fscrypt: clear keyring before calling key_put()

Now that the key quotas are handled immediately on key_put() instead of
being postponed to the key management garbage collection worker, a call
to keyring_clear() is all that is required in fscrypt_put_master_key()
so that the keyring clean-up is also done synchronously. This patch
should fix the fstest generic/581 flakiness.

Signed-off-by: Luis Henriques <lhenriques@suse.de>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240206101619.8083-1-lhenriques@suse.de
[ebiggers: added comment]
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: update comment for do_remove_key()

Adjust a comment that was missed during commit 15baf55481de
("fscrypt: track master key presence separately from secret").

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20231206002127.14790-1-ebiggers@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: track master key presence separately from secret

Master keys can be in one of three states: present, incompletely
removed, and absent (as per FSCRYPT_KEY_STATUS_* used in the UAPI).
Currently, the way that "present" is distinguished from "incompletely
removed" internally is by whether ->mk_secret exists or not.

With extent-based encryption, it will be necessary to allow per-extent
keys to be derived while the master key is incompletely removed, so that
I/O on open files will reliably continue working after removal of the
key has been initiated. (We could allow I/O to sometimes fail in that
case, but that seems problematic for reasons such as writes getting
silently thrown away and diverging from the existing fscrypt semantics.)
Therefore, when the filesystem is using extent-based encryption,
->mk_secret can't be wiped when the key becomes incompletely removed.

As a prerequisite for doing that, this patch makes the "present" state
be tracked using a new field, ->mk_present. No behavior is changed yet.

The basic idea here is borrowed from Josef Bacik's patch
"fscrypt: use a flag to indicate that the master key is being evicted"
(https://lore.kernel.org/r/e86c16dddc049ff065f877d793ad773e4c6bfad9.1696970227.git.josef@toxicpanda.com).
I reimplemented it using a "present" bool instead of an "evicted" flag,
fixed a couple bugs, and tried to update everything to be consistent.

Note: I considered adding a ->mk_status field instead, holding one of
FSCRYPT_KEY_STATUS_*. At first that seemed nice, but it ended up being
more complex (despite simplifying FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_KEY_STATUS),
since it would have introduced redundancy and had weird locking rules.

Reviewed-by: Neal Gompa <neal@gompa.dev>
Reviewed-by: Josef Bacik <josef@toxicpanda.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20231015061055.62673-1-ebiggers@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: rename fscrypt_info => fscrypt_inode_info

We are going to track per-extent information, so it'll be necessary to
distinguish between inode infos and extent infos. Rename fscrypt_info
to fscrypt_inode_info, adjusting any lines that now exceed 80
characters.

Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <josef@toxicpanda.com>
[ebiggers: rebased onto fscrypt tree, renamed fscrypt_get_info(),
adjusted two comments, and fixed some lines over 80 characters]
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20231005025757.33521-1-ebiggers@kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Neal Gompa <neal@gompa.dev>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: use WARN_ON_ONCE instead of WARN_ON

As per Linus's suggestion
(https://lore.kernel.org/r/CAHk-=whefxRGyNGzCzG6BVeM=5vnvgb-XhSeFJVxJyAxAF8XRA@mail.gmail.com),
use WARN_ON_ONCE instead of WARN_ON. This barely adds any extra
overhead, and it makes it so that if any of these ever becomes reachable
(they shouldn't, but that's the point), the logs can't be flooded.

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230320233943.73600-1-ebiggers@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: check for NULL keyring in fscrypt_put_master_key_activeref()

It is a bug for fscrypt_put_master_key_activeref() to see a NULL
keyring. But it used to be possible due to the bug, now fixed, where
fscrypt_destroy_keyring() was called before security_sb_delete(). To be
consistent with how fscrypt_destroy_keyring() uses WARN_ON for the same
issue, WARN and leak the fscrypt_master_key if the keyring is NULL
instead of dereferencing the NULL pointer.

This is a robustness improvement, not a fix.

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230313221231.272498-4-ebiggers@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: improve fscrypt_destroy_keyring() documentation

Document that fscrypt_destroy_keyring() must be called after all
potentially-encrypted inodes have been evicted.

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230313221231.272498-3-ebiggers@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: clean up fscrypt_add_test_dummy_key()

Now that fscrypt_add_test_dummy_key() is only called by
setup_file_encryption_key() and not by the individual filesystems,
un-export it. Also change its prototype to take the
fscrypt_key_specifier directly, as the caller already has it.

Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230208062107.199831-6-ebiggers@kernel.org

fscrypt: pass super_block to fscrypt_put_master_key_activeref()

As this code confused Linus [1], pass the super_block as an argument to
fscrypt_put_master_key_activeref(). This removes the need to have the
back-pointer ->mk_sb, so remove that.

