ftrace: rename ftrace_instruction_pointer_set() -> ftrace_regs_set_instruction_pointer()

In subsequent patches we'll add a sew of ftrace_regs_{get,set}_*()
helpers. In preparation, this patch renames
ftrace_instruction_pointer_set() to
ftrace_regs_set_instruction_pointer().

There should be no functional change as a result of this patch.

Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Florent Revest <revest@chromium.org>
Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Reviewed-by: Masami Hiramatsu (Google) <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Steven Rostedt (Google) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20221103170520.931305-3-mark.rutland@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>

livepatch: Remove klp_arch_set_pc() and asm/livepatch.h

All three versions of klp_arch_set_pc() do exactly the same: they
call ftrace_instruction_pointer_set().

Call ftrace_instruction_pointer_set() directly and remove
klp_arch_set_pc().

As klp_arch_set_pc() was the only thing remaining in asm/livepatch.h
on x86 and s390, remove asm/livepatch.h

livepatch.h remains on powerpc but its content is exclusively used
by powerpc specific code.

Signed-off-by: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@csgroup.eu>
Acked-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>

x86/livepatch: Validate __fentry__ location

Currently livepatch assumes __fentry__ lives at func+0, which is most
likely untrue with IBT on. Instead make it use ftrace_location() by
default which both validates and finds the actual ip if there is any
in the same symbol.

Suggested-by: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220308154318.285971256@infradead.org

ftrace: disable preemption when recursion locked

As the documentation explained, ftrace_test_recursion_trylock()
and ftrace_test_recursion_unlock() were supposed to disable and
enable preemption properly, however currently this work is done
outside of the function, which could be missing by mistake.

And since the internal using of trace_test_and_set_recursion()
and trace_clear_recursion() also require preemption disabled, we
can just merge the logical.

This patch will make sure the preemption has been disabled when
trace_test_and_set_recursion() return bit >= 0, and
trace_clear_recursion() will enable the preemption if previously
enabled.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/13bde807-779c-aa4c-0672-20515ae365ea@linux.alibaba.com

CC: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Cc: Guo Ren <guoren@kernel.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@sifive.com>
Cc: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@dabbelt.com>
Cc: Albert Ou <aou@eecs.berkeley.edu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Cc: Jiri Kosina <jikos@kernel.org>
Cc: Joe Lawrence <joe.lawrence@redhat.com>
Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Cc: Nicholas Piggin <npiggin@gmail.com>
Cc: Jisheng Zhang <jszhang@kernel.org>
CC: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
CC: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz>
Reported-by: Abaci <abaci@linux.alibaba.com>
Suggested-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Michael Wang <yun.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
[ Removed extra line in comment - SDR ]
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>

livepatch: Use the default ftrace_ops instead of REGS when ARGS is available

When CONFIG_HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_ARGS is available, the ftrace call
will be able to set the ip of the calling function. This will improve the
performance of live kernel patching where it does not need all the regs to
be stored just to change the instruction pointer.

If all archs that support live kernel patching also support
HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_ARGS, then the architecture specific function
klp_arch_set_pc() could be made generic.

It is possible that an arch can support HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_ARGS but
not HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS and then have access to live patching.

Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Cc: Jiri Kosina <jikos@kernel.org>
Cc: live-patching@vger.kernel.org
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>

ftrace: Have the callbacks receive a struct ftrace_regs instead of pt_regs

In preparation to have arguments of a function passed to callbacks attached
to functions as default, change the default callback prototype to receive a
struct ftrace_regs as the forth parameter instead of a pt_regs.

For callbacks that set the FL_SAVE_REGS flag in their ftrace_ops flags, they
will now need to get the pt_regs via a ftrace_get_regs() helper call. If
this is called by a callback that their ftrace_ops did not have a
FL_SAVE_REGS flag set, it that helper function will return NULL.

This will allow the ftrace_regs to hold enough just to get the parameters
and stack pointer, but without the worry that callbacks may have a pt_regs
that is not completely filled.

Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Reviewed-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>

ftrace: Add recording of functions that caused recursion

This adds CONFIG_FTRACE_RECORD_RECURSION that will record to a file
"recursed_functions" all the functions that caused recursion while a
callback to the function tracer was running.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201106023548.102375687@goodmis.org

Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Guo Ren <guoren@kernel.org>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Vasily Gorbik <gor@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: x86@kernel.org
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Anton Vorontsov <anton@enomsg.org>
Cc: Colin Cross <ccross@android.com>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Cc: Jiri Kosina <jikos@kernel.org>
Cc: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz>
Cc: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Cc: Joe Lawrence <joe.lawrence@redhat.com>
Cc: Kamalesh Babulal <kamalesh@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab+huawei@kernel.org>
Cc: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-doc@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-csky@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-parisc@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linuxppc-dev@lists.ozlabs.org
Cc: linux-s390@vger.kernel.org
Cc: live-patching@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>

livepatch: Trigger WARNING if livepatch function fails due to recursion

If for some reason a function is called that triggers the recursion
detection of live patching, trigger a warning. By not executing the live
patch code, it is possible that the old unpatched function will be called
placing the system into an unknown state.

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20201029145709.GD16774@alley
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201106023547.312639435@goodmis.org

Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Cc: Jiri Kosina <jikos@kernel.org>
Cc: Joe Lawrence <joe.lawrence@redhat.com>
Cc: live-patching@vger.kernel.org
Suggested-by: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Acked-by: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>

livepatch/ftrace: Add recursion protection to the ftrace callback

If a ftrace callback does not supply its own recursion protection and
does not set the RECURSION_SAFE flag in its ftrace_ops, then ftrace will
make a helper trampoline to do so before calling the callback instead of
just calling the callback directly.

The default for ftrace_ops is going to change. It will expect that handlers
provide their own recursion protection, unless its ftrace_ops states
otherwise.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201028115613.291169246@goodmis.org
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201106023547.122802424@goodmis.org

Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Cc: Jiri Kosina <jikos@kernel.org>
Cc: Joe Lawrence <joe.lawrence@redhat.com>
Cc: live-patching@vger.kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Acked-by: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>

ftrace: Introduce PERMANENT ftrace_ops flag

Livepatch uses ftrace for redirection to new patched functions. It means
that if ftrace is disabled, all live patched functions are disabled as
well. Toggling global 'ftrace_enabled' sysctl thus affect it directly.
It is not a problem per se, because only administrator can set sysctl
values, but it still may be surprising.

Introduce PERMANENT ftrace_ops flag to amend this. If the
FTRACE_OPS_FL_PERMANENT is set on any ftrace ops, the tracing cannot be
disabled by disabling ftrace_enabled. Equally, a callback with the flag
set cannot be registered if ftrace_enabled is disabled.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20191016113316.13415-2-mbenes@suse.cz

Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Kamalesh Babulal <kamalesh@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>

treewide: Replace GPLv2 boilerplate/reference with SPDX - rule 13

Based on 2 normalized pattern(s):

this program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify
it under the terms of the gnu general public license as published by
the free software foundation either version 2 of the license or at
your option any later version this program is distributed in the
hope that it will be useful but without any warranty without even
the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular
purpose see the gnu general public license for more details you
should have received a copy of the gnu general public license along
with this program if not see http www gnu org licenses

this program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify
it under the terms of the gnu general public license as published by
the free software foundation either version 2 of the license or at
your option any later version this program is distributed in the
hope that it will be useful but without any warranty without even
the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular
purpose see the gnu general public license for more details [based]
[from] [clk] [highbank] [c] you should have received a copy of the
gnu general public license along with this program if not see http
www gnu org licenses

extracted by the scancode license scanner the SPDX license identifier

GPL-2.0-or-later

has been chosen to replace the boilerplate/reference in 355 file(s).

Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Jilayne Lovejoy <opensource@jilayne.com>
Reviewed-by: Steve Winslow <swinslow@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Allison Randal <allison@lohutok.net>
Cc: linux-spdx@vger.kernel.org
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190519154041.837383322@linutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

livepatch: Remove Nop structures when unused

Replaced patches are removed from the stack when the transition is
finished. It means that Nop structures will never be needed again
and can be removed. Why should we care?

+ Nop structures give the impression that the function is patched
even though the ftrace handler has no effect.

+ Ftrace handlers do not come for free. They cause slowdown that might
be visible in some workloads. The ftrace-related slowdown might
actually be the reason why the function is no longer patched in
the new cumulative patch. One would expect that cumulative patch
would help solve these problems as well.

+ Cumulative patches are supposed to replace any earlier version of
the patch. The amount of NOPs depends on which version was replaced.
This multiplies the amount of scenarios that might happen.

One might say that NOPs are innocent. But there are even optimized
NOP instructions for different processors, for example, see
arch/x86/kernel/alternative.c. And klp_ftrace_handler() is much
more complicated.

+ It sounds natural to clean up a mess that is no longer needed.
It could only be worse if we do not do it.

This patch allows to unpatch and free the dynamic structures independently
when the transition finishes.

