License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license

Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.

By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.

Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.

This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.

How this work was done:

Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,

Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.

The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.

The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).

All documentation files were explicitly excluded.

The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.

- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.

For non */uapi/* files that summary was:

SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139

and resulted in the first patch in this series.

If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:

SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930

and resulted in the second patch in this series.

- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:

SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1

and that resulted in the third patch in this series.

- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).

- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.

- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).

- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.

In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.

Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.

In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.

Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct

This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.

These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.

Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

ALSA: fireface: add skeleton for RME Fireface series

This commit adds a new driver for RME Fireface series. This commit just
creates/removes card instance according to IEEE 1394 bus event. More
functions will be added in following commits.

Three types of firmware have released by RME GmbH; for Fireface 400, for
Fireface 800 and for UCX/802/UFX. It's reasonable that these models use
different protocol for communication. Currently, I've investigated
Fireface 400 and nothing others.

Signed-off-by: Takashi Sakamoto <o-takashi@sakamocchi.jp>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

ALSA: firewire-motu: add skeleton for Mark of the unicorn (MOTU) FireWire series

This commit adds an new driver for MOTU FireWire series. In this commit,
this driver just creates/removes card instance according to bus event.
More functionalities will be added in following commits.

Signed-off-by: Takashi Sakamoto <o-takashi@sakamocchi.jp>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

ALSA: firewire-lib: add tracepoints to dump a part of isochronous packet data

When audio and music units have some quirks in their sequence of packet,
it's really hard for non-owners to identify the quirks. Although developers
need dumps for sequence of packets, it's difficult for users who have no
knowledges and no equipments for this purpose.

This commit adds tracepoints for this situation. When users encounter
the issue, they can dump a part of packet data via Linux tracing framework
as long as using drivers in ALSA firewire stack.

Additionally, tracepoints for outgoing packets will be our help to check
and debug packet processing of ALSA firewire stack.

This commit newly adds 'snd_firewire_lib' subsystem with 'in_packet' and
'out_packet' events. In the events, some attributes of packets and the
index of packet managed by this module are recorded per packet.

This is an usage:

$ trace-cmd record -e snd_firewire_lib:out_packet \
-e snd_firewire_lib:in_packet
/sys/kernel/tracing/events/snd_firewire_lib/out_packet/filter
/sys/kernel/tracing/events/snd_firewire_lib/in_packet/filter
Hit Ctrl^C to stop recording
^C
$ trace-cmd report trace.dat
...
23647.033934: in_packet: 01 4073 ffc0 ffc1 00 000f0040 9001b2d1 122 44
23647.033936: in_packet: 01 4074 ffc0 ffc1 00 000f0048 9001c83b 122 45
23647.033937: in_packet: 01 4075 ffc0 ffc1 00 000f0050 9001ffff 002 46
23647.033938: in_packet: 01 4076 ffc0 ffc1 00 000f0050 9001e1a6 122 47
23647.035426: out_packet: 01 4123 ffc1 ffc0 01 010f00d0 9001fb40 122 17
23647.035428: out_packet: 01 4124 ffc1 ffc0 01 010f00d8 9001ffff 002 18
23647.035429: out_packet: 01 4125 ffc1 ffc0 01 010f00d8 900114aa 122 19
23647.035430: out_packet: 01 4126 ffc1 ffc0 01 010f00e0 90012a15 122 20
(Here, some common fields are omitted so that a line to be within 80
characters.)
...

One line represent one packet. The legend for the last nine fields is:
- The second of cycle scheduled for the packet
- The count of cycle scheduled for the packet
- The ID of node as source (hex)
- Some devices transfer packets with invalid source node ID in their CIP
header.
- The ID of node as destination (hex)
- The value is not in CIP header of packets.
- The value of isochronous channel
- The first quadlet of CIP header (hex)
- The second quadlet of CIP header (hex)
- The number of included quadlets
- The index of packet in a buffer maintained by this module

This is an example to parse these lines from text file by Python3 script:

