xref: /openjdk10/hotspot/src/os/aix/vm/os_aix.cpp

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1999, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * Copyright 2012, 2015 SAP AG. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 *
 */

// According to the AIX OS doc #pragma alloca must be used
// with C++ compiler before referencing the function alloca()
#pragma alloca

// no precompiled headers
#include "classfile/classLoader.hpp"
#include "classfile/systemDictionary.hpp"
#include "classfile/vmSymbols.hpp"
#include "code/icBuffer.hpp"
#include "code/vtableStubs.hpp"
#include "compiler/compileBroker.hpp"
#include "interpreter/interpreter.hpp"
#include "jvm_aix.h"
#include "libo4.hpp"
#include "libperfstat_aix.hpp"
#include "libodm_aix.hpp"
#include "loadlib_aix.hpp"
#include "memory/allocation.inline.hpp"
#include "memory/filemap.hpp"
#include "misc_aix.hpp"
#include "mutex_aix.inline.hpp"
#include "oops/oop.inline.hpp"
#include "os_aix.inline.hpp"
#include "os_share_aix.hpp"
#include "porting_aix.hpp"
#include "prims/jniFastGetField.hpp"
#include "prims/jvm.h"
#include "prims/jvm_misc.hpp"
#include "runtime/arguments.hpp"
#include "runtime/atomic.inline.hpp"
#include "runtime/extendedPC.hpp"
#include "runtime/globals.hpp"
#include "runtime/interfaceSupport.hpp"
#include "runtime/java.hpp"
#include "runtime/javaCalls.hpp"
#include "runtime/mutexLocker.hpp"
#include "runtime/objectMonitor.hpp"
#include "runtime/orderAccess.inline.hpp"
#include "runtime/os.hpp"
#include "runtime/osThread.hpp"
#include "runtime/perfMemory.hpp"
#include "runtime/sharedRuntime.hpp"
#include "runtime/statSampler.hpp"
#include "runtime/stubRoutines.hpp"
#include "runtime/thread.inline.hpp"
#include "runtime/threadCritical.hpp"
#include "runtime/timer.hpp"
#include "runtime/vm_version.hpp"
#include "services/attachListener.hpp"
#include "services/runtimeService.hpp"
#include "utilities/decoder.hpp"
#include "utilities/defaultStream.hpp"
#include "utilities/events.hpp"
#include "utilities/growableArray.hpp"
#include "utilities/vmError.hpp"

// put OS-includes here (sorted alphabetically)
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <poll.h>
#include <procinfo.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <pwd.h>
#include <semaphore.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/sysinfo.h>
#include <sys/systemcfg.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/times.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/utsname.h>
#include <sys/vminfo.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>

// Missing prototypes for various system APIs.
extern "C"
int mread_real_time(timebasestruct_t *t, size_t size_of_timebasestruct_t);

#if !defined(_AIXVERSION_610)
extern "C" int getthrds64(pid_t, struct thrdentry64*, int, tid64_t*, int);
extern "C" int getprocs64(procentry64*, int, fdsinfo*, int, pid_t*, int);
extern "C" int getargs   (procsinfo*, int, char*, int);
#endif

#define MAX_PATH (2 * K)

// for timer info max values which include all bits
#define ALL_64_BITS CONST64(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)
// for multipage initialization error analysis (in 'g_multipage_error')
#define ERROR_MP_OS_TOO_OLD                          100
#define ERROR_MP_EXTSHM_ACTIVE                       101
#define ERROR_MP_VMGETINFO_FAILED                    102
#define ERROR_MP_VMGETINFO_CLAIMS_NO_SUPPORT_FOR_64K 103

// The semantics in this file are thus that codeptr_t is a *real code ptr*.
// This means that any function taking codeptr_t as arguments will assume
// a real codeptr and won't handle function descriptors (eg getFuncName),
// whereas functions taking address as args will deal with function
// descriptors (eg os::dll_address_to_library_name).
typedef unsigned int* codeptr_t;

// Typedefs for stackslots, stack pointers, pointers to op codes.
typedef unsigned long stackslot_t;
typedef stackslot_t* stackptr_t;

// Query dimensions of the stack of the calling thread.
static bool query_stack_dimensions(address* p_stack_base, size_t* p_stack_size);
static address resolve_function_descriptor_to_code_pointer(address p);

// Function to check a given stack pointer against given stack limits.
inline bool is_valid_stackpointer(stackptr_t sp, stackptr_t stack_base, size_t stack_size) {
  if (((uintptr_t)sp) & 0x7) {
    return false;
  }
  if (sp > stack_base) {
    return false;
  }
  if (sp < (stackptr_t) ((address)stack_base - stack_size)) {
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}

// Returns true if function is a valid codepointer.
inline bool is_valid_codepointer(codeptr_t p) {
  if (!p) {
    return false;
  }
  if (((uintptr_t)p) & 0x3) {
    return false;
  }
  if (LoadedLibraries::find_for_text_address(p, NULL) == NULL) {
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}

// Macro to check a given stack pointer against given stack limits and to die if test fails.
#define CHECK_STACK_PTR(sp, stack_base, stack_size) { \
    guarantee(is_valid_stackpointer((stackptr_t)(sp), (stackptr_t)(stack_base), stack_size), "Stack Pointer Invalid"); \
}

// Macro to check the current stack pointer against given stacklimits.
#define CHECK_CURRENT_STACK_PTR(stack_base, stack_size) { \
  address sp; \
  sp = os::current_stack_pointer(); \
  CHECK_STACK_PTR(sp, stack_base, stack_size); \
}

static void vmembk_print_on(outputStream* os);

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// global variables (for a description see os_aix.hpp)

julong    os::Aix::_physical_memory = 0;

pthread_t os::Aix::_main_thread = ((pthread_t)0);
int       os::Aix::_page_size = -1;

// -1 = uninitialized, 0 if AIX, 1 if OS/400 pase
int       os::Aix::_on_pase = -1;

// 0 = uninitialized, otherwise 32 bit number:
//  0xVVRRTTSS
//  VV - major version
//  RR - minor version
//  TT - tech level, if known, 0 otherwise
//  SS - service pack, if known, 0 otherwise
uint32_t  os::Aix::_os_version = 0;

int       os::Aix::_stack_page_size = -1;

// -1 = uninitialized, 0 - no, 1 - yes
int       os::Aix::_xpg_sus_mode = -1;

// -1 = uninitialized, 0 - no, 1 - yes
int       os::Aix::_extshm = -1;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// local variables

static jlong    initial_time_count = 0;
static int      clock_tics_per_sec = 100;
static sigset_t check_signal_done;         // For diagnostics to print a message once (see run_periodic_checks)
static bool     check_signals      = true;
static int      SR_signum          = SIGUSR2; // Signal used to suspend/resume a thread (must be > SIGSEGV, see 4355769)
static sigset_t SR_sigset;

// Process break recorded at startup.
static address g_brk_at_startup = NULL;

// This describes the state of multipage support of the underlying
// OS. Note that this is of no interest to the outsize world and
// therefore should not be defined in AIX class.
//
// AIX supports four different page sizes - 4K, 64K, 16MB, 16GB. The
// latter two (16M "large" resp. 16G "huge" pages) require special
// setup and are normally not available.
//
// AIX supports multiple page sizes per process, for:
//  - Stack (of the primordial thread, so not relevant for us)
//  - Data - data, bss, heap, for us also pthread stacks
//  - Text - text code
//  - shared memory
//
// Default page sizes can be set via linker options (-bdatapsize, -bstacksize, ...)
// and via environment variable LDR_CNTRL (DATAPSIZE, STACKPSIZE, ...).
//
// For shared memory, page size can be set dynamically via
// shmctl(). Different shared memory regions can have different page
// sizes.
//
// More information can be found at AIBM info center:
//   http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/aix/v6r1/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.aix.prftungd/doc/prftungd/multiple_page_size_app_support.htm
//
static struct {
  size_t pagesize;            // sysconf _SC_PAGESIZE (4K)
  size_t datapsize;           // default data page size (LDR_CNTRL DATAPSIZE)
  size_t shmpsize;            // default shared memory page size (LDR_CNTRL SHMPSIZE)
  size_t pthr_stack_pagesize; // stack page size of pthread threads
  size_t textpsize;           // default text page size (LDR_CNTRL STACKPSIZE)
  bool can_use_64K_pages;     // True if we can alloc 64K pages dynamically with Sys V shm.
  bool can_use_16M_pages;     // True if we can alloc 16M pages dynamically with Sys V shm.
  int error;                  // Error describing if something went wrong at multipage init.
} g_multipage_support = {
  (size_t) -1,
  (size_t) -1,
  (size_t) -1,
  (size_t) -1,
  (size_t) -1,
  false, false,
  0
};

// We must not accidentally allocate memory close to the BRK - even if
// that would work - because then we prevent the BRK segment from
// growing which may result in a malloc OOM even though there is
// enough memory. The problem only arises if we shmat() or mmap() at
// a specific wish address, e.g. to place the heap in a
// compressed-oops-friendly way.
static bool is_close_to_brk(address a) {
  assert0(g_brk_at_startup != NULL);
  if (a >= g_brk_at_startup &&
      a < (g_brk_at_startup + MaxExpectedDataSegmentSize)) {
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

julong os::available_memory() {
  return Aix::available_memory();
}

julong os::Aix::available_memory() {
  // Avoid expensive API call here, as returned value will always be null.
  if (os::Aix::on_pase()) {
    return 0x0LL;
  }
  os::Aix::meminfo_t mi;
  if (os::Aix::get_meminfo(&mi)) {
    return mi.real_free;
  } else {
    return ULONG_MAX;
  }
}

julong os::physical_memory() {
  return Aix::physical_memory();
}

// Return true if user is running as root.

bool os::have_special_privileges() {
  static bool init = false;
  static bool privileges = false;
  if (!init) {
    privileges = (getuid() != geteuid()) || (getgid() != getegid());
    init = true;
  }
  return privileges;
}

// Helper function, emulates disclaim64 using multiple 32bit disclaims
// because we cannot use disclaim64() on AS/400 and old AIX releases.
static bool my_disclaim64(char* addr, size_t size) {

  if (size == 0) {
    return true;
  }

  // Maximum size 32bit disclaim() accepts. (Theoretically 4GB, but I just do not trust that.)
  const unsigned int maxDisclaimSize = 0x40000000;

  const unsigned int numFullDisclaimsNeeded = (size / maxDisclaimSize);
  const unsigned int lastDisclaimSize = (size % maxDisclaimSize);

  char* p = addr;

  for (int i = 0; i < numFullDisclaimsNeeded; i ++) {
    if (::disclaim(p, maxDisclaimSize, DISCLAIM_ZEROMEM) != 0) {
      trcVerbose("Cannot disclaim %p - %p (errno %d)\n", p, p + maxDisclaimSize, errno);
      return false;
    }
    p += maxDisclaimSize;
  }

  if (lastDisclaimSize > 0) {
    if (::disclaim(p, lastDisclaimSize, DISCLAIM_ZEROMEM) != 0) {
      trcVerbose("Cannot disclaim %p - %p (errno %d)\n", p, p + lastDisclaimSize, errno);
      return false;
    }
  }

  return true;
}

// Cpu architecture string
#if defined(PPC32)
static char cpu_arch[] = "ppc";
#elif defined(PPC64)
static char cpu_arch[] = "ppc64";
#else
#error Add appropriate cpu_arch setting
#endif

// Wrap the function "vmgetinfo" which is not available on older OS releases.
static int checked_vmgetinfo(void *out, int command, int arg) {
  if (os::Aix::on_pase() && os::Aix::os_version_short() < 0x0601) {
    guarantee(false, "cannot call vmgetinfo on AS/400 older than V6R1");
  }
  return ::vmgetinfo(out, command, arg);
}

// Given an address, returns the size of the page backing that address.
size_t os::Aix::query_pagesize(void* addr) {

  if (os::Aix::on_pase() && os::Aix::os_version_short() < 0x0601) {
    // AS/400 older than V6R1: no vmgetinfo here, default to 4K
    return SIZE_4K;
  }

  vm_page_info pi;
  pi.addr = (uint64_t)addr;
  if (checked_vmgetinfo(&pi, VM_PAGE_INFO, sizeof(pi)) == 0) {
    return pi.pagesize;
  } else {
    assert(false, "vmgetinfo failed to retrieve page size");
    return SIZE_4K;
  }
}

void os::Aix::initialize_system_info() {

  // Get the number of online(logical) cpus instead of configured.
  os::_processor_count = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN);
  assert(_processor_count > 0, "_processor_count must be > 0");

  // Retrieve total physical storage.
  os::Aix::meminfo_t mi;
  if (!os::Aix::get_meminfo(&mi)) {
    assert(false, "os::Aix::get_meminfo failed.");
  }
  _physical_memory = (julong) mi.real_total;
}

// Helper function for tracing page sizes.
static const char* describe_pagesize(size_t pagesize) {
  switch (pagesize) {
    case SIZE_4K : return "4K";
    case SIZE_64K: return "64K";
    case SIZE_16M: return "16M";
    case SIZE_16G: return "16G";
    default:
      assert(false, "surprise");
      return "??";
  }
}

// Probe OS for multipage support.
// Will fill the global g_multipage_support structure.
// Must be called before calling os::large_page_init().
static void query_multipage_support() {

  guarantee(g_multipage_support.pagesize == -1,
            "do not call twice");

  g_multipage_support.pagesize = ::sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);

  // This really would surprise me.
  assert(g_multipage_support.pagesize == SIZE_4K, "surprise!");

  // Query default data page size (default page size for C-Heap, pthread stacks and .bss).
  // Default data page size is defined either by linker options (-bdatapsize)
  // or by environment variable LDR_CNTRL (suboption DATAPSIZE). If none is given,
  // default should be 4K.
  {
    void* p = ::malloc(SIZE_16M);
    g_multipage_support.datapsize = os::Aix::query_pagesize(p);
    ::free(p);
  }

  // Query default shm page size (LDR_CNTRL SHMPSIZE).
  // Note that this is pure curiosity. We do not rely on default page size but set
  // our own page size after allocated.
  {
    const int shmid = ::shmget(IPC_PRIVATE, 1, IPC_CREAT | S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
    guarantee(shmid != -1, "shmget failed");
    void* p = ::shmat(shmid, NULL, 0);
    ::shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL);
    guarantee(p != (void*) -1, "shmat failed");
    g_multipage_support.shmpsize = os::Aix::query_pagesize(p);
    ::shmdt(p);
  }

  // Before querying the stack page size, make sure we are not running as primordial
  // thread (because primordial thread's stack may have different page size than
  // pthread thread stacks). Running a VM on the primordial thread won't work for a
  // number of reasons so we may just as well guarantee it here.
  guarantee0(!os::Aix::is_primordial_thread());

  // Query pthread stack page size. Should be the same as data page size because
  // pthread stacks are allocated from C-Heap.
  {
    int dummy = 0;
    g_multipage_support.pthr_stack_pagesize = os::Aix::query_pagesize(&dummy);
  }

  // Query default text page size (LDR_CNTRL TEXTPSIZE).
  {
    address any_function =
      resolve_function_descriptor_to_code_pointer((address)describe_pagesize);
    g_multipage_support.textpsize = os::Aix::query_pagesize(any_function);
  }

  // Now probe for support of 64K pages and 16M pages.