The free part is a bit tricky because kobject free callbacks are called
asynchronously. We could not wait for them easily. Fortunately, we do
not have to. Any further access can be avoided by removing them from
the dynamic lists.

Signed-off-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Acked-by: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>

livepatch: Add atomic replace

Sometimes we would like to revert a particular fix. Currently, this
is not easy because we want to keep all other fixes active and we
could revert only the last applied patch.

One solution would be to apply new patch that implemented all
the reverted functions like in the original code. It would work
as expected but there will be unnecessary redirections. In addition,
it would also require knowing which functions need to be reverted at
build time.

Another problem is when there are many patches that touch the same
functions. There might be dependencies between patches that are
not enforced on the kernel side. Also it might be pretty hard to
actually prepare the patch and ensure compatibility with the other
patches.

Atomic replace && cumulative patches:

A better solution would be to create cumulative patch and say that
it replaces all older ones.

This patch adds a new "replace" flag to struct klp_patch. When it is
enabled, a set of 'nop' klp_func will be dynamically created for all
functions that are already being patched but that will no longer be
modified by the new patch. They are used as a new target during
the patch transition.

The idea is to handle Nops' structures like the static ones. When
the dynamic structures are allocated, we initialize all values that
are normally statically defined.

The only exception is "new_func" in struct klp_func. It has to point
to the original function and the address is known only when the object
(module) is loaded. Note that we really need to set it. The address is
used, for example, in klp_check_stack_func().

Nevertheless we still need to distinguish the dynamically allocated
structures in some operations. For this, we add "nop" flag into
struct klp_func and "dynamic" flag into struct klp_object. They
need special handling in the following situations:

+ The structures are added into the lists of objects and functions
immediately. In fact, the lists were created for this purpose.

+ The address of the original function is known only when the patched
object (module) is loaded. Therefore it is copied later in
klp_init_object_loaded().

+ The ftrace handler must not set PC to func->new_func. It would cause
infinite loop because the address points back to the beginning of
the original function.

+ The various free() functions must free the structure itself.

Note that other ways to detect the dynamic structures are not considered
safe. For example, even the statically defined struct klp_object might
include empty funcs array. It might be there just to run some callbacks.

Also note that the safe iterator must be used in the free() functions.
Otherwise already freed structures might get accessed.

Special callbacks handling:

The callbacks from the replaced patches are _not_ called by intention.
It would be pretty hard to define a reasonable semantic and implement it.

It might even be counter-productive. The new patch is cumulative. It is
supposed to include most of the changes from older patches. In most cases,
it will not want to call pre_unpatch() post_unpatch() callbacks from
the replaced patches. It would disable/break things for no good reasons.
Also it should be easier to handle various scenarios in a single script
in the new patch than think about interactions caused by running many
scripts from older patches. Not to say that the old scripts even would
not expect to be called in this situation.

Removing replaced patches:

One nice effect of the cumulative patches is that the code from the
older patches is no longer used. Therefore the replaced patches can
be removed. It has several advantages:

+ Nops' structs will no longer be necessary and might be removed.
This would save memory, restore performance (no ftrace handler),
allow clear view on what is really patched.

+ Disabling the patch will cause using the original code everywhere.
Therefore the livepatch callbacks could handle only one scenario.
Note that the complication is already complex enough when the patch
gets enabled. It is currently solved by calling callbacks only from
the new cumulative patch.

+ The state is clean in both the sysfs interface and lsmod. The modules
with the replaced livepatches might even get removed from the system.

Some people actually expected this behavior from the beginning. After all
a cumulative patch is supposed to "completely" replace an existing one.
It is like when a new version of an application replaces an older one.

This patch does the first step. It removes the replaced patches from
the list of patches. It is safe. The consistency model ensures that
they are no longer used. By other words, each process works only with
the structures from klp_transition_patch.

The removal is done by a special function. It combines actions done by
__disable_patch() and klp_complete_transition(). But it is a fast
track without all the transaction-related stuff.

Signed-off-by: Jason Baron <jbaron@akamai.com>
[pmladek@suse.com: Split, reuse existing code, simplified]
Signed-off-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Cc: Jessica Yu <jeyu@kernel.org>
Cc: Jiri Kosina <jikos@kernel.org>
Cc: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>

livepatch: Change unsigned long old_addr -> void *old_func in struct klp_func

The address of the to be patched function and new function is stored
in struct klp_func as:

void *new_func;
unsigned long old_addr;

The different naming scheme and type are derived from the way
the addresses are set. @old_addr is assigned at runtime using
kallsyms-based search. @new_func is statically initialized,
for example:

static struct klp_func funcs[] = {
{
.old_name = "cmdline_proc_show",
.new_func = livepatch_cmdline_proc_show,
}, { }
};

This patch changes unsigned long old_addr -> void *old_func. It removes
some confusion when these address are later used in the code. It is
motivated by a followup patch that adds special NOP struct klp_func
where we want to assign func->new_func = func->old_addr respectively
func->new_func = func->old_func.

