Copy head (r256279) to stable/10 as part of the 10.0-RELEASE cycle.

Approved by: re (implicit)
Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation

Remove hacks to allow libkse to export its symbols in the LIBTHREAD_1_0
version namespace which was needed before the library version was
bumped.

WARNS=3'ify.

Repo copy libpthreads to libkse.
This introduces the WITHOUT_LIBKSE nob,
and changes WITHOUT_LIBPTHREADS to mean with neither threading libs.
Approved by: re(kensmith)

Remove 3rd clause, renumber, ok per email

o Remove a cruft prevented libpthread sigaction(2) wrapper to
do its work for SIGINFO. Always install libpthread signal handler
wrapper for SIGINFO even if user SIG_IGN's or SIG_DFL's it.

SIGINFO has a special meaning for libpthread: when LIBPTHREAD_DEBUG
enviroment variable defined it is used for dumping an information
about threads to /tmp/.

Reported by: mi
Reviewed by: deischen
MFC after: 2 weeks

Add compatibility symbol maps. libpthread (.so.1 and .so.2)
used LIBTHREAD_1_0 as its version definition, but now needs
to define its symbols in the same namespace used by libc.
The compatibility hooks allows you to use libraries and
binaries built and linked to libpthread before libc was
built with symbol versioning. The shims can be removed if
libpthread is given a version bump.

Reviewed by: davidxu

If syscall failed, restore old sigaction and return error to thread.

Treat initial thread as scope system thread when KSE mode is not activated
yet, so we can protect some locking code from being interrupted by signal
handling. When KSE mode is turned on, reset the thread flag to scope process
except we are running in 1:1 mode which we needn't turn it off.
Also remove some unused member variables in structure kse.

Tested by: deischen

Avoid accessing user provided parameters in critical region.

Reviewed by: deischen

o Use a daemon thread to monitor signal events in kernel, if pending
signals were changed in kernel, it will retrieve the pending set and
try to find a thread to dispatch the signal. The dispatching process
can be rolled back if the signal is no longer in kernel.

o Create two functions _thr_signal_init() and _thr_signal_deinit(),
all signal action settings are retrieved from kernel when threading
mode is turned on, after a fork(), child process will reset them to
user settings by calling _thr_signal_deinit(). when threading mode
is not turned on, all signal operations are direct past to kernel.

o When a thread generated a synchoronous signals and its context returned
from completed list, UTS will retrieve the signal from its mailbox and try
to deliver the signal to thread.

o Context signal mask is now only used when delivering signals, thread's
current signal mask is always the one in pthread structure.

o Remove have_signals field in pthread structure, replace it with
psf_valid in pthread_signal_frame. when psf_valid is true, in context
switch time, thread will backout itself from some mutex/condition
internal queues, then begin to process signals. when a thread is not
at blocked state and running, check_pending indicates there are signals
for the thread, after preempted and then resumed time, UTS will try to
deliver signals to the thread.

o At signal delivering time, not only pending signals in thread will be
scanned, process's pending signals will be scanned too.

o Change sigwait code a bit, remove field sigwait in pthread_wait_data,
replace it with oldsigmask in pthread structure, when a thread calls
sigwait(), its current signal mask is backuped to oldsigmask, and waitset
is copied to its signal mask and when the thread gets a signal in the
waitset range, its current signal mask is restored from oldsigmask,
these are done in atomic fashion.

o Two additional POSIX APIs are implemented, sigwaitinfo() and sigtimedwait().

o Signal code locking is better than previous, there is fewer race conditions.

o Temporary disable most of code in _kse_single_thread as it is not safe
after fork().

Revamp libpthread so that it has a chance of working in an SMP
environment. This includes support for multiple KSEs and KSEGs.

The ability to create more than 1 KSE via pthread_setconcurrency()
is in the works as well as support for PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM threads.
Those should come shortly.

There are still some known issues which davidxu and I are working
on, but it'll make it easier for us by committing what we have.

This library now passes all of the ACE tests that libc_r passes
with the exception of one. It also seems to work OK with KDE
including konqueror, kwrite, etc. I haven't been able to get
mozilla to run due to lack of java plugin, so I'd be interested
to see how it works with that.