  // Before OS/400 V6R1, there is no support for pages other than 4K.
  if (os::Aix::on_pase_V5R4_or_older()) {
    trcVerbose("OS/400 < V6R1 - no large page support.");
    g_multipage_support.error = ERROR_MP_OS_TOO_OLD;
    goto query_multipage_support_end;
  }

  // Now check which page sizes the OS claims it supports, and of those, which actually can be used.
  {
    const int MAX_PAGE_SIZES = 4;
    psize_t sizes[MAX_PAGE_SIZES];
    const int num_psizes = checked_vmgetinfo(sizes, VMINFO_GETPSIZES, MAX_PAGE_SIZES);
    if (num_psizes == -1) {
      trcVerbose("vmgetinfo(VMINFO_GETPSIZES) failed (errno: %d)", errno);
      trcVerbose("disabling multipage support.");
      g_multipage_support.error = ERROR_MP_VMGETINFO_FAILED;
      goto query_multipage_support_end;
    }
    guarantee(num_psizes > 0, "vmgetinfo(.., VMINFO_GETPSIZES, ...) failed.");
    assert(num_psizes <= MAX_PAGE_SIZES, "Surprise! more than 4 page sizes?");
    trcVerbose("vmgetinfo(.., VMINFO_GETPSIZES, ...) returns %d supported page sizes: ", num_psizes);
    for (int i = 0; i < num_psizes; i ++) {
      trcVerbose(" %s ", describe_pagesize(sizes[i]));
    }

    // Can we use 64K, 16M pages?
    for (int i = 0; i < num_psizes; i ++) {
      const size_t pagesize = sizes[i];
      if (pagesize != SIZE_64K && pagesize != SIZE_16M) {
        continue;
      }
      bool can_use = false;
      trcVerbose("Probing support for %s pages...", describe_pagesize(pagesize));
      const int shmid = ::shmget(IPC_PRIVATE, pagesize,
        IPC_CREAT | S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
      guarantee0(shmid != -1); // Should always work.
      // Try to set pagesize.
      struct shmid_ds shm_buf = { 0 };
      shm_buf.shm_pagesize = pagesize;
      if (::shmctl(shmid, SHM_PAGESIZE, &shm_buf) != 0) {
        const int en = errno;
        ::shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL); // As early as possible!
        trcVerbose("shmctl(SHM_PAGESIZE) failed with errno=%n",
          errno);
      } else {
        // Attach and double check pageisze.
        void* p = ::shmat(shmid, NULL, 0);
        ::shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL); // As early as possible!
        guarantee0(p != (void*) -1); // Should always work.
        const size_t real_pagesize = os::Aix::query_pagesize(p);
        if (real_pagesize != pagesize) {
          trcVerbose("real page size (0x%llX) differs.", real_pagesize);
        } else {
          can_use = true;
        }
        ::shmdt(p);
      }
      trcVerbose("Can use: %s", (can_use ? "yes" : "no"));
      if (pagesize == SIZE_64K) {
        g_multipage_support.can_use_64K_pages = can_use;
      } else if (pagesize == SIZE_16M) {
        g_multipage_support.can_use_16M_pages = can_use;
      }
    }

  } // end: check which pages can be used for shared memory

query_multipage_support_end:

  trcVerbose("base page size (sysconf _SC_PAGESIZE): %s",
      describe_pagesize(g_multipage_support.pagesize));
  trcVerbose("Data page size (C-Heap, bss, etc): %s",
      describe_pagesize(g_multipage_support.datapsize));
  trcVerbose("Text page size: %s",
      describe_pagesize(g_multipage_support.textpsize));
  trcVerbose("Thread stack page size (pthread): %s",
      describe_pagesize(g_multipage_support.pthr_stack_pagesize));
  trcVerbose("Default shared memory page size: %s",
      describe_pagesize(g_multipage_support.shmpsize));
  trcVerbose("Can use 64K pages dynamically with shared meory: %s",
      (g_multipage_support.can_use_64K_pages ? "yes" :"no"));
  trcVerbose("Can use 16M pages dynamically with shared memory: %s",
      (g_multipage_support.can_use_16M_pages ? "yes" :"no"));
  trcVerbose("Multipage error details: %d",
      g_multipage_support.error);

  // sanity checks
  assert0(g_multipage_support.pagesize == SIZE_4K);
  assert0(g_multipage_support.datapsize == SIZE_4K || g_multipage_support.datapsize == SIZE_64K);
  assert0(g_multipage_support.textpsize == SIZE_4K || g_multipage_support.textpsize == SIZE_64K);
  assert0(g_multipage_support.pthr_stack_pagesize == g_multipage_support.datapsize);
  assert0(g_multipage_support.shmpsize == SIZE_4K || g_multipage_support.shmpsize == SIZE_64K);

}

void os::init_system_properties_values() {

#define DEFAULT_LIBPATH "/lib:/usr/lib"
#define EXTENSIONS_DIR  "/lib/ext"

  // Buffer that fits several sprintfs.
  // Note that the space for the trailing null is provided
  // by the nulls included by the sizeof operator.
  const size_t bufsize =
    MAX2((size_t)MAXPATHLEN,  // For dll_dir & friends.
         (size_t)MAXPATHLEN + sizeof(EXTENSIONS_DIR)); // extensions dir
  char *buf = (char *)NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, bufsize, mtInternal);

  // sysclasspath, java_home, dll_dir
  {
    char *pslash;
    os::jvm_path(buf, bufsize);

    // Found the full path to libjvm.so.
    // Now cut the path to <java_home>/jre if we can.
    pslash = strrchr(buf, '/');
    if (pslash != NULL) {
      *pslash = '\0';            // Get rid of /libjvm.so.
    }
    pslash = strrchr(buf, '/');
    if (pslash != NULL) {
      *pslash = '\0';            // Get rid of /{client|server|hotspot}.
    }
    Arguments::set_dll_dir(buf);

    if (pslash != NULL) {
      pslash = strrchr(buf, '/');
      if (pslash != NULL) {
        *pslash = '\0';          // Get rid of /<arch>.
        pslash = strrchr(buf, '/');
        if (pslash != NULL) {
          *pslash = '\0';        // Get rid of /lib.
        }
      }
    }
    Arguments::set_java_home(buf);
    set_boot_path('/', ':');
  }

  // Where to look for native libraries.

  // On Aix we get the user setting of LIBPATH.
  // Eventually, all the library path setting will be done here.
  // Get the user setting of LIBPATH.
  const char *v = ::getenv("LIBPATH");
  const char *v_colon = ":";
  if (v == NULL) { v = ""; v_colon = ""; }

  // Concatenate user and invariant part of ld_library_path.
  // That's +1 for the colon and +1 for the trailing '\0'.
  char *ld_library_path = (char *)NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, strlen(v) + 1 + sizeof(DEFAULT_LIBPATH) + 1, mtInternal);
  sprintf(ld_library_path, "%s%s" DEFAULT_LIBPATH, v, v_colon);
  Arguments::set_library_path(ld_library_path);
  FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, ld_library_path);

  // Extensions directories.
  sprintf(buf, "%s" EXTENSIONS_DIR, Arguments::get_java_home());
  Arguments::set_ext_dirs(buf);

  FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, buf);

#undef DEFAULT_LIBPATH
#undef EXTENSIONS_DIR
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// breakpoint support

void os::breakpoint() {
  BREAKPOINT;
}

extern "C" void breakpoint() {
  // use debugger to set breakpoint here
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// signal support

debug_only(static bool signal_sets_initialized = false);
static sigset_t unblocked_sigs, vm_sigs, allowdebug_blocked_sigs;

bool os::Aix::is_sig_ignored(int sig) {
  struct sigaction oact;
  sigaction(sig, (struct sigaction*)NULL, &oact);
  void* ohlr = oact.sa_sigaction ? CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(void*, oact.sa_sigaction)
    : CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(void*, oact.sa_handler);
  if (ohlr == CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(void*, SIG_IGN)) {
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}

void os::Aix::signal_sets_init() {
  // Should also have an assertion stating we are still single-threaded.
  assert(!signal_sets_initialized, "Already initialized");
  // Fill in signals that are necessarily unblocked for all threads in
  // the VM. Currently, we unblock the following signals:
  // SHUTDOWN{1,2,3}_SIGNAL: for shutdown hooks support (unless over-ridden
  //                         by -Xrs (=ReduceSignalUsage));
  // BREAK_SIGNAL which is unblocked only by the VM thread and blocked by all
  // other threads. The "ReduceSignalUsage" boolean tells us not to alter
  // the dispositions or masks wrt these signals.
  // Programs embedding the VM that want to use the above signals for their
  // own purposes must, at this time, use the "-Xrs" option to prevent
  // interference with shutdown hooks and BREAK_SIGNAL thread dumping.
  // (See bug 4345157, and other related bugs).
  // In reality, though, unblocking these signals is really a nop, since
  // these signals are not blocked by default.
  sigemptyset(&unblocked_sigs);
  sigemptyset(&allowdebug_blocked_sigs);
  sigaddset(&unblocked_sigs, SIGILL);
  sigaddset(&unblocked_sigs, SIGSEGV);
  sigaddset(&unblocked_sigs, SIGBUS);
  sigaddset(&unblocked_sigs, SIGFPE);
  sigaddset(&unblocked_sigs, SIGTRAP);
  sigaddset(&unblocked_sigs, SIGDANGER);
  sigaddset(&unblocked_sigs, SR_signum);

  if (!ReduceSignalUsage) {
   if (!os::Aix::is_sig_ignored(SHUTDOWN1_SIGNAL)) {
     sigaddset(&unblocked_sigs, SHUTDOWN1_SIGNAL);
     sigaddset(&allowdebug_blocked_sigs, SHUTDOWN1_SIGNAL);
   }
   if (!os::Aix::is_sig_ignored(SHUTDOWN2_SIGNAL)) {
     sigaddset(&unblocked_sigs, SHUTDOWN2_SIGNAL);
     sigaddset(&allowdebug_blocked_sigs, SHUTDOWN2_SIGNAL);
   }
   if (!os::Aix::is_sig_ignored(SHUTDOWN3_SIGNAL)) {
     sigaddset(&unblocked_sigs, SHUTDOWN3_SIGNAL);
     sigaddset(&allowdebug_blocked_sigs, SHUTDOWN3_SIGNAL);
   }
  }
  // Fill in signals that are blocked by all but the VM thread.
  sigemptyset(&vm_sigs);
  if (!ReduceSignalUsage)
    sigaddset(&vm_sigs, BREAK_SIGNAL);
  debug_only(signal_sets_initialized = true);
}

// These are signals that are unblocked while a thread is running Java.
// (For some reason, they get blocked by default.)
sigset_t* os::Aix::unblocked_signals() {
  assert(signal_sets_initialized, "Not initialized");
  return &unblocked_sigs;
}

// These are the signals that are blocked while a (non-VM) thread is
// running Java. Only the VM thread handles these signals.
sigset_t* os::Aix::vm_signals() {
  assert(signal_sets_initialized, "Not initialized");
  return &vm_sigs;
}

// These are signals that are blocked during cond_wait to allow debugger in
sigset_t* os::Aix::allowdebug_blocked_signals() {
  assert(signal_sets_initialized, "Not initialized");
  return &allowdebug_blocked_sigs;
}

void os::Aix::hotspot_sigmask(Thread* thread) {

  //Save caller's signal mask before setting VM signal mask
  sigset_t caller_sigmask;
  pthread_sigmask(SIG_BLOCK, NULL, &caller_sigmask);

  OSThread* osthread = thread->osthread();
  osthread->set_caller_sigmask(caller_sigmask);

  pthread_sigmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, os::Aix::unblocked_signals(), NULL);

  if (!ReduceSignalUsage) {
    if (thread->is_VM_thread()) {
      // Only the VM thread handles BREAK_SIGNAL ...
      pthread_sigmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, vm_signals(), NULL);
    } else {
      // ... all other threads block BREAK_SIGNAL
      pthread_sigmask(SIG_BLOCK, vm_signals(), NULL);
    }
  }
}

// retrieve memory information.
// Returns false if something went wrong;
// content of pmi undefined in this case.
bool os::Aix::get_meminfo(meminfo_t* pmi) {

  assert(pmi, "get_meminfo: invalid parameter");

  memset(pmi, 0, sizeof(meminfo_t));

  if (os::Aix::on_pase()) {
    // On PASE, use the libo4 porting library.

    unsigned long long virt_total = 0;
    unsigned long long real_total = 0;
    unsigned long long real_free = 0;
    unsigned long long pgsp_total = 0;
    unsigned long long pgsp_free = 0;
    if (libo4::get_memory_info(&virt_total, &real_total, &real_free, &pgsp_total, &pgsp_free)) {
      pmi->virt_total = virt_total;
      pmi->real_total = real_total;
      pmi->real_free = real_free;
      pmi->pgsp_total = pgsp_total;
      pmi->pgsp_free = pgsp_free;
      return true;
    }
    return false;

  } else {

    // On AIX, I use the (dynamically loaded) perfstat library to retrieve memory statistics
    // See:
    // http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/systems/index.jsp
    //        ?topic=/com.ibm.aix.basetechref/doc/basetrf1/perfstat_memtot.htm
    // http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/systems/index.jsp
    //        ?topic=/com.ibm.aix.files/doc/aixfiles/libperfstat.h.htm

    perfstat_memory_total_t psmt;
    memset (&psmt, '\0', sizeof(psmt));
    const int rc = libperfstat::perfstat_memory_total(NULL, &psmt, sizeof(psmt), 1);
    if (rc == -1) {
      trcVerbose("perfstat_memory_total() failed (errno=%d)", errno);
      assert(0, "perfstat_memory_total() failed");
      return false;
    }

    assert(rc == 1, "perfstat_memory_total() - weird return code");

    // excerpt from
    // http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/systems/index.jsp
    //        ?topic=/com.ibm.aix.files/doc/aixfiles/libperfstat.h.htm
    // The fields of perfstat_memory_total_t:
    // u_longlong_t virt_total         Total virtual memory (in 4 KB pages).
    // u_longlong_t real_total         Total real memory (in 4 KB pages).
    // u_longlong_t real_free          Free real memory (in 4 KB pages).
    // u_longlong_t pgsp_total         Total paging space (in 4 KB pages).
    // u_longlong_t pgsp_free          Free paging space (in 4 KB pages).

    pmi->virt_total = psmt.virt_total * 4096;
    pmi->real_total = psmt.real_total * 4096;
    pmi->real_free = psmt.real_free * 4096;
    pmi->pgsp_total = psmt.pgsp_total * 4096;
    pmi->pgsp_free = psmt.pgsp_free * 4096;

    return true;

  }
} // end os::Aix::get_meminfo

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// create new thread

// Thread start routine for all newly created threads
static void *java_start(Thread *thread) {

  // find out my own stack dimensions
  {
    // actually, this should do exactly the same as thread->record_stack_base_and_size...
    address base = 0;
    size_t size = 0;
    query_stack_dimensions(&base, &size);
    thread->set_stack_base(base);
    thread->set_stack_size(size);
  }

  const pthread_t pthread_id = ::pthread_self();
  const tid_t kernel_thread_id = ::thread_self();

  trcVerbose("newborn Thread : pthread-id %u, ktid " UINT64_FORMAT
    ", stack %p ... %p, stacksize 0x%IX (%IB)",
    pthread_id, kernel_thread_id,
    thread->stack_base() - thread->stack_size(),
    thread->stack_base(),
    thread->stack_size(),
    thread->stack_size());

  // Normally, pthread stacks on AIX live in the data segment (are allocated with malloc()
  // by the pthread library). In rare cases, this may not be the case, e.g. when third-party
  // tools hook pthread_create(). In this case, we may run into problems establishing
  // guard pages on those stacks, because the stacks may reside in memory which is not
  // protectable (shmated).
  if (thread->stack_base() > ::sbrk(0)) {
    trcVerbose("Thread " UINT64_FORMAT ": stack not in data segment.", (uint64_t) pthread_id);
  }

  // Do some sanity checks.
  CHECK_CURRENT_STACK_PTR(thread->stack_base(), thread->stack_size());

  // Try to randomize the cache line index of hot stack frames.
  // This helps when threads of the same stack traces evict each other's
  // cache lines. The threads can be either from the same JVM instance, or
  // from different JVM instances. The benefit is especially true for
  // processors with hyperthreading technology.

  static int counter = 0;
  int pid = os::current_process_id();
  alloca(((pid ^ counter++) & 7) * 128);

  thread->initialize_thread_current();

  OSThread* osthread = thread->osthread();

  // Thread_id is pthread id.
  osthread->set_thread_id(pthread_id);

  // .. but keep kernel thread id too for diagnostics
  osthread->set_kernel_thread_id(kernel_thread_id);

  // Initialize signal mask for this thread.
  os::Aix::hotspot_sigmask(thread);

  // Initialize floating point control register.
  os::Aix::init_thread_fpu_state();

  assert(osthread->get_state() == RUNNABLE, "invalid os thread state");

  // Call one more level start routine.
  thread->run();

  trcVerbose("Thread finished : pthread-id %u, ktid " UINT64_FORMAT ".",
    pthread_id, kernel_thread_id);

  return 0;
}

bool os::create_thread(Thread* thread, ThreadType thr_type, size_t stack_size) {

  assert(thread->osthread() == NULL, "caller responsible");

  // Allocate the OSThread object
  OSThread* osthread = new OSThread(NULL, NULL);
  if (osthread == NULL) {
    return false;
  }

  // set the correct thread state
  osthread->set_thread_type(thr_type);

  // Initial state is ALLOCATED but not INITIALIZED
  osthread->set_state(ALLOCATED);

  thread->set_osthread(osthread);

  // init thread attributes
  pthread_attr_t attr;
  pthread_attr_init(&attr);
  guarantee(pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED) == 0, "???");

  // Make sure we run in 1:1 kernel-user-thread mode.
  if (os::Aix::on_aix()) {
    guarantee(pthread_attr_setscope(&attr, PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM) == 0, "???");
    guarantee(pthread_attr_setinheritsched(&attr, PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED) == 0, "???");
  } // end: aix

  // Start in suspended state, and in os::thread_start, wake the thread up.
  guarantee(pthread_attr_setsuspendstate_np(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_SUSPENDED_NP) == 0, "???");

