1@node GNU Free Documentation License 2@unnumbered GNU Free Documentation License 3 4@c This file is intended to be included in another file. 5 6@center Version 1.1, March 2000 7 8@display 9Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 10 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA 11Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 12of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 13@end display 14 15@unnumberedsec Preamble 16 17The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other 18written document ``free'' in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone 19the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without 20modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, 21this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get 22credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for 23modifications made by others. 24 25This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative 26works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It 27complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft 28license designed for free software. 29 30We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free 31software, because free software needs free documentation: a free 32program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the 33software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; 34it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or 35whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License 36principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. 37 38@unnumberedsec APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS 39 40This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a 41notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed 42under the terms of this License. The ``Document'', below, refers to any 43such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is 44addressed as ``you''. 45 46A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the 47Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with 48modifications and/or translated into another language. 49 50A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section of 51the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the 52publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject 53(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly 54within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a 55textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any 56mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical 57connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, 58commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding 59them. 60 61The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles 62are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice 63that says that the Document is released under this License. 64 65The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed, 66as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that 67the Document is released under this License. 68 69A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, 70represented in a format whose specification is available to the 71general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and 72straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of 73pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available 74drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or 75for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input 76to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file 77format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage 78subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is 79not ``Transparent" is called "Opaque''. 80 81Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain 82ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML 83or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple 84HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include 85PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only 86by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or 87processing tools are not generally available, and the 88machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output 89purposes only. 90 91The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself, 92plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material 93this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in 94formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means 95the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, 96preceding the beginning of the body of the text. 97 98@unnumberedsec VERBATIM COPYING 99 100You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either 101commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the 102copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies 103to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other 104conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use 105technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further 106copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept 107compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough 108number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. 109 110You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and 111you may publicly display copies. 112 113@unnumberedsec COPYING IN QUANTITY 114 115If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100, 116and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose 117the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover 118Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on 119the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify 120you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present 121the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and 122visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. 123Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve 124the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated 125as verbatim copying in other respects. 126 127If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit 128legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit 129reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent 130pages. 131 132If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering 133more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent 134copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy 135a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete 136Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the 137general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no 138charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter 139option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin 140distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this 141Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location 142until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque 143copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to 144the public. 145 146It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the 147Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give 148them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. 149 150@unnumberedsec MODIFICATIONS 151 152You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under 153the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release 154the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified 155Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution 156and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy 157of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: 158 159@enumerate A 160@item 161Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct 162from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions 163(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section 164of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version 165if the original publisher of that version gives permission. 166 167@item 168 List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities 169responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified 170Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the 171Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five). 172 173@item 174State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the 175Modified Version, as the publisher. 176 177@item 178 Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. 179 180@item 181Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications 182adjacent to the other copyright notices. 183 184@item 185Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice 186giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the 187terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. 188 189@item 190Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections 191and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. 192 193@item 194Include an unaltered copy of this License. 195 196@item 197Preserve the section entitled ``History'', and its title, and add to 198it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and 199publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If 200there is no section entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one 201stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as 202given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified 203Version as stated in the previous sentence. 204 205@item 206Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for 207public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise 208the network locations given in the Document for previous versions 209it was based on. These may be placed in the ``History'' section. 210You may omit a network location for a work that was published at 211least four years before the Document itself, or if the original 212publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. 213 214@item 215In any section entitled ``Acknowledgements" or "Dedications'', 216preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the 217substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements 218and/or dedications given therein. 219 220@item 221Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, 222unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers 223or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. 224 225@item 226Delete any section entitled ``Endorsements''. Such a section 227may not be included in the Modified Version. 228 229@item 230Do not retitle any existing section as ``Endorsements'' 231or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. 232@end enumerate 233 234If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or 235appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material 236copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all 237of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the 238list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. 239These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. 240 241You may add a section entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains 242nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various 243parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has 244been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a 245standard. 246 247You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a 248passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list 249of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of 250Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or 251through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already 252includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or 253by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, 254you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit 255permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. 256 257The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License 258give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or 259imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 260 261@unnumberedsec COMBINING DOCUMENTS 262 263You may combine the Document with other documents released under this 264License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified 265versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the 266Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and 267list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its 268license notice. 269 270The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and 271multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single 272copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but 273different contents, make the title of each such section unique by 274adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original 275author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. 276Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of 277Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. 278 279In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled ``History'' 280in the various original documents, forming one section entitled 281``History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements'', 282and any sections entitled ``Dedications''. You must delete all sections 283entitled ``Endorsements.'' 284 285@unnumberedsec COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS 286 287You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents 288released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this 289License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in 290the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for 291verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. 292 293You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute 294it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this 295License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all 296other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. 297 298@unnumberedsec AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS 299 300A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate 301and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or 302distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version 303of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the 304compilation. Such a compilation is called an ``aggregate'', and this 305License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled 306with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they 307are not themselves derivative works of the Document. 308 309If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these 310copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter 311of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on 312covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate. 313Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate. 314 315@unnumberedsec TRANSLATION 316 317Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may 318distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. 319Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special 320permission from their copyright holders, but you may include 321translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the 322original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a 323translation of this License provided that you also include the 324original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement 325between the translation and the original English version of this 326License, the original English version will prevail. 327 328@unnumberedsec TERMINATION 329 330You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except 331as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to 332copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will 333automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, 334parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this 335License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such 336parties remain in full compliance. 337 338@unnumberedsec FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE 339 340The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions 341of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new 342versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may 343differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See 344http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. 345 346Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. 347If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this 348License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of 349following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or 350of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the 351Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version 352number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not 353as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. 354 355 356 357@unnumberedsec ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents 358 359To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of 360the License in the document and put the following copyright and 361license notices just after the title page: 362 363@display 364Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. 365Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document 366under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 367or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; 368with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the 369Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. 370A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU 371Free Documentation License". 372@end display 373 374If you have no Invariant Sections, write ``with no Invariant Sections'' 375instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no 376Front-Cover Texts, write ``no Front-Cover Texts'' instead of 377``Front-Cover Texts being LIST''; likewise for Back-Cover Texts. 378 379If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we 380recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of 381free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, 382to permit their use in free software. 383