\#!/usr/bin/env python3
import sys

def parse_ts(second, cycle, syt):
offset = syt & 0xfff
syt >>= 12
if cycle & 0x0f > syt:
cycle += 0x10
cycle &= 0x1ff0
cycle |= syt
second += cycle // 8000
cycle %= 8000
# In CYCLE_TIMER of 1394 OHCI, second is represented in 8 bit.
second %= 128
return (second, cycle, offset)

def calc_ts(second, cycle, offset):
ts = offset
ts += cycle * 3072
# In DMA descriptor of 1394 OHCI, second is represented in 3 bit.
ts += (second % 8) * 8000 * 3072
return ts

def subtract_ts(minuend, subtrahend):
# In DMA descriptor of 1394 OHCI, second is represented in 3 bit.
if minuend < subtrahend:
minuend += 8 * 8000 * 3072
return minuend - subtrahend

if len(sys.argv) != 2:
print('At least, one argument is required for packet dump.')
sys.exit()

filename = sys.argv[1]

data = []

prev = 0
with open(filename, 'r') as f:
for line in f:
pos = line.find('packet:')
if pos < 0:
continue

pos += len('packet:')
line = line[pos:].strip()
fields = line.split(' ')

datum = []

datum.append(fields[8])

syt = int(fields[6][4:], 16)

# Empty packet in IEC 61883-1, or NODATA in IEC 61883-6
if syt == 0xffff:
data_blocks = 0
else:
payload_size = int(fields[7], 10)
data_block_size = int(fields[5][2:4], 16)
data_blocks = (payload_size - 2) / data_block_size
datum.append(data_blocks)

second = int(fields[0], 10)
cycle = int(fields[1], 10)
start = (second << 25) | (cycle << 12)
datum.append('0x{0:08x}'.format(start))
start = calc_ts(second, cycle, 0)

datum.append("0x" + fields[5])
datum.append("0x" + fields[6])

if syt == 0xffff:
second = 0
cycle = 0
tick = 0
else:
second, cycle, tick = parse_ts(second, cycle, syt)
ts = calc_ts(second, cycle, tick)
datum.append(start)
datum.append(ts)
if ts == 0:
datum.append(0)
datum.append(0)
else:
# Usual case, or a case over 8 seconds.
if ts > start or start > 7 * 8000 * 3072:
datum.append(subtract_ts(ts, start))
if ts > prev or start > 7 * 8000 * 3072:
gap = subtract_ts(ts, prev)
datum.append(gap)
else:
datum.append('backward')
else:
datum.append('invalid')
prev = ts

data.append(datum)

sys.exit()

The data variable includes array with these elements:
- The index of the packet
- The number of data blocks in the packet
- The value of cycle count (hex)
- The value of CIP header 1 (hex)
- The value of CIP header 2 (hex)
- The value of cycle count (tick)
- The value of calculated presentation timestamp (tick)
- The offset between the cycle count and presentation timestamp
- The elapsed ticks from the previous presentation timestamp

Signed-off-by: Takashi Sakamoto <o-takashi@sakamocchi.jp>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

ALSA: oxfw: obsolete scs1x module

Now ALSA oxfw driver gains functionalities which scs1x module has.

This commit obsoletes the scs1x module, and adds a line of MODULE_ALIAS
to load oxfw module instead of scs1x module.

In scs1x module, the name of 'shortname' field is fixed as 'SCS1x'. This
field is used to name MIDI ports for both of SCS.1m and SCS.1d. This is
not good because typically some SCS.1m and SCS.1d are used in the same
system. It's better to distinguish them according to name of the ports.
This commit applies model name in config ROM to the 'shortname'.

For the name of 'driver' and 'longname', this commit uses the same way
applied to the other models. This change may not bring disadvantages to
users because userspace applications use ALSA rawmidi or seq interface
and these interfaces are not influenced by them directly.

Signed-off-by: Takashi Sakamoto <o-takashi@sakamocchi.jp>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

ALSA: oxfw: remove a meaningless entry from firewire Makefile

A former commit moves oxfw-related codes to a sub-directory, while it
forgot to remove an entry from Makefile in parent directory.