  // calculate stack size if it's not specified by caller
  if (stack_size == 0) {
    stack_size = os::Aix::default_stack_size(thr_type);

    switch (thr_type) {
    case os::java_thread:
      // Java threads use ThreadStackSize whose default value can be changed with the flag -Xss.
      assert(JavaThread::stack_size_at_create() > 0, "this should be set");
      stack_size = JavaThread::stack_size_at_create();
      break;
    case os::compiler_thread:
      if (CompilerThreadStackSize > 0) {
        stack_size = (size_t)(CompilerThreadStackSize * K);
        break;
      } // else fall through:
        // use VMThreadStackSize if CompilerThreadStackSize is not defined
    case os::vm_thread:
    case os::pgc_thread:
    case os::cgc_thread:
    case os::watcher_thread:
      if (VMThreadStackSize > 0) stack_size = (size_t)(VMThreadStackSize * K);
      break;
    }
  }

  stack_size = MAX2(stack_size, os::Aix::min_stack_allowed);
  pthread_attr_setstacksize(&attr, stack_size);

  pthread_t tid;
  int ret = pthread_create(&tid, &attr, (void* (*)(void*)) java_start, thread);

  pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);

  if (ret == 0) {
    trcVerbose("Created New Thread : pthread-id %u", tid);
  } else {
    if (os::Aix::on_pase()) {
      // QIBM_MULTI_THREADED=Y is needed when the launcher is started on iSeries
      // using QSH. Otherwise pthread_create fails with errno=11.
      trcVerbose("(Please make sure you set the environment variable "
              "QIBM_MULTI_THREADED=Y before running this program.)");
    }
    if (PrintMiscellaneous && (Verbose || WizardMode)) {
      perror("pthread_create()");
    }
    // Need to clean up stuff we've allocated so far
    thread->set_osthread(NULL);
    delete osthread;
    return false;
  }

  // OSThread::thread_id is the pthread id.
  osthread->set_thread_id(tid);

  return true;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// attach existing thread

// bootstrap the main thread
bool os::create_main_thread(JavaThread* thread) {
  assert(os::Aix::_main_thread == pthread_self(), "should be called inside main thread");
  return create_attached_thread(thread);
}

bool os::create_attached_thread(JavaThread* thread) {
#ifdef ASSERT
    thread->verify_not_published();
#endif

  // Allocate the OSThread object
  OSThread* osthread = new OSThread(NULL, NULL);

  if (osthread == NULL) {
    return false;
  }

  const pthread_t pthread_id = ::pthread_self();
  const tid_t kernel_thread_id = ::thread_self();

  trcVerbose("attaching Thread : pthread-id %u, ktid " UINT64_FORMAT ", stack %p ... %p, stacksize 0x%IX (%IB)",
    pthread_id, kernel_thread_id,
    thread->stack_base() - thread->stack_size(),
    thread->stack_base(),
    thread->stack_size(),
    thread->stack_size());

  // OSThread::thread_id is the pthread id.
  osthread->set_thread_id(pthread_id);

  // .. but keep kernel thread id too for diagnostics
  osthread->set_kernel_thread_id(kernel_thread_id);

  // initialize floating point control register
  os::Aix::init_thread_fpu_state();

  // some sanity checks
  CHECK_CURRENT_STACK_PTR(thread->stack_base(), thread->stack_size());

  // Initial thread state is RUNNABLE
  osthread->set_state(RUNNABLE);

  thread->set_osthread(osthread);

  if (UseNUMA) {
    int lgrp_id = os::numa_get_group_id();
    if (lgrp_id != -1) {
      thread->set_lgrp_id(lgrp_id);
    }
  }

  // initialize signal mask for this thread
  // and save the caller's signal mask
  os::Aix::hotspot_sigmask(thread);

  return true;
}

void os::pd_start_thread(Thread* thread) {
  int status = pthread_continue_np(thread->osthread()->pthread_id());
  assert(status == 0, "thr_continue failed");
}

// Free OS resources related to the OSThread
void os::free_thread(OSThread* osthread) {
  assert(osthread != NULL, "osthread not set");

  if (Thread::current()->osthread() == osthread) {
    // Restore caller's signal mask
    sigset_t sigmask = osthread->caller_sigmask();
    pthread_sigmask(SIG_SETMASK, &sigmask, NULL);
   }

  delete osthread;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// time support

// Time since start-up in seconds to a fine granularity.
// Used by VMSelfDestructTimer and the MemProfiler.
double os::elapsedTime() {
  return (double)(os::elapsed_counter()) * 0.000001;
}

jlong os::elapsed_counter() {
  timeval time;
  int status = gettimeofday(&time, NULL);
  return jlong(time.tv_sec) * 1000 * 1000 + jlong(time.tv_usec) - initial_time_count;
}

jlong os::elapsed_frequency() {
  return (1000 * 1000);
}

bool os::supports_vtime() { return true; }
bool os::enable_vtime()   { return false; }
bool os::vtime_enabled()  { return false; }

double os::elapsedVTime() {
  struct rusage usage;
  int retval = getrusage(RUSAGE_THREAD, &usage);
  if (retval == 0) {
    return usage.ru_utime.tv_sec + usage.ru_stime.tv_sec + (usage.ru_utime.tv_usec + usage.ru_stime.tv_usec) / (1000.0 * 1000);
  } else {
    // better than nothing, but not much
    return elapsedTime();
  }
}

jlong os::javaTimeMillis() {
  timeval time;
  int status = gettimeofday(&time, NULL);
  assert(status != -1, "aix error at gettimeofday()");
  return jlong(time.tv_sec) * 1000 + jlong(time.tv_usec / 1000);
}

void os::javaTimeSystemUTC(jlong &seconds, jlong &nanos) {
  timeval time;
  int status = gettimeofday(&time, NULL);
  assert(status != -1, "aix error at gettimeofday()");
  seconds = jlong(time.tv_sec);
  nanos = jlong(time.tv_usec) * 1000;
}

jlong os::javaTimeNanos() {
  if (os::Aix::on_pase()) {

    timeval time;
    int status = gettimeofday(&time, NULL);
    assert(status != -1, "PASE error at gettimeofday()");
    jlong usecs = jlong((unsigned long long) time.tv_sec * (1000 * 1000) + time.tv_usec);
    return 1000 * usecs;

  } else {
    // On AIX use the precision of processors real time clock
    // or time base registers.
    timebasestruct_t time;
    int rc;

    // If the CPU has a time register, it will be used and
    // we have to convert to real time first. After convertion we have following data:
    // time.tb_high [seconds since 00:00:00 UTC on 1.1.1970]
    // time.tb_low  [nanoseconds after the last full second above]
    // We better use mread_real_time here instead of read_real_time
    // to ensure that we will get a monotonic increasing time.
    if (mread_real_time(&time, TIMEBASE_SZ) != RTC_POWER) {
      rc = time_base_to_time(&time, TIMEBASE_SZ);
      assert(rc != -1, "aix error at time_base_to_time()");
    }
    return jlong(time.tb_high) * (1000 * 1000 * 1000) + jlong(time.tb_low);
  }
}

void os::javaTimeNanos_info(jvmtiTimerInfo *info_ptr) {
  info_ptr->max_value = ALL_64_BITS;
  // mread_real_time() is monotonic (see 'os::javaTimeNanos()')
  info_ptr->may_skip_backward = false;
  info_ptr->may_skip_forward = false;
  info_ptr->kind = JVMTI_TIMER_ELAPSED;    // elapsed not CPU time
}

// Return the real, user, and system times in seconds from an
// arbitrary fixed point in the past.
bool os::getTimesSecs(double* process_real_time,
                      double* process_user_time,
                      double* process_system_time) {
  struct tms ticks;
  clock_t real_ticks = times(&ticks);

  if (real_ticks == (clock_t) (-1)) {
    return false;
  } else {
    double ticks_per_second = (double) clock_tics_per_sec;
    *process_user_time = ((double) ticks.tms_utime) / ticks_per_second;
    *process_system_time = ((double) ticks.tms_stime) / ticks_per_second;
    *process_real_time = ((double) real_ticks) / ticks_per_second;

    return true;
  }
}

char * os::local_time_string(char *buf, size_t buflen) {
  struct tm t;
  time_t long_time;
  time(&long_time);
  localtime_r(&long_time, &t);
  jio_snprintf(buf, buflen, "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d",
               t.tm_year + 1900, t.tm_mon + 1, t.tm_mday,
               t.tm_hour, t.tm_min, t.tm_sec);
  return buf;
}

struct tm* os::localtime_pd(const time_t* clock, struct tm* res) {
  return localtime_r(clock, res);
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// runtime exit support

// Note: os::shutdown() might be called very early during initialization, or
// called from signal handler. Before adding something to os::shutdown(), make
// sure it is async-safe and can handle partially initialized VM.
void os::shutdown() {

  // allow PerfMemory to attempt cleanup of any persistent resources
  perfMemory_exit();

  // needs to remove object in file system
  AttachListener::abort();

  // flush buffered output, finish log files
  ostream_abort();

  // Check for abort hook
  abort_hook_t abort_hook = Arguments::abort_hook();
  if (abort_hook != NULL) {
    abort_hook();
  }
}

// Note: os::abort() might be called very early during initialization, or
// called from signal handler. Before adding something to os::abort(), make
// sure it is async-safe and can handle partially initialized VM.
void os::abort(bool dump_core, void* siginfo, const void* context) {
  os::shutdown();
  if (dump_core) {
#ifndef PRODUCT
    fdStream out(defaultStream::output_fd());
    out.print_raw("Current thread is ");
    char buf[16];
    jio_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), UINTX_FORMAT, os::current_thread_id());
    out.print_raw_cr(buf);
    out.print_raw_cr("Dumping core ...");
#endif
    ::abort(); // dump core
  }

  ::exit(1);
}

// Die immediately, no exit hook, no abort hook, no cleanup.
void os::die() {
  ::abort();
}

// This method is a copy of JDK's sysGetLastErrorString
// from src/solaris/hpi/src/system_md.c

size_t os::lasterror(char *buf, size_t len) {
  if (errno == 0) return 0;

  const char *s = ::strerror(errno);
  size_t n = ::strlen(s);
  if (n >= len) {
    n = len - 1;
  }
  ::strncpy(buf, s, n);
  buf[n] = '\0';
  return n;
}

intx os::current_thread_id() {
  return (intx)pthread_self();
}

int os::current_process_id() {
  return getpid();
}

// DLL functions

const char* os::dll_file_extension() { return ".so"; }

// This must be hard coded because it's the system's temporary
// directory not the java application's temp directory, ala java.io.tmpdir.
const char* os::get_temp_directory() { return "/tmp"; }

static bool file_exists(const char* filename) {
  struct stat statbuf;
  if (filename == NULL || strlen(filename) == 0) {
    return false;
  }
  return os::stat(filename, &statbuf) == 0;
}

bool os::dll_build_name(char* buffer, size_t buflen,
                        const char* pname, const char* fname) {
  bool retval = false;
  // Copied from libhpi
  const size_t pnamelen = pname ? strlen(pname) : 0;

  // Return error on buffer overflow.
  if (pnamelen + strlen(fname) + 10 > (size_t) buflen) {
    *buffer = '\0';
    return retval;
  }

  if (pnamelen == 0) {
    snprintf(buffer, buflen, "lib%s.so", fname);
    retval = true;
  } else if (strchr(pname, *os::path_separator()) != NULL) {
    int n;
    char** pelements = split_path(pname, &n);
    if (pelements == NULL) {
      return false;
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      // Really shouldn't be NULL, but check can't hurt
      if (pelements[i] == NULL || strlen(pelements[i]) == 0) {
        continue; // skip the empty path values
      }
      snprintf(buffer, buflen, "%s/lib%s.so", pelements[i], fname);
      if (file_exists(buffer)) {
        retval = true;
        break;
      }
    }
    // release the storage
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      if (pelements[i] != NULL) {
        FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, pelements[i]);
      }
    }
    if (pelements != NULL) {
      FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char*, pelements);
    }
  } else {
    snprintf(buffer, buflen, "%s/lib%s.so", pname, fname);
    retval = true;
  }
  return retval;
}

// Check if addr is inside libjvm.so.
bool os::address_is_in_vm(address addr) {

  // Input could be a real pc or a function pointer literal. The latter
  // would be a function descriptor residing in the data segment of a module.
  loaded_module_t lm;
  if (LoadedLibraries::find_for_text_address(addr, &lm) != NULL) {
    return lm.is_in_vm;
  } else if (LoadedLibraries::find_for_data_address(addr, &lm) != NULL) {
    return lm.is_in_vm;
  } else {
    return false;
  }

}

// Resolve an AIX function descriptor literal to a code pointer.
// If the input is a valid code pointer to a text segment of a loaded module,
//   it is returned unchanged.
// If the input is a valid AIX function descriptor, it is resolved to the
//   code entry point.
// If the input is neither a valid function descriptor nor a valid code pointer,
//   NULL is returned.
static address resolve_function_descriptor_to_code_pointer(address p) {

  if (LoadedLibraries::find_for_text_address(p, NULL) != NULL) {
    // It is a real code pointer.
    return p;
  } else if (LoadedLibraries::find_for_data_address(p, NULL) != NULL) {
    // Pointer to data segment, potential function descriptor.
    address code_entry = (address)(((FunctionDescriptor*)p)->entry());
    if (LoadedLibraries::find_for_text_address(code_entry, NULL) != NULL) {
      // It is a function descriptor.
      return code_entry;
    }
  }

  return NULL;
}

bool os::dll_address_to_function_name(address addr, char *buf,
                                      int buflen, int *offset,
                                      bool demangle) {
  if (offset) {
    *offset = -1;
  }
  // Buf is not optional, but offset is optional.
  assert(buf != NULL, "sanity check");
  buf[0] = '\0';

  // Resolve function ptr literals first.
  addr = resolve_function_descriptor_to_code_pointer(addr);
  if (!addr) {
    return false;
  }

  // Go through Decoder::decode to call getFuncName which reads the name from the traceback table.
  return Decoder::decode(addr, buf, buflen, offset, demangle);
}

static int getModuleName(codeptr_t pc,                    // [in] program counter
                         char* p_name, size_t namelen,    // [out] optional: function name
                         char* p_errmsg, size_t errmsglen // [out] optional: user provided buffer for error messages
                         ) {

  if (p_name && namelen > 0) {
    *p_name = '\0';
  }
  if (p_errmsg && errmsglen > 0) {
    *p_errmsg = '\0';
  }

  if (p_name && namelen > 0) {
    loaded_module_t lm;
    if (LoadedLibraries::find_for_text_address(pc, &lm) != NULL) {
      strncpy(p_name, lm.shortname, namelen);
      p_name[namelen - 1] = '\0';
    }
    return 0;
  }

  return -1;
}

bool os::dll_address_to_library_name(address addr, char* buf,
                                     int buflen, int* offset) {
  if (offset) {
    *offset = -1;
  }
  // Buf is not optional, but offset is optional.
  assert(buf != NULL, "sanity check");
  buf[0] = '\0';

  // Resolve function ptr literals first.
  addr = resolve_function_descriptor_to_code_pointer(addr);
  if (!addr) {
    return false;
  }

  if (::getModuleName((codeptr_t) addr, buf, buflen, 0, 0) == 0) {
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

// Loads .dll/.so and in case of error it checks if .dll/.so was built
// for the same architecture as Hotspot is running on.
void *os::dll_load(const char *filename, char *ebuf, int ebuflen) {

  if (ebuf && ebuflen > 0) {
    ebuf[0] = '\0';
    ebuf[ebuflen - 1] = '\0';
  }

  if (!filename || strlen(filename) == 0) {
    ::strncpy(ebuf, "dll_load: empty filename specified", ebuflen - 1);
    return NULL;
  }

  // RTLD_LAZY is currently not implemented. The dl is loaded immediately with all its dependants.
  void * result= ::dlopen(filename, RTLD_LAZY);
  if (result != NULL) {
    // Reload dll cache. Don't do this in signal handling.
    LoadedLibraries::reload();
    return result;
  } else {
    // error analysis when dlopen fails
    const char* const error_report = ::dlerror();
    if (error_report && ebuf && ebuflen > 0) {
      snprintf(ebuf, ebuflen - 1, "%s, LIBPATH=%s, LD_LIBRARY_PATH=%s : %s",
               filename, ::getenv("LIBPATH"), ::getenv("LD_LIBRARY_PATH"), error_report);
    }
  }
  return NULL;
}

void* os::dll_lookup(void* handle, const char* name) {
  void* res = dlsym(handle, name);
  return res;
}

void* os::get_default_process_handle() {
  return (void*)::dlopen(NULL, RTLD_LAZY);
}

void os::print_dll_info(outputStream *st) {
  st->print_cr("Dynamic libraries:");
  LoadedLibraries::print(st);
}

void os::get_summary_os_info(char* buf, size_t buflen) {
  // There might be something more readable than uname results for AIX.
  struct utsname name;
  uname(&name);
  snprintf(buf, buflen, "%s %s", name.release, name.version);
}

void os::print_os_info(outputStream* st) {
  st->print("OS:");

  st->print("uname:");
  struct utsname name;
  uname(&name);
  st->print(name.sysname); st->print(" ");
  st->print(name.nodename); st->print(" ");
  st->print(name.release); st->print(" ");
  st->print(name.version); st->print(" ");
  st->print(name.machine);
  st->cr();

  uint32_t ver = os::Aix::os_version();
  st->print_cr("AIX kernel version %u.%u.%u.%u",
               (ver >> 24) & 0xFF, (ver >> 16) & 0xFF, (ver >> 8) & 0xFF, ver & 0xFF);