This patch does not modify the existing behavior.

Suggested-by: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Acked-by: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Joe Lawrence <joe.lawrence@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Alice Ferrazzi <alice.ferrazzi@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>

livepatch: Replace synchronize_sched() with synchronize_rcu()

Now that synchronize_rcu() waits for preempt-disable regions of code
as well as RCU read-side critical sections, synchronize_sched() can be
replaced by synchronize_rcu(). This commit therefore makes this change,
even though it is but a comment.

Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.ibm.com>

livepatch: add (un)patch callbacks

Provide livepatch modules a klp_object (un)patching notification
mechanism. Pre and post-(un)patch callbacks allow livepatch modules to
setup or synchronize changes that would be difficult to support in only
patched-or-unpatched code contexts.

Callbacks can be registered for target module or vmlinux klp_objects,
but each implementation is klp_object specific.

- Pre-(un)patch callbacks run before any (un)patching transition
starts.

- Post-(un)patch callbacks run once an object has been (un)patched and
the klp_patch fully transitioned to its target state.

Example use cases include modification of global data and registration
of newly available services/handlers.

See Documentation/livepatch/callbacks.txt for details and
samples/livepatch/ for examples.

Signed-off-by: Joe Lawrence <joe.lawrence@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>

livepatch: Fix stacking of patches with respect to RCU

rcu_read_(un)lock(), list_*_rcu(), and synchronize_rcu() are used for a secure
access and manipulation of the list of patches that modify the same function.
In particular, it is the variable func_stack that is accessible from the ftrace
handler via struct ftrace_ops and klp_ops.

Of course, it synchronizes also some states of the patch on the top of the
stack, e.g. func->transition in klp_ftrace_handler.

At the same time, this mechanism guards also the manipulation of
task->patch_state. It is modified according to the state of the transition and
the state of the process.

Now, all this works well as long as RCU works well. Sadly livepatching might
get into some corner cases when this is not true. For example, RCU is not
watching when rcu_read_lock() is taken in idle threads. It is because they
might sleep and prevent reaching the grace period for too long.

There are ways how to make RCU watching even in idle threads, see
rcu_irq_enter(). But there is a small location inside RCU infrastructure when
even this does not work.

This small problematic location can be detected either before calling
rcu_irq_enter() by rcu_irq_enter_disabled() or later by rcu_is_watching().
Sadly, there is no safe way how to handle it. Once we detect that RCU was not
watching, we might see inconsistent state of the function stack and the related
variables in klp_ftrace_handler(). Then we could do a wrong decision, use an
incompatible implementation of the function and break the consistency of the
system. We could warn but we could not avoid the damage.

Fortunately, ftrace has similar problems and they seem to be solved well there.
It uses a heavy weight implementation of some RCU operations. In particular, it
replaces:

+ rcu_read_lock() with preempt_disable_notrace()
+ rcu_read_unlock() with preempt_enable_notrace()
+ synchronize_rcu() with schedule_on_each_cpu(sync_work)

My understanding is that this is RCU implementation from a stone age. It meets
the core RCU requirements but it is rather ineffective. Especially, it does not
allow to batch or speed up the synchronize calls.

On the other hand, it is very trivial. It allows to safely trace and/or
livepatch even the RCU core infrastructure. And the effectiveness is a not a
big issue because using ftrace or livepatches on productive systems is a rare
operation. The safety is much more important than a negligible extra load.

Note that the alternative implementation follows the RCU principles. Therefore,
we could and actually must use list_*_rcu() variants when manipulating the
func_stack. These functions allow to access the pointers in the right
order and with the right barriers. But they do not use any other
information that would be set only by rcu_read_lock().

Also note that there are actually two problems solved in ftrace:

First, it cares about the consistency of RCU read sections. It is being solved
the way as described and used in this patch.

Second, ftrace needs to make sure that nobody is inside the dynamic trampoline
when it is being freed. For this, it also calls synchronize_rcu_tasks() in
preemptive kernel in ftrace_shutdown().

