fix some restrict-qualifier mismatches in newly added interfaces

these should have little/no practical impact but they're needed for
strict conformance.

add support for thread scheduling (POSIX TPS option)

linux's sched_* syscalls actually implement the TPS (thread
scheduling) functionality, not the PS (process scheduling)
functionality which the sched_* functions are supposed to have.
omitting support for the PS option (and having the sched_* interfaces
fail with ENOSYS rather than omitting them, since some broken software
assumes they exist) seems to be the only conforming way to do this on
linux.

remove all remaining redundant __restrict/__inline/_Noreturn defs

use restrict everywhere it's required by c99 and/or posix 2008

to deal with the fact that the public headers may be used with pre-c99
compilers, __restrict is used in place of restrict, and defined
appropriately for any supported compiler. we also avoid the form
[restrict] since older versions of gcc rejected it due to a bug in the
original c99 standard, and instead use the form *restrict.

fix various errors in function signatures/prototypes found by nsz

initial implementation of posix_spawn

file actions are not yet implemented, but everything else should be
mostly complete and roughly correct.