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17<p class="menu"><a href="/mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="/mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="/glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="/sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
18<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</p>
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22<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> &gt; <a href="./">Version 2.4</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Mapping URLs to Filesystem Locations</h1>
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30
31    <p>This document explains how the Apache HTTP Server uses the URL of a request
32    to determine the filesystem location from which to serve a
33    file.</p>
34  </div>
35<div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#related">Related Modules and Directives</a></li>
36<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></li>
37<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#outside">Files Outside the DocumentRoot</a></li>
38<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#user">User Directories</a></li>
39<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#redirect">URL Redirection</a></li>
40<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#proxy">Reverse Proxy</a></li>
41<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewrite">Rewriting Engine</a></li>
42<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#notfound">File Not Found</a></li>
43<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#other">Other URL Mapping Modules</a></li>
44</ul><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
45<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
46<div class="section">
47<h2><a name="related" id="related">Related Modules and Directives</a></h2>
48
49<table class="related"><tr><th>Related Modules</th><th>Related Directives</th></tr><tr><td><ul><li><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_actions.html">mod_actions</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_alias.html">mod_alias</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_autoindex.html">mod_autoindex</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_dir.html">mod_dir</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_imagemap.html">mod_imagemap</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_negotiation.html">mod_negotiation</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_speling.html">mod_speling</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_userdir.html">mod_userdir</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_vhost_alias.html">mod_vhost_alias</a></code></li></ul></td><td><ul><li><code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_alias.html#alias">Alias</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_alias.html#aliasmatch">AliasMatch</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_speling.html#checkspelling">CheckSpelling</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_dir.html#directoryindex">DirectoryIndex</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="/mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="/mod/core.html#errordocument">ErrorDocument</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="/mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypass">ProxyPass</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreverse">ProxyPassReverse</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreversecookiedomain">ProxyPassReverseCookieDomain</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreversecookiepath">ProxyPassReverseCookiePath</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_alias.html#redirect">Redirect</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_alias.html#redirectmatch">RedirectMatch</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_alias.html#scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_alias.html#scriptaliasmatch">ScriptAliasMatch</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_userdir.html#userdir">UserDir</a></code></li></ul></td></tr></table>
50</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
51<div class="section">
52<h2><a name="documentroot" id="documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></h2>
53
54    <p>In deciding what file to serve for a given request, httpd's
55    default behavior is to take the URL-Path for the request (the part
56    of the URL following the hostname and port) and add it to the end
57    of the <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> specified
58    in your configuration files. Therefore, the files and directories
59    underneath the <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code>
60    make up the basic document tree which will be visible from the
61    web.</p>
62
63    <p>For example, if <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code>
64    were set to <code>/var/www/html</code> then a request for
65    <code>http://www.example.com/fish/guppies.html</code> would result
66    in the file <code>/var/www/html/fish/guppies.html</code> being
67    served to the requesting client.</p>
68
69    <p>If a directory is requested (i.e. a path ending with
70    <code>/</code>), the file served from that directory is defined by
71    the <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_dir.html#directoryindex">DirectoryIndex</a></code> directive.