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-fscrypt/CAHk-=wgud4Bc_um+htgfagYpZAnOoCb3NUoW67hc9LhOKsMtJg@mail.gmail.com

Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20221110082942.351615-1-ebiggers@kernel.org

fscrypt: fix keyring memory leak on mount failure

Commit d7e7b9af104c ("fscrypt: stop using keyrings subsystem for
fscrypt_master_key") moved the keyring destruction from __put_super() to
generic_shutdown_super() so that the filesystem's block device(s) are
still available. Unfortunately, this causes a memory leak in the case
where a mount is attempted with the test_dummy_encryption mount option,
but the mount fails after the option has already been processed.

To fix this, attempt the keyring destruction in both places.

Reported-by: syzbot+104c2a89561289cec13e@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
Fixes: d7e7b9af104c ("fscrypt: stop using keyrings subsystem for fscrypt_master_key")
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Christian Brauner (Microsoft) <brauner@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20221011213838.209879-1-ebiggers@kernel.org

fscrypt: stop holding extra request_queue references

Now that the fscrypt_master_key lifetime has been reworked to not be
subject to the quirks of the keyrings subsystem, blk_crypto_evict_key()
no longer gets called after the filesystem has already been unmounted.
Therefore, there is no longer any need to hold extra references to the
filesystem's request_queue(s). (And these references didn't always do
their intended job anyway, as pinning a request_queue doesn't
necessarily pin the corresponding blk_crypto_profile.)

Stop taking these extra references. Instead, just pass the super_block
to fscrypt_destroy_inline_crypt_key(), and use it to get the list of
block devices the key needs to be evicted from.

Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220901193208.138056-3-ebiggers@kernel.org

fscrypt: stop using keyrings subsystem for fscrypt_master_key

The approach of fs/crypto/ internally managing the fscrypt_master_key
structs as the payloads of "struct key" objects contained in a
"struct key" keyring has outlived its usefulness. The original idea was
to simplify the code by reusing code from the keyrings subsystem.
However, several issues have arisen that can't easily be resolved:

- When a master key struct is destroyed, blk_crypto_evict_key() must be
called on any per-mode keys embedded in it. (This started being the
case when inline encryption support was added.) Yet, the keyrings
subsystem can arbitrarily delay the destruction of keys, even past the
time the filesystem was unmounted. Therefore, currently there is no
easy way to call blk_crypto_evict_key() when a master key is
destroyed. Currently, this is worked around by holding an extra
reference to the filesystem's request_queue(s). But it was overlooked
that the request_queue reference is *not* guaranteed to pin the
corresponding blk_crypto_profile too; for device-mapper devices that
support inline crypto, it doesn't. This can cause a use-after-free.

- When the last inode that was using an incompletely-removed master key
is evicted, the master key removal is completed by removing the key
struct from the keyring. Currently this is done via key_invalidate().
Yet, key_invalidate() takes the key semaphore. This can deadlock when
called from the shrinker, since in fscrypt_ioctl_add_key(), memory is
allocated with GFP_KERNEL under the same semaphore.

- More generally, the fact that the keyrings subsystem can arbitrarily
delay the destruction of keys (via garbage collection delay, or via
random processes getting temporary key references) is undesirable, as
it means we can't strictly guarantee that all secrets are ever wiped.

- Doing the master key lookups via the keyrings subsystem results in the
key_permission LSM hook being called. fscrypt doesn't want this, as
all access control for encrypted files is designed to happen via the
files themselves, like any other files. The workaround which SELinux
users are using is to change their SELinux policy to grant key search
access to all domains. This works, but it is an odd extra step that
shouldn't really have to be done.

The fix for all these issues is to change the implementation to what I
should have done originally: don't use the keyrings subsystem to keep
track of the filesystem's fscrypt_master_key structs. Instead, just
store them in a regular kernel data structure, and rework the reference
counting, locking, and lifetime accordingly. Retain support for
RCU-mode key lookups by using a hash table. Replace fscrypt_sb_free()
with fscrypt_sb_delete(), which releases the keys synchronously and runs
a bit earlier during unmount, so that block devices are still available.

A side effect of this patch is that neither the master keys themselves
nor the filesystem keyrings will be listed in /proc/keys anymore.
("Master key users" and the master key users keyrings will still be
listed.) However, this was mostly an implementation detail, and it was
intended just for debugging purposes. I don't know of anyone using it.

This patch does *not* change how "master key users" (->mk_users) works;
that still uses the keyrings subsystem. That is still needed for key
quotas, and changing that isn't necessary to solve the issues listed
above. If we decide to change that too, it would be a separate patch.

I've marked this as fixing the original commit that added the fscrypt
keyring, but as noted above the most important issue that this patch
fixes wasn't introduced until the addition of inline encryption support.

