add basic dns record parsing functions

based on patch by Timo Teräs, with some corrections to bounds checking
code and other minor changes.

while they are borderline scope creep, the functions added are fairly
small and are roughly the minimum code needed to use the results of
the res_query API without re-implementing error-prone DNS packet
parsing, and they are used in practice by some kerberos related
software and possibly other things. at this time there is no intent to
implement further nameser.h API functions.

fix missing uintXX_t in nameser.h

header file fixes: multiple include guard consistency and correctness

one file was reusing another file's macro name, and many had
inconsistent underscores and application of SYS prefix, etc.

patch by Szabolcs Nagy (nsz)

initial check-in, version 0.5.0