  // rlimit
  st->print("rlimit:");
  struct rlimit rlim;

  st->print(" STACK ");
  getrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, &rlim);
  if (rlim.rlim_cur == RLIM_INFINITY) st->print("infinity");
  else st->print("%uk", rlim.rlim_cur >> 10);

  st->print(", CORE ");
  getrlimit(RLIMIT_CORE, &rlim);
  if (rlim.rlim_cur == RLIM_INFINITY) st->print("infinity");
  else st->print("%uk", rlim.rlim_cur >> 10);

  st->print(", NPROC ");
  st->print("%d", sysconf(_SC_CHILD_MAX));

  st->print(", NOFILE ");
  getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim);
  if (rlim.rlim_cur == RLIM_INFINITY) st->print("infinity");
  else st->print("%d", rlim.rlim_cur);

  st->print(", AS ");
  getrlimit(RLIMIT_AS, &rlim);
  if (rlim.rlim_cur == RLIM_INFINITY) st->print("infinity");
  else st->print("%uk", rlim.rlim_cur >> 10);

  // Print limits on DATA, because it limits the C-heap.
  st->print(", DATA ");
  getrlimit(RLIMIT_DATA, &rlim);
  if (rlim.rlim_cur == RLIM_INFINITY) st->print("infinity");
  else st->print("%uk", rlim.rlim_cur >> 10);
  st->cr();

  // load average
  st->print("load average:");
  double loadavg[3] = {-1.L, -1.L, -1.L};
  os::loadavg(loadavg, 3);
  st->print("%0.02f %0.02f %0.02f", loadavg[0], loadavg[1], loadavg[2]);
  st->cr();

  // print wpar info
  libperfstat::wparinfo_t wi;
  if (libperfstat::get_wparinfo(&wi)) {
    st->print_cr("wpar info");
    st->print_cr("name: %s", wi.name);
    st->print_cr("id:   %d", wi.wpar_id);
    st->print_cr("type: %s", (wi.app_wpar ? "application" : "system"));
  }

  // print partition info
  libperfstat::partitioninfo_t pi;
  if (libperfstat::get_partitioninfo(&pi)) {
    st->print_cr("partition info");
    st->print_cr(" name: %s", pi.name);
  }

}

void os::print_memory_info(outputStream* st) {

  st->print_cr("Memory:");

  st->print_cr("  Base page size (sysconf _SC_PAGESIZE):  %s",
    describe_pagesize(g_multipage_support.pagesize));
  st->print_cr("  Data page size (C-Heap, bss, etc):      %s",
    describe_pagesize(g_multipage_support.datapsize));
  st->print_cr("  Text page size:                         %s",
    describe_pagesize(g_multipage_support.textpsize));
  st->print_cr("  Thread stack page size (pthread):       %s",
    describe_pagesize(g_multipage_support.pthr_stack_pagesize));
  st->print_cr("  Default shared memory page size:        %s",
    describe_pagesize(g_multipage_support.shmpsize));
  st->print_cr("  Can use 64K pages dynamically with shared meory:  %s",
    (g_multipage_support.can_use_64K_pages ? "yes" :"no"));
  st->print_cr("  Can use 16M pages dynamically with shared memory: %s",
    (g_multipage_support.can_use_16M_pages ? "yes" :"no"));
  st->print_cr("  Multipage error: %d",
    g_multipage_support.error);
  st->cr();
  st->print_cr("  os::vm_page_size:       %s", describe_pagesize(os::vm_page_size()));
  // not used in OpenJDK st->print_cr("  os::stack_page_size:    %s", describe_pagesize(os::stack_page_size()));

  // print out LDR_CNTRL because it affects the default page sizes
  const char* const ldr_cntrl = ::getenv("LDR_CNTRL");
  st->print_cr("  LDR_CNTRL=%s.", ldr_cntrl ? ldr_cntrl : "<unset>");

  // Print out EXTSHM because it is an unsupported setting.
  const char* const extshm = ::getenv("EXTSHM");
  st->print_cr("  EXTSHM=%s.", extshm ? extshm : "<unset>");
  if ( (strcmp(extshm, "on") == 0) || (strcmp(extshm, "ON") == 0) ) {
    st->print_cr("  *** Unsupported! Please remove EXTSHM from your environment! ***");
  }

  // Print out AIXTHREAD_GUARDPAGES because it affects the size of pthread stacks.
  const char* const aixthread_guardpages = ::getenv("AIXTHREAD_GUARDPAGES");
  st->print_cr("  AIXTHREAD_GUARDPAGES=%s.",
      aixthread_guardpages ? aixthread_guardpages : "<unset>");

  os::Aix::meminfo_t mi;
  if (os::Aix::get_meminfo(&mi)) {
    char buffer[256];
    if (os::Aix::on_aix()) {
      st->print_cr("physical total : " SIZE_FORMAT, mi.real_total);
      st->print_cr("physical free  : " SIZE_FORMAT, mi.real_free);
      st->print_cr("swap total     : " SIZE_FORMAT, mi.pgsp_total);
      st->print_cr("swap free      : " SIZE_FORMAT, mi.pgsp_free);
    } else {
      // PASE - Numbers are result of QWCRSSTS; they mean:
      // real_total: Sum of all system pools
      // real_free: always 0
      // pgsp_total: we take the size of the system ASP
      // pgsp_free: size of system ASP times percentage of system ASP unused
      st->print_cr("physical total     : " SIZE_FORMAT, mi.real_total);
      st->print_cr("system asp total   : " SIZE_FORMAT, mi.pgsp_total);
      st->print_cr("%% system asp used : " SIZE_FORMAT,
        mi.pgsp_total ? (100.0f * (mi.pgsp_total - mi.pgsp_free) / mi.pgsp_total) : -1.0f);
    }
    st->print_raw(buffer);
  }
  st->cr();

  // Print segments allocated with os::reserve_memory.
  st->print_cr("internal virtual memory regions used by vm:");
  vmembk_print_on(st);
}

// Get a string for the cpuinfo that is a summary of the cpu type
void os::get_summary_cpu_info(char* buf, size_t buflen) {
  // This looks good
  libperfstat::cpuinfo_t ci;
  if (libperfstat::get_cpuinfo(&ci)) {
    strncpy(buf, ci.version, buflen);
  } else {
    strncpy(buf, "AIX", buflen);
  }
}

void os::pd_print_cpu_info(outputStream* st, char* buf, size_t buflen) {
  st->print("CPU:");
  st->print("total %d", os::processor_count());
  // It's not safe to query number of active processors after crash.
  // st->print("(active %d)", os::active_processor_count());
  st->print(" %s", VM_Version::cpu_features());
  st->cr();
}

void os::print_siginfo(outputStream* st, void* siginfo) {
  os::Posix::print_siginfo_brief(st, (const siginfo_t*) siginfo);
  st->cr();
}

static void print_signal_handler(outputStream* st, int sig,
                                 char* buf, size_t buflen);

void os::print_signal_handlers(outputStream* st, char* buf, size_t buflen) {
  st->print_cr("Signal Handlers:");
  print_signal_handler(st, SIGSEGV, buf, buflen);
  print_signal_handler(st, SIGBUS , buf, buflen);
  print_signal_handler(st, SIGFPE , buf, buflen);
  print_signal_handler(st, SIGPIPE, buf, buflen);
  print_signal_handler(st, SIGXFSZ, buf, buflen);
  print_signal_handler(st, SIGILL , buf, buflen);
  print_signal_handler(st, SR_signum, buf, buflen);
  print_signal_handler(st, SHUTDOWN1_SIGNAL, buf, buflen);
  print_signal_handler(st, SHUTDOWN2_SIGNAL , buf, buflen);
  print_signal_handler(st, SHUTDOWN3_SIGNAL , buf, buflen);
  print_signal_handler(st, BREAK_SIGNAL, buf, buflen);
  print_signal_handler(st, SIGTRAP, buf, buflen);
  print_signal_handler(st, SIGDANGER, buf, buflen);
}

static char saved_jvm_path[MAXPATHLEN] = {0};

// Find the full path to the current module, libjvm.so.
void os::jvm_path(char *buf, jint buflen) {
  // Error checking.
  if (buflen < MAXPATHLEN) {
    assert(false, "must use a large-enough buffer");
    buf[0] = '\0';
    return;
  }
  // Lazy resolve the path to current module.
  if (saved_jvm_path[0] != 0) {
    strcpy(buf, saved_jvm_path);
    return;
  }

  Dl_info dlinfo;
  int ret = dladdr(CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(void *, os::jvm_path), &dlinfo);
  assert(ret != 0, "cannot locate libjvm");
  char* rp = realpath((char *)dlinfo.dli_fname, buf);
  assert(rp != NULL, "error in realpath(): maybe the 'path' argument is too long?");

  strncpy(saved_jvm_path, buf, sizeof(saved_jvm_path));
  saved_jvm_path[sizeof(saved_jvm_path) - 1] = '\0';
}

void os::print_jni_name_prefix_on(outputStream* st, int args_size) {
  // no prefix required, not even "_"
}

void os::print_jni_name_suffix_on(outputStream* st, int args_size) {
  // no suffix required
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// sun.misc.Signal support

static volatile jint sigint_count = 0;

static void
UserHandler(int sig, void *siginfo, void *context) {
  // 4511530 - sem_post is serialized and handled by the manager thread. When
  // the program is interrupted by Ctrl-C, SIGINT is sent to every thread. We
  // don't want to flood the manager thread with sem_post requests.
  if (sig == SIGINT && Atomic::add(1, &sigint_count) > 1)
    return;

  // Ctrl-C is pressed during error reporting, likely because the error
  // handler fails to abort. Let VM die immediately.
  if (sig == SIGINT && is_error_reported()) {
    os::die();
  }

  os::signal_notify(sig);
}

void* os::user_handler() {
  return CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(void*, UserHandler);
}

extern "C" {
  typedef void (*sa_handler_t)(int);
  typedef void (*sa_sigaction_t)(int, siginfo_t *, void *);
}

void* os::signal(int signal_number, void* handler) {
  struct sigaction sigAct, oldSigAct;

  sigfillset(&(sigAct.sa_mask));

  // Do not block out synchronous signals in the signal handler.
  // Blocking synchronous signals only makes sense if you can really
  // be sure that those signals won't happen during signal handling,
  // when the blocking applies. Normal signal handlers are lean and
  // do not cause signals. But our signal handlers tend to be "risky"
  // - secondary SIGSEGV, SIGILL, SIGBUS' may and do happen.
  // On AIX, PASE there was a case where a SIGSEGV happened, followed
  // by a SIGILL, which was blocked due to the signal mask. The process
  // just hung forever. Better to crash from a secondary signal than to hang.
  sigdelset(&(sigAct.sa_mask), SIGSEGV);
  sigdelset(&(sigAct.sa_mask), SIGBUS);
  sigdelset(&(sigAct.sa_mask), SIGILL);
  sigdelset(&(sigAct.sa_mask), SIGFPE);
  sigdelset(&(sigAct.sa_mask), SIGTRAP);

  sigAct.sa_flags   = SA_RESTART|SA_SIGINFO;

  sigAct.sa_handler = CAST_TO_FN_PTR(sa_handler_t, handler);

  if (sigaction(signal_number, &sigAct, &oldSigAct)) {
    // -1 means registration failed
    return (void *)-1;
  }

  return CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(void*, oldSigAct.sa_handler);
}

void os::signal_raise(int signal_number) {
  ::raise(signal_number);
}

//
// The following code is moved from os.cpp for making this
// code platform specific, which it is by its very nature.
//

// Will be modified when max signal is changed to be dynamic
int os::sigexitnum_pd() {
  return NSIG;
}

// a counter for each possible signal value
static volatile jint pending_signals[NSIG+1] = { 0 };

// Wrapper functions for: sem_init(), sem_post(), sem_wait()
// On AIX, we use sem_init(), sem_post(), sem_wait()
// On Pase, we need to use msem_lock() and msem_unlock(), because Posix Semaphores
// do not seem to work at all on PASE (unimplemented, will cause SIGILL).
// Note that just using msem_.. APIs for both PASE and AIX is not an option either, as
// on AIX, msem_..() calls are suspected of causing problems.
static sem_t sig_sem;
static msemaphore* p_sig_msem = 0;

static void local_sem_init() {
  if (os::Aix::on_aix()) {
    int rc = ::sem_init(&sig_sem, 0, 0);
    guarantee(rc != -1, "sem_init failed");
  } else {
    // Memory semaphores must live in shared mem.
    guarantee0(p_sig_msem == NULL);
    p_sig_msem = (msemaphore*)os::reserve_memory(sizeof(msemaphore), NULL);
    guarantee(p_sig_msem, "Cannot allocate memory for memory semaphore");
    guarantee(::msem_init(p_sig_msem, 0) == p_sig_msem, "msem_init failed");
  }
}

static void local_sem_post() {
  static bool warn_only_once = false;
  if (os::Aix::on_aix()) {
    int rc = ::sem_post(&sig_sem);
    if (rc == -1 && !warn_only_once) {
      trcVerbose("sem_post failed (errno = %d, %s)", errno, strerror(errno));
      warn_only_once = true;
    }
  } else {
    guarantee0(p_sig_msem != NULL);
    int rc = ::msem_unlock(p_sig_msem, 0);
    if (rc == -1 && !warn_only_once) {
      trcVerbose("msem_unlock failed (errno = %d, %s)", errno, strerror(errno));
      warn_only_once = true;
    }
  }
}

static void local_sem_wait() {
  static bool warn_only_once = false;
  if (os::Aix::on_aix()) {
    int rc = ::sem_wait(&sig_sem);
    if (rc == -1 && !warn_only_once) {
      trcVerbose("sem_wait failed (errno = %d, %s)", errno, strerror(errno));
      warn_only_once = true;
    }
  } else {
    guarantee0(p_sig_msem != NULL); // must init before use
    int rc = ::msem_lock(p_sig_msem, 0);
    if (rc == -1 && !warn_only_once) {
      trcVerbose("msem_lock failed (errno = %d, %s)", errno, strerror(errno));
      warn_only_once = true;
    }
  }
}

void os::signal_init_pd() {
  // Initialize signal structures
  ::memset((void*)pending_signals, 0, sizeof(pending_signals));

  // Initialize signal semaphore
  local_sem_init();
}

void os::signal_notify(int sig) {
  Atomic::inc(&pending_signals[sig]);
  local_sem_post();
}

static int check_pending_signals(bool wait) {
  Atomic::store(0, &sigint_count);
  for (;;) {
    for (int i = 0; i < NSIG + 1; i++) {
      jint n = pending_signals[i];
      if (n > 0 && n == Atomic::cmpxchg(n - 1, &pending_signals[i], n)) {
        return i;
      }
    }
    if (!wait) {
      return -1;
    }
    JavaThread *thread = JavaThread::current();
    ThreadBlockInVM tbivm(thread);

    bool threadIsSuspended;
    do {
      thread->set_suspend_equivalent();
      // cleared by handle_special_suspend_equivalent_condition() or java_suspend_self()

      local_sem_wait();

      // were we externally suspended while we were waiting?
      threadIsSuspended = thread->handle_special_suspend_equivalent_condition();
      if (threadIsSuspended) {
        //
        // The semaphore has been incremented, but while we were waiting
        // another thread suspended us. We don't want to continue running
        // while suspended because that would surprise the thread that
        // suspended us.
        //

        local_sem_post();

        thread->java_suspend_self();
      }
    } while (threadIsSuspended);
  }
}

int os::signal_lookup() {
  return check_pending_signals(false);
}

int os::signal_wait() {
  return check_pending_signals(true);
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Virtual Memory

// We need to keep small simple bookkeeping for os::reserve_memory and friends.

