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africa (1.1.1.9) africa (1.1.1.10)
1# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
3
4# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6# tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
7# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
8
1# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
3
4# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6# tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
7# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
8
9# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
9# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-20):
10#
11# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
12# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
13# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
14# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
15#
10#
11# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
12# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
13# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
14# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
15#
16# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
17# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
16# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
17# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
18# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
19# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
20# of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
21# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
22#
23# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
24# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
25# I found in the UCLA library.
26#
27# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
28# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
29# http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
30#
31# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
32# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
33#
18# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
19# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
20# of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
21# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
22#
23# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
24# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
25# I found in the UCLA library.
26#
27# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
28# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
29# http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
30#
31# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
32# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
33#
34# European-style abbreviations are commonly used along the Mediterranean.
35# For sub-Saharan Africa abbreviations were less standardized.
34# Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
36# Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
35# for +0:00 through +3:00, respectively,
36# but Mark R V Murray reports that
37# 'SAST' is the official abbreviation for +2:00 in the country of South Africa,
38# 'CAT' is commonly used for +2:00 in countries north of South Africa, and
39# 'WAT' is probably the best name for +1:00, as the common phrase for
37# for UT +00 through +03, respectively,
38# but in 1997 Mark R V Murray reported that
39# 'SAST' is the official abbreviation for +02 in the country of South Africa,
40# 'CAT' is commonly used for +02 in countries north of South Africa, and
41# 'WAT' is probably the best name for +01, as the common phrase for
40# the area that includes Nigeria is "West Africa".
42# the area that includes Nigeria is "West Africa".
41# He has heard of "Western Sahara Time" for +0:00 but can find no reference.
42#
43#
43# To make things confusing, 'WAT' seems to have been used for -1:00 long ago;
44# I'd guess that this was because people needed _some_ name for -1:00,
45# and at the time, far west Africa was the only major land area in -1:00.
46# This usage is now obsolete, as the last use of -1:00 on the African
47# mainland seems to have been 1976 in Western Sahara.
44# To summarize, the following abbreviations seemed to have some currency:
45# +00 GMT Greenwich Mean Time
46# +02 CAT Central Africa Time
47# +02 SAST South Africa Standard Time
48# and Murray suggested the following abbreviation:
49# +01 WAT West Africa Time
50# Murray's suggestion seems to have caught on in news reports and the like.
51# I vaguely recall 'WAT' also being used for -01 in the past but
52# cannot now come up with solid citations.
48#
53#
49# To summarize, the following abbreviations seem to have some currency:
50# -1:00 WAT West Africa Time (no longer used)
51# 0:00 GMT Greenwich Mean Time
52# 2:00 CAT Central Africa Time
53# 2:00 SAST South Africa Standard Time
54# and Murray suggests the following abbreviation:
55# 1:00 WAT West Africa Time
56# I realize that this leads to 'WAT' being used for both -1:00 and 1:00
57# for times before 1976, but this is the best I can think of
58# until we get more information.
59#
60# I invented the following abbreviations; corrections are welcome!
54# I invented the following abbreviations; corrections are welcome!
61# 2:00 WAST West Africa Summer Time
62# 2:30 BEAT British East Africa Time (no longer used)
63# 2:45 BEAUT British East Africa Unified Time (no longer used)
64# 3:00 CAST Central Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
65# 3:00 SAST South Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
66# 3:00 EAT East Africa Time
55# +02 WAST West Africa Summer Time
56# +03 CAST Central Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
57# +03 SAST South Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
58# +03 EAT East Africa Time
59# 'EAT' also seems to have caught on; the others are rare but are paired
60# with better-attested non-DST abbreviations.
67
68# Algeria
69# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
70Rule Algeria 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
71Rule Algeria 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
72Rule Algeria 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
73Rule Algeria 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
74Rule Algeria 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S

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116# Burundi
117# See Africa/Maputo.
118
119# Cameroon
120# See Africa/Lagos.
121
122# Cape Verde / Cabo Verde
123#
61
62# Algeria
63# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
64Rule Algeria 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
65Rule Algeria 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
66Rule Algeria 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
67Rule Algeria 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
68Rule Algeria 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S

