1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> 2<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> 3<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head><!-- 4 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 5 This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT 6 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 7 --> 8<title>mod_dbd - Apache HTTP Server</title> 9<link href="/style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" /> 10<link href="/style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" /> 11<link href="/style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/style/css/prettify.css" /> 12<script src="/style/scripts/prettify.min.js" type="text/javascript"> 13</script> 14 15<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head> 16<body> 17<div id="page-header"> 18<p class="menu"><a href="/mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="/mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="/glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="/sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p> 19<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</p> 20<img alt="" src="/images/feather.gif" /></div> 21<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="/images/left.gif" /></a></div> 22<div id="path"> 23<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.4</a> > <a href="./">Modules</a></div> 24<div id="page-content"> 25<div id="preamble"><h1>Apache Module mod_dbd</h1> 26<div class="toplang"> 27<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="/en/mod/mod_dbd.html" title="English"> en </a> | 28<a href="/fr/mod/mod_dbd.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Fran�ais"> fr </a></p> 29</div> 30<table class="module"><tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Manages SQL database connections</td></tr> 31<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> 32<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#ModuleIdentifier">Module�Identifier:</a></th><td>dbd_module</td></tr> 33<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#SourceFile">Source�File:</a></th><td>mod_dbd.c</td></tr> 34<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Compatibility">Compatibility:</a></th><td>Version 2.1 and later</td></tr></table> 35<h3>Summary</h3> 36 37 <p><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code> manages SQL database connections using 38 <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#apr" title="see glossary">APR</a>. It provides database connections on request 39 to modules requiring SQL database functions, and takes care of 40 managing databases with optimal efficiency and scalability 41 for both threaded and non-threaded MPMs. For details, see the 42 <a href="http://apr.apache.org/">APR</a> website and this overview of the 43 <a href="http://people.apache.org/~niq/dbd.html">Apache DBD Framework</a> 44 by its original developer. 45</p> 46</div> 47<div id="quickview"><h3 class="directives">Directives</h3> 48<ul id="toc"> 49<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdexptime">DBDExptime</a></li> 50<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdinitsql">DBDInitSQL</a></li> 51<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdkeep">DBDKeep</a></li> 52<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdmax">DBDMax</a></li> 53<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdmin">DBDMin</a></li> 54<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdparams">DBDParams</a></li> 55<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdpersist">DBDPersist</a></li> 56<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdpreparesql">DBDPrepareSQL</a></li> 57<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdriver">DBDriver</a></li> 58</ul> 59<h3>Topics</h3> 60<ul id="topics"> 61<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#pooling">Connection Pooling</a></li> 62<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#API">Apache DBD API</a></li> 63<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#prepared">SQL Prepared Statements</a></li> 64<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#security">SECURITY WARNING</a></li> 65</ul><h3>See also</h3> 66<ul class="seealso"> 67<li><a href="/misc/password_encryptions.html">Password Formats</a></li> 68</ul><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div> 69<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div> 70<div class="section"> 71<h2><a name="pooling" id="pooling">Connection Pooling</a></h2> 72 <p>This module manages database connections, in a manner 73 optimised for the platform. On non-threaded platforms, 74 it provides a persistent connection in the manner of 75 classic LAMP (Linux, Apache, Mysql, Perl/PHP/Python). 76 On threaded platform, it provides an altogether more 77 scalable and efficient <em>connection pool</em>, as 78 described in <a href="http://www.apachetutor.org/dev/reslist">this 79 article at ApacheTutor</a>. Note that <code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code> 80 supersedes the modules presented in that article.</p> 81</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div> 82<div class="section"> 83<h2><a name="API" id="API">Apache DBD API</a></h2> 84 <p><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code> exports five functions for other modules 85 to use. The API is as follows:</p> 86 87<pre class="prettyprint lang-c">typedef struct { 88 apr_dbd_t *handle; 89 apr_dbd_driver_t *driver; 90 apr_hash_t *prepared; 91} ap_dbd_t; 92 93/* Export functions to access the database */ 94 95/* acquire a connection that MUST be explicitly closed. 96 * Returns NULL on error 97 */ 98AP_DECLARE(ap_dbd_t*) ap_dbd_open(apr_pool_t*, server_rec*); 99 100/* release a connection acquired with ap_dbd_open */ 101AP_DECLARE(void) ap_dbd_close(server_rec*, ap_dbd_t*); 102 103/* acquire a connection that will have the lifetime of a request 104 * and MUST NOT be explicitly closed. Return NULL on error. 105 * This is the preferred function for most applications. 106 */ 107AP_DECLARE(ap_dbd_t*) ap_dbd_acquire(request_rec*); 108 109/* acquire a connection that will have the lifetime of a connection 110 * and MUST NOT be explicitly closed. Return NULL on error. 