#define VMEM_MAPPED  1
#define VMEM_SHMATED 2

struct vmembk_t {
  int type;         // 1 - mmap, 2 - shmat
  char* addr;
  size_t size;      // Real size, may be larger than usersize.
  size_t pagesize;  // page size of area
  vmembk_t* next;

  bool contains_addr(char* p) const {
    return p >= addr && p < (addr + size);
  }

  bool contains_range(char* p, size_t s) const {
    return contains_addr(p) && contains_addr(p + s - 1);
  }

  void print_on(outputStream* os) const {
    os->print("[" PTR_FORMAT " - " PTR_FORMAT "] (" UINTX_FORMAT
      " bytes, %d %s pages), %s",
      addr, addr + size - 1, size, size / pagesize, describe_pagesize(pagesize),
      (type == VMEM_SHMATED ? "shmat" : "mmap")
    );
  }

  // Check that range is a sub range of memory block (or equal to memory block);
  // also check that range is fully page aligned to the page size if the block.
  void assert_is_valid_subrange(char* p, size_t s) const {
    if (!contains_range(p, s)) {
      trcVerbose("[" PTR_FORMAT " - " PTR_FORMAT "] is not a sub "
              "range of [" PTR_FORMAT " - " PTR_FORMAT "].",
              p, p + s, addr, addr + size);
      guarantee0(false);
    }
    if (!is_aligned_to(p, pagesize) || !is_aligned_to(p + s, pagesize)) {
      trcVerbose("range [" PTR_FORMAT " - " PTR_FORMAT "] is not"
              " aligned to pagesize (%lu)", p, p + s, (unsigned long) pagesize);
      guarantee0(false);
    }
  }
};

static struct {
  vmembk_t* first;
  MiscUtils::CritSect cs;
} vmem;

static void vmembk_add(char* addr, size_t size, size_t pagesize, int type) {
  vmembk_t* p = (vmembk_t*) ::malloc(sizeof(vmembk_t));
  assert0(p);
  if (p) {
    MiscUtils::AutoCritSect lck(&vmem.cs);
    p->addr = addr; p->size = size;
    p->pagesize = pagesize;
    p->type = type;
    p->next = vmem.first;
    vmem.first = p;
  }
}

static vmembk_t* vmembk_find(char* addr) {
  MiscUtils::AutoCritSect lck(&vmem.cs);
  for (vmembk_t* p = vmem.first; p; p = p->next) {
    if (p->addr <= addr && (p->addr + p->size) > addr) {
      return p;
    }
  }
  return NULL;
}

static void vmembk_remove(vmembk_t* p0) {
  MiscUtils::AutoCritSect lck(&vmem.cs);
  assert0(p0);
  assert0(vmem.first); // List should not be empty.
  for (vmembk_t** pp = &(vmem.first); *pp; pp = &((*pp)->next)) {
    if (*pp == p0) {
      *pp = p0->next;
      ::free(p0);
      return;
    }
  }
  assert0(false); // Not found?
}

static void vmembk_print_on(outputStream* os) {
  MiscUtils::AutoCritSect lck(&vmem.cs);
  for (vmembk_t* vmi = vmem.first; vmi; vmi = vmi->next) {
    vmi->print_on(os);
    os->cr();
  }
}

// Reserve and attach a section of System V memory.
// If <requested_addr> is not NULL, function will attempt to attach the memory at the given
// address. Failing that, it will attach the memory anywhere.
// If <requested_addr> is NULL, function will attach the memory anywhere.
//
// <alignment_hint> is being ignored by this function. It is very probable however that the
// alignment requirements are met anyway, because shmat() attaches at 256M boundaries.
// Should this be not enogh, we can put more work into it.
static char* reserve_shmated_memory (
  size_t bytes,
  char* requested_addr,
  size_t alignment_hint) {

  trcVerbose("reserve_shmated_memory " UINTX_FORMAT " bytes, wishaddress "
    PTR_FORMAT ", alignment_hint " UINTX_FORMAT "...",
    bytes, requested_addr, alignment_hint);

  // Either give me wish address or wish alignment but not both.
  assert0(!(requested_addr != NULL && alignment_hint != 0));

  // We must prevent anyone from attaching too close to the
  // BRK because that may cause malloc OOM.
  if (requested_addr != NULL && is_close_to_brk((address)requested_addr)) {
    trcVerbose("Wish address " PTR_FORMAT " is too close to the BRK segment. "
      "Will attach anywhere.", requested_addr);
    // Act like the OS refused to attach there.
    requested_addr = NULL;
  }

  // For old AS/400's (V5R4 and older) we should not even be here - System V shared memory is not
  // really supported (max size 4GB), so reserve_mmapped_memory should have been used instead.
  if (os::Aix::on_pase_V5R4_or_older()) {
    ShouldNotReachHere();
  }

  // Align size of shm up to 64K to avoid errors if we later try to change the page size.
  const size_t size = align_size_up(bytes, SIZE_64K);

  // Reserve the shared segment.
  int shmid = shmget(IPC_PRIVATE, size, IPC_CREAT | S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
  if (shmid == -1) {
    trcVerbose("shmget(.., " UINTX_FORMAT ", ..) failed (errno: %d).", size, errno);
    return NULL;
  }

  // Important note:
  // It is very important that we, upon leaving this function, do not leave a shm segment alive.
  // We must right after attaching it remove it from the system. System V shm segments are global and
  // survive the process.
  // So, from here on: Do not assert, do not return, until we have called shmctl(IPC_RMID) (A).

  struct shmid_ds shmbuf;
  memset(&shmbuf, 0, sizeof(shmbuf));
  shmbuf.shm_pagesize = SIZE_64K;
  if (shmctl(shmid, SHM_PAGESIZE, &shmbuf) != 0) {
    trcVerbose("Failed to set page size (need " UINTX_FORMAT " 64K pages) - shmctl failed with %d.",
               size / SIZE_64K, errno);
    // I want to know if this ever happens.
    assert(false, "failed to set page size for shmat");
  }

  // Now attach the shared segment.
  // Note that I attach with SHM_RND - which means that the requested address is rounded down, if
  // needed, to the next lowest segment boundary. Otherwise the attach would fail if the address
  // were not a segment boundary.
  char* const addr = (char*) shmat(shmid, requested_addr, SHM_RND);
  const int errno_shmat = errno;

  // (A) Right after shmat and before handing shmat errors delete the shm segment.
  if (::shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL) == -1) {
    trcVerbose("shmctl(%u, IPC_RMID) failed (%d)\n", shmid, errno);
    assert(false, "failed to remove shared memory segment!");
  }

  // Handle shmat error. If we failed to attach, just return.
  if (addr == (char*)-1) {
    trcVerbose("Failed to attach segment at " PTR_FORMAT " (%d).", requested_addr, errno_shmat);
    return NULL;
  }

  // Just for info: query the real page size. In case setting the page size did not
  // work (see above), the system may have given us something other then 4K (LDR_CNTRL).
  const size_t real_pagesize = os::Aix::query_pagesize(addr);
  if (real_pagesize != shmbuf.shm_pagesize) {
    trcVerbose("pagesize is, surprisingly, %h.", real_pagesize);
  }

  if (addr) {
    trcVerbose("shm-allocated " PTR_FORMAT " .. " PTR_FORMAT " (" UINTX_FORMAT " bytes, " UINTX_FORMAT " %s pages)",
      addr, addr + size - 1, size, size/real_pagesize, describe_pagesize(real_pagesize));
  } else {
    if (requested_addr != NULL) {
      trcVerbose("failed to shm-allocate " UINTX_FORMAT " bytes at with address " PTR_FORMAT ".", size, requested_addr);
    } else {
      trcVerbose("failed to shm-allocate " UINTX_FORMAT " bytes at any address.", size);
    }
  }

  // book-keeping
  vmembk_add(addr, size, real_pagesize, VMEM_SHMATED);
  assert0(is_aligned_to(addr, os::vm_page_size()));

  return addr;
}

static bool release_shmated_memory(char* addr, size_t size) {

  trcVerbose("release_shmated_memory [" PTR_FORMAT " - " PTR_FORMAT "].",
    addr, addr + size - 1);

  bool rc = false;

  // TODO: is there a way to verify shm size without doing bookkeeping?
  if (::shmdt(addr) != 0) {
    trcVerbose("error (%d).", errno);
  } else {
    trcVerbose("ok.");
    rc = true;
  }
  return rc;
}

static bool uncommit_shmated_memory(char* addr, size_t size) {
  trcVerbose("uncommit_shmated_memory [" PTR_FORMAT " - " PTR_FORMAT "].",
    addr, addr + size - 1);

  const bool rc = my_disclaim64(addr, size);

  if (!rc) {
    trcVerbose("my_disclaim64(" PTR_FORMAT ", " UINTX_FORMAT ") failed.\n", addr, size);
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}

////////////////////////////////  mmap-based routines /////////////////////////////////

// Reserve memory via mmap.
// If <requested_addr> is given, an attempt is made to attach at the given address.
// Failing that, memory is allocated at any address.
// If <alignment_hint> is given and <requested_addr> is NULL, an attempt is made to
// allocate at an address aligned with the given alignment. Failing that, memory
// is aligned anywhere.
static char* reserve_mmaped_memory(size_t bytes, char* requested_addr, size_t alignment_hint) {
  trcVerbose("reserve_mmaped_memory " UINTX_FORMAT " bytes, wishaddress " PTR_FORMAT ", "
    "alignment_hint " UINTX_FORMAT "...",
    bytes, requested_addr, alignment_hint);

  // If a wish address is given, but not aligned to 4K page boundary, mmap will fail.
  if (requested_addr && !is_aligned_to(requested_addr, os::vm_page_size()) != 0) {
    trcVerbose("Wish address " PTR_FORMAT " not aligned to page boundary.", requested_addr);
    return NULL;
  }

  // We must prevent anyone from attaching too close to the
  // BRK because that may cause malloc OOM.
  if (requested_addr != NULL && is_close_to_brk((address)requested_addr)) {
    trcVerbose("Wish address " PTR_FORMAT " is too close to the BRK segment. "
      "Will attach anywhere.", requested_addr);
    // Act like the OS refused to attach there.
    requested_addr = NULL;
  }

  // Specify one or the other but not both.
  assert0(!(requested_addr != NULL && alignment_hint > 0));

  // In 64K mode, we claim the global page size (os::vm_page_size())
  // is 64K. This is one of the few points where that illusion may
  // break, because mmap() will always return memory aligned to 4K. So
  // we must ensure we only ever return memory aligned to 64k.
  if (alignment_hint) {
    alignment_hint = lcm(alignment_hint, os::vm_page_size());
  } else {
    alignment_hint = os::vm_page_size();
  }

  // Size shall always be a multiple of os::vm_page_size (esp. in 64K mode).
  const size_t size = align_size_up(bytes, os::vm_page_size());

  // alignment: Allocate memory large enough to include an aligned range of the right size and
  // cut off the leading and trailing waste pages.
  assert0(alignment_hint != 0 && is_aligned_to(alignment_hint, os::vm_page_size())); // see above
  const size_t extra_size = size + alignment_hint;

  // Note: MAP_SHARED (instead of MAP_PRIVATE) needed to be able to
  // later use msync(MS_INVALIDATE) (see os::uncommit_memory).
  int flags = MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_SHARED;

  // MAP_FIXED is needed to enforce requested_addr - manpage is vague about what
  // it means if wishaddress is given but MAP_FIXED is not set.
  //
  // Important! Behaviour differs depending on whether SPEC1170 mode is active or not.
  // SPEC1170 mode active: behaviour like POSIX, MAP_FIXED will clobber existing mappings.
  // SPEC1170 mode not active: behaviour, unlike POSIX, is that no existing mappings will
  // get clobbered.
  if (requested_addr != NULL) {
    if (!os::Aix::xpg_sus_mode()) {  // not SPEC1170 Behaviour
      flags |= MAP_FIXED;
    }
  }

  char* addr = (char*)::mmap(requested_addr, extra_size,
      PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE|PROT_EXEC, flags, -1, 0);

  if (addr == MAP_FAILED) {
    trcVerbose("mmap(" PTR_FORMAT ", " UINTX_FORMAT ", ..) failed (%d)", requested_addr, size, errno);
    return NULL;
  }

  // Handle alignment.
  char* const addr_aligned = (char *)align_ptr_up(addr, alignment_hint);
  const size_t waste_pre = addr_aligned - addr;
  char* const addr_aligned_end = addr_aligned + size;
  const size_t waste_post = extra_size - waste_pre - size;
  if (waste_pre > 0) {
    ::munmap(addr, waste_pre);
  }
  if (waste_post > 0) {
    ::munmap(addr_aligned_end, waste_post);
  }
  addr = addr_aligned;

  if (addr) {
    trcVerbose("mmap-allocated " PTR_FORMAT " .. " PTR_FORMAT " (" UINTX_FORMAT " bytes)",
      addr, addr + bytes, bytes);
  } else {
    if (requested_addr != NULL) {
      trcVerbose("failed to mmap-allocate " UINTX_FORMAT " bytes at wish address " PTR_FORMAT ".", bytes, requested_addr);
    } else {
      trcVerbose("failed to mmap-allocate " UINTX_FORMAT " bytes at any address.", bytes);
    }
  }

  // bookkeeping
  vmembk_add(addr, size, SIZE_4K, VMEM_MAPPED);

  // Test alignment, see above.
  assert0(is_aligned_to(addr, os::vm_page_size()));

  return addr;
}

static bool release_mmaped_memory(char* addr, size_t size) {
  assert0(is_aligned_to(addr, os::vm_page_size()));
  assert0(is_aligned_to(size, os::vm_page_size()));

  trcVerbose("release_mmaped_memory [" PTR_FORMAT " - " PTR_FORMAT "].",
    addr, addr + size - 1);
  bool rc = false;

  if (::munmap(addr, size) != 0) {
    trcVerbose("failed (%d)\n", errno);
    rc = false;
  } else {
    trcVerbose("ok.");
    rc = true;
  }

  return rc;
}

static bool uncommit_mmaped_memory(char* addr, size_t size) {

  assert0(is_aligned_to(addr, os::vm_page_size()));
  assert0(is_aligned_to(size, os::vm_page_size()));

  trcVerbose("uncommit_mmaped_memory [" PTR_FORMAT " - " PTR_FORMAT "].",
    addr, addr + size - 1);
  bool rc = false;

  // Uncommit mmap memory with msync MS_INVALIDATE.
  if (::msync(addr, size, MS_INVALIDATE) != 0) {
    trcVerbose("failed (%d)\n", errno);
    rc = false;
  } else {
    trcVerbose("ok.");
    rc = true;
  }

  return rc;
}

int os::vm_page_size() {
  // Seems redundant as all get out.
  assert(os::Aix::page_size() != -1, "must call os::init");
  return os::Aix::page_size();
}

// Aix allocates memory by pages.
int os::vm_allocation_granularity() {
  assert(os::Aix::page_size() != -1, "must call os::init");
  return os::Aix::page_size();
}

#ifdef PRODUCT
static void warn_fail_commit_memory(char* addr, size_t size, bool exec,
                                    int err) {
  warning("INFO: os::commit_memory(" PTR_FORMAT ", " SIZE_FORMAT
          ", %d) failed; error='%s' (errno=%d)", addr, size, exec,
          strerror(err), err);
}
#endif

void os::pd_commit_memory_or_exit(char* addr, size_t size, bool exec,
                                  const char* mesg) {
  assert(mesg != NULL, "mesg must be specified");
  if (!pd_commit_memory(addr, size, exec)) {
    // Add extra info in product mode for vm_exit_out_of_memory():
    PRODUCT_ONLY(warn_fail_commit_memory(addr, size, exec, errno);)
    vm_exit_out_of_memory(size, OOM_MMAP_ERROR, "%s", mesg);
  }
}

bool os::pd_commit_memory(char* addr, size_t size, bool exec) {

  assert(is_aligned_to(addr, os::vm_page_size()),
    "addr " PTR_FORMAT " not aligned to vm_page_size (" PTR_FORMAT ")",
    p2i(addr), os::vm_page_size());
  assert(is_aligned_to(size, os::vm_page_size()),
    "size " PTR_FORMAT " not aligned to vm_page_size (" PTR_FORMAT ")",
    size, os::vm_page_size());

  vmembk_t* const vmi = vmembk_find(addr);
  guarantee0(vmi);
  vmi->assert_is_valid_subrange(addr, size);

  trcVerbose("commit_memory [" PTR_FORMAT " - " PTR_FORMAT "].", addr, addr + size - 1);

  if (UseExplicitCommit) {
    // AIX commits memory on touch. So, touch all pages to be committed.
    for (char* p = addr; p < (addr + size); p += SIZE_4K) {
      *p = '\0';
    }
  }

  return true;
}

bool os::pd_commit_memory(char* addr, size_t size, size_t alignment_hint, bool exec) {
  return pd_commit_memory(addr, size, exec);
}

void os::pd_commit_memory_or_exit(char* addr, size_t size,
                                  size_t alignment_hint, bool exec,
                                  const char* mesg) {
  // Alignment_hint is ignored on this OS.
  pd_commit_memory_or_exit(addr, size, exec, mesg);
}

bool os::pd_uncommit_memory(char* addr, size_t size) {
  assert(is_aligned_to(addr, os::vm_page_size()),
    "addr " PTR_FORMAT " not aligned to vm_page_size (" PTR_FORMAT ")",
    p2i(addr), os::vm_page_size());
  assert(is_aligned_to(size, os::vm_page_size()),
    "size " PTR_FORMAT " not aligned to vm_page_size (" PTR_FORMAT ")",
    size, os::vm_page_size());

  // Dynamically do different things for mmap/shmat.
  const vmembk_t* const vmi = vmembk_find(addr);
  guarantee0(vmi);
  vmi->assert_is_valid_subrange(addr, size);

  if (vmi->type == VMEM_SHMATED) {
    return uncommit_shmated_memory(addr, size);
  } else {
    return uncommit_mmaped_memory(addr, size);
  }
}

bool os::pd_create_stack_guard_pages(char* addr, size_t size) {
  // Do not call this; no need to commit stack pages on AIX.
  ShouldNotReachHere();
  return true;
}

bool os::remove_stack_guard_pages(char* addr, size_t size) {
  // Do not call this; no need to commit stack pages on AIX.
  ShouldNotReachHere();
  return true;
}

void os::pd_realign_memory(char *addr, size_t bytes, size_t alignment_hint) {
}

void os::pd_free_memory(char *addr, size_t bytes, size_t alignment_hint) {
}

void os::numa_make_global(char *addr, size_t bytes) {
}

void os::numa_make_local(char *addr, size_t bytes, int lgrp_hint) {
}

bool os::numa_topology_changed() {
  return false;
}

size_t os::numa_get_groups_num() {
  return 1;
}

int os::numa_get_group_id() {
  return 0;
}

size_t os::numa_get_leaf_groups(int *ids, size_t size) {
  if (size > 0) {
    ids[0] = 0;
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

bool os::get_page_info(char *start, page_info* info) {
  return false;
}

char *os::scan_pages(char *start, char* end, page_info* page_expected, page_info* page_found) {
  return end;
}

