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24<div id="page-content">
25<div id="preamble"><h1>Apache Module mod_dbd</h1>
26<div class="toplang">
27<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="/en/mod/mod_dbd.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a> |
28<a href="/fr/mod/mod_dbd.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Fran�ais">&nbsp;fr&nbsp;</a></p>
29</div>
30<table class="module"><tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Manages SQL database connections</td></tr>
31<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
32<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#ModuleIdentifier">Module�Identifier:</a></th><td>dbd_module</td></tr>
33<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#SourceFile">Source�File:</a></th><td>mod_dbd.c</td></tr>
34<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Compatibility">Compatibility:</a></th><td>Version 2.1 and later</td></tr></table>
35<h3>Summary</h3>
36
37    <p><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code> manages SQL database connections using
38    <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#apr" title="see glossary">APR</a>.  It provides database connections on request
39    to modules requiring SQL database functions, and takes care of
40    managing databases with optimal efficiency and scalability
41    for both threaded and non-threaded MPMs.  For details, see the
42    <a href="http://apr.apache.org/">APR</a> website and this overview of the
43    <a href="http://people.apache.org/~niq/dbd.html">Apache DBD Framework</a>
44    by its original developer.
45</p>
46</div>
47<div id="quickview"><h3 class="directives">Directives</h3>
48<ul id="toc">
49<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdexptime">DBDExptime</a></li>
50<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdinitsql">DBDInitSQL</a></li>
51<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdkeep">DBDKeep</a></li>
52<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdmax">DBDMax</a></li>
53<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdmin">DBDMin</a></li>
54<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdparams">DBDParams</a></li>
55<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdpersist">DBDPersist</a></li>
56<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdpreparesql">DBDPrepareSQL</a></li>
57<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdriver">DBDriver</a></li>
58</ul>
59<h3>Topics</h3>
60<ul id="topics">
61<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#pooling">Connection Pooling</a></li>
62<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#API">Apache DBD API</a></li>
63<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#prepared">SQL Prepared Statements</a></li>
64<li><img alt="" src="/images/down.gif" /> <a href="#security">SECURITY WARNING</a></li>
65</ul><h3>See also</h3>
66<ul class="seealso">
67<li><a href="/misc/password_encryptions.html">Password Formats</a></li>
68</ul><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
69<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
70<div class="section">
71<h2><a name="pooling" id="pooling">Connection Pooling</a></h2>
72    <p>This module manages database connections, in a manner
73    optimised for the platform.  On non-threaded platforms,
74    it provides a persistent connection in the manner of
75    classic LAMP (Linux, Apache, Mysql, Perl/PHP/Python).
76    On threaded platform, it provides an altogether more
77    scalable and efficient <em>connection pool</em>, as
78    described in <a href="http://www.apachetutor.org/dev/reslist">this
79    article at ApacheTutor</a>.  Note that <code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code>
80    supersedes the modules presented in that article.</p>
81</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
82<div class="section">
83<h2><a name="API" id="API">Apache DBD API</a></h2>
84    <p><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code> exports five functions for other modules
85    to use. The API is as follows:</p>
86
87<pre class="prettyprint lang-c">typedef struct {
88    apr_dbd_t *handle;
89    apr_dbd_driver_t *driver;
90    apr_hash_t *prepared;
91} ap_dbd_t;
92
93/* Export functions to access the database */
94
95/* acquire a connection that MUST be explicitly closed.
96 * Returns NULL on error
97 */
98AP_DECLARE(ap_dbd_t*) ap_dbd_open(apr_pool_t*, server_rec*);
99
100/* release a connection acquired with ap_dbd_open */
101AP_DECLARE(void) ap_dbd_close(server_rec*, ap_dbd_t*);
102
103/* acquire a connection that will have the lifetime of a request
104 * and MUST NOT be explicitly closed.  Return NULL on error.
105 * This is the preferred function for most applications.
106 */
107AP_DECLARE(ap_dbd_t*) ap_dbd_acquire(request_rec*);
108
109/* acquire a connection that will have the lifetime of a connection
110 * and MUST NOT be explicitly closed.  Return NULL on error.
111 */
112AP_DECLARE(ap_dbd_t*) ap_dbd_cacquire(conn_rec*);
113
114/* Prepare a statement for use by a client module */
115AP_DECLARE(void) ap_dbd_prepare(server_rec*, const char*, const char*);
116
117/* Also export them as optional functions for modules that prefer it */
118APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_dbd_t*, ap_dbd_open, (apr_pool_t*, server_rec*));
119APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(void, ap_dbd_close, (server_rec*, ap_dbd_t*));
120APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_dbd_t*, ap_dbd_acquire, (request_rec*));
121APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_dbd_t*, ap_dbd_cacquire, (conn_rec*));
122APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(void, ap_dbd_prepare, (server_rec*, const char*, const char*));</pre>
123
124</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
125<div class="section">
126<h2><a name="prepared" id="prepared">SQL Prepared Statements</a></h2>
127    <p><code class="module"><a href="/mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code> supports SQL prepared statements on behalf
128    of modules that may wish to use them.  Each prepared statement
129    must be assigned a name (label), and they are stored in a hash:
130    the <code>prepared</code> field of an <code>ap_dbd_t</code>.
