adapt static dl_iterate_phdr not to depend on !defined(SHARED)

like elsewhere, use a weak alias that the dynamic linker will override
with a more complete version capable of handling shared libraries.

add dl_iterate_phdr interface

patches by Alex Caudill (npx). the dynamic-linked version is almost
identical to the final submitted patch; I just added a couple missing
lines for saving the phdr address when the dynamic linker is invoked
directly to run a program, and removed a couple to avoid introducing
another unnecessary type. the static-linked version is based on npx's
draft. it could use some improvements which are contingent on the
startup code saving some additional information for later use.