111 */ 112AP_DECLARE(ap_dbd_t*) ap_dbd_cacquire(conn_rec*); 113 114/* Prepare a statement for use by a client module */ 115AP_DECLARE(void) ap_dbd_prepare(server_rec*, const char*, const char*); 116 117/* Also export them as optional functions for modules that prefer it */ 118APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_dbd_t*, ap_dbd_open, (apr_pool_t*, server_rec*)); 119APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(void, ap_dbd_close, (server_rec*, ap_dbd_t*)); 120APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_dbd_t*, ap_dbd_acquire, (request_rec*)); 121APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_dbd_t*, ap_dbd_cacquire, (conn_rec*)); 122APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(void, ap_dbd_prepare, (server_rec*, const char*, const char*));</pre> 123 124</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div> 125<div class="section"> 126<h2><a name="prepared" id="prepared">SQL Prepared Statements</a></h2> 127 <p><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code> supports SQL prepared statements on behalf 128 of modules that may wish to use them. Each prepared statement 129 must be assigned a name (label), and they are stored in a hash: 130 the <code>prepared</code> field of an <code>ap_dbd_t</code>. 131 Hash entries are of type <code>apr_dbd_prepared_t</code> 132 and can be used in any of the apr_dbd prepared statement 133 SQL query or select commands.</p> 134 135 <p>It is up to dbd user modules to use the prepared statements 136 and document what statements can be specified in httpd.conf, 137 or to provide their own directives and use <code>ap_dbd_prepare</code>.</p> 138 139 <div class="warning"><h3>Caveat</h3> 140 When using prepared statements with a MySQL database, it is preferred to set 141 <code>reconnect</code> to 0 in the connection string as to avoid errors that 142 arise from the MySQL client reconnecting without properly resetting the 143 prepared statements. If set to 1, any broken connections will be attempted 144 fixed, but as mod_dbd is not informed, the prepared statements will be invalidated. 145 </div> 146</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div> 147<div class="section"> 148<h2><a name="security" id="security">SECURITY WARNING</a></h2> 149 150 <p>Any web/database application needs to secure itself against SQL 151 injection attacks. In most cases, Apache DBD is safe, because 152 applications use prepared statements, and untrusted inputs are 153 only ever used as data. Of course, if you use it via third-party 154 modules, you should ascertain what precautions they may require.</p> 155 <p>However, the <var>FreeTDS</var> driver is inherently 156 <strong>unsafe</strong>. The underlying library doesn't support 157 prepared statements, so the driver emulates them, and the 158 untrusted input is merged into the SQL statement.</p> 159 <p>It can be made safe by <em>untainting</em> all inputs: 160 a process inspired by Perl's taint checking. Each input 161 is matched against a regexp, and only the match is used, 162 according to the Perl idiom:</p> 163 <div class="example"><pre><code> $untrusted =~ /([a-z]+)/; 164 $trusted = $1;</code></pre></div> 165 <p>To use this, the untainting regexps must be included in the 166 prepared statements configured. The regexp follows immediately 167 after the % in the prepared statement, and is enclosed in 168 curly brackets {}. For example, if your application expects 169 alphanumeric input, you can use:</p> 170 <div class="example"><p><code> 171 <code>"SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE input = %s"</code> 172 </code></p></div> 173 <p>with other drivers, and suffer nothing worse than a failed query. 174 But with FreeTDS you'd need:</p> 175 <div class="example"><p><code> 176 <code>"SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE input = %{([A-Za-z0-9]+)}s"</code> 177 </code></p></div> 178 <p>Now anything that doesn't match the regexp's $1 match is 179 discarded, so the statement is safe.</p> 180 <p>An alternative to this may be the third-party ODBC driver, 181 which offers the security of genuine prepared statements.</p> 182</div> 183<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div> 184<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDExptime" id="DBDExptime">DBDExptime</a> <a name="dbdexptime" id="dbdexptime">Directive</a></h2> 185<table class="directive"> 186<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Keepalive time for idle connections</td></tr> 187<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDExptime <var>time-in-seconds</var></code></td></tr> 188<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DBDExptime 300</code></td></tr> 189<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr> 190<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> 191<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr> 192</table> 193 <p>Set the time to keep idle connections alive when the number 194 of connections specified in DBDKeep has been exceeded (threaded 195 platforms only).</p> 196 197</div> 198<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div> 199<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDInitSQL" id="DBDInitSQL">DBDInitSQL</a> <a name="dbdinitsql" id="dbdinitsql">Directive</a></h2> 200<table class="directive"> 201<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Execute an SQL statement after connecting to a database</td></tr> 202<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDInitSQL <var>"SQL statement"</var></code></td></tr> 203<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr> 204<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> 205<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr> 206</table> 207 <p>Modules, that wish it, can have one or more SQL statements 208 executed when a connection to a database is created. Example 209 usage could be initializing certain values or adding a log 210 entry when a new connection is made to the database.</p> 211 212</div> 213<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div> 214<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDKeep" id="DBDKeep">DBDKeep</a> <a name="dbdkeep" id="dbdkeep">Directive</a></h2> 215<table class="directive"> 216<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Maximum sustained number of connections</td></tr> 217<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDKeep <var>number</var></code></td></tr> 218<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DBDKeep 2</code></td></tr> 219<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr> 220<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> 221<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr> 222</table> 223 <p>Set the maximum number of connections per process to be 224 sustained, other than for handling peak demand (threaded 225 platforms only).