Reviewed by: davidxu

Insert threads interrupted by a signal while running onto the run queue.

Make the changes needed for libpthread to compile in its new home.
The new libpthread will provide POSIX threading support using KSE.
These files were previously repo-copied from src/lib/libc_r.

Reviewed by: deischen
Approved by: -arch

To be consistent, use the __weak_reference macro from <sys/cdefs.h>
instead of #pragma weak to create weak definitions.

Suggested by: bde

Add weak definitions for wrapped system calls. In general:

_foo - wrapped system call
foo - weak definition to _foo

and for cancellation points:

_foo - wrapped system call
__foo - enter cancellation point, call _foo(), leave
cancellation point
foo - weak definition to __foo

Change use of global _thread_run to call a function to get the
currently running thread.

Make all pthread_foo functions weak definitions to _pthread_foo,
where _pthread_foo is the implementation. This allows an application
to provide its own pthread functions.

Provide slightly different versions of pthread_mutex_lock and
pthread_mutex_init so that we can tell the difference between
a libc mutex and an application mutex. Threads holding mutexes
internal to libc should never be allowed to exit, call signal
handlers, or cancel.

Approved by: -arch

Don't needlessly poll file descriptors when there are no
file descriptors needing to be polled (Doh!). Reported
by Dan Nelson <dnelson@emsphone.com>.

Don't install and start the scheduling timer until the
first thread is created. This prevents the overhead of
having a periodic scheduling signal in a single threaded
program. Reported by Dan Nelson <dnelson@emsphone.com>.

Allow builtin longjmps out of application installed
signal handlers without the need perform any post-handler
cleanup:

o Change signal handling to save the threads interrupted
context on the stack. The threads current context is
now always stored in the same place (in the pthread).
If and when a signal handler returns, the interrupted
context is copied back to the storage area in the pthread.

o Before calling invoking a signal handler for a thread,
back the thread out of any internal waiting queues
(mutex, CV, join, etc) to which it belongs.

Rework uthread_info.c a bit to make it easier to change
the format of a thread dump.

Use an alternal signal stack for the thread library's
signal handler. This allows us to fiddle with the main
threads stack without fear of it being in use.

Reviewed by: jasone

Implement zero system call thread switching. Performance of
thread switches should be on par with that under scheduler
activations.

o Timing is achieved through the use of a fixed interval
timer (ITIMER_PROF) to count scheduling ticks instead
of retrieving the time-of-day upon every thread switch
and calculating elapsed real time.

o Polling for I/O readiness is performed once for each
scheduling tick instead of every thread switch.

o The non-signal saving/restoring versions of setjmp/longjmp
are used to save and restore thread contexts. This may
allow the removal of _THREAD_SAFE macros from setjmp()
and longjmp() - needs more investigation.

Change signal handling so that signals are handled in the
context of the thread that is receiving the signal. When
signals are dispatched to a thread, a special signal handling
frame is created on top of the target threads stack. The
frame contains the threads saved state information and a new
context in which the thread can run. The applications signal
handler is invoked through a wrapper routine that knows how
to restore the threads saved state and unwind to previous
frames.

Fix interruption of threads due to signals. Some states
were being improperly interrupted while other states were
not being interrupted. This should fix several PRs.

Signal handlers, which are invoked as a result of a process
signal (not by pthread_kill()), are now called with the
code (or siginfo_t if SA_SIGINFO was set in sa_flags) and
sigcontext_t as received from the process signal handler.

Modify the search for a thread to which a signal is delivered.
The search algorithm is now:

o First thread found in sigwait() with signal in wait mask.
o First thread found sigsuspend()'d on the signal.
o Current thread if signal is unmasked.
o First thread found with signal unmasked.

Collapse machine dependent support into macros defined in
pthread_private.h. These should probably eventually be moved
into separate MD files.

Change the range of settable priorities to be compliant with
POSIX (0-31). The threads library uses higher priorities
internally for real-time threads (not yet implemented) and
threads executing signal handlers. Real-time threads and
threads running signal handlers add 64 and 32, respectively,
to a threads base priority.