Livepatch has similar problem but it is solved by ftrace for free.
klp_ftrace_handler() is a good guy and never sleeps. In addition, it is
registered with FTRACE_OPS_FL_DYNAMIC. It causes that
unregister_ftrace_function() calls:

* schedule_on_each_cpu(ftrace_sync) - always
* synchronize_rcu_tasks() - in preemptive kernel

The effect is that nobody is neither inside the dynamic trampoline nor inside
the ftrace handler after unregister_ftrace_function() returns.

[jkosina@suse.cz: reformat changelog, fix comment]
Signed-off-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Acked-by: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>

livepatch: change to a per-task consistency model

Change livepatch to use a basic per-task consistency model. This is the
foundation which will eventually enable us to patch those ~10% of
security patches which change function or data semantics. This is the
biggest remaining piece needed to make livepatch more generally useful.

This code stems from the design proposal made by Vojtech [1] in November
2014. It's a hybrid of kGraft and kpatch: it uses kGraft's per-task
consistency and syscall barrier switching combined with kpatch's stack
trace switching. There are also a number of fallback options which make
it quite flexible.

Patches are applied on a per-task basis, when the task is deemed safe to
switch over. When a patch is enabled, livepatch enters into a
transition state where tasks are converging to the patched state.
Usually this transition state can complete in a few seconds. The same
sequence occurs when a patch is disabled, except the tasks converge from
the patched state to the unpatched state.

An interrupt handler inherits the patched state of the task it
interrupts. The same is true for forked tasks: the child inherits the
patched state of the parent.

Livepatch uses several complementary approaches to determine when it's
safe to patch tasks:

1. The first and most effective approach is stack checking of sleeping
tasks. If no affected functions are on the stack of a given task,
the task is patched. In most cases this will patch most or all of
the tasks on the first try. Otherwise it'll keep trying
periodically. This option is only available if the architecture has
reliable stacks (HAVE_RELIABLE_STACKTRACE).

2. The second approach, if needed, is kernel exit switching. A
task is switched when it returns to user space from a system call, a
user space IRQ, or a signal. It's useful in the following cases:

a) Patching I/O-bound user tasks which are sleeping on an affected
function. In this case you have to send SIGSTOP and SIGCONT to
force it to exit the kernel and be patched.
b) Patching CPU-bound user tasks. If the task is highly CPU-bound
then it will get patched the next time it gets interrupted by an
IRQ.
c) In the future it could be useful for applying patches for
architectures which don't yet have HAVE_RELIABLE_STACKTRACE. In
this case you would have to signal most of the tasks on the
system. However this isn't supported yet because there's
currently no way to patch kthreads without
HAVE_RELIABLE_STACKTRACE.

3. For idle "swapper" tasks, since they don't ever exit the kernel, they
instead have a klp_update_patch_state() call in the idle loop which
allows them to be patched before the CPU enters the idle state.

(Note there's not yet such an approach for kthreads.)

All the above approaches may be skipped by setting the 'immediate' flag
in the 'klp_patch' struct, which will disable per-task consistency and
patch all tasks immediately. This can be useful if the patch doesn't
change any function or data semantics. Note that, even with this flag
set, it's possible that some tasks may still be running with an old
version of the function, until that function returns.

There's also an 'immediate' flag in the 'klp_func' struct which allows
you to specify that certain functions in the patch can be applied
without per-task consistency. This might be useful if you want to patch
a common function like schedule(), and the function change doesn't need
consistency but the rest of the patch does.

For architectures which don't have HAVE_RELIABLE_STACKTRACE, the user
must set patch->immediate which causes all tasks to be patched
immediately. This option should be used with care, only when the patch
doesn't change any function or data semantics.

In the future, architectures which don't have HAVE_RELIABLE_STACKTRACE
may be allowed to use per-task consistency if we can come up with
another way to patch kthreads.

The /sys/kernel/livepatch/<patch>/transition file shows whether a patch
is in transition. Only a single patch (the topmost patch on the stack)
can be in transition at a given time. A patch can remain in transition
indefinitely, if any of the tasks are stuck in the initial patch state.

A transition can be reversed and effectively canceled by writing the
opposite value to the /sys/kernel/livepatch/<patch>/enabled file while
the transition is in progress. Then all the tasks will attempt to
converge back to the original patch state.

[1] https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20141107140458.GA21774@suse.cz

Signed-off-by: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> # for the scheduler changes
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>

livepatch: move patching functions into patch.c

Move functions related to the actual patching of functions and objects
into a new patch.c file.

Signed-off-by: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Kamalesh Babulal <kamalesh@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>