// Reserves and attaches a shared memory segment.
// Will assert if a wish address is given and could not be obtained.
char* os::pd_reserve_memory(size_t bytes, char* requested_addr, size_t alignment_hint) {

  // All other Unices do a mmap(MAP_FIXED) if the addr is given,
  // thereby clobbering old mappings at that place. That is probably
  // not intended, never used and almost certainly an error were it
  // ever be used this way (to try attaching at a specified address
  // without clobbering old mappings an alternate API exists,
  // os::attempt_reserve_memory_at()).
  // Instead of mimicking the dangerous coding of the other platforms, here I
  // just ignore the request address (release) or assert(debug).
  assert0(requested_addr == NULL);

  // Always round to os::vm_page_size(), which may be larger than 4K.
  bytes = align_size_up(bytes, os::vm_page_size());
  const size_t alignment_hint0 =
    alignment_hint ? align_size_up(alignment_hint, os::vm_page_size()) : 0;

  // In 4K mode always use mmap.
  // In 64K mode allocate small sizes with mmap, large ones with 64K shmatted.
  if (os::vm_page_size() == SIZE_4K) {
    return reserve_mmaped_memory(bytes, requested_addr, alignment_hint);
  } else {
    if (bytes >= Use64KPagesThreshold) {
      return reserve_shmated_memory(bytes, requested_addr, alignment_hint);
    } else {
      return reserve_mmaped_memory(bytes, requested_addr, alignment_hint);
    }
  }
}

bool os::pd_release_memory(char* addr, size_t size) {

  // Dynamically do different things for mmap/shmat.
  vmembk_t* const vmi = vmembk_find(addr);
  guarantee0(vmi);

  // Always round to os::vm_page_size(), which may be larger than 4K.
  size = align_size_up(size, os::vm_page_size());
  addr = (char *)align_ptr_up(addr, os::vm_page_size());

  bool rc = false;
  bool remove_bookkeeping = false;
  if (vmi->type == VMEM_SHMATED) {
    // For shmatted memory, we do:
    // - If user wants to release the whole range, release the memory (shmdt).
    // - If user only wants to release a partial range, uncommit (disclaim) that
    //   range. That way, at least, we do not use memory anymore (bust still page
    //   table space).
    vmi->assert_is_valid_subrange(addr, size);
    if (addr == vmi->addr && size == vmi->size) {
      rc = release_shmated_memory(addr, size);
      remove_bookkeeping = true;
    } else {
      rc = uncommit_shmated_memory(addr, size);
    }
  } else {
    // User may unmap partial regions but region has to be fully contained.
#ifdef ASSERT
    vmi->assert_is_valid_subrange(addr, size);
#endif
    rc = release_mmaped_memory(addr, size);
    remove_bookkeeping = true;
  }

  // update bookkeeping
  if (rc && remove_bookkeeping) {
    vmembk_remove(vmi);
  }

  return rc;
}

static bool checked_mprotect(char* addr, size_t size, int prot) {

  // Little problem here: if SPEC1170 behaviour is off, mprotect() on AIX will
  // not tell me if protection failed when trying to protect an un-protectable range.
  //
  // This means if the memory was allocated using shmget/shmat, protection wont work
  // but mprotect will still return 0:
  //
  // See http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/pseries/v5r3/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.aix.basetechref/doc/basetrf1/mprotect.htm

  bool rc = ::mprotect(addr, size, prot) == 0 ? true : false;

  if (!rc) {
    const char* const s_errno = strerror(errno);
    warning("mprotect(" PTR_FORMAT "-" PTR_FORMAT ", 0x%X) failed (%s).", addr, addr + size, prot, s_errno);
    return false;
  }

  // mprotect success check
  //
  // Mprotect said it changed the protection but can I believe it?
  //
  // To be sure I need to check the protection afterwards. Try to
  // read from protected memory and check whether that causes a segfault.
  //
  if (!os::Aix::xpg_sus_mode()) {

    if (CanUseSafeFetch32()) {

      const bool read_protected =
        (SafeFetch32((int*)addr, 0x12345678) == 0x12345678 &&
         SafeFetch32((int*)addr, 0x76543210) == 0x76543210) ? true : false;

      if (prot & PROT_READ) {
        rc = !read_protected;
      } else {
        rc = read_protected;
      }

      if (!rc) {
        if (os::Aix::on_pase()) {
          // There is an issue on older PASE systems where mprotect() will return success but the
          // memory will not be protected.
          // This has nothing to do with the problem of using mproect() on SPEC1170 incompatible
          // machines; we only see it rarely, when using mprotect() to protect the guard page of
          // a stack. It is an OS error.
          //
          // A valid strategy is just to try again. This usually works. :-/

          ::usleep(1000);
          if (::mprotect(addr, size, prot) == 0) {
            const bool read_protected_2 =
              (SafeFetch32((int*)addr, 0x12345678) == 0x12345678 &&
              SafeFetch32((int*)addr, 0x76543210) == 0x76543210) ? true : false;
            rc = true;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  assert(rc == true, "mprotect failed.");

  return rc;
}

// Set protections specified
bool os::protect_memory(char* addr, size_t size, ProtType prot, bool is_committed) {
  unsigned int p = 0;
  switch (prot) {
  case MEM_PROT_NONE: p = PROT_NONE; break;
  case MEM_PROT_READ: p = PROT_READ; break;
  case MEM_PROT_RW:   p = PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE; break;
  case MEM_PROT_RWX:  p = PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE|PROT_EXEC; break;
  default:
    ShouldNotReachHere();
  }
  // is_committed is unused.
  return checked_mprotect(addr, size, p);
}

bool os::guard_memory(char* addr, size_t size) {
  return checked_mprotect(addr, size, PROT_NONE);
}

bool os::unguard_memory(char* addr, size_t size) {
  return checked_mprotect(addr, size, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE|PROT_EXEC);
}

// Large page support

static size_t _large_page_size = 0;

// Enable large page support if OS allows that.
void os::large_page_init() {
  return; // Nothing to do. See query_multipage_support and friends.
}

char* os::reserve_memory_special(size_t bytes, size_t alignment, char* req_addr, bool exec) {
  // reserve_memory_special() is used to allocate large paged memory. On AIX, we implement
  // 64k paged memory reservation using the normal memory allocation paths (os::reserve_memory()),
  // so this is not needed.
  assert(false, "should not be called on AIX");
  return NULL;
}

bool os::release_memory_special(char* base, size_t bytes) {
  // Detaching the SHM segment will also delete it, see reserve_memory_special().
  Unimplemented();
  return false;
}

size_t os::large_page_size() {
  return _large_page_size;
}

bool os::can_commit_large_page_memory() {
  // Does not matter, we do not support huge pages.
  return false;
}

bool os::can_execute_large_page_memory() {
  // Does not matter, we do not support huge pages.
  return false;
}

// Reserve memory at an arbitrary address, only if that area is
// available (and not reserved for something else).
char* os::pd_attempt_reserve_memory_at(size_t bytes, char* requested_addr) {
  char* addr = NULL;

  // Always round to os::vm_page_size(), which may be larger than 4K.
  bytes = align_size_up(bytes, os::vm_page_size());

  // In 4K mode always use mmap.
  // In 64K mode allocate small sizes with mmap, large ones with 64K shmatted.
  if (os::vm_page_size() == SIZE_4K) {
    return reserve_mmaped_memory(bytes, requested_addr, 0);
  } else {
    if (bytes >= Use64KPagesThreshold) {
      return reserve_shmated_memory(bytes, requested_addr, 0);
    } else {
      return reserve_mmaped_memory(bytes, requested_addr, 0);
    }
  }

  return addr;
}

size_t os::read(int fd, void *buf, unsigned int nBytes) {
  return ::read(fd, buf, nBytes);
}

size_t os::read_at(int fd, void *buf, unsigned int nBytes, jlong offset) {
  return ::pread(fd, buf, nBytes, offset);
}

void os::naked_short_sleep(jlong ms) {
  struct timespec req;

  assert(ms < 1000, "Un-interruptable sleep, short time use only");
  req.tv_sec = 0;
  if (ms > 0) {
    req.tv_nsec = (ms % 1000) * 1000000;
  }
  else {
    req.tv_nsec = 1;
  }

  nanosleep(&req, NULL);

  return;
}

// Sleep forever; naked call to OS-specific sleep; use with CAUTION
void os::infinite_sleep() {
  while (true) {    // sleep forever ...
    ::sleep(100);   // ... 100 seconds at a time
  }
}

// Used to convert frequent JVM_Yield() to nops
bool os::dont_yield() {
  return DontYieldALot;
}

void os::naked_yield() {
  sched_yield();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// thread priority support

// From AIX manpage to pthread_setschedparam
// (see: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/pseries/v5r3/index.jsp?
//    topic=/com.ibm.aix.basetechref/doc/basetrf1/pthread_setschedparam.htm):
//
// "If schedpolicy is SCHED_OTHER, then sched_priority must be in the
// range from 40 to 80, where 40 is the least favored priority and 80
// is the most favored."
//
// (Actually, I doubt this even has an impact on AIX, as we do kernel
// scheduling there; however, this still leaves iSeries.)
//
// We use the same values for AIX and PASE.
int os::java_to_os_priority[CriticalPriority + 1] = {
  54,             // 0 Entry should never be used

  55,             // 1 MinPriority
  55,             // 2
  56,             // 3

  56,             // 4
  57,             // 5 NormPriority
  57,             // 6

  58,             // 7
  58,             // 8
  59,             // 9 NearMaxPriority

  60,             // 10 MaxPriority

  60              // 11 CriticalPriority
};

OSReturn os::set_native_priority(Thread* thread, int newpri) {
  if (!UseThreadPriorities) return OS_OK;
  pthread_t thr = thread->osthread()->pthread_id();
  int policy = SCHED_OTHER;
  struct sched_param param;
  param.sched_priority = newpri;
  int ret = pthread_setschedparam(thr, policy, &param);

  if (ret != 0) {
    trcVerbose("Could not change priority for thread %d to %d (error %d, %s)",
        (int)thr, newpri, ret, strerror(ret));
  }
  return (ret == 0) ? OS_OK : OS_ERR;
}

OSReturn os::get_native_priority(const Thread* const thread, int *priority_ptr) {
  if (!UseThreadPriorities) {
    *priority_ptr = java_to_os_priority[NormPriority];
    return OS_OK;
  }
  pthread_t thr = thread->osthread()->pthread_id();
  int policy = SCHED_OTHER;
  struct sched_param param;
  int ret = pthread_getschedparam(thr, &policy, &param);
  *priority_ptr = param.sched_priority;

  return (ret == 0) ? OS_OK : OS_ERR;
}

// Hint to the underlying OS that a task switch would not be good.
// Void return because it's a hint and can fail.
void os::hint_no_preempt() {}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// suspend/resume support

//  the low-level signal-based suspend/resume support is a remnant from the
//  old VM-suspension that used to be for java-suspension, safepoints etc,
//  within hotspot. Now there is a single use-case for this:
//    - calling get_thread_pc() on the VMThread by the flat-profiler task
//      that runs in the watcher thread.
//  The remaining code is greatly simplified from the more general suspension
//  code that used to be used.
//
//  The protocol is quite simple:
//  - suspend:
//      - sends a signal to the target thread
//      - polls the suspend state of the osthread using a yield loop
//      - target thread signal handler (SR_handler) sets suspend state
//        and blocks in sigsuspend until continued
//  - resume:
//      - sets target osthread state to continue
//      - sends signal to end the sigsuspend loop in the SR_handler
//
//  Note that the SR_lock plays no role in this suspend/resume protocol.
//

static void resume_clear_context(OSThread *osthread) {
  osthread->set_ucontext(NULL);
  osthread->set_siginfo(NULL);
}

static void suspend_save_context(OSThread *osthread, siginfo_t* siginfo, ucontext_t* context) {
  osthread->set_ucontext(context);
  osthread->set_siginfo(siginfo);
}

//
// Handler function invoked when a thread's execution is suspended or
// resumed. We have to be careful that only async-safe functions are
// called here (Note: most pthread functions are not async safe and
// should be avoided.)
//
// Note: sigwait() is a more natural fit than sigsuspend() from an
// interface point of view, but sigwait() prevents the signal hander
// from being run. libpthread would get very confused by not having
// its signal handlers run and prevents sigwait()'s use with the
// mutex granting granting signal.
//
// Currently only ever called on the VMThread and JavaThreads (PC sampling).
//
static void SR_handler(int sig, siginfo_t* siginfo, ucontext_t* context) {
  // Save and restore errno to avoid confusing native code with EINTR
  // after sigsuspend.
  int old_errno = errno;

  Thread* thread = Thread::current();
  OSThread* osthread = thread->osthread();
  assert(thread->is_VM_thread() || thread->is_Java_thread(), "Must be VMThread or JavaThread");

  os::SuspendResume::State current = osthread->sr.state();
  if (current == os::SuspendResume::SR_SUSPEND_REQUEST) {
    suspend_save_context(osthread, siginfo, context);

    // attempt to switch the state, we assume we had a SUSPEND_REQUEST
    os::SuspendResume::State state = osthread->sr.suspended();
    if (state == os::SuspendResume::SR_SUSPENDED) {
      sigset_t suspend_set;  // signals for sigsuspend()

      // get current set of blocked signals and unblock resume signal
      pthread_sigmask(SIG_BLOCK, NULL, &suspend_set);
      sigdelset(&suspend_set, SR_signum);

      // wait here until we are resumed
      while (1) {
        sigsuspend(&suspend_set);

        os::SuspendResume::State result = osthread->sr.running();
        if (result == os::SuspendResume::SR_RUNNING) {
          break;
        }
      }

    } else if (state == os::SuspendResume::SR_RUNNING) {
      // request was cancelled, continue
    } else {
      ShouldNotReachHere();
    }

    resume_clear_context(osthread);
  } else if (current == os::SuspendResume::SR_RUNNING) {
    // request was cancelled, continue
  } else if (current == os::SuspendResume::SR_WAKEUP_REQUEST) {
    // ignore
  } else {
    ShouldNotReachHere();
  }

  errno = old_errno;
}

static int SR_initialize() {
  struct sigaction act;
  char *s;
  // Get signal number to use for suspend/resume
  if ((s = ::getenv("_JAVA_SR_SIGNUM")) != 0) {
    int sig = ::strtol(s, 0, 10);
    if (sig > MAX2(SIGSEGV, SIGBUS) &&  // See 4355769.
        sig < NSIG) {                   // Must be legal signal and fit into sigflags[].
      SR_signum = sig;
    } else {
      warning("You set _JAVA_SR_SIGNUM=%d. It must be in range [%d, %d]. Using %d instead.",
              sig, MAX2(SIGSEGV, SIGBUS)+1, NSIG-1, SR_signum);
    }
  }

  assert(SR_signum > SIGSEGV && SR_signum > SIGBUS,
        "SR_signum must be greater than max(SIGSEGV, SIGBUS), see 4355769");

  sigemptyset(&SR_sigset);
  sigaddset(&SR_sigset, SR_signum);

  // Set up signal handler for suspend/resume.
  act.sa_flags = SA_RESTART|SA_SIGINFO;
  act.sa_handler = (void (*)(int)) SR_handler;

  // SR_signum is blocked by default.
  // 4528190 - We also need to block pthread restart signal (32 on all
  // supported Linux platforms). Note that LinuxThreads need to block
  // this signal for all threads to work properly. So we don't have
  // to use hard-coded signal number when setting up the mask.
  pthread_sigmask(SIG_BLOCK, NULL, &act.sa_mask);

  if (sigaction(SR_signum, &act, 0) == -1) {
    return -1;
  }

  // Save signal flag
  os::Aix::set_our_sigflags(SR_signum, act.sa_flags);
  return 0;
}

static int SR_finalize() {
  return 0;
}

static int sr_notify(OSThread* osthread) {
  int status = pthread_kill(osthread->pthread_id(), SR_signum);
  assert_status(status == 0, status, "pthread_kill");
  return status;
}

// "Randomly" selected value for how long we want to spin
// before bailing out on suspending a thread, also how often
// we send a signal to a thread we want to resume
static const int RANDOMLY_LARGE_INTEGER = 1000000;
static const int RANDOMLY_LARGE_INTEGER2 = 100;