131    Hash entries are of type <code>apr_dbd_prepared_t</code>
132    and can be used in any of the apr_dbd prepared statement
133    SQL query or select commands.</p>
134
135    <p>It is up to dbd user modules to use the prepared statements
136    and document what statements can be specified in httpd.conf,
137    or to provide their own directives and use <code>ap_dbd_prepare</code>.</p>
138	
139	<div class="warning"><h3>Caveat</h3>
140	When using prepared statements with a MySQL database, it is preferred to set
141	<code>reconnect</code> to 0 in the connection string as to avoid errors that
142	arise from the MySQL client reconnecting without properly resetting the
143	prepared statements. If set to 1, any broken connections will be attempted
144	fixed, but as mod_dbd is not informed, the prepared statements will be invalidated.
145	</div>
146</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
147<div class="section">
148<h2><a name="security" id="security">SECURITY WARNING</a></h2>
149
150    <p>Any web/database application needs to secure itself against SQL
151    injection attacks.  In most cases, Apache DBD is safe, because
152    applications use prepared statements, and untrusted inputs are
153    only ever used as data.  Of course, if you use it via third-party
154    modules, you should ascertain what precautions they may require.</p>
155    <p>However, the <var>FreeTDS</var> driver is inherently
156    <strong>unsafe</strong>.  The underlying library doesn't support
157    prepared statements, so the driver emulates them, and the
158    untrusted input is merged into the SQL statement.</p>
159    <p>It can be made safe by <em>untainting</em> all inputs:
160    a process inspired by Perl's taint checking.  Each input
161    is matched against a regexp, and only the match is used,
162    according to the Perl idiom:</p>
163    <div class="example"><pre><code>  $untrusted =~ /([a-z]+)/;
164  $trusted = $1;</code></pre></div>
165    <p>To use this, the untainting regexps must be included in the
166    prepared statements configured.  The regexp follows immediately
167    after the % in the prepared statement, and is enclosed in
168    curly brackets {}.  For example, if your application expects
169    alphanumeric input, you can use:</p>
170    <div class="example"><p><code>
171       <code>"SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE input = %s"</code>
172    </code></p></div>
173    <p>with other drivers, and suffer nothing worse than a failed query.
174    But with FreeTDS you'd need:</p>
175    <div class="example"><p><code>
176       <code>"SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE input = %{([A-Za-z0-9]+)}s"</code>
177    </code></p></div>
178    <p>Now anything that doesn't match the regexp's $1 match is
179    discarded, so the statement is safe.</p>
180    <p>An alternative to this may be the third-party ODBC driver,
181    which offers the security of genuine prepared statements.</p>
182</div>
183<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
184<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDExptime" id="DBDExptime">DBDExptime</a> <a name="dbdexptime" id="dbdexptime">Directive</a></h2>
185<table class="directive">
186<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Keepalive time for idle connections</td></tr>
187<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDExptime <var>time-in-seconds</var></code></td></tr>
188<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DBDExptime 300</code></td></tr>
189<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
190<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
191<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
192</table>
193    <p>Set the time to keep idle connections alive when the number
194    of connections specified in DBDKeep has been exceeded (threaded
195    platforms only).</p>
196
197</div>
198<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
199<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDInitSQL" id="DBDInitSQL">DBDInitSQL</a> <a name="dbdinitsql" id="dbdinitsql">Directive</a></h2>
200<table class="directive">
201<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Execute an SQL statement after connecting to a database</td></tr>
202<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDInitSQL <var>"SQL statement"</var></code></td></tr>
203<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
204<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
205<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
206</table>
207    <p>Modules, that wish it, can have one or more SQL statements 
208    executed when a connection to a database is created. Example 
209    usage could be initializing certain values or adding a log 
210    entry when a new connection is made to the database.</p>
211
212</div>
213<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
214<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDKeep" id="DBDKeep">DBDKeep</a> <a name="dbdkeep" id="dbdkeep">Directive</a></h2>
215<table class="directive">
216<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Maximum sustained number of connections</td></tr>
217<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDKeep <var>number</var></code></td></tr>
218<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DBDKeep 2</code></td></tr>
219<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
220<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
221<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
222</table>
223    <p>Set the maximum number of connections per process to be
224    sustained, other than for handling peak demand (threaded
225    platforms only).</p>
226
227</div>
228<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
229<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDMax" id="DBDMax">DBDMax</a> <a name="dbdmax" id="dbdmax">Directive</a></h2>
230<table class="directive">
231<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Maximum number of connections</td></tr>
232<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDMax <var>number</var></code></td></tr>
233<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DBDMax 10</code></td></tr>
234<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
235<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
236<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
237</table>
238    <p>Set the hard maximum number of connections per process
239    (threaded platforms only).</p>
240
241</div>
242<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
