1<html lang="en"> 2<head> 3<title>Untitled</title> 4<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html"> 5<meta name="description" content="Untitled"> 6<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.13"> 7<link title="Top" rel="start" href="#Top"> 8<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage"> 9<!-- 10This file documents the GNU linker LD 11(Sourcery CodeBench Lite 2011.09-69) 12version 2.21.53. 13 14Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 152001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 16 17Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document 18under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 19or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; 20with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no 21Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the 22section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".--> 23<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css"> 24<style type="text/css"><!-- 25 pre.display { font-family:inherit } 26 pre.format { font-family:inherit } 27 pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller } 28 pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller } 29 pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller } 30 pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller } 31 span.sc { font-variant:small-caps } 32 span.roman { font-family:serif; font-weight:normal; } 33 span.sansserif { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal; } 34--></style> 35<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../cs.css"> 36</head> 37<body> 38<div class="contents"> 39<h2>Table of Contents</h2> 40<ul> 41<li><a name="toc_Top" href="index.html#Top">LD</a> 42<li><a name="toc_Overview" href="Overview.html#Overview">1 Overview</a> 43<li><a name="toc_Invocation" href="Invocation.html#Invocation">2 Invocation</a> 44<ul> 45<li><a href="Options.html#Options">2.1 Command Line Options</a> 46<ul> 47<li><a href="Options.html#Options">2.1.1 Options Specific to i386 PE Targets</a> 48<li><a href="Options.html#Options">2.1.2 Options specific to C6X uClinux targets</a> 49<li><a href="Options.html#Options">2.1.3 Options specific to Motorola 68HC11 and 68HC12 targets</a> 50<li><a href="Options.html#Options">2.1.4 Options specific to Motorola 68K target</a> 51<li><a href="Options.html#Options">2.1.5 Options specific to MIPS targets</a> 52</li></ul> 53<li><a href="Environment.html#Environment">2.2 Environment Variables</a> 54</li></ul> 55<li><a name="toc_Scripts" href="Scripts.html#Scripts">3 Linker Scripts</a> 56<ul> 57<li><a href="Basic-Script-Concepts.html#Basic-Script-Concepts">3.1 Basic Linker Script Concepts</a> 58<li><a href="Script-Format.html#Script-Format">3.2 Linker Script Format</a> 59<li><a href="Simple-Example.html#Simple-Example">3.3 Simple Linker Script Example</a> 60<li><a href="Simple-Commands.html#Simple-Commands">3.4 Simple Linker Script Commands</a> 61<ul> 62<li><a href="Entry-Point.html#Entry-Point">3.4.1 Setting the Entry Point</a> 63<li><a href="File-Commands.html#File-Commands">3.4.2 Commands Dealing with Files</a> 64<li><a href="Format-Commands.html#Format-Commands">3.4.3 Commands Dealing with Object File Formats</a> 65<li><a href="REGION_005fALIAS.html#REGION_005fALIAS">3.4.4 Assign alias names to memory regions</a> 66<li><a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">3.4.5 Other Linker Script Commands</a> 67</li></ul> 68<li><a href="Assignments.html#Assignments">3.5 Assigning Values to Symbols</a> 69<ul> 70<li><a href="Simple-Assignments.html#Simple-Assignments">3.5.1 Simple Assignments</a> 71<li><a href="PROVIDE.html#PROVIDE">3.5.2 PROVIDE</a> 72<li><a href="PROVIDE_005fHIDDEN.html#PROVIDE_005fHIDDEN">3.5.3 PROVIDE_HIDDEN</a> 73<li><a href="Source-Code-Reference.html#Source-Code-Reference">3.5.4 Source Code Reference</a> 74</li></ul> 75<li><a href="SECTIONS.html#SECTIONS">3.6 SECTIONS Command</a> 76<ul> 77<li><a href="Output-Section-Description.html#Output-Section-Description">3.6.1 Output