1@c -*-texinfo-*-
2@node GNU Free Documentation License, , , Copying This Manual
3
4@appendix GNU Free Documentation License
5@center Version 1.1, March 2000
6
7@display
8Copyright (C) 2000  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
959 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
10
11Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
12of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
13@end display
14@sp 1
15@enumerate 0
16@item
17PREAMBLE
18
19The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
20written document ``free'' in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
21the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
22modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.  Secondarily,
23this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
24credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
25modifications made by others.
26
27This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative
28works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It
29complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
30license designed for free software.
31
32We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
33software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
34program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
35software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;
36it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
37whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
38principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
39
40@sp 1
41@item
42APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
43
44This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
45notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
46under the terms of this License.  The ``Document'', below, refers to any
47such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a licensee, and is
48addressed as ``you.''
49
50A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the
51Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
52modifications and/or translated into another language.
53
54A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
55the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
56publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
57(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
58within that overall subject.  (For example, if the Document is in part a
59textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
60mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical
61connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
62commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
63them.
64
65The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
66are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
67that says that the Document is released under this License.
68
69The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed,
70as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
71the Document is released under this License.
72
73A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
74represented in a format whose specification is available to the
75general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
76straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
77pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
78drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
79for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
80to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
81format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage
82subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.  A copy that is
83not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque.''
84
85Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
86ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
87or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
88HTML designed for human modification.  Opaque formats include
89PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only
90by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
91processing tools are not generally available, and the
92machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output
93purposes only.
94
95The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
96plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
97this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in
98formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means
99the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
100preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
101@sp 1
102@item
103VERBATIM COPYING
104
105You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
106commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
107copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
108to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
109conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use
110technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
111copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept
112compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough
113number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
114
115You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
116you may publicly display copies.
117@sp 1
118@item
119COPYING IN QUANTITY
120
121If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
122and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose
123the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
124Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
125the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
126you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present
127the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
128visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.
129Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
130the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
131as verbatim copying in other respects.
132
133If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
134legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
135reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
136pages.
137
138If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
139more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
140copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
141a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
142Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
143general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
144charge using public-standard network protocols.  If you use the latter
145option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
146distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this
147Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location
148until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
149copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
150the public.
151
152It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
153Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
154them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
155@sp 1
156@item
157MODIFICATIONS
158
159You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
160the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
161the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
162Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
163and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
164of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
165
166A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
167   from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
168   (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
169   of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version
170   if the original publisher of that version gives permission.@*
171B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
172   responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
173   Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
174   Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).@*
175C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
176   Modified Version, as the publisher.@*
177D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.@*
178E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
179   adjacent to the other copyright notices.@*
180F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
181   giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
182   terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.@*
183G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
184   and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.@*
185H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.@*
186I. Preserve the section entitled ``History'', and its title, and add to
187   it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
188   publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If
189   there is no section entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one
190   stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
191   given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
192   Version as stated in the previous sentence.@*
193J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
194   public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
195   the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
196   it was based on.  These may be placed in the ``History'' section.
197   You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
198   least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
199   publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.@*
200K. In any section entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'',
201   preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
202   substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
203   and/or dedications given therein.@*
204L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
205   unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
206   or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.@*
207M. Delete any section entitled ``Endorsements.''  Such a section
208   may not be included in the Modified Version.@*
209N. Do not retitle any existing section as ``Endorsements''
210   or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.@*
211@sp 1
212If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
213appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
214copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
215of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the
216list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
217These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
218
219You may add a section entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains
220nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
221parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
222been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
223standard.
224
225You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
226passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
227of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of
228Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
229through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already
230includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
231by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
232you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
233permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
234
235The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
236give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
237imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
238@sp 1
239@item
240COMBINING DOCUMENTS
241
242You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
243License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
244versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
245Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
246list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
247license notice.
248
249The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
250multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
251copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
252different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
253adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
254author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
255Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
256Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
257
258In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled ``History''
259in the various original documents, forming one section entitled
260``History''; likewise combine any sections entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
261and any sections entitled ``Dedications.''  You must delete all sections
262entitled ``Endorsements.''
263@sp 1
264@item
265COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
266
267You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
268released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
269License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
270the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
271verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
272
273You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
274it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
275License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
276other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
277@sp 1
278@item
279AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
280
281A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
282and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
283distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version
284of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
285compilation.  Such a compilation is called an ``aggregate'', and this
286License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
287with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they
288are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
289
290If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
291copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
292of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
293covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate.
294Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.
295@sp 1
296@item
297TRANSLATION
298
299Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
300distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
301Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
302permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
303translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
304original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
305translation of this License provided that you also include the
306original English version of this License.  In case of a disagreement
307between the translation and the original English version of this
308License, the original English version will prevail.
309@sp 1
310@item
311TERMINATION
312
313You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
314as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other attempt to
315copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
316automatically terminate your rights under this License.  However,
317parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
318License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
319parties remain in full compliance.
320@sp 1
321@item
322FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
323
324The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
325of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
326versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
327differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
328http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
329
330Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
331If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
332License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of
333following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
334of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
335Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version
336number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
337as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
338
339@end enumerate
340
341@unnumberedsec ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
342
343To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
344the License in the document and put the following copyright and
345license notices just after the title page:
346
347@smallexample
348@group
349Copyright (C)  @var{year}  @var{your name}.
350Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
351under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
352or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
353with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with the
354Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts being @var{list}.
355A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
356Free Documentation License."
357@end group
358@end smallexample
359
360If you have no Invariant Sections, write ``with no Invariant Sections''
361instead of saying which ones are invariant.  If you have no
362Front-Cover Texts, write ``no Front-Cover Texts'' instead of
363``Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}''; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
364
365If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
366recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
367free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
368to permit their use in free software.
369