Fixes: 22d94f493bfb ("fscrypt: add FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY ioctl")
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220901193208.138056-2-ebiggers@kernel.org

fscrypt: add new helper functions for test_dummy_encryption

Unfortunately the design of fscrypt_set_test_dummy_encryption() doesn't
work properly for the new mount API, as it combines too many steps into
one function:

- Parse the argument to test_dummy_encryption
- Check the setting against the filesystem instance
- Apply the setting to the filesystem instance

The new mount API has split these into separate steps. ext4 partially
worked around this by duplicating some of the logic, but it still had
some bugs. To address this, add some new helper functions that split up
the steps of fscrypt_set_test_dummy_encryption():

- fscrypt_parse_test_dummy_encryption()
- fscrypt_dummy_policies_equal()
- fscrypt_add_test_dummy_key()

While we're add it, also add a function fscrypt_is_dummy_policy_set()
which will be useful to avoid some #ifdef's.

Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220501050857.538984-5-ebiggers@kernel.org

fscrypt: simplify master key locking

The stated reasons for separating fscrypt_master_key::mk_secret_sem from
the standard semaphore contained in every 'struct key' no longer apply.

First, due to commit a992b20cd4ee ("fscrypt: add
fscrypt_prepare_new_inode() and fscrypt_set_context()"),
fscrypt_get_encryption_info() is no longer called from within a
filesystem transaction.

Second, due to commit d3ec10aa9581 ("KEYS: Don't write out to userspace
while holding key semaphore"), the semaphore for the "keyring" key type
no longer ranks above page faults.

That leaves performance as the only possible reason to keep the separate
mk_secret_sem. Specifically, having mk_secret_sem reduces the
contention between setup_file_encryption_key() and
FS_IOC_{ADD,REMOVE}_ENCRYPTION_KEY. However, these ioctls aren't
executed often, so this doesn't seem to be worth the extra complexity.

Therefore, simplify the locking design by just using key->sem instead of
mk_secret_sem.

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20201117032626.320275-1-ebiggers@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: remove kernel-internal constants from UAPI header

There isn't really any valid reason to use __FSCRYPT_MODE_MAX or
FSCRYPT_POLICY_FLAGS_VALID in a userspace program. These constants are
only meant to be used by the kernel internally, and they are defined in
the UAPI header next to the mode numbers and flags only so that kernel
developers don't forget to update them when adding new modes or flags.

In https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201005074133.1958633-2-satyat@google.com
there was an example of someone wanting to use __FSCRYPT_MODE_MAX in a
user program, and it was wrong because the program would have broken if
__FSCRYPT_MODE_MAX were ever increased. So having this definition
available is harmful. FSCRYPT_POLICY_FLAGS_VALID has the same problem.

So, remove these definitions from the UAPI header. Replace
FSCRYPT_POLICY_FLAGS_VALID with just listing the valid flags explicitly
in the one kernel function that needs it. Move __FSCRYPT_MODE_MAX to
fscrypt_private.h, remove the double underscores (which were only
present to discourage use by userspace), and add a BUILD_BUG_ON() and
comments to (hopefully) ensure it is kept in sync.

Keep the old name FS_POLICY_FLAGS_VALID, since it's been around for
longer and there's a greater chance that removing it would break source
compatibility with some program. Indeed, mtd-utils is using it in
an #ifdef, and removing it would introduce compiler warnings (about
FS_POLICY_FLAGS_PAD_* being redefined) into the mtd-utils build.
However, reduce its value to 0x07 so that it only includes the flags
with old names (the ones present before Linux 5.4), and try to make it
clear that it's now "frozen" and no new flags should be added to it.

Fixes: 2336d0deb2d4 ("fscrypt: use FSCRYPT_ prefix for uapi constants")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # v5.4+
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20201024005132.495952-1-ebiggers@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: adjust logging for in-creation inodes

Now that a fscrypt_info may be set up for inodes that are currently
being created and haven't yet had an inode number assigned, avoid
logging confusing messages about "inode 0".

Acked-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200917041136.178600-7-ebiggers@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

mm, treewide: rename kzfree() to kfree_sensitive()

As said by Linus:

A symmetric naming is only helpful if it implies symmetries in use.
Otherwise it's actively misleading.

In "kzalloc()", the z is meaningful and an important part of what the
caller wants.

In "kzfree()", the z is actively detrimental, because maybe in the
future we really _might_ want to use that "memfill(0xdeadbeef)" or
something. The "zero" part of the interface isn't even _relevant_.

The main reason that kzfree() exists is to clear sensitive information
that should not be leaked to other future users of the same memory
objects.

Rename kzfree() to kfree_sensitive() to follow the example of the recently
added kvfree_sensitive() and make the intention of the API more explicit.
In addition, memzero_explicit() is used to clear the memory to make sure
that it won't get optimized away by the compiler.