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110# Burundi
111# See Africa/Maputo.
112
113# Cameroon
114# See Africa/Lagos.
115
116# Cape Verde / Cabo Verde
117#
124# Shanks gives 1907 for the transition to CVT.
118# Shanks gives 1907 for the transition to +02.
125# Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
119# Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
126# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
120# https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
127# merely made it official?
128#
129# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
130Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 - LMT 1907 # Praia
121# merely made it official?
122#
123# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
124Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 - LMT 1907 # Praia
131 -2:00 - CVT 1942 Sep
132 -2:00 1:00 CVST 1945 Oct 15
133 -2:00 - CVT 1975 Nov 25 2:00
134 -1:00 - CVT
125 -2:00 - -02 1942 Sep
126 -2:00 1:00 -01 1945 Oct 15
127 -2:00 - -02 1975 Nov 25 2:00
128 -1:00 - -01
135
136# Central African Republic
137# See Africa/Lagos.
138
139# Chad
140# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
141Zone Africa/Ndjamena 1:00:12 - LMT 1912 # N'Djamena
142 1:00 - WAT 1979 Oct 14

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383# and September 1 to January 1 is given by:
384# Scott Keltie J, Epstein M (eds), The Statesman's Year-Book,
385# 57th ed. Macmillan, London (1920), OCLC 609408015, pp xxviii.
386# For lack of better info, assume DST was observed from 1920 to 1942.
387Rule Ghana 1920 1942 - Sep 1 0:00 0:20 GHST
388Rule Ghana 1920 1942 - Dec 31 0:00 0 GMT
389# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
390Zone Africa/Accra -0:00:52 - LMT 1918
129
130# Central African Republic
131# See Africa/Lagos.
132
133# Chad
134# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
135Zone Africa/Ndjamena 1:00:12 - LMT 1912 # N'Djamena
136 1:00 - WAT 1979 Oct 14

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377# and September 1 to January 1 is given by:
378# Scott Keltie J, Epstein M (eds), The Statesman's Year-Book,
379# 57th ed. Macmillan, London (1920), OCLC 609408015, pp xxviii.
380# For lack of better info, assume DST was observed from 1920 to 1942.
381Rule Ghana 1920 1942 - Sep 1 0:00 0:20 GHST
382Rule Ghana 1920 1942 - Dec 31 0:00 0 GMT
383# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
384Zone Africa/Accra -0:00:52 - LMT 1918
391 0:00 Ghana %s
385 0:00 Ghana GMT/+0020
392
393# Guinea
394# See Africa/Abidjan.
395
396# Guinea-Bissau
397#
398# Shanks gives 1911-05-26 for the transition to WAT,
399# evidently confusing the date of the Portuguese decree
386
387# Guinea
388# See Africa/Abidjan.
389
390# Guinea-Bissau
391#
392# Shanks gives 1911-05-26 for the transition to WAT,
393# evidently confusing the date of the Portuguese decree
400# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
394# https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
401# with the date that it took effect, namely 1912-01-01.
402#
403# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
404Zone Africa/Bissau -1:02:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
395# with the date that it took effect, namely 1912-01-01.
396#
397# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
398Zone Africa/Bissau -1:02:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
405 -1:00 - WAT 1975
399 -1:00 - -01 1975
406 0:00 - GMT
407
408# Kenya
409# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
410Zone Africa/Nairobi 2:27:16 - LMT 1928 Jul
411 3:00 - EAT 1930
400 0:00 - GMT
401
402# Kenya
403# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
404Zone Africa/Nairobi 2:27:16 - LMT 1928 Jul
405 3:00 - EAT 1930
412 2:30 - BEAT 1940
413 2:45 - BEAUT 1960
406 2:30 - +0230 1940
407 2:45 - +0245 1960
414 3:00 - EAT
415Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Addis_Ababa # Ethiopia
416Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Asmara # Eritrea
417Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Dar_es_Salaam # Tanzania
418Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Djibouti
419Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Kampala # Uganda
420Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Mogadishu # Somalia
421Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Antananarivo # Madagascar

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432# Howse reports that it was in honor of their president's birthday.
433# Shank & Pottenger report the date as May 1, whereas Howse reports Jan;
434# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
435# For Liberia before 1972, Shanks & Pottenger report -0:44, whereas Howse and
436# Whitman each report -0:44:30; go with the more precise figure.
437# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
438Zone Africa/Monrovia -0:43:08 - LMT 1882
439 -0:43:08 - MMT 1919 Mar # Monrovia Mean Time
408 3:00 - EAT
409Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Addis_Ababa # Ethiopia
410Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Asmara # Eritrea
411Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Dar_es_Salaam # Tanzania
412Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Djibouti
413Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Kampala # Uganda
414Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Mogadishu # Somalia
415Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Antananarivo # Madagascar