// returns true on success and false on error - really an error is fatal
// but this seems the normal response to library errors
static bool do_suspend(OSThread* osthread) {
  assert(osthread->sr.is_running(), "thread should be running");
  // mark as suspended and send signal

  if (osthread->sr.request_suspend() != os::SuspendResume::SR_SUSPEND_REQUEST) {
    // failed to switch, state wasn't running?
    ShouldNotReachHere();
    return false;
  }

  if (sr_notify(osthread) != 0) {
    // try to cancel, switch to running

    os::SuspendResume::State result = osthread->sr.cancel_suspend();
    if (result == os::SuspendResume::SR_RUNNING) {
      // cancelled
      return false;
    } else if (result == os::SuspendResume::SR_SUSPENDED) {
      // somehow managed to suspend
      return true;
    } else {
      ShouldNotReachHere();
      return false;
    }
  }

  // managed to send the signal and switch to SUSPEND_REQUEST, now wait for SUSPENDED

  for (int n = 0; !osthread->sr.is_suspended(); n++) {
    for (int i = 0; i < RANDOMLY_LARGE_INTEGER2 && !osthread->sr.is_suspended(); i++) {
      os::naked_yield();
    }

    // timeout, try to cancel the request
    if (n >= RANDOMLY_LARGE_INTEGER) {
      os::SuspendResume::State cancelled = osthread->sr.cancel_suspend();
      if (cancelled == os::SuspendResume::SR_RUNNING) {
        return false;
      } else if (cancelled == os::SuspendResume::SR_SUSPENDED) {
        return true;
      } else {
        ShouldNotReachHere();
        return false;
      }
    }
  }

  guarantee(osthread->sr.is_suspended(), "Must be suspended");
  return true;
}

static void do_resume(OSThread* osthread) {
  //assert(osthread->sr.is_suspended(), "thread should be suspended");

  if (osthread->sr.request_wakeup() != os::SuspendResume::SR_WAKEUP_REQUEST) {
    // failed to switch to WAKEUP_REQUEST
    ShouldNotReachHere();
    return;
  }

  while (!osthread->sr.is_running()) {
    if (sr_notify(osthread) == 0) {
      for (int n = 0; n < RANDOMLY_LARGE_INTEGER && !osthread->sr.is_running(); n++) {
        for (int i = 0; i < 100 && !osthread->sr.is_running(); i++) {
          os::naked_yield();
        }
      }
    } else {
      ShouldNotReachHere();
    }
  }

  guarantee(osthread->sr.is_running(), "Must be running!");
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// signal handling (except suspend/resume)

// This routine may be used by user applications as a "hook" to catch signals.
// The user-defined signal handler must pass unrecognized signals to this
// routine, and if it returns true (non-zero), then the signal handler must
// return immediately. If the flag "abort_if_unrecognized" is true, then this
// routine will never retun false (zero), but instead will execute a VM panic
// routine kill the process.
//
// If this routine returns false, it is OK to call it again. This allows
// the user-defined signal handler to perform checks either before or after
// the VM performs its own checks. Naturally, the user code would be making
// a serious error if it tried to handle an exception (such as a null check
// or breakpoint) that the VM was generating for its own correct operation.
//
// This routine may recognize any of the following kinds of signals:
//   SIGBUS, SIGSEGV, SIGILL, SIGFPE, SIGQUIT, SIGPIPE, SIGXFSZ, SIGUSR1.
// It should be consulted by handlers for any of those signals.
//
// The caller of this routine must pass in the three arguments supplied
// to the function referred to in the "sa_sigaction" (not the "sa_handler")
// field of the structure passed to sigaction(). This routine assumes that
// the sa_flags field passed to sigaction() includes SA_SIGINFO and SA_RESTART.
//
// Note that the VM will print warnings if it detects conflicting signal
// handlers, unless invoked with the option "-XX:+AllowUserSignalHandlers".
//
extern "C" JNIEXPORT int
JVM_handle_aix_signal(int signo, siginfo_t* siginfo, void* ucontext, int abort_if_unrecognized);

// Set thread signal mask (for some reason on AIX sigthreadmask() seems
// to be the thing to call; documentation is not terribly clear about whether
// pthread_sigmask also works, and if it does, whether it does the same.
bool set_thread_signal_mask(int how, const sigset_t* set, sigset_t* oset) {
  const int rc = ::pthread_sigmask(how, set, oset);
  // return value semantics differ slightly for error case:
  // pthread_sigmask returns error number, sigthreadmask -1 and sets global errno
  // (so, pthread_sigmask is more theadsafe for error handling)
  // But success is always 0.
  return rc == 0 ? true : false;
}

// Function to unblock all signals which are, according
// to POSIX, typical program error signals. If they happen while being blocked,
// they typically will bring down the process immediately.
bool unblock_program_error_signals() {
  sigset_t set;
  ::sigemptyset(&set);
  ::sigaddset(&set, SIGILL);
  ::sigaddset(&set, SIGBUS);
  ::sigaddset(&set, SIGFPE);
  ::sigaddset(&set, SIGSEGV);
  return set_thread_signal_mask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &set, NULL);
}

// Renamed from 'signalHandler' to avoid collision with other shared libs.
void javaSignalHandler(int sig, siginfo_t* info, void* uc) {
  assert(info != NULL && uc != NULL, "it must be old kernel");

  // Never leave program error signals blocked;
  // on all our platforms they would bring down the process immediately when
  // getting raised while being blocked.
  unblock_program_error_signals();

  int orig_errno = errno;  // Preserve errno value over signal handler.
  JVM_handle_aix_signal(sig, info, uc, true);
  errno = orig_errno;
}

// This boolean allows users to forward their own non-matching signals
// to JVM_handle_aix_signal, harmlessly.
bool os::Aix::signal_handlers_are_installed = false;

// For signal-chaining
struct sigaction sigact[NSIG];
sigset_t sigs;
bool os::Aix::libjsig_is_loaded = false;
typedef struct sigaction *(*get_signal_t)(int);
get_signal_t os::Aix::get_signal_action = NULL;

struct sigaction* os::Aix::get_chained_signal_action(int sig) {
  struct sigaction *actp = NULL;

  if (libjsig_is_loaded) {
    // Retrieve the old signal handler from libjsig
    actp = (*get_signal_action)(sig);
  }
  if (actp == NULL) {
    // Retrieve the preinstalled signal handler from jvm
    actp = get_preinstalled_handler(sig);
  }

  return actp;
}

static bool call_chained_handler(struct sigaction *actp, int sig,
                                 siginfo_t *siginfo, void *context) {
  // Call the old signal handler
  if (actp->sa_handler == SIG_DFL) {
    // It's more reasonable to let jvm treat it as an unexpected exception
    // instead of taking the default action.
    return false;
  } else if (actp->sa_handler != SIG_IGN) {
    if ((actp->sa_flags & SA_NODEFER) == 0) {
      // automaticlly block the signal
      sigaddset(&(actp->sa_mask), sig);
    }

    sa_handler_t hand = NULL;
    sa_sigaction_t sa = NULL;
    bool siginfo_flag_set = (actp->sa_flags & SA_SIGINFO) != 0;
    // retrieve the chained handler
    if (siginfo_flag_set) {
      sa = actp->sa_sigaction;
    } else {
      hand = actp->sa_handler;
    }

    if ((actp->sa_flags & SA_RESETHAND) != 0) {
      actp->sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
    }

    // try to honor the signal mask
    sigset_t oset;
    pthread_sigmask(SIG_SETMASK, &(actp->sa_mask), &oset);

    // call into the chained handler
    if (siginfo_flag_set) {
      (*sa)(sig, siginfo, context);
    } else {
      (*hand)(sig);
    }

    // restore the signal mask
    pthread_sigmask(SIG_SETMASK, &oset, 0);
  }
  // Tell jvm's signal handler the signal is taken care of.
  return true;
}

bool os::Aix::chained_handler(int sig, siginfo_t* siginfo, void* context) {
  bool chained = false;
  // signal-chaining
  if (UseSignalChaining) {
    struct sigaction *actp = get_chained_signal_action(sig);
    if (actp != NULL) {
      chained = call_chained_handler(actp, sig, siginfo, context);
    }
  }
  return chained;
}

struct sigaction* os::Aix::get_preinstalled_handler(int sig) {
  if (sigismember(&sigs, sig)) {
    return &sigact[sig];
  }
  return NULL;
}

void os::Aix::save_preinstalled_handler(int sig, struct sigaction& oldAct) {
  assert(sig > 0 && sig < NSIG, "vm signal out of expected range");
  sigact[sig] = oldAct;
  sigaddset(&sigs, sig);
}

// for diagnostic
int sigflags[NSIG];

int os::Aix::get_our_sigflags(int sig) {
  assert(sig > 0 && sig < NSIG, "vm signal out of expected range");
  return sigflags[sig];
}

void os::Aix::set_our_sigflags(int sig, int flags) {
  assert(sig > 0 && sig < NSIG, "vm signal out of expected range");
  if (sig > 0 && sig < NSIG) {
    sigflags[sig] = flags;
  }
}

void os::Aix::set_signal_handler(int sig, bool set_installed) {
  // Check for overwrite.
  struct sigaction oldAct;
  sigaction(sig, (struct sigaction*)NULL, &oldAct);

  void* oldhand = oldAct.sa_sigaction
    ? CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(void*, oldAct.sa_sigaction)
    : CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(void*, oldAct.sa_handler);
  if (oldhand != CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(void*, SIG_DFL) &&
      oldhand != CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(void*, SIG_IGN) &&
      oldhand != CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(void*, (sa_sigaction_t)javaSignalHandler)) {
    if (AllowUserSignalHandlers || !set_installed) {
      // Do not overwrite; user takes responsibility to forward to us.
      return;
    } else if (UseSignalChaining) {
      // save the old handler in jvm
      save_preinstalled_handler(sig, oldAct);
      // libjsig also interposes the sigaction() call below and saves the
      // old sigaction on it own.
    } else {
      fatal("Encountered unexpected pre-existing sigaction handler "
            "%#lx for signal %d.", (long)oldhand, sig);
    }
  }

  struct sigaction sigAct;
  sigfillset(&(sigAct.sa_mask));
  if (!set_installed) {
    sigAct.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
    sigAct.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
  } else {
    sigAct.sa_sigaction = javaSignalHandler;
    sigAct.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO|SA_RESTART;
  }
  // Save flags, which are set by ours
  assert(sig > 0 && sig < NSIG, "vm signal out of expected range");
  sigflags[sig] = sigAct.sa_flags;

  int ret = sigaction(sig, &sigAct, &oldAct);
  assert(ret == 0, "check");

  void* oldhand2 = oldAct.sa_sigaction
                 ? CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(void*, oldAct.sa_sigaction)
                 : CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(void*, oldAct.sa_handler);
  assert(oldhand2 == oldhand, "no concurrent signal handler installation");
}

// install signal handlers for signals that HotSpot needs to
// handle in order to support Java-level exception handling.
void os::Aix::install_signal_handlers() {
  if (!signal_handlers_are_installed) {
    signal_handlers_are_installed = true;

    // signal-chaining
    typedef void (*signal_setting_t)();
    signal_setting_t begin_signal_setting = NULL;
    signal_setting_t end_signal_setting = NULL;
    begin_signal_setting = CAST_TO_FN_PTR(signal_setting_t,
                             dlsym(RTLD_DEFAULT, "JVM_begin_signal_setting"));
    if (begin_signal_setting != NULL) {
      end_signal_setting = CAST_TO_FN_PTR(signal_setting_t,
                             dlsym(RTLD_DEFAULT, "JVM_end_signal_setting"));
      get_signal_action = CAST_TO_FN_PTR(get_signal_t,
                            dlsym(RTLD_DEFAULT, "JVM_get_signal_action"));
      libjsig_is_loaded = true;
      assert(UseSignalChaining, "should enable signal-chaining");
    }
    if (libjsig_is_loaded) {
      // Tell libjsig jvm is setting signal handlers.
      (*begin_signal_setting)();
    }

    ::sigemptyset(&sigs);
    set_signal_handler(SIGSEGV, true);
    set_signal_handler(SIGPIPE, true);
    set_signal_handler(SIGBUS, true);
    set_signal_handler(SIGILL, true);
    set_signal_handler(SIGFPE, true);
    set_signal_handler(SIGTRAP, true);
    set_signal_handler(SIGXFSZ, true);
    set_signal_handler(SIGDANGER, true);

    if (libjsig_is_loaded) {
      // Tell libjsig jvm finishes setting signal handlers.
      (*end_signal_setting)();
    }

    // We don't activate signal checker if libjsig is in place, we trust ourselves
    // and if UserSignalHandler is installed all bets are off.
    // Log that signal checking is off only if -verbose:jni is specified.
    if (CheckJNICalls) {
      if (libjsig_is_loaded) {
        tty->print_cr("Info: libjsig is activated, all active signal checking is disabled");
        check_signals = false;
      }
      if (AllowUserSignalHandlers) {
        tty->print_cr("Info: AllowUserSignalHandlers is activated, all active signal checking is disabled");
        check_signals = false;
      }
      // Need to initialize check_signal_done.
      ::sigemptyset(&check_signal_done);
    }
  }
}

static const char* get_signal_handler_name(address handler,
                                           char* buf, int buflen) {
  int offset;
  bool found = os::dll_address_to_library_name(handler, buf, buflen, &offset);
  if (found) {
    // skip directory names
    const char *p1, *p2;
    p1 = buf;
    size_t len = strlen(os::file_separator());
    while ((p2 = strstr(p1, os::file_separator())) != NULL) p1 = p2 + len;
    // The way os::dll_address_to_library_name is implemented on Aix
    // right now, it always returns -1 for the offset which is not
    // terribly informative.
    // Will fix that. For now, omit the offset.
    jio_snprintf(buf, buflen, "%s", p1);
  } else {
    jio_snprintf(buf, buflen, PTR_FORMAT, handler);
  }
  return buf;
}

static void print_signal_handler(outputStream* st, int sig,
                                 char* buf, size_t buflen) {
  struct sigaction sa;
  sigaction(sig, NULL, &sa);

  st->print("%s: ", os::exception_name(sig, buf, buflen));

  address handler = (sa.sa_flags & SA_SIGINFO)
    ? CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, sa.sa_sigaction)
    : CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, sa.sa_handler);

  if (handler == CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, SIG_DFL)) {
    st->print("SIG_DFL");
  } else if (handler == CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, SIG_IGN)) {
    st->print("SIG_IGN");
  } else {
    st->print("[%s]", get_signal_handler_name(handler, buf, buflen));
  }

  // Print readable mask.
  st->print(", sa_mask[0]=");
  os::Posix::print_signal_set_short(st, &sa.sa_mask);

  address rh = VMError::get_resetted_sighandler(sig);
  // May be, handler was resetted by VMError?
  if (rh != NULL) {
    handler = rh;
    sa.sa_flags = VMError::get_resetted_sigflags(sig);
  }

  // Print textual representation of sa_flags.
  st->print(", sa_flags=");
  os::Posix::print_sa_flags(st, sa.sa_flags);

  // Check: is it our handler?
  if (handler == CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, (sa_sigaction_t)javaSignalHandler) ||
      handler == CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, (sa_sigaction_t)SR_handler)) {
    // It is our signal handler.
    // Check for flags, reset system-used one!
    if ((int)sa.sa_flags != os::Aix::get_our_sigflags(sig)) {
      st->print(", flags was changed from " PTR32_FORMAT ", consider using jsig library",
                os::Aix::get_our_sigflags(sig));
    }
  }
  st->cr();
}

#define DO_SIGNAL_CHECK(sig) \
  if (!sigismember(&check_signal_done, sig)) \
    os::Aix::check_signal_handler(sig)

// This method is a periodic task to check for misbehaving JNI applications
// under CheckJNI, we can add any periodic checks here

void os::run_periodic_checks() {

  if (check_signals == false) return;

  // SEGV and BUS if overridden could potentially prevent
  // generation of hs*.log in the event of a crash, debugging
  // such a case can be very challenging, so we absolutely
  // check the following for a good measure:
  DO_SIGNAL_CHECK(SIGSEGV);
  DO_SIGNAL_CHECK(SIGILL);
  DO_SIGNAL_CHECK(SIGFPE);
  DO_SIGNAL_CHECK(SIGBUS);
  DO_SIGNAL_CHECK(SIGPIPE);
  DO_SIGNAL_CHECK(SIGXFSZ);
  if (UseSIGTRAP) {
    DO_SIGNAL_CHECK(SIGTRAP);
  }
  DO_SIGNAL_CHECK(SIGDANGER);

  // ReduceSignalUsage allows the user to override these handlers
  // see comments at the very top and jvm_solaris.h
  if (!ReduceSignalUsage) {
    DO_SIGNAL_CHECK(SHUTDOWN1_SIGNAL);
    DO_SIGNAL_CHECK(SHUTDOWN2_SIGNAL);
    DO_SIGNAL_CHECK(SHUTDOWN3_SIGNAL);
    DO_SIGNAL_CHECK(BREAK_SIGNAL);
  }