The renaming is done by using the command sequence:

git grep -w --name-only kzfree |\
xargs sed -i 's/kzfree/kfree_sensitive/'

followed by some editing of the kfree_sensitive() kerneldoc and adding
a kzfree backward compatibility macro in slab.h.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fs/crypto/inline_crypt.c needs linux/slab.h]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix fs/crypto/inline_crypt.c some more]

Suggested-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Jarkko Sakkinen <jarkko.sakkinen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Cc: "Serge E. Hallyn" <serge@hallyn.com>
Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
Cc: "Jason A . Donenfeld" <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200616154311.12314-3-longman@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

fscrypt: use smp_load_acquire() for ->s_master_keys

Normally smp_store_release() or cmpxchg_release() is paired with
smp_load_acquire(). Sometimes smp_load_acquire() can be replaced with
the more lightweight READ_ONCE(). However, for this to be safe, all the
published memory must only be accessed in a way that involves the
pointer itself. This may not be the case if allocating the object also
involves initializing a static or global variable, for example.

super_block::s_master_keys is a keyring, which is internal to and is
allocated by the keyrings subsystem. By using READ_ONCE() for it, we're
relying on internal implementation details of the keyrings subsystem.

Remove this fragile assumption by using smp_load_acquire() instead.

(Note: I haven't seen any real-world problems here. This change is just
fixing the code to be guaranteed correct and less fragile.)

Fixes: 22d94f493bfb ("fscrypt: add FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY ioctl")
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200721225920.114347-4-ebiggers@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: add inline encryption support

Add support for inline encryption to fs/crypto/. With "inline
encryption", the block layer handles the decryption/encryption as part
of the bio, instead of the filesystem doing the crypto itself via
Linux's crypto API. This model is needed in order to take advantage of
the inline encryption hardware present on most modern mobile SoCs.

To use inline encryption, the filesystem needs to be mounted with
'-o inlinecrypt'. Blk-crypto will then be used instead of the traditional
filesystem-layer crypto whenever possible to encrypt the contents
of any encrypted files in that filesystem. Fscrypt still provides the key
and IV to use, and the actual ciphertext on-disk is still the same;
therefore it's testable using the existing fscrypt ciphertext verification
tests.

Note that since blk-crypto has a fallback to Linux's crypto API, and
also supports all the encryption modes currently supported by fscrypt,
this feature is usable and testable even without actual inline
encryption hardware.

Per-filesystem changes will be needed to set encryption contexts when
submitting bios and to implement the 'inlinecrypt' mount option. This
patch just adds the common code.

Signed-off-by: Satya Tangirala <satyat@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200702015607.1215430-3-satyat@google.com
Co-developed-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: add support for IV_INO_LBLK_32 policies

The eMMC inline crypto standard will only specify 32 DUN bits (a.k.a. IV
bits), unlike UFS's 64. IV_INO_LBLK_64 is therefore not applicable, but
an encryption format which uses one key per policy and permits the
moving of encrypted file contents (as f2fs's garbage collector requires)
is still desirable.

To support such hardware, add a new encryption format IV_INO_LBLK_32
that makes the best use of the 32 bits: the IV is set to
'SipHash-2-4(inode_number) + file_logical_block_number mod 2^32', where
the SipHash key is derived from the fscrypt master key. We hash only
the inode number and not also the block number, because we need to
maintain contiguity of DUNs to merge bios.

Unlike with IV_INO_LBLK_64, with this format IV reuse is possible; this
is unavoidable given the size of the DUN. This means this format should
only be used where the requirements of the first paragraph apply.
However, the hash spreads out the IVs in the whole usable range, and the
use of a keyed hash makes it difficult for an attacker to determine
which files use which IVs.

Besides the above differences, this flag works like IV_INO_LBLK_64 in
that on ext4 it is only allowed if the stable_inodes feature has been
enabled to prevent inode numbers and the filesystem UUID from changing.

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200515204141.251098-1-ebiggers@kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Reviewed-by: Paul Crowley <paulcrowley@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: add fscrypt_add_test_dummy_key()

Currently, the test_dummy_encryption mount option (which is used for
encryption I/O testing with xfstests) uses v1 encryption policies, and
it relies on userspace inserting a test key into the session keyring.

We need test_dummy_encryption to support v2 encryption policies too.
Requiring userspace to add the test key doesn't work well with v2
policies, since v2 policies only support the filesystem keyring (not the
session keyring), and keys in the filesystem keyring are lost when the
filesystem is unmounted. Hooking all test code that unmounts and
re-mounts the filesystem would be difficult.

Instead, let's make the filesystem automatically add the test key to its
keyring when test_dummy_encryption is enabled.

That puts the responsibility for choosing the test key on the kernel.
We could just hard-code a key. But out of paranoia, let's first try
using a per-boot random key, to prevent this code from being misused.
A per-boot key will work as long as no one expects dummy-encrypted files
to remain accessible after a reboot. (gce-xfstests doesn't.)

Therefore, this patch adds a function fscrypt_add_test_dummy_key() which
implements the above. The next patch will use it.

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200512233251.118314-3-ebiggers@kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Reviewed-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: don't print name of busy file when removing key

When an encryption key can't be fully removed due to file(s) protected
by it still being in-use, we shouldn't really print the path to one of
these files to the kernel log, since parts of this path are likely to be
encrypted on-disk, and (depending on how the system is set up) the
confidentiality of this path might be lost by printing it to the log.