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426# Howse reports that it was in honor of their president's birthday.
427# Shank & Pottenger report the date as May 1, whereas Howse reports Jan;
428# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
429# For Liberia before 1972, Shanks & Pottenger report -0:44, whereas Howse and
430# Whitman each report -0:44:30; go with the more precise figure.
431# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
432Zone Africa/Monrovia -0:43:08 - LMT 1882
433 -0:43:08 - MMT 1919 Mar # Monrovia Mean Time
440 -0:44:30 - LRT 1972 May # Liberia Time
434 -0:44:30 - -004430 1972 May
441 0:00 - GMT
442
443###############################################################################
444
445# Libya
446
447# From Even Scharning (2012-11-10):
448# Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10.

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591
592# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
593Rule Mauritius 1982 only - Oct 10 0:00 1:00 S
594Rule Mauritius 1983 only - Mar 21 0:00 0 -
595Rule Mauritius 2008 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
596Rule Mauritius 2009 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
597# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
598Zone Indian/Mauritius 3:50:00 - LMT 1907 # Port Louis
435 0:00 - GMT
436
437###############################################################################
438
439# Libya
440
441# From Even Scharning (2012-11-10):
442# Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10.

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585
586# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
587Rule Mauritius 1982 only - Oct 10 0:00 1:00 S
588Rule Mauritius 1983 only - Mar 21 0:00 0 -
589Rule Mauritius 2008 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
590Rule Mauritius 2009 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
591# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
592Zone Indian/Mauritius 3:50:00 - LMT 1907 # Port Louis
599 4:00 Mauritius MU%sT # Mauritius Time
593 4:00 Mauritius +04/+05
600# Agalega Is, Rodriguez
601# no information; probably like Indian/Mauritius
602
603# Mayotte
604# See Africa/Nairobi.
605
606# Morocco
607# See the 'europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).

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910# ... says that Western Sahara observes daylight saving time, just as
911# Morocco does.
912#
913# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-23):
914# Assume that this has been true since Western Sahara switched to GMT,
915# since most of it was then controlled by Morocco.
916
917Zone Africa/El_Aaiun -0:52:48 - LMT 1934 Jan # El Aai��n
594# Agalega Is, Rodriguez
595# no information; probably like Indian/Mauritius
596
597# Mayotte
598# See Africa/Nairobi.
599
600# Morocco
601# See the 'europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).

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904# ... says that Western Sahara observes daylight saving time, just as
905# Morocco does.
906#
907# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-23):
908# Assume that this has been true since Western Sahara switched to GMT,
909# since most of it was then controlled by Morocco.
910
911Zone Africa/El_Aaiun -0:52:48 - LMT 1934 Jan # El Aai��n
918 -1:00 - WAT 1976 Apr 14
912 -1:00 - -01 1976 Apr 14
919 0:00 Morocco WE%sT
920
921# Mozambique
922#
923# Shanks gives 1903-03-01 for the transition to CAT.
924# Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
913 0:00 Morocco WE%sT
914
915# Mozambique
916#
917# Shanks gives 1903-03-01 for the transition to CAT.
918# Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
925# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
919# https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
926# merely made it official?
927#
928# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
929Zone Africa/Maputo 2:10:20 - LMT 1903 Mar
930 2:00 - CAT
931Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Blantyre # Malawi
932Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Bujumbura # Burundi
933Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Gaborone # Botswana

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944# http://allafrica.com/stories/200703300178.html
945# While the entire country changes its time, Katima Mulilo and other
946# settlements in Caprivi unofficially will not because the sun there
947# rises and sets earlier compared to other regions. Chief of
948# Forecasting Riaan van Zyl explained that the far eastern parts of
949# the country are close to 40 minutes earlier in sunrise than the rest
950# of the country.
951#
920# merely made it official?
921#
922# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
923Zone Africa/Maputo 2:10:20 - LMT 1903 Mar
924 2:00 - CAT
925Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Blantyre # Malawi
926Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Bujumbura # Burundi
927Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Gaborone # Botswana