</p> 226 227</div> 228<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div> 229<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDMax" id="DBDMax">DBDMax</a> <a name="dbdmax" id="dbdmax">Directive</a></h2> 230<table class="directive"> 231<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Maximum number of connections</td></tr> 232<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDMax <var>number</var></code></td></tr> 233<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DBDMax 10</code></td></tr> 234<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr> 235<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> 236<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr> 237</table> 238 <p>Set the hard maximum number of connections per process 239 (threaded platforms only).</p> 240 241</div> 242<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div> 243<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDMin" id="DBDMin">DBDMin</a> <a name="dbdmin" id="dbdmin">Directive</a></h2> 244<table class="directive"> 245<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Minimum number of connections</td></tr> 246<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDMin <var>number</var></code></td></tr> 247<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DBDMin 1</code></td></tr> 248<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr> 249<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> 250<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr> 251</table> 252 <p>Set the minimum number of connections per process (threaded 253 platforms only).</p> 254 255</div> 256<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div> 257<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDParams" id="DBDParams">DBDParams</a> <a name="dbdparams" id="dbdparams">Directive</a></h2> 258<table class="directive"> 259<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Parameters for database connection</td></tr> 260<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDParams 261<var>param1</var>=<var>value1</var>[,<var>param2</var>=<var>value2</var>]</code></td></tr> 262<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr> 263<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> 264<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr> 265</table> 266 <p>As required by the underlying driver. Typically this will be 267 used to pass whatever cannot be defaulted amongst username, 268 password, database name, hostname and port number for connection.</p> 269 <p>Connection string parameters for current drivers include:</p> 270 <dl> 271 <dt>FreeTDS (for MSSQL and SyBase)</dt> 272 <dd>username, password, appname, dbname, host, charset, lang, server</dd> 273 <dt>MySQL</dt> 274 <dd>host, port, user, pass, dbname, sock, flags, fldsz, group, reconnect</dd> 275 <dt>Oracle</dt> 276 <dd>user, pass, dbname, server</dd> 277 <dt>PostgreSQL</dt> 278 <dd>The connection string is passed straight through to <code>PQconnectdb</code></dd> 279 <dt>SQLite2</dt> 280 <dd>The connection string is split on a colon, and <code>part1:part2</code> is used as <code>sqlite_open(part1, atoi(part2), NULL)</code></dd> 281 <dt>SQLite3</dt> 282 <dd>The connection string is passed straight through to <code>sqlite3_open</code></dd> 283 <dt>ODBC</dt> 284 <dd>datasource, user, password, connect, ctimeout, stimeout, access, txmode, bufsize</dd> 285 </dl> 286 287</div> 288<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div> 289<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDPersist" id="DBDPersist">DBDPersist</a> <a name="dbdpersist" id="dbdpersist">Directive</a></h2> 290<table class="directive"> 291<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Whether to use persistent connections</td></tr> 292<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDPersist On|Off</code></td></tr> 293<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr> 294<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> 295<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr> 296</table> 297 <p>If set to Off, persistent and pooled connections are disabled. 298 A new database connection is opened when requested by a client, 299 and closed immediately on release. This option is for debugging 300 and low-usage servers.</p> 301 302 <p>The default is to enable a pool of persistent connections 303 (or a single LAMP-style persistent connection in the case of a 304 non-threaded server), and should almost always be used in operation.</p> 305 306 <p>Prior to version 2.2.2, this directive accepted only the values 307 <code>0</code> and <code>1</code> instead of <code>Off</code> and 308 <code>On</code>, respectively.</p> 309 310</div> 311<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div> 312<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDPrepareSQL" id="DBDPrepareSQL">DBDPrepareSQL</a> <a name="dbdpreparesql" id="dbdpreparesql">Directive</a></h2> 313<table class="directive"> 314<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Define an SQL prepared statement</td></tr> 315<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDPrepareSQL <var>"SQL statement"</var> <var>label</var></code></td></tr> 316<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr> 317<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> 318<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr> 319</table> 320 <p>For modules such as authentication that repeatedly use a 321 single SQL statement, optimum performance is achieved by preparing 322 the statement at startup rather than every time it is used. 323 This directive prepares an SQL statement and assigns it a label.</p> 324 325</div> 326<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div> 327<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDriver" id="DBDriver">DBDriver</a> <a name="dbdriver" id="dbdriver">Directive</a></h2> 328<table class="directive"> 329<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Specify an SQL driver</td></tr> 330<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDriver <var>name</var></code></td></tr> 331<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr> 332<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr> 333<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr> 334</table> 335 <p>Selects an apr_dbd driver by name. The driver must be installed 336 on your system (on most systems, it will be a shared object or dll). 337 For example, <code>DBDriver mysql</code> will select the MySQL 338 driver in apr_dbd_mysql.so.</p> 339 340</div> 341</div> 342<div class="bottomlang"> 343<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="/en/mod/mod_dbd.html" title="English"> en </a> | 344<a href="/fr/mod/mod_dbd.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Fran�ais"> fr </a></p> 345</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="/images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comments</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed again by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. 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