This is a trade-off: a single file path often doesn't matter at all,
especially if it's a directory; the kernel log might still be protected
in some way; and I had originally hoped that any "inode(s) still busy"
bugs (which are security weaknesses in their own right) would be quickly
fixed and that to do so it would be super helpful to always know the
file path and not have to run 'find dir -inum $inum' after the fact.

But in practice, these bugs can be hard to fix (e.g. due to asynchronous
process killing that is difficult to eliminate, for performance
reasons), and also not tied to specific files, so knowing a file path
doesn't necessarily help.

So to be safe, for now let's just show the inode number, not the path.
If someone really wants to know a path they can use 'find -inum'.

Fixes: b1c0ec3599f4 ("fscrypt: add FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY ioctl")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # v5.4+
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200120060732.390362-1-ebiggers@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: support passing a keyring key to FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY

Extend the FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY ioctl to allow the raw key to be
specified by a Linux keyring key, rather than specified directly.

This is useful because fscrypt keys belong to a particular filesystem
instance, so they are destroyed when that filesystem is unmounted.
Usually this is desired. But in some cases, userspace may need to
unmount and re-mount the filesystem while keeping the keys, e.g. during
a system update. This requires keeping the keys somewhere else too.

The keys could be kept in memory in a userspace daemon. But depending
on the security architecture and assumptions, it can be preferable to
keep them only in kernel memory, where they are unreadable by userspace.

We also can't solve this by going back to the original fscrypt API
(where for each file, the master key was looked up in the process's
keyring hierarchy) because that caused lots of problems of its own.

Therefore, add the ability for FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY to accept a
Linux keyring key. This solves the problem by allowing userspace to (if
needed) save the keys securely in a Linux keyring for re-provisioning,
while still using the new fscrypt key management ioctls.

This is analogous to how dm-crypt accepts a Linux keyring key, but the
key is then stored internally in the dm-crypt data structures rather
than being looked up again each time the dm-crypt device is accessed.

Use a custom key type "fscrypt-provisioning" rather than one of the
existing key types such as "logon". This is strongly desired because it
enforces that these keys are only usable for a particular purpose: for
fscrypt as input to a particular KDF. Otherwise, the keys could also be
passed to any kernel API that accepts a "logon" key with any service
prefix, e.g. dm-crypt, UBIFS, or (recently proposed) AF_ALG. This would
risk leaking information about the raw key despite it ostensibly being
unreadable. Of course, this mistake has already been made for multiple
kernel APIs; but since this is a new API, let's do it right.

This patch has been tested using an xfstest which I wrote to test it.

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20191119222447.226853-1-ebiggers@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

treewide: Use sizeof_field() macro

Replace all the occurrences of FIELD_SIZEOF() with sizeof_field() except
at places where these are defined. Later patches will remove the unused
definition of FIELD_SIZEOF().

This patch is generated using following script:

EXCLUDE_FILES="include/linux/stddef.h|include/linux/kernel.h"

git grep -l -e "\bFIELD_SIZEOF\b" | while read file;
do

if [[ "$file" =~ $EXCLUDE_FILES ]]; then
continue
fi
sed -i -e 's/\bFIELD_SIZEOF\b/sizeof_field/g' $file;
done

Signed-off-by: Pankaj Bharadiya <pankaj.laxminarayan.bharadiya@intel.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20190924105839.110713-3-pankaj.laxminarayan.bharadiya@intel.com
Co-developed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net> # for net

fscrypt: add support for IV_INO_LBLK_64 policies

Inline encryption hardware compliant with the UFS v2.1 standard or with
the upcoming version of the eMMC standard has the following properties:

(1) Per I/O request, the encryption key is specified by a previously
loaded keyslot. There might be only a small number of keyslots.

(2) Per I/O request, the starting IV is specified by a 64-bit "data unit
number" (DUN). IV bits 64-127 are assumed to be 0. The hardware
automatically increments the DUN for each "data unit" of
configurable size in the request, e.g. for each filesystem block.

Property (1) makes it inefficient to use the traditional fscrypt
per-file keys. Property (2) precludes the use of the existing
DIRECT_KEY fscrypt policy flag, which needs at least 192 IV bits.

Therefore, add a new fscrypt policy flag IV_INO_LBLK_64 which causes the
encryption to modified as follows:

- The encryption keys are derived from the master key, encryption mode
number, and filesystem UUID.

- The IVs are chosen as (inode_number << 32) | file_logical_block_num.
For filenames encryption, file_logical_block_num is 0.

Since the file nonces aren't used in the key derivation, many files may
share the same encryption key. This is much more efficient on the
target hardware. Including the inode number in the IVs and mixing the
filesystem UUID into the keys ensures that data in different files is
nevertheless still encrypted differently.