Some other small changes and cleanups.

PR: 17757 18559 21943
Reviewed by: jasone

Use __strong_reference() instead of __weak_reference() to assure that the
weak symbols of the same name are not used.

Simplify sytem call renaming. Instead of _foo() <-- _libc_foo <-- foo(),
just use _foo() <-- foo(). In the case of a libpthread that doesn't do
call conversion (such as linuxthreads and our upcoming libpthread), this
is adequate. In the case of libc_r, we still need three names, which are
now _thread_sys_foo() <-- _foo() <-- foo().

Convert all internal libc usage of: aio_suspend(), close(), fsync(), msync(),
nanosleep(), open(), fcntl(), read(), and write() to _foo() instead of foo().

Remove all internal libc usage of: creat(), pause(), sleep(), system(),
tcdrain(), wait(), and waitpid().

Make thread cancellation fully POSIX-compliant.

Suggested by: deischen

Track libc's three-tier symbol naming. libc_r must currently implement
the _libc_*() entry points and add *() weak aliases. This will all
change for the better when libc_r becomes libpthread.

$Id$ -> $FreeBSD$

Add RCS IDs to those files without them.
Fix copyrights (s/REGENTS/AUTHOR).

Suggested by: tg
Approved by: jb

In the words of the author:

o The polling mechanism for I/O readiness was changed from
select() to poll(). In additon, a wrapped version of poll()
is now provided.

o The wrapped select routine now converts each fd_set to a
poll array so that the thread scheduler doesn't have to
perform a bitwise search for selected fds each time file
descriptors are polled for I/O readiness.

o The thread scheduler was modified to use a new queue (_workq)
for threads that need work. Threads waiting for I/O readiness
and spinblocks are added to the work queue in addition to the
waiting queue. This reduces the time spent forming/searching
the array of file descriptors being polled.

o The waiting queue (_waitingq) is now maintained in order of
thread wakeup time. This allows the thread scheduler to
find the nearest wakeup time by looking at the first thread
in the queue instead of searching the entire queue.

o Removed file descriptor locking for select/poll routines. An
application should not rely on the threads library for providing
this locking; if necessary, the application should use mutexes
to protect selecting/polling of file descriptors.

o Retrieve and use the kernel clock rate/resolution at startup
instead of hardcoding the clock resolution to 10 msec (tested
with kernel running at 1000 HZ).

o All queues have been changed to use queue.h macros. These
include the queues of all threads, dead threads, and threads
waiting for file descriptor locks.

o Added reinitialization of the GC mutex and condition variable
after a fork. Also prevented reallocation of the ready queue
after a fork.

o Prevented the wrapped close routine from closing the thread
kernel pipes.

o Initialized file descriptor table for stdio entries at thread
init.

o Provided additional flags to indicate to what queues threads
belong.

o Moved TAILQ initialization for statically allocated mutex and
condition variables to after the spinlock.

o Added dispatching of signals to pthread_kill. Removing the
dispatching of signals from thread activation broke sigsuspend
when pthread_kill was used to send a signal to a thread.

o Temporarily set the state of a thread to PS_SUSPENDED when it
is first created and placed in the list of threads so that it
will not be accidentally scheduled before becoming a member
of one of the scheduling queues.

o Change the signal handler to queue signals to the thread kernel
pipe if the scheduling queues are protected. When scheduling
queues are unprotected, signals are then dequeued and handled.

o Ensured that all installed signal handlers block the scheduling
signal and that the scheduling signal handler blocks all
other signals. This ensures that the signal handler is only
interruptible for and by non-scheduling signals. An atomic
lock is used to decide which instance of the signal handler
will handle pending signals.

o Removed _lock_thread_list and _unlock_thread_list as they are
no longer used to protect the thread list.

o Added missing RCS IDs to modified files.

o Added checks for appropriate queue membership and activity when
adding, removing, and searching the scheduling queues. These
checks add very little overhead and are enabled when compiled
with _PTHREADS_INVARIANTS defined. Suggested and implemented
by Tor Egge with some modification by me.