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938# http://allafrica.com/stories/200703300178.html
939# While the entire country changes its time, Katima Mulilo and other
940# settlements in Caprivi unofficially will not because the sun there
941# rises and sets earlier compared to other regions. Chief of
942# Forecasting Riaan van Zyl explained that the far eastern parts of
943# the country are close to 40 minutes earlier in sunrise than the rest
944# of the country.
945#
952# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-31):
953# Apparently the Caprivi Strip informally observes Botswana time, but
954# we have no details. In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.
946# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-22):
947# Although the Zambezi Region (formerly known as Caprivi) informally
948# observes Botswana time, we have no details about historical practice.
949# In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.
950# See: Immanuel S. The Namibian. 2017-02-23.
951# http://www.namibian.com.na/51480/read/Time-change-divides-lawmakers
955
956# RULE NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
957Rule Namibia 1994 max - Sep Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
958Rule Namibia 1995 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
959# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
960Zone Africa/Windhoek 1:08:24 - LMT 1892 Feb 8
952
953# RULE NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
954Rule Namibia 1994 max - Sep Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
955Rule Namibia 1995 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
956# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
957Zone Africa/Windhoek 1:08:24 - LMT 1892 Feb 8
961 1:30 - SWAT 1903 Mar # SW Africa Time
958 1:30 - +0130 1903 Mar
962 2:00 - SAST 1942 Sep 20 2:00
963 2:00 1:00 SAST 1943 Mar 21 2:00
964 2:00 - SAST 1990 Mar 21 # independence
965 2:00 - CAT 1994 Apr 3
966 1:00 Namibia WA%sT
967
968# Niger
969# See Africa/Lagos.

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980Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Luanda # Angola
981Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Malabo # Equatorial Guinea
982Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Niamey # Niger
983Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Porto-Novo # Benin
984
985# R��union
986# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
987Zone Indian/Reunion 3:41:52 - LMT 1911 Jun # Saint-Denis
959 2:00 - SAST 1942 Sep 20 2:00
960 2:00 1:00 SAST 1943 Mar 21 2:00
961 2:00 - SAST 1990 Mar 21 # independence
962 2:00 - CAT 1994 Apr 3
963 1:00 Namibia WA%sT
964
965# Niger
966# See Africa/Lagos.

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977Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Luanda # Angola
978Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Malabo # Equatorial Guinea
979Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Niamey # Niger
980Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Porto-Novo # Benin
981
982# R��union
983# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
984Zone Indian/Reunion 3:41:52 - LMT 1911 Jun # Saint-Denis
988 4:00 - RET # R��union Time
985 4:00 - +04
989#
990# Crozet Islands also observes R��union time; see the 'antarctica' file.
991#
992# Scattered Islands (��les ��parses) administered from R��union are as follows.
993# The following information about them is taken from
994# ��les ��parses (<http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/domtom/ile.htm>, 1997-07-22,
995# in French; no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
996# We have no info about their time zone histories.

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1015
1016# S��o Tom�� and Pr��ncipe
1017# Senegal
1018# See Africa/Abidjan.
1019
1020# Seychelles
1021# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1022Zone Indian/Mahe 3:41:48 - LMT 1906 Jun # Victoria
986#
987# Crozet Islands also observes R��union time; see the 'antarctica' file.
988#
989# Scattered Islands (��les ��parses) administered from R��union are as follows.
990# The following information about them is taken from
991# ��les ��parses (<http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/domtom/ile.htm>, 1997-07-22,
992# in French; no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
993# We have no info about their time zone histories.

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1012
1013# S��o Tom�� and Pr��ncipe
1014# Senegal
1015# See Africa/Abidjan.
1016
1017# Seychelles
1018# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1019Zone Indian/Mahe 3:41:48 - LMT 1906 Jun # Victoria
1023 4:00 - SCT # Seychelles Time
1020 4:00 - +04
1024# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
1025# Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches, originally dependencies of the
1026# Seychelles, were transferred to the British Indian Ocean Territory
1027# in 1965 and returned to Seychelles control in 1976. We don't know
1028# whether this affected their time zone, so omit this for now.
1029# Possibly the islands were uninhabited.
1030
1031# Sierra Leone

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1021# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
1022# Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches, originally dependencies of the
1023# Seychelles, were transferred to the British Indian Ocean Territory
1024# in 1965 and returned to Seychelles control in 1976. We don't know
1025# whether this affected their time zone, so omit this for now.
1026# Possibly the islands were uninhabited.
1027
1028# Sierra Leone

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