Fixes: 1a4e39c2e5ca('ALSA: oxfw: Move to its own directory')
Signed-off-by: Takashi Sakamoto <o-takashi@sakamocchi.jp>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

ALSA: firewire-tascam: add skeleton for TASCAM FireWire series

This commit adds a new driver for TASCAM FireWire series. In this commit,
this driver just creates/removes card instance according to bus event.
More functionalities will be added in following commits.

TASCAM FireWire series consists of:
* PDI 1394P23 for IEEE 1394 PHY layer
* PDI 1394L40 for IEEE 1394 LINK layer and IEC 61883 interface
* XILINX XC9536XL
* XILINX Spartan-II XC2S100
* ATMEL AT91M42800A

Ilya Zimnovich had investigated TASCAM FireWire series in 2011, and
discover some features of his FW-1804. You can see a part of his research
in FFADO project.
http://subversion.ffado.org/wiki/Tascam

A part of my work are based on Ilya's investigation, while this series
doesn't support the FW-1804, because of a lack of config ROM
information and its protocol detail, especially for PCM channels.

I observed that FW-1884 and FW-1082 don't work properly with 1394 OHCI
controller based on VT6315. The controller can actually communicate packets
to these models, while these models generate no sounds. It may be due to
the PHY/LINK layer issues. Using 1394 OHCI controller produced by the other
vendors such as Texas Instruments may work. Or adding another node on the
bus.

Signed-off-by: Takashi Sakamoto <o-takashi@sakamocchi.jp>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

ALSA: firewire-digi00x: add skeleton for Digi 002/003 family

This commit adds a new driver for Digidesign 002/003 family. This commit
just creates/removes card instance according to bus event. More functions
will be added in following commits.

Digidesign 002/003 family consists of:
* Agere FW802B for IEEE 1394 PHY layer
* PDI 1394L40 for IEEE 1394 LINK layer and IEC 61883 interface
* ALTERA ACEX EP1K50 for IEC 61883 layer and DSP controller
* ADSP-21065L for signal processing

[minor cleanup using skip_spaces() by tiwai]

Signed-off-by: Takashi Sakamoto <o-takashi@sakamocchi.jp>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

ALSA: firewire-lib: add data block processing layer for AM824 format

This commit adds data block processing layer for AM824 format. The new
layer initializes streaming layer with its value for fmt field.

Currently, most implementation of data block processing still remains
streaming layer. In later commits, these codes will be moved to the layer.

Signed-off-by: Takashi Sakamoto <o-takashi@sakamocchi.jp>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

ALSA: firewire-lib: rename 'amdtp' to 'amdtp-stream' to prepare for functional separation

In later commit, data block processing layer will be newly added. This
layer will be named as 'amdtp-am824'.

This commit renames current amdtp file to amdtp-stream, to distinguish it
from the new layer.

Signed-off-by: Takashi Sakamoto <o-takashi@sakamocchi.jp>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

ALSA: oxfw: Move to its own directory

Followed commits add much codes. To make the work easy, this commit creates
own directory and move current file to it.

Signed-off-by: Takashi Sakamoto <o-takashi@sakamocchi.jp>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

ALSA: speakers: Rename to oxfw and rename some members

This commit renames 'firewire-speakers' to 'oxfw' to enhance support for
devices which based on OXFW970/971. A line for MODULE_ALIAS is added.

Additionally, to help for works in followed paches, some members
in private structure are renamed.

Signed-off-by: Takashi Sakamoto <o-takashi@sakamocchi.jp>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

ALSA: dice: Move file to its own directory

In followed commits, dice driver is split into several files. For easily
managing these files, this commit adds subdirectory and move file into
the directory.

Signed-off-by: Takashi Sakamoto <o-takashi@sakamocchi.jp>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

ALSA: bebob: Add skelton for BeBoB based devices

This commit adds a new driver for BeBoB based devices with no specific
operations. Currently this driver just create/remove card instance according
to callbacks.

BeBoB is 'BridgeCo enhanced Breakout Box'. This is installed to firewire
devices with DM1000/DM1100/DM1500 chipset. It gives common way for host
system to handle BeBoB based devices.