Additionally, limiting the inode and block numbers to 32 bits and
placing the block number in the low bits maintains compatibility with
the 64-bit DUN convention (property (2) above).

Since this scheme assumes that inode numbers are stable (which may
preclude filesystem shrinking) and that inode and file logical block
numbers are at most 32-bit, IV_INO_LBLK_64 will only be allowed on
filesystems that meet these constraints. These are acceptable
limitations for the cases where this format would actually be used.

Note that IV_INO_LBLK_64 is an on-disk format, not an implementation.
This patch just adds support for it using the existing filesystem layer
encryption. A later patch will add support for inline encryption.

Reviewed-by: Paul Crowley <paulcrowley@google.com>
Co-developed-by: Satya Tangirala <satyat@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Satya Tangirala <satyat@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: require that key be added when setting a v2 encryption policy

By looking up the master keys in a filesystem-level keyring rather than
in the calling processes' key hierarchy, it becomes possible for a user
to set an encryption policy which refers to some key they don't actually
know, then encrypt their files using that key. Cryptographically this
isn't much of a problem, but the semantics of this would be a bit weird.
Thus, enforce that a v2 encryption policy can only be set if the user
has previously added the key, or has capable(CAP_FOWNER).

We tolerate that this problem will continue to exist for v1 encryption
policies, however; there is no way around that.

Reviewed-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: add FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY_ALL_USERS ioctl

Add a root-only variant of the FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY ioctl which
removes all users' claims of the key, not just the current user's claim.
I.e., it always removes the key itself, no matter how many users have
added it.

This is useful for forcing a directory to be locked, without having to
figure out which user ID(s) the key was added under. This is planned to
be used by a command like 'sudo fscrypt lock DIR --all-users' in the
fscrypt userspace tool (http://github.com/google/fscrypt).

Reviewed-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: allow unprivileged users to add/remove keys for v2 policies

Allow the FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY and FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY
ioctls to be used by non-root users to add and remove encryption keys
from the filesystem-level crypto keyrings, subject to limitations.

Motivation: while privileged fscrypt key management is sufficient for
some users (e.g. Android and Chromium OS, where a privileged process
manages all keys), the old API by design also allows non-root users to
set up and use encrypted directories, and we don't want to regress on
that. Especially, we don't want to force users to continue using the
old API, running into the visibility mismatch between files and keyrings
and being unable to "lock" encrypted directories.

Intuitively, the ioctls have to be privileged since they manipulate
filesystem-level state. However, it's actually safe to make them
unprivileged if we very carefully enforce some specific limitations.

First, each key must be identified by a cryptographic hash so that a
user can't add the wrong key for another user's files. For v2
encryption policies, we use the key_identifier for this. v1 policies
don't have this, so managing keys for them remains privileged.

Second, each key a user adds is charged to their quota for the keyrings
service. Thus, a user can't exhaust memory by adding a huge number of
keys. By default each non-root user is allowed up to 200 keys; this can
be changed using the existing sysctl 'kernel.keys.maxkeys'.

Third, if multiple users add the same key, we keep track of those users
of the key (of which there remains a single copy), and won't really
remove the key, i.e. "lock" the encrypted files, until all those users
have removed it. This prevents denial of service attacks that would be
possible under simpler schemes, such allowing the first user who added a
key to remove it -- since that could be a malicious user who has
compromised the key. Of course, encryption keys should be kept secret,
but the idea is that using encryption should never be *less* secure than
not using encryption, even if your key was compromised.

We tolerate that a user will be unable to really remove a key, i.e.
unable to "lock" their encrypted files, if another user has added the
same key. But in a sense, this is actually a good thing because it will
avoid providing a false notion of security where a key appears to have
been removed when actually it's still in memory, available to any
attacker who compromises the operating system kernel.

Reviewed-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: v2 encryption policy support

Add a new fscrypt policy version, "v2". It has the following changes
from the original policy version, which we call "v1" (*):

- Master keys (the user-provided encryption keys) are only ever used as
input to HKDF-SHA512. This is more flexible and less error-prone, and
it avoids the quirks and limitations of the AES-128-ECB based KDF.
Three classes of cryptographically isolated subkeys are defined:

- Per-file keys, like used in v1 policies except for the new KDF.

- Per-mode keys. These implement the semantics of the DIRECT_KEY
flag, which for v1 policies made the master key be used directly.
These are also planned to be used for inline encryption when
support for it is added.

- Key identifiers (see below).

- Each master key is identified by a 16-byte master_key_identifier,
which is derived from the key itself using HKDF-SHA512. This prevents
users from associating the wrong key with an encrypted file or
directory. This was easily possible with v1 policies, which
identified the key by an arbitrary 8-byte master_key_descriptor.

- The key must be provided in the filesystem-level keyring, not in a
process-subscribed keyring.

