MFC of 332264, 332266, 332415:

Check for errors in libufs getino() and gracefully fail descriptor
upgrade request in ufs_disk_write().

Revert r330897:

This was intended to be a non-functional change. It wasn't. The commit
message was thus wrong. In addition it broke arm, and merged crypto
related code.

Revert with prejudice.

This revert skips files touched in r316370 since that commit was since
MFCed. This revert also skips files that require $FreeBSD$ property
changes.

Thank you to those who helped me get out of this mess including but not
limited to gonzo, kevans, rgrimes.

Requested by: gjb (re)

Partial merge of the SPDX changes

These changes are incomplete but are making it difficult
to determine what other changes can/should be merged.

No objections from: pfg

Copy head@r302406 to stable/11 as part of the 11.0-RELEASE cycle.
Prune svn:mergeinfo from the new branch, as nothing has been merged
here.

Additional commits post-branch will follow.

Approved by: re (implicit)
Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation

- Merge soft-updates journaling from projects/suj/head into head. This
brings in support for an optional intent log which eliminates the need
for background fsck on unclean shutdown.

Sponsored by: iXsystems, Yahoo!, and Juniper.
With help from: McKusick and Peter Holm

Correct an apparent typo.

PR: bin/53515
Submitted by: Lukas Ertl <l.ertl@univie.ac.at>
Approved by: jmallett

Reduce diffs with code in Perforce:
Parenthesise return values.

Nuke dumb error reporting code, people can just use disk::d_error. Unify the
DEBUG and d_error initialisation into an ERROR macro, which can both trace and
set the d_error field. Much a more meaningful thing, I should say.

Fill out (zero) and fill in (when doing getino()) the minimum and maximum
inodes in our inoblock (disk->d_ino{min,max}) appropriately.

In getino, have our DEBUG message in the unhandled case mention that it
does not know what sort of UFS filesystem this is.

Add some DEBUG(NULL)'s to function entry points.

Add libufs, a library for dealing with UFS filesystems from userland to
the build. It is here to compartmentalise functionality currently duplicated
in many notable programs in the base system. It currently handles block
reads and writes, as well as reading and writing of the filesystem superblock,
and the reading/lookup of inode data. It supports both UFS and UFS2. I
will be maintaining it, and porting programs to use it, however for now, it
is simply being built as part of world.