Section Description</a> 78<li><a href="Output-Section-Name.html#Output-Section-Name">3.6.2 Output Section Name</a> 79<li><a href="Output-Section-Address.html#Output-Section-Address">3.6.3 Output Section Address</a> 80<li><a href="Input-Section.html#Input-Section">3.6.4 Input Section Description</a> 81<ul> 82<li><a href="Input-Section-Basics.html#Input-Section-Basics">3.6.4.1 Input Section Basics</a> 83<li><a href="Input-Section-Wildcards.html#Input-Section-Wildcards">3.6.4.2 Input Section Wildcard Patterns</a> 84<li><a href="Input-Section-Common.html#Input-Section-Common">3.6.4.3 Input Section for Common Symbols</a> 85<li><a href="Input-Section-Keep.html#Input-Section-Keep">3.6.4.4 Input Section and Garbage Collection</a> 86<li><a href="Input-Section-Example.html#Input-Section-Example">3.6.4.5 Input Section Example</a> 87</li></ul> 88<li><a href="Output-Section-Data.html#Output-Section-Data">3.6.5 Output Section Data</a> 89<li><a href="Output-Section-Keywords.html#Output-Section-Keywords">3.6.6 Output Section Keywords</a> 90<li><a href="Output-Section-Discarding.html#Output-Section-Discarding">3.6.7 Output Section Discarding</a> 91<li><a href="Output-Section-Attributes.html#Output-Section-Attributes">3.6.8 Output Section Attributes</a> 92<ul> 93<li><a href="Output-Section-Type.html#Output-Section-Type">3.6.8.1 Output Section Type</a> 94<li><a href="Output-Section-LMA.html#Output-Section-LMA">3.6.8.2 Output Section LMA</a> 95<li><a href="Forced-Output-Alignment.html#Forced-Output-Alignment">3.6.8.3 Forced Output Alignment</a> 96<li><a href="Forced-Input-Alignment.html#Forced-Input-Alignment">3.6.8.4 Forced Input Alignment</a> 97<li><a href="Output-Section-Constraint.html#Output-Section-Constraint">3.6.8.5 Output Section Constraint</a> 98<li><a href="Output-Section-Region.html#Output-Section-Region">3.6.8.6 Output Section Region</a> 99<li><a href="Output-Section-Phdr.html#Output-Section-Phdr">3.6.8.7 Output Section Phdr</a> 100<li><a href="Output-Section-Fill.html#Output-Section-Fill">3.6.8.8 Output Section Fill</a> 101</li></ul> 102<li><a href="Overlay-Description.html#Overlay-Description">3.6.9 Overlay Description</a> 103</li></ul> 104<li><a href="MEMORY.html#MEMORY">3.7 MEMORY Command</a> 105<li><a href="PHDRS.html#PHDRS">3.8 PHDRS Command</a> 106<li><a href="VERSION.html#VERSION">3.9 VERSION Command</a> 107<li><a href="Expressions.html#Expressions">3.10 Expressions in Linker Scripts</a> 108<ul> 109<li><a href="Constants.html#Constants">3.10.1 Constants</a> 110<li><a href="Symbolic-Constants.html#Symbolic-Constants">3.10.2 Symbolic Constants</a> 111<li><a href="Symbols.html#Symbols">3.10.3 Symbol Names</a> 112<li><a href="Orphan-Sections.html#Orphan-Sections">3.10.4 Orphan Sections</a> 113<li><a href="Location-Counter.html#Location-Counter">3.10.5 The Location Counter</a> 114<li><a href="Operators.html#Operators">3.10.6 Operators</a> 115<li><a href="Evaluation.html#Evaluation">3.10.7 Evaluation</a> 116<li><a href="Expression-Section.html#Expression-Section">3.10.8 The Section of an Expression</a> 117<li><a href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">3.10.9 Builtin Functions</a> 118</li></ul> 119<li><a href="Implicit-Linker-Scripts.html#Implicit-Linker-Scripts">3.11 Implicit Linker Scripts</a> 120</li></ul> 121<li><a name="toc_Machine-Dependent" href="Machine-Dependent.html#Machine-Dependent">4 Machine Dependent Features</a> 122<ul> 123<li><a href="H8_002f300.html#H8_002f300">4.1 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the H8/300</a> 124<li><a href="i960.html#i960">4.2 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the Intel 960 Family</a> 125<li><a href="M68HC11_002f68HC12.html#M68HC11_002f68HC12">4.3 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the Motorola 68HC11 and 68HC12 families</a> 126<ul> 127<li><a href="M68HC11_002f68HC12.html#M68HC11_002f68HC12">4.3.1 Linker Relaxation</a> 128<li><a href="M68HC11_002f68HC12.html#M68HC11_002f68HC12">4.3.2 Trampoline Generation</a> 129</li></ul> 130<li><a href="ARM.html#ARM">4.4 