  DO_SIGNAL_CHECK(SR_signum);
}

typedef int (*os_sigaction_t)(int, const struct sigaction *, struct sigaction *);

static os_sigaction_t os_sigaction = NULL;

void os::Aix::check_signal_handler(int sig) {
  char buf[O_BUFLEN];
  address jvmHandler = NULL;

  struct sigaction act;
  if (os_sigaction == NULL) {
    // only trust the default sigaction, in case it has been interposed
    os_sigaction = CAST_TO_FN_PTR(os_sigaction_t, dlsym(RTLD_DEFAULT, "sigaction"));
    if (os_sigaction == NULL) return;
  }

  os_sigaction(sig, (struct sigaction*)NULL, &act);

  address thisHandler = (act.sa_flags & SA_SIGINFO)
    ? CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, act.sa_sigaction)
    : CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, act.sa_handler);

  switch(sig) {
  case SIGSEGV:
  case SIGBUS:
  case SIGFPE:
  case SIGPIPE:
  case SIGILL:
  case SIGXFSZ:
    jvmHandler = CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, (sa_sigaction_t)javaSignalHandler);
    break;

  case SHUTDOWN1_SIGNAL:
  case SHUTDOWN2_SIGNAL:
  case SHUTDOWN3_SIGNAL:
  case BREAK_SIGNAL:
    jvmHandler = (address)user_handler();
    break;

  default:
    if (sig == SR_signum) {
      jvmHandler = CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, (sa_sigaction_t)SR_handler);
    } else {
      return;
    }
    break;
  }

  if (thisHandler != jvmHandler) {
    tty->print("Warning: %s handler ", exception_name(sig, buf, O_BUFLEN));
    tty->print("expected:%s", get_signal_handler_name(jvmHandler, buf, O_BUFLEN));
    tty->print_cr("  found:%s", get_signal_handler_name(thisHandler, buf, O_BUFLEN));
    // No need to check this sig any longer
    sigaddset(&check_signal_done, sig);
    // Running under non-interactive shell, SHUTDOWN2_SIGNAL will be reassigned SIG_IGN
    if (sig == SHUTDOWN2_SIGNAL && !isatty(fileno(stdin))) {
      tty->print_cr("Running in non-interactive shell, %s handler is replaced by shell",
                    exception_name(sig, buf, O_BUFLEN));
    }
  } else if (os::Aix::get_our_sigflags(sig) != 0 && (int)act.sa_flags != os::Aix::get_our_sigflags(sig)) {
    tty->print("Warning: %s handler flags ", exception_name(sig, buf, O_BUFLEN));
    tty->print("expected:");
    os::Posix::print_sa_flags(tty, os::Aix::get_our_sigflags(sig));
    tty->cr();
    tty->print("  found:");
    os::Posix::print_sa_flags(tty, act.sa_flags);
    tty->cr();
    // No need to check this sig any longer
    sigaddset(&check_signal_done, sig);
  }

  // Dump all the signal
  if (sigismember(&check_signal_done, sig)) {
    print_signal_handlers(tty, buf, O_BUFLEN);
  }
}

// To install functions for atexit system call
extern "C" {
  static void perfMemory_exit_helper() {
    perfMemory_exit();
  }
}

// This is called _before_ the most of global arguments have been parsed.
void os::init(void) {
  // This is basic, we want to know if that ever changes.
  // (Shared memory boundary is supposed to be a 256M aligned.)
  assert(SHMLBA == ((uint64_t)0x10000000ULL)/*256M*/, "unexpected");

  // Record process break at startup.
  g_brk_at_startup = (address) ::sbrk(0);
  assert(g_brk_at_startup != (address) -1, "sbrk failed");

  // First off, we need to know whether we run on AIX or PASE, and
  // the OS level we run on.
  os::Aix::initialize_os_info();

  // Scan environment (SPEC1170 behaviour, etc).
  os::Aix::scan_environment();

  // Probe multipage support.
  query_multipage_support();

  // Act like we only have one page size by eliminating corner cases which
  // we did not support very well anyway.
  // We have two input conditions:
  // 1) Data segment page size. This is controlled by linker setting (datapsize) on the
  //    launcher, and/or by LDR_CNTRL environment variable. The latter overrules the linker
  //    setting.
  //    Data segment page size is important for us because it defines the thread stack page
  //    size, which is needed for guard page handling, stack banging etc.
  // 2) The ability to allocate 64k pages dynamically. If this is a given, java heap can
  //    and should be allocated with 64k pages.
  //
  // So, we do the following:
  // LDR_CNTRL    can_use_64K_pages_dynamically       what we do                      remarks
  // 4K           no                                  4K                              old systems (aix 5.2, as/400 v5r4) or new systems with AME activated
  // 4k           yes                                 64k (treat 4k stacks as 64k)    different loader than java and standard settings
  // 64k          no              --- AIX 5.2 ? ---
  // 64k          yes                                 64k                             new systems and standard java loader (we set datapsize=64k when linking)

  // We explicitly leave no option to change page size, because only upgrading would work,
  // not downgrading (if stack page size is 64k you cannot pretend its 4k).

  if (g_multipage_support.datapsize == SIZE_4K) {
    // datapsize = 4K. Data segment, thread stacks are 4K paged.
    if (g_multipage_support.can_use_64K_pages) {
      // .. but we are able to use 64K pages dynamically.
      // This would be typical for java launchers which are not linked
      // with datapsize=64K (like, any other launcher but our own).
      //
      // In this case it would be smart to allocate the java heap with 64K
      // to get the performance benefit, and to fake 64k pages for the
      // data segment (when dealing with thread stacks).
      //
      // However, leave a possibility to downgrade to 4K, using
      // -XX:-Use64KPages.
      if (Use64KPages) {
        trcVerbose("64K page mode (faked for data segment)");
        Aix::_page_size = SIZE_64K;
      } else {
        trcVerbose("4K page mode (Use64KPages=off)");
        Aix::_page_size = SIZE_4K;
      }
    } else {
      // .. and not able to allocate 64k pages dynamically. Here, just
      // fall back to 4K paged mode and use mmap for everything.
      trcVerbose("4K page mode");
      Aix::_page_size = SIZE_4K;
      FLAG_SET_ERGO(bool, Use64KPages, false);
    }
  } else {
    // datapsize = 64k. Data segment, thread stacks are 64k paged.
    // This normally means that we can allocate 64k pages dynamically.
    // (There is one special case where this may be false: EXTSHM=on.
    // but we decided to not support that mode).
    assert0(g_multipage_support.can_use_64K_pages);
    Aix::_page_size = SIZE_64K;
    trcVerbose("64K page mode");
    FLAG_SET_ERGO(bool, Use64KPages, true);
  }

  // Short-wire stack page size to base page size; if that works, we just remove
  // that stack page size altogether.
  Aix::_stack_page_size = Aix::_page_size;

  // For now UseLargePages is just ignored.
  FLAG_SET_ERGO(bool, UseLargePages, false);
  _page_sizes[0] = 0;

  // debug trace
  trcVerbose("os::vm_page_size %s", describe_pagesize(os::vm_page_size()));

  // Next, we need to initialize libo4 and libperfstat libraries.
  if (os::Aix::on_pase()) {
    os::Aix::initialize_libo4();
  } else {
    os::Aix::initialize_libperfstat();
  }

  // Reset the perfstat information provided by ODM.
  if (os::Aix::on_aix()) {
    libperfstat::perfstat_reset();
  }

  // Now initialze basic system properties. Note that for some of the values we
  // need libperfstat etc.
  os::Aix::initialize_system_info();

  clock_tics_per_sec = sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK);

  init_random(1234567);

  ThreadCritical::initialize();

  // Main_thread points to the aboriginal thread.
  Aix::_main_thread = pthread_self();

  initial_time_count = os::elapsed_counter();

  // If the pagesize of the VM is greater than 8K determine the appropriate
  // number of initial guard pages. The user can change this with the
  // command line arguments, if needed.
  if (vm_page_size() > (int)Aix::vm_default_page_size()) {
    StackYellowPages = 1;
    StackRedPages = 1;
    StackShadowPages = round_to((StackShadowPages*Aix::vm_default_page_size()), vm_page_size()) / vm_page_size();
  }
}

// This is called _after_ the global arguments have been parsed.
jint os::init_2(void) {

  if (os::Aix::on_pase()) {
    trcVerbose("Running on PASE.");
  } else {
    trcVerbose("Running on AIX (not PASE).");
  }

  trcVerbose("processor count: %d", os::_processor_count);
  trcVerbose("physical memory: %lu", Aix::_physical_memory);

  // Initially build up the loaded dll map.
  LoadedLibraries::reload();
  if (Verbose) {
    trcVerbose("Loaded Libraries: ");
    LoadedLibraries::print(tty);
  }

  const int page_size = Aix::page_size();
  const int map_size = page_size;

  address map_address = (address) MAP_FAILED;
  const int prot  = PROT_READ;
  const int flags = MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS;

  // Use optimized addresses for the polling page,
  // e.g. map it to a special 32-bit address.
  if (OptimizePollingPageLocation) {
    // architecture-specific list of address wishes:
    address address_wishes[] = {
      // AIX: addresses lower than 0x30000000 don't seem to work on AIX.
      // PPC64: all address wishes are non-negative 32 bit values where
      // the lower 16 bits are all zero. we can load these addresses
      // with a single ppc_lis instruction.
      (address) 0x30000000, (address) 0x31000000,
      (address) 0x32000000, (address) 0x33000000,
      (address) 0x40000000, (address) 0x41000000,
      (address) 0x42000000, (address) 0x43000000,
      (address) 0x50000000, (address) 0x51000000,
      (address) 0x52000000, (address) 0x53000000,
      (address) 0x60000000, (address) 0x61000000,
      (address) 0x62000000, (address) 0x63000000
    };
    int address_wishes_length = sizeof(address_wishes)/sizeof(address);

    // iterate over the list of address wishes:
    for (int i=0; i<address_wishes_length; i++) {
      // Try to map with current address wish.
      // AIX: AIX needs MAP_FIXED if we provide an address and mmap will
      // fail if the address is already mapped.
      map_address = (address) ::mmap(address_wishes[i] - (ssize_t)page_size,
                                     map_size, prot,
                                     flags | MAP_FIXED,
                                     -1, 0);
      trcVerbose("SafePoint Polling  Page address: %p (wish) => %p",
                   address_wishes[i], map_address + (ssize_t)page_size);

      if (map_address + (ssize_t)page_size == address_wishes[i]) {
        // Map succeeded and map_address is at wished address, exit loop.
        break;
      }

      if (map_address != (address) MAP_FAILED) {
        // Map succeeded, but polling_page is not at wished address, unmap and continue.
        ::munmap(map_address, map_size);
        map_address = (address) MAP_FAILED;
      }
      // Map failed, continue loop.
    }
  } // end OptimizePollingPageLocation

  if (map_address == (address) MAP_FAILED) {
    map_address = (address) ::mmap(NULL, map_size, prot, flags, -1, 0);
  }
  guarantee(map_address != MAP_FAILED, "os::init_2: failed to allocate polling page");
  os::set_polling_page(map_address);

  if (!UseMembar) {
    address mem_serialize_page = (address) ::mmap(NULL, Aix::page_size(), PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
    guarantee(mem_serialize_page != NULL, "mmap Failed for memory serialize page");
    os::set_memory_serialize_page(mem_serialize_page);

    trcVerbose("Memory Serialize  Page address: %p - %p, size %IX (%IB)",
        mem_serialize_page, mem_serialize_page + Aix::page_size(),
        Aix::page_size(), Aix::page_size());
  }

  // initialize suspend/resume support - must do this before signal_sets_init()
  if (SR_initialize() != 0) {
    perror("SR_initialize failed");
    return JNI_ERR;
  }

  Aix::signal_sets_init();
  Aix::install_signal_handlers();

  // Check minimum allowable stack size for thread creation and to initialize
  // the java system classes, including StackOverflowError - depends on page
  // size. Add a page for compiler2 recursion in main thread.
  // Add in 2*BytesPerWord times page size to account for VM stack during
  // class initialization depending on 32 or 64 bit VM.
  os::Aix::min_stack_allowed = MAX2(os::Aix::min_stack_allowed,
            (size_t)(StackYellowPages+StackRedPages+StackShadowPages) * Aix::page_size() +
                     (2*BytesPerWord COMPILER2_PRESENT(+1)) * Aix::vm_default_page_size());

  os::Aix::min_stack_allowed = align_size_up(os::Aix::min_stack_allowed, os::Aix::page_size());

  size_t threadStackSizeInBytes = ThreadStackSize * K;
  if (threadStackSizeInBytes != 0 &&
      threadStackSizeInBytes < os::Aix::min_stack_allowed) {
    tty->print_cr("\nThe stack size specified is too small, "
                  "Specify at least %dk",
                  os::Aix::min_stack_allowed / K);
    return JNI_ERR;
  }

  // Make the stack size a multiple of the page size so that
  // the yellow/red zones can be guarded.
  // Note that this can be 0, if no default stacksize was set.
  JavaThread::set_stack_size_at_create(round_to(threadStackSizeInBytes, vm_page_size()));

  if (UseNUMA) {
    UseNUMA = false;
    warning("NUMA optimizations are not available on this OS.");
  }

  if (MaxFDLimit) {
    // Set the number of file descriptors to max. print out error
    // if getrlimit/setrlimit fails but continue regardless.
    struct rlimit nbr_files;
    int status = getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &nbr_files);
    if (status != 0) {
      if (PrintMiscellaneous && (Verbose || WizardMode))
        perror("os::init_2 getrlimit failed");
    } else {
      nbr_files.rlim_cur = nbr_files.rlim_max;
      status = setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &nbr_files);
      if (status != 0) {
        if (PrintMiscellaneous && (Verbose || WizardMode))
          perror("os::init_2 setrlimit failed");
      }
    }
  }

  if (PerfAllowAtExitRegistration) {
    // Only register atexit functions if PerfAllowAtExitRegistration is set.
    // At exit functions can be delayed until process exit time, which
    // can be problematic for embedded VM situations. Embedded VMs should
    // call DestroyJavaVM() to assure that VM resources are released.

    // Note: perfMemory_exit_helper atexit function may be removed in
    // the future if the appropriate cleanup code can be added to the
    // VM_Exit VMOperation's doit method.
    if (atexit(perfMemory_exit_helper) != 0) {
      warning("os::init_2 atexit(perfMemory_exit_helper) failed");
    }
  }

  return JNI_OK;
}

// Mark the polling page as unreadable
void os::make_polling_page_unreadable(void) {
  if (!guard_memory((char*)_polling_page, Aix::page_size())) {
    fatal("Could not disable polling page");
  }
};

// Mark the polling page as readable
void os::make_polling_page_readable(void) {
  // Changed according to os_linux.cpp.
  if (!checked_mprotect((char *)_polling_page, Aix::page_size(), PROT_READ)) {
    fatal("Could not enable polling page at " PTR_FORMAT, _polling_page);
  }
};

int os::active_processor_count() {
  int online_cpus = ::sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN);
  assert(online_cpus > 0 && online_cpus <= processor_count(), "sanity check");
  return online_cpus;
}

void os::set_native_thread_name(const char *name) {
  // Not yet implemented.
  return;
}

bool os::distribute_processes(uint length, uint* distribution) {
  // Not yet implemented.
  return false;
}

bool os::bind_to_processor(uint processor_id) {
  // Not yet implemented.
  return false;
}

void os::SuspendedThreadTask::internal_do_task() {
  if (do_suspend(_thread->osthread())) {
    SuspendedThreadTaskContext context(_thread, _thread->osthread()->ucontext());
    do_task(context);
    do_resume(_thread->osthread());
  }
}

class PcFetcher : public os::SuspendedThreadTask {
public:
  PcFetcher(Thread* thread) : os::SuspendedThreadTask(thread) {}
  ExtendedPC result();
protected:
  void do_task(const os::SuspendedThreadTaskContext& context);
private:
  ExtendedPC _epc;
};

ExtendedPC PcFetcher::result() {
  guarantee(is_done(), "task is not done yet.");
  return _epc;
}

void PcFetcher::do_task(const os::SuspendedThreadTaskContext& context) {
  Thread* thread = context.thread();
  OSThread* osthread = thread->osthread();
  if (osthread->ucontext() != NULL) {
    _epc = os::Aix::ucontext_get_pc((const ucontext_t *) context.ucontext());
  } else {
    // NULL context is unexpected, double-check this is the VMThread.
    guarantee(thread->is_VM_thread(), "can only be called for VMThread");
  }
}

// Suspends the target using the signal mechanism and then grabs the PC before
// resuming the target. Used by the flat-profiler only
ExtendedPC os::get_thread_pc(Thread* thread) {
  // Make sure that it is called by the watcher for the VMThread.
  assert(Thread::current()->is_Watcher_thread(), "Must be watcher");
  assert(thread->is_VM_thread(), "Can only be called for VMThread");

  PcFetcher fetcher(thread);
  fetcher.run();
  return fetcher.result();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// debug support

bool os::find(address addr, outputStream* st) {

  st->print(PTR_FORMAT ": ", addr);

  loaded_module_t lm;
  if (LoadedLibraries::find_for_text_address(addr, &lm) != NULL ||
      LoadedLibraries::find_for_