72    For example, if <code>DocumentRoot</code> were set as above, and 
73    you were to set:</p>
74
75    <div class="example"><p><code>DirectoryIndex index.html index.php</code></p></div>
76
77    <p>Then a request for <code>http://www.example.com/fish/</code> will
78    cause httpd to attempt to serve the file
79    <code>/var/www/html/fish/index.html</code>. In the event that
80    that file does not exist, it will next attempt to serve the file
81    <code>/var/www/html/fish/index.php</code>.</p>
82
83    <p>If neither of these files existed, the next step is to
84    attempt to provide a directory index, if
85    <code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_autoindex.html">mod_autoindex</a></code> is loaded and configured to permit
86    that.</p>
87
88    <p>httpd is also capable of <a href="vhosts/">Virtual
89    Hosting</a>, where the server receives requests for more than one
90    host. In this case, a different <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> can be specified for each
91    virtual host, or alternatively, the directives provided by the
92    module <code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_vhost_alias.html">mod_vhost_alias</a></code> can
93    be used to dynamically determine the appropriate place from which
94    to serve content based on the requested IP address or
95    hostname.</p>
96
97    <p>The <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> directive
98    is set in your main server configuration file
99    (<code>httpd.conf</code>) and, possibly, once per additional <a href="vhosts/">Virtual Host</a> you create.</p>
100</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
101<div class="section">
102<h2><a name="outside" id="outside">Files Outside the DocumentRoot</a></h2>
103
104    <p>There are frequently circumstances where it is necessary to
105    allow web access to parts of the filesystem that are not strictly
106    underneath the <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code>. httpd offers several
107    different ways to accomplish this. On Unix systems, symbolic links
108    can bring other parts of the filesystem under the <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code>. For security reasons,
109    httpd will follow symbolic links only if the <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code> setting for the relevant
110    directory includes <code>FollowSymLinks</code> or
111    <code>SymLinksIfOwnerMatch</code>.</p>
112
113    <p>Alternatively, the <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_alias.html#alias">Alias</a></code> directive will map any part
114    of the filesystem into the web space. For example, with</p>
115
116<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Alias /docs /var/web</pre>
117
118
119    <p>the URL <code>http://www.example.com/docs/dir/file.html</code>
120    will be served from <code>/var/web/dir/file.html</code>. The
121    <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_alias.html#scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a></code> directive
122    works the same way, with the additional effect that all content
123    located at the target path is treated as <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#cgi" title="see glossary">CGI</a> scripts.</p>
124
125    <p>For situations where you require additional flexibility, you
126    can use the <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_alias.html#aliasmatch">AliasMatch</a></code>
127    and <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_alias.html#scriptaliasmatch">ScriptAliasMatch</a></code>
128    directives to do powerful <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#regex" title="see glossary">regular
129    expression</a> based matching and substitution. For
130    example,</p>
131
132    <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">ScriptAliasMatch ^/~([a-zA-Z0-9]+)/cgi-bin/(.+)   /home/$1/cgi-bin/$2</pre>
133
134
135    <p>will map a request to
136    <code>http://example.com/~user/cgi-bin/script.cgi</code> to the
137    path <code>/home/user/cgi-bin/script.cgi</code> and will treat
138    the resulting file as a CGI script.</p>
139</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
140<div class="section">
141<h2><a name="user" id="user">User Directories</a></h2>
142
143    <p>Traditionally on Unix systems, the home directory of a
144    particular <em>user</em> can be referred to as
145    <code>~user/</code>. The module <code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_userdir.html">mod_userdir</a></code>
146    extends this idea to the web by allowing files under each user's
147    home directory to be accessed using URLs such as the
148    following.</p>
149
150<div class="example"><p><code>http://www.example.com/~user/file.html</code></p></div>
151
152    <p>For security reasons, it is inappropriate to give direct
153    access to a user's home directory from the web. Therefore, the
154    <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_userdir.html#userdir">UserDir</a></code> directive
155    specifies a directory underneath the user's home directory
156    where web files are located. Using the default setting of
157    <code>Userdir public_html</code>, the above URL maps to a file
158    at a directory like
159    <code>/home/user/public_html/file.html</code> where
160    <code>/home/user/</code> is the user's home directory as
161    specified in <code>/etc/passwd</code>.</p>
162
163    <p>There are also several other forms of the
164    <code>Userdir</code> directive which you can use on systems
165    where <code>/etc/passwd</code> does not contain the location of
166    the home directory.</p>
167
168    <p>Some people find the "~" symbol (which is often encoded on the
169    web as <code>%7e</code>) to be awkward and prefer to use an
170    alternate string to represent user directories. This functionality
171    is not supported by mod_userdir. However, if users' home
172    directories are structured in a regular way, then it is possible
173    to use the <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_alias.html#aliasmatch">AliasMatch</a></code>
174    directive to achieve the desired effect. For example, to make