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the ARM family</a> 131<li><a href="HPPA-ELF32.html#HPPA-ELF32">4.5 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and HPPA 32-bit ELF Support</a> 132<li><a href="M68K.html#M68K">4.6 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the Motorola 68K family</a> 133<li><a href="MIPS.html#MIPS">4.7 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and the MIPS family</a> 134<li><a href="MMIX.html#MMIX">4.8 <code>ld</code> and MMIX</a> 135<li><a href="MSP430.html#MSP430">4.9 <code>ld</code> and MSP430</a> 136<li><a href="PowerPC-ELF32.html#PowerPC-ELF32">4.10 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and PowerPC 32-bit ELF Support</a> 137<li><a href="PowerPC64-ELF64.html#PowerPC64-ELF64">4.11 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and PowerPC64 64-bit ELF Support</a> 138<li><a href="SPU-ELF.html#SPU-ELF">4.12 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and SPU ELF Support</a> 139<li><a href="TI-COFF.html#TI-COFF">4.13 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp>'s Support for Various TI COFF Versions</a> 140<li><a href="WIN32.html#WIN32">4.14 <samp><span class="command">ld</span></samp> and WIN32 (cygwin/mingw)</a> 141<li><a href="Xtensa.html#Xtensa">4.15 <code>ld</code> and Xtensa Processors</a> 142</li></ul> 143<li><a name="toc_BFD" href="BFD.html#BFD">5 BFD</a> 144<ul> 145<li><a href="BFD-outline.html#BFD-outline">5.1 How It Works: An Outline of BFD</a> 146<ul> 147<li><a href="BFD-information-loss.html#BFD-information-loss">5.1.1 Information Loss</a> 148<li><a href="Canonical-format.html#Canonical-format">5.1.2 The BFD canonical object-file format</a> 149</li></ul> 150</li></ul> 151<li><a name="toc_Reporting-Bugs" href="Reporting-Bugs.html#Reporting-Bugs">6 Reporting Bugs</a> 152<ul> 153<li><a href="Bug-Criteria.html#Bug-Criteria">6.1 Have You Found a Bug?</a> 154<li><a href="Bug-Reporting.html#Bug-Reporting">6.2 How to Report Bugs</a> 155</li></ul> 156<li><a name="toc_MRI" href="MRI.html#MRI">Appendix A MRI Compatible Script Files</a> 157<li><a name="toc_GNU-Free-Documentation-License" href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">Appendix B GNU Free Documentation License</a> 158<li><a name="toc_LD-Index" href="LD-Index.html#LD-Index">LD Index</a> 159</li></ul> 160</div> 161 162 163 164<!-- FIXME: Talk about importance of *order* of args, cmds to linker! --> 165<div class="node"> 166<a name="Top"></a> 167<p> 168Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Overview.html#Overview">Overview</a>, 169Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="../index.html#dir">(dir)</a> 170<hr> 171</div> 172 173<h2 class="unnumbered">LD</h2> 174 175<p>This file documents the <span class="sc">gnu</span> linker ld 176(Sourcery CodeBench Lite 2011.09-69) 177version 2.21.53. 178 179 <p>This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free 180Documentation License version 1.3. A copy of the license is included 181in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. 182 183<ul class="menu"> 184<li><a accesskey="1" href="Overview.html#Overview">Overview</a>: Overview 185<li><a accesskey="2" href="Invocation.html#Invocation">Invocation</a>: Invocation 186<li><a accesskey="3" href="Scripts.html#Scripts">Scripts</a>: Linker Scripts 187 188<li><a accesskey="4" href="Machine-Dependent.html#Machine-Dependent">Machine Dependent</a>: Machine Dependent Features 189 190<li><a accesskey="5" href="BFD.html#BFD">BFD</a>: BFD 191<!-- Following blank line required for remaining bug in makeinfo conds/menus --> 192 193<li><a accesskey="6" href="Reporting-Bugs.html#Reporting-Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a>: Reporting Bugs 194<li><a accesskey="7" href="MRI.html#MRI">MRI</a>: MRI Compatible Script Files 195<li><a accesskey="8" href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a>: GNU Free Documentation License 196<li><a accesskey="9" href="LD-Index.html#LD-Index">LD Index</a>: LD Index 197</ul> 198 199 </body></html> 200 201