o Close a race condition in uthread_close. (Tor Egge)

o Protect the scheduling queues while modifying them in
pthread_cond_signal and _thread_fd_unlock. (Tor Egge)

o Ensure that when a thread gets a mutex, the mutex is on that
threads list of owned mutexes. (Tor Egge)

o Set the kernel-in-scheduler flag in _thread_kern_sched_state
and _thread_kern_sched_state_unlock to prevent a scheduling
signal from calling the scheduler again. (Tor Egge)

o Don't use TAILQ_FOREACH macro while searching the waiting
queue for threads in a sigwait state, because a change of
state destroys the TAILQ link. It is actually safe to do
so, though, because once a sigwaiting thread is found, the
loop ends and the function returns. (Tor Egge)

o When dispatching signals to threads, make the thread inherit
the signal deferral flag of the currently running thread.
(Tor Egge)

Submitted by: Daniel Eischen <eischen@vigrid.com> and
Tor Egge <Tor.Egge@fast.no>

[ The author's description... ]

o Runnable threads are now maintained in priority queues. The
implementation requires two things:

1.) The priority queues must be protected during insertion
and removal of threads. Since the kernel scheduler
must modify the priority queues, a spinlock for
protection cannot be used. The functions
_thread_kern_sched_defer() and _thread_kern_sched_undefer()
were added to {un}defer kernel scheduler activation.

2.) A thread (active) priority change can be performed only
when the thread is removed from the priority queue. The
implementation uses a threads active priority when
inserting it into the queue.

A by-product is that thread switches are much faster. A
separate queue is used for waiting and/or blocked threads,
and it is searched at most 2 times in the kernel scheduler
when there are active threads. It should be possible to
reduce this to once by combining polling of threads waiting
on I/O with the loop that looks for timed out threads and
the minimum timeout value.

o Functions to defer kernel scheduler activation were added. These
are _thread_kern_sched_defer() and _thread_kern_sched_undefer()
and may be called recursively. These routines do not block the
scheduling signal, but latch its occurrence. The signal handler
will not call the kernel scheduler when the running thread has
deferred scheduling, but it will be called when running thread
undefers scheduling.

o Added support for _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING. All the
POSIX routines required by this should now be implemented.
One note, SCHED_OTHER, SCHED_FIFO, and SCHED_RR are required
to be defined by including pthread.h. These defines are currently
in sched.h. I modified pthread.h to include sched.h but don't
know if this is the proper thing to do.

o Added support for priority protection and inheritence mutexes.
This allows definition of _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT and
_POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT.

o Added additional error checks required by POSIX for mutexes and
condition variables.

o Provided a wrapper for sigpending which is marked as a hidden
syscall.

o Added a non-portable function as a debugging aid to allow an
application to monitor thread context switches. An application
can install a routine that gets called everytime a thread
(explicitly created by the application) gets context switched.
The routine gets passed the pthread IDs of the threads that are
being switched in and out.

Submitted by: Dan Eischen <eischen@vigrid.com>

Changes by me:

o Added a PS_SPINBLOCK state to deal with the priority inversion
problem most often (I think) seen by threads calling malloc/free/realloc.

o Dispatch signals to the running thread directly rather than at a
context switch to avoid the situation where the switch never occurs.

Don't automatically restart syscalls for the signals that the thread
kernel needs.

Change signal model to match POSIX (i.e. one set of signal handlers
for the process, not a separate set for each thread). By default, the
process now only has signal handlers installed for SIGVTALRM, SIGINFO
and SIGCHLD. The thread kernel signal handler is installed for other
signals on demand. This means that SIG_IGN and SIG_DFL processing is now
left to the kernel, not the thread kernel.

Change the signal dispatch to no longer use a signal thread, and
call the signal handler using the stack of the thread that has the
signal pending.

Change the atomic lock method to use test-and-set asm code with
a yield if blocked. This introduces separate locks for each type
of object instead of blocking signals to prevent a context
switch. It was this blocking of signals that caused the performance
degradation the people have noted.

This is a *big* change!

Submitted by: John Birrell
uthreads update from the author.

Reviewed by: julian
Submitted by: john birrel

One version of the pthreads library
another will follow with differnt actions under some cases..
not QUITE complete