175    <code>http://www.example.com/upages/user/file.html</code> map to
176    <code>/home/user/public_html/file.html</code>, use the following
177    <code>AliasMatch</code> directive:</p>
178
179    <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">AliasMatch ^/upages/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)(/(.*))?$   /home/$1/public_html/$3</pre>
180
181</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
182<div class="section">
183<h2><a name="redirect" id="redirect">URL Redirection</a></h2>
184
185    <p>The configuration directives discussed in the above sections
186    tell httpd to get content from a specific place in the filesystem
187    and return it to the client. Sometimes, it is desirable instead to
188    inform the client that the requested content is located at a
189    different URL, and instruct the client to make a new request with
190    the new URL. This is called <em>redirection</em> and is
191    implemented by the <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_alias.html#redirect">Redirect</a></code> directive. For example, if
192    the contents of the directory <code>/foo/</code> under the
193    <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> are moved
194    to the new directory <code>/bar/</code>, you can instruct clients
195    to request the content at the new location as follows:</p>
196
197    <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Redirect permanent /foo/   http://www.example.com/bar/</pre>
198
199
200    <p>This will redirect any URL-Path starting in
201    <code>/foo/</code> to the same URL path on the
202    <code>www.example.com</code> server with <code>/bar/</code>
203    substituted for <code>/foo/</code>. You can redirect clients to
204    any server, not only the origin server.</p>
205
206    <p>httpd also provides a <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_alias.html#redirectmatch">RedirectMatch</a></code> directive for more
207    complicated rewriting problems. For example, to redirect requests
208    for the site home page to a different site, but leave all other
209    requests alone, use the following configuration:</p>
210
211    <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RedirectMatch permanent ^/$    http://www.example.com/startpage.html</pre>
212
213
214    <p>Alternatively, to temporarily redirect all pages on one site
215    to a particular page on another site, use the following:</p>
216
217    <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RedirectMatch temp .*  http://othersite.example.com/startpage.html</pre>
218
219</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
220<div class="section">
221<h2><a name="proxy" id="proxy">Reverse Proxy</a></h2>
222
223<p>httpd also allows you to bring remote documents into the URL space
224of the local server.  This technique is called <em>reverse
225proxying</em> because the web server acts like a proxy server by
226fetching the documents from a remote server and returning them to the
227client.  It is different from normal (forward) proxying because, to the client,
228it appears the documents originate at the reverse proxy server.</p>
229
230<p>In the following example, when clients request documents under the
231<code>/foo/</code> directory, the server fetches those documents from
232the <code>/bar/</code> directory on <code>internal.example.com</code>
233and returns them to the client as if they were from the local
234server.</p>
235
236<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">ProxyPass /foo/ http://internal.example.com/bar/<br />
237ProxyPassReverse /foo/ http://internal.example.com/bar/<br />
238ProxyPassReverseCookieDomain internal.example.com public.example.com<br />
239ProxyPassReverseCookiePath /foo/ /bar/</pre>
240
241
242<p>The <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypass">ProxyPass</a></code> configures
243the server to fetch the appropriate documents, while the
244<code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreverse">ProxyPassReverse</a></code>
245directive rewrites redirects originating at
246<code>internal.example.com</code> so that they target the appropriate
247directory on the local server.  Similarly, the
248<code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreversecookiedomain">ProxyPassReverseCookieDomain</a></code>
249and <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreversecookiepath">ProxyPassReverseCookiePath</a></code>
250rewrite cookies set by the backend server.</p>
251<p>It is important to note, however, that
252links inside the documents will not be rewritten. So any absolute
253links on <code>internal.example.com</code> will result in the client
254breaking out of the proxy server and requesting directly from
255<code>internal.example.com</code>. You can modify these links (and other
256content) in a page as it is being served to the client using
257<code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_substitute.html">mod_substitute</a></code>.</p>
258
259<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Substitute s/internal\.example\.com/www.example.com/i</pre>
260
261
262<p>For more sophisticated rewriting of links in HTML and XHTML, the 
263<code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_proxy_html.html">mod_proxy_html</a></code> module is also available. It allows you
264to create maps of URLs that need to be rewritten, so that complex
265proxying scenarios can be handled.</p>
266</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
267<div class="section">
268<h2><a name="rewrite" id="rewrite">Rewriting Engine</a></h2>
269
270    <p>When even more powerful substitution is required, the rewriting
271    engine provided by <code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>
272    can be useful. The directives provided by this module can use
273    characteristics of the request such as browser type or source IP
274    address in deciding from where to serve content. In addition,
275    mod_rewrite can use external database files or programs to
276    determine how to handle a request. The rewriting engine is capable
277    of performing all three types of mappings discussed above:
278    internal redirects (aliases), external redirects, and proxying.
