fix asctime day/month names not to vary by locale

the FIXME comment here was overlooked at the time locale support was
added.

rework langinfo code for ABI compat and for use by time code

use restrict everywhere it's required by c99 and/or posix 2008

to deal with the fact that the public headers may be used with pre-c99
compilers, __restrict is used in place of restrict, and defined
appropriately for any supported compiler. we also avoid the form
[restrict] since older versions of gcc rejected it due to a bug in the
original c99 standard, and instead use the form *restrict.

cleanup various minor issues reported by nsz

the changes to syscall_ret are mostly no-ops in the generated code,
just cleanup of type issues and removal of some implementation-defined
behavior. the one exception is the change in the comparison value,
which is fixed so that 0xf...f000 (which in principle could be a valid
return value for mmap, although probably never in reality) is not
treated as an error return.

use volatile pointers for intentional-crash code.

initial check-in, version 0.5.0