor is adjusted for 'scrolloff' option. 1306 1307<LeftMouse> Moves to the position on the screen where the mouse 1308 click is |exclusive|. See also |<LeftMouse>|. If the 1309 position is in a status line, that window is made the 1310 active window and the cursor is not moved. {not in Vi} 1311 1312 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: 1313