279    Many practical examples employing mod_rewrite are discussed in the
280    <a href="rewrite/">detailed mod_rewrite documentation</a>.</p>
281</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
282<div class="section">
283<h2><a name="notfound" id="notfound">File Not Found</a></h2>
284
285    <p>Inevitably, URLs will be requested for which no matching
286    file can be found in the filesystem. This can happen for
287    several reasons. In some cases, it can be a result of moving
288    documents from one location to another. In this case, it is
289    best to use <a href="#redirect">URL redirection</a> to inform
290    clients of the new location of the resource. In this way, you
291    can assure that old bookmarks and links will continue to work,
292    even though the resource is at a new location.</p>
293
294    <p>Another common cause of "File Not Found" errors is
295    accidental mistyping of URLs, either directly in the browser,
296    or in HTML links. httpd provides the module
297    <code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_speling.html">mod_speling</a></code> (sic) to help with
298    this problem. When this module is activated, it will intercept
299    "File Not Found" errors and look for a resource with a similar
300    filename. If one such file is found, mod_speling will send an
301    HTTP redirect to the client informing it of the correct
302    location. If several "close" files are found, a list of
303    available alternatives will be presented to the client.</p>
304
305    <p>An especially useful feature of mod_speling, is that it will
306    compare filenames without respect to case. This can help
307    systems where users are unaware of the case-sensitive nature of
308    URLs and the unix filesystem. But using mod_speling for
309    anything more than the occasional URL correction can place
310    additional load on the server, since each "incorrect" request
311    is followed by a URL redirection and a new request from the
312    client.</p>
313
314    <p><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_dir.html">mod_dir</a></code> provides <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/mod_dir.html#fallbackresource">FallbackResource</a></code>, which can be used to map virtual
315    URIs to a real resource, which then serves them. This is a very
316    useful replacement for <code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> when implementing
317    a 'front controller'</p>
318
319    <p>If all attempts to locate the content fail, httpd returns
320    an error page with HTTP status code 404 (file not found). The
321    appearance of this page is controlled with the
322    <code class="directive"><a href="/mod/core.html#errordocument">ErrorDocument</a></code> directive
323    and can be customized in a flexible manner as discussed in the
324    <a href="custom-error.html">Custom error responses</a>
325    document.</p>
326</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
327<div class="section">
328<h2><a name="other" id="other">Other URL Mapping Modules</a></h2>
329
330
331
332    <p>Other modules available for URL mapping include:</p>
333
334    <ul>
335    <li><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_actions.html">mod_actions</a></code> - Maps a request to a CGI script
336    based on the request method, or resource MIME type.</li>
337    <li><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_dir.html">mod_dir</a></code> - Provides basic mapping of a trailing
338    slash into an index file such as <code>index.html</code>.</li>
339    <li><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_imagemap.html">mod_imagemap</a></code> - Maps a request to a URL based
340    on where a user clicks on an image embedded in a HTML document.</li>
341    <li><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_negotiation.html">mod_negotiation</a></code> - Selects an appropriate
342    document based on client preferences such as language or content
343    compression.</li>
344    </ul>
345
346</div></div>
347<div class="bottomlang">
348<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="/en/urlmapping.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a> |
349<a href="/fr/urlmapping.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Fran�ais">&nbsp;fr&nbsp;</a> |
350<a href="/ja/urlmapping.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese">&nbsp;ja&nbsp;</a> |
351<a href="/ko/urlmapping.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean">&nbsp;ko&nbsp;</a> |
352<a href="/tr/urlmapping.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="T�rk�e">&nbsp;tr&nbsp;</a></p>
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