The following UAPI additions are made:

- The existing ioctl FS_IOC_SET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY can now be passed a
fscrypt_policy_v2 to set a v2 encryption policy. It's disambiguated
from fscrypt_policy/fscrypt_policy_v1 by the version code prefix.

- A new ioctl FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY_EX is added. It allows
getting the v1 or v2 encryption policy of an encrypted file or
directory. The existing FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY ioctl could not
be used because it did not have a way for userspace to indicate which
policy structure is expected. The new ioctl includes a size field, so
it is extensible to future fscrypt policy versions.

- The ioctls FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY, FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY,
and FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_KEY_STATUS now support managing keys for v2
encryption policies. Such keys are kept logically separate from keys
for v1 encryption policies, and are identified by 'identifier' rather
than by 'descriptor'. The 'identifier' need not be provided when
adding a key, since the kernel will calculate it anyway.

This patch temporarily keeps adding/removing v2 policy keys behind the
same permission check done for adding/removing v1 policy keys:
capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN). However, the next patch will carefully take
advantage of the cryptographically secure master_key_identifier to allow
non-root users to add/remove v2 policy keys, thus providing a full
replacement for v1 policies.

(*) Actually, in the API fscrypt_policy::version is 0 while on-disk
fscrypt_context::format is 1. But I believe it makes the most sense
to advance both to '2' to have them be in sync, and to consider the
numbering to start at 1 except for the API quirk.

Reviewed-by: Paul Crowley <paulcrowley@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: add FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_KEY_STATUS ioctl

Add a new fscrypt ioctl, FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_KEY_STATUS. Given a key
specified by 'struct fscrypt_key_specifier' (the same way a key is
specified for the other fscrypt key management ioctls), it returns
status information in a 'struct fscrypt_get_key_status_arg'.

The main motivation for this is that applications need to be able to
check whether an encrypted directory is "unlocked" or not, so that they
can add the key if it is not, and avoid adding the key (which may
involve prompting the user for a passphrase) if it already is.

It's possible to use some workarounds such as checking whether opening a
regular file fails with ENOKEY, or checking whether the filenames "look
like gibberish" or not. However, no workaround is usable in all cases.

Like the other key management ioctls, the keyrings syscalls may seem at
first to be a good fit for this. Unfortunately, they are not. Even if
we exposed the keyring ID of the ->s_master_keys keyring and gave
everyone Search permission on it (note: currently the keyrings
permission system would also allow everyone to "invalidate" the keyring
too), the fscrypt keys have an additional state that doesn't map cleanly
to the keyrings API: the secret can be removed, but we can be still
tracking the files that were using the key, and the removal can be
re-attempted or the secret added again.

After later patches, some applications will also need a way to determine
whether a key was added by the current user vs. by some other user.
Reserved fields are included in fscrypt_get_key_status_arg for this and
other future extensions.

Reviewed-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: add FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY ioctl

Add a new fscrypt ioctl, FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY. This ioctl
removes an encryption key that was added by FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY.
It wipes the secret key itself, then "locks" the encrypted files and
directories that had been unlocked using that key -- implemented by
evicting the relevant dentries and inodes from the VFS caches.

The problem this solves is that many fscrypt users want the ability to
remove encryption keys, causing the corresponding encrypted directories
to appear "locked" (presented in ciphertext form) again. Moreover,
users want removing an encryption key to *really* remove it, in the
sense that the removed keys cannot be recovered even if kernel memory is
compromised, e.g. by the exploit of a kernel security vulnerability or
by a physical attack. This is desirable after a user logs out of the
system, for example. In many cases users even already assume this to be
the case and are surprised to hear when it's not.

It is not sufficient to simply unlink the master key from the keyring
(or to revoke or invalidate it), since the actual encryption transform
objects are still pinned in memory by their inodes. Therefore, to
really remove a key we must also evict the relevant inodes.

Currently one workaround is to run 'sync && echo 2 >
/proc/sys/vm/drop_caches'. But, that evicts all unused inodes in the
system rather than just the inodes associated with the key being
removed, causing severe performance problems. Moreover, it requires
root privileges, so regular users can't "lock" their encrypted files.

Another workaround, used in Chromium OS kernels, is to add a new
VFS-level ioctl FS_IOC_DROP_CACHE which is a more restricted version of
drop_caches that operates on a single super_block. It does:

shrink_dcache_sb(sb);
invalidate_inodes(sb, false);

But it's still a hack. Yet, the major users of filesystem encryption
want this feature badly enough that they are actually using these hacks.

To properly solve the problem, start maintaining a list of the inodes
which have been "unlocked" using each master key. Originally this
wasn't possible because the kernel didn't keep track of in-use master
keys at all. But, with the ->s_master_keys keyring it is now possible.

Then, add an ioctl FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY. It finds the specified
master key in ->s_master_keys, then wipes the secret key itself, which
prevents any additional inodes from being unlocked with the key. Then,
it syncs the filesystem and evicts the inodes in the key's list. The
normal inode eviction code will free and wipe the per-file keys (in
->i_crypt_info). Note that freeing ->i_crypt_info without evicting the
inodes was also considered, but would have been racy.