Current supported devices:
- Edirol FA-66/FA-101
- PreSonus FIREBOX/FIREPOD/FP10/Inspire1394
- BridgeCo RDAudio1/Audio5
- Mackie Onyx 1220/1620/1640 (Firewire I/O Card)
- Mackie d.2 (Firewire Option)
- Stanton FinalScratch 2 (ScratchAmp)
- Tascam IF-FW DM
- Behringer XENIX UFX 1204/1604
- Behringer Digital Mixer X32 series (X-UF Card)
- Apogee Rosetta 200/Rosetta 400 (X-FireWire card)
- Apogee DA-16X/AD-16X/DD-16X (X-FireWire card)
- Apogee Ensemble
- ESI Quotafire610
- AcousticReality eARMasterOne
- CME MatrixKFW
- Phonix Helix Board 12 MkII/18 MkII/24 MkII
- Phonic Helix Board 12 Universal/18 Universal/24 Universal
- Lynx Aurora 8/16 (LT-FW)
- ICON FireXon
- PrismSound Orpheus/ADA-8XR

Devices possible to be supported if identifying IDs:
- Apogee Mini-Me Firewire/Mini-DAC Firewire
- Behringer F-Control Audio 610/1616
- Cakewalk Sonar Power Studio 66
- CME UF400e
- ESI Quotafire XL
- Infrasonic DewX/Windy6
- Mackie Digital X Bus x.200/400
- Phonic Helix Board 12/18/24
- Phonic FireFly 202/302
- Rolf Spuler Firewire Guitar

Tested-by: David Henningsson <david.henningsson@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Sakamoto <o-takashi@sakamocchi.jp>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

ALSA: fireworks: Add skelton for Fireworks based devices

This commit adds a new driver for devices based on Fireworks. This driver
just creates/removes card instance according to callbacks.

Fireworks is a board module which Echo Audio produced. This module
consists of three chipsets:
- Communication chipset for IEEE1394 PHY/Link and IEC 61883-1/6
- DSP or/and FPGA for signal processing
- Flash Memory to store firmwares

Current supported devices:
- Mackie Onyx 400F/1200F
- Echo AudioFire12/8(until 2009 July)
- Echo AudioFire2/4/Pre8/8(since 2009 July)
- Echo Fireworks 8/HDMI
- Gibson Robot Interface pack/GoldTop

Signed-off-by: Takashi Sakamoto <o-takashi@sakamocchi.jp>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

ALSA: add DICE driver

As a start point for further development, this is an incomplete driver
for DICE devices:
- only playback (so no clock source except the bus clock)
- only 44.1 kHz
- no MIDI
- recovery after bus reset is slow
- hwdep device is created, but not actually implemented

Contains compilation fixes by Stefan Richter.

Signed-off-by: Clemens Ladisch <clemens@ladisch.de>

ALSA: firewire: add Stanton SCS.1d/1m driver

Add a MIDI driver for the Stanton FireWire DJ controllers.

Tested-by: Sean M. Pappalardo - D.J. Pegasus <spappalardo@mixxx.org>
Signed-off-by: Clemens Ladisch <clemens@ladisch.de>

ALSA: add Apple iSight microphone driver

This adds an experimental driver for the front and rear microphones of
the Apple iSight web camera.

Signed-off-by: Clemens Ladisch <clemens@ladisch.de>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

ALSA: add LaCie FireWire Speakers/Griffin FireWave Surround driver

Add a driver for two playback-only FireWire devices based on the OXFW970
chip.

v2: better AMDTP API abstraction; fix fw_unit leak; small fixes
v3: cache the iPCR value
v4: FireWave constraints; fix fw_device reference counting;
fix PCR caching; small changes and fixes
v5: volume/mute support; fix crashing due to pcm stop races
v6: fix build; one-channel volume for LaCie
v7: use signed values to make volume (range checks) work; fix function
block IDs for volume/mute; always use channel 0 for LaCie volume

Signed-off-by: Clemens Ladisch <clemens@ladisch.de>
Acked-by: Stefan Richter <stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de>
Tested-by: Jay Fenlason <fenlason@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>