243<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDMin" id="DBDMin">DBDMin</a> <a name="dbdmin" id="dbdmin">Directive</a></h2>
244<table class="directive">
245<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Minimum number of connections</td></tr>
246<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDMin <var>number</var></code></td></tr>
247<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DBDMin 1</code></td></tr>
248<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
249<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
250<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
251</table>
252    <p>Set the minimum number of connections per process (threaded
253    platforms only).</p>
254
255</div>
256<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
257<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDParams" id="DBDParams">DBDParams</a> <a name="dbdparams" id="dbdparams">Directive</a></h2>
258<table class="directive">
259<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Parameters for database connection</td></tr>
260<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDParams
261<var>param1</var>=<var>value1</var>[,<var>param2</var>=<var>value2</var>]</code></td></tr>
262<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
263<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
264<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
265</table>
266    <p>As required by the underlying driver.  Typically this will be
267    used to pass whatever cannot be defaulted amongst username,
268    password, database name, hostname and port number for connection.</p>
269    <p>Connection string parameters for current drivers include:</p>
270    <dl>
271    <dt>FreeTDS (for MSSQL and SyBase)</dt>
272    <dd>username, password, appname, dbname, host, charset, lang, server</dd>
273    <dt>MySQL</dt>
274    <dd>host, port, user, pass, dbname, sock, flags, fldsz, group, reconnect</dd>
275    <dt>Oracle</dt>
276    <dd>user, pass, dbname, server</dd>
277    <dt>PostgreSQL</dt>
278    <dd>The connection string is passed straight through to <code>PQconnectdb</code></dd>
279    <dt>SQLite2</dt>
280    <dd>The connection string is split on a colon, and <code>part1:part2</code> is used as <code>sqlite_open(part1, atoi(part2), NULL)</code></dd>
281    <dt>SQLite3</dt>
282    <dd>The connection string is passed straight through to <code>sqlite3_open</code></dd>
283    <dt>ODBC</dt>
284    <dd>datasource, user, password, connect, ctimeout, stimeout, access, txmode, bufsize</dd>
285    </dl>
286
287</div>
288<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
289<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDPersist" id="DBDPersist">DBDPersist</a> <a name="dbdpersist" id="dbdpersist">Directive</a></h2>
290<table class="directive">
291<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Whether to use persistent connections</td></tr>
292<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDPersist On|Off</code></td></tr>
293<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
294<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
295<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
296</table>
297    <p>If set to Off, persistent and pooled connections are disabled.
298    A new database connection is opened when requested by a client,
299    and closed immediately on release.  This option is for debugging
300    and low-usage servers.</p>
301
302    <p>The default is to enable a pool of persistent connections
303    (or a single LAMP-style persistent connection in the case of a
304    non-threaded server), and should almost always be used in operation.</p>
305
306    <p>Prior to version 2.2.2, this directive accepted only the values
307    <code>0</code> and <code>1</code> instead of <code>Off</code> and
308    <code>On</code>, respectively.</p>
309
310</div>
311<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
312<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDPrepareSQL" id="DBDPrepareSQL">DBDPrepareSQL</a> <a name="dbdpreparesql" id="dbdpreparesql">Directive</a></h2>
313<table class="directive">
314<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Define an SQL prepared statement</td></tr>
315<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDPrepareSQL <var>"SQL statement"</var> <var>label</var></code></td></tr>
316<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
317<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
318<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
319</table>
320    <p>For modules such as authentication that repeatedly use a
321    single SQL statement, optimum performance is achieved by preparing
322    the statement at startup rather than every time it is used.
323    This directive prepares an SQL statement and assigns it a label.</p>
324
325</div>
326<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
327<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDriver" id="DBDriver">DBDriver</a> <a name="dbdriver" id="dbdriver">Directive</a></h2>
328<table class="directive">
329<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Specify an SQL driver</td></tr>
330<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDriver <var>name</var></code></td></tr>
331<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
332<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
333<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
334</table>
335    <p>Selects an apr_dbd driver by name.  The driver must be installed
336    on your system (on most systems, it will be a shared object or dll).
337    For example, <code>DBDriver mysql</code> will select the MySQL
338    driver in apr_dbd_mysql.so.</p>
339
340</div>
341</div>
342<div class="bottomlang">
343<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="/en/mod/mod_dbd.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a> |
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345</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="/images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comments</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&amp;A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed again by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. Questions on how to manage the Apache HTTP Server should be directed at either our IRC channel, #httpd, on Freenode, or sent to our <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/lists.html">mailing lists</a>.</div>
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