Some inodes may still be in use when a master key is removed, and we
can't simply revoke random file descriptors, mmap's, etc. Thus, the
ioctl simply skips in-use inodes, and returns -EBUSY to indicate that
some inodes weren't evicted. The master key *secret* is still removed,
but the fscrypt_master_key struct remains to keep track of the remaining
inodes. Userspace can then retry the ioctl to evict the remaining
inodes. Alternatively, if userspace adds the key again, the refreshed
secret will be associated with the existing list of inodes so they
remain correctly tracked for future key removals.

The ioctl doesn't wipe pagecache pages. Thus, we tolerate that after a
kernel compromise some portions of plaintext file contents may still be
recoverable from memory. This can be solved by enabling page poisoning
system-wide, which security conscious users may choose to do. But it's
very difficult to solve otherwise, e.g. note that plaintext file
contents may have been read in other places than pagecache pages.

Like FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY, FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY is
initially restricted to privileged users only. This is sufficient for
some use cases, but not all. A later patch will relax this restriction,
but it will require introducing key hashes, among other changes.

Reviewed-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt: add FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY ioctl

Add a new fscrypt ioctl, FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY. This ioctl adds an
encryption key to the filesystem's fscrypt keyring ->s_master_keys,
making any files encrypted with that key appear "unlocked".

Why we need this
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The main problem is that the "locked/unlocked" (ciphertext/plaintext)
status of encrypted files is global, but the fscrypt keys are not.
fscrypt only looks for keys in the keyring(s) the process accessing the
filesystem is subscribed to: the thread keyring, process keyring, and
session keyring, where the session keyring may contain the user keyring.

Therefore, userspace has to put fscrypt keys in the keyrings for
individual users or sessions. But this means that when a process with a
different keyring tries to access encrypted files, whether they appear
"unlocked" or not is nondeterministic. This is because it depends on
whether the files are currently present in the inode cache.

Fixing this by consistently providing each process its own view of the
filesystem depending on whether it has the key or not isn't feasible due
to how the VFS caches work. Furthermore, while sometimes users expect
this behavior, it is misguided for two reasons. First, it would be an
OS-level access control mechanism largely redundant with existing access
control mechanisms such as UNIX file permissions, ACLs, LSMs, etc.
Encryption is actually for protecting the data at rest.

Second, almost all users of fscrypt actually do need the keys to be
global. The largest users of fscrypt, Android and Chromium OS, achieve
this by having PID 1 create a "session keyring" that is inherited by
every process. This works, but it isn't scalable because it prevents
session keyrings from being used for any other purpose.

On general-purpose Linux distros, the 'fscrypt' userspace tool [1] can't
similarly abuse the session keyring, so to make 'sudo' work on all
systems it has to link all the user keyrings into root's user keyring
[2]. This is ugly and raises security concerns. Moreover it can't make
the keys available to system services, such as sshd trying to access the
user's '~/.ssh' directory (see [3], [4]) or NetworkManager trying to
read certificates from the user's home directory (see [5]); or to Docker
containers (see [6], [7]).

By having an API to add a key to the *filesystem* we'll be able to fix
the above bugs, remove userspace workarounds, and clearly express the
intended semantics: the locked/unlocked status of an encrypted directory
is global, and encryption is orthogonal to OS-level access control.

Why not use the add_key() syscall
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

We use an ioctl for this API rather than the existing add_key() system
call because the ioctl gives us the flexibility needed to implement
fscrypt-specific semantics that will be introduced in later patches:

- Supporting key removal with the semantics such that the secret is
removed immediately and any unused inodes using the key are evicted;
also, the eviction of any in-use inodes can be retried.

- Calculating a key-dependent cryptographic identifier and returning it
to userspace.

- Allowing keys to be added and removed by non-root users, but only keys
for v2 encryption policies; and to prevent denial-of-service attacks,
users can only remove keys they themselves have added, and a key is
only really removed after all users who added it have removed it.

Trying to shoehorn these semantics into the keyrings syscalls would be
very difficult, whereas the ioctls make things much easier.

However, to reuse code the implementation still uses the keyrings
service internally. Thus we get lockless RCU-mode key lookups without
having to re-implement it, and the keys automatically show up in
/proc/keys for debugging purposes.

References:

[1] https://github.com/google/fscrypt
[2] https://goo.gl/55cCrI#heading=h.vf09isp98isb
[3] https://github.com/google/fscrypt/issues/111#issuecomment-444347939
[4] https://github.com/google/fscrypt/issues/116
[5] https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/fscrypt/+bug/1770715
[6] https://github.com/google/fscrypt/issues/128
[7] https://askubuntu.com/questions/1130306/cannot-run-docker-on-an-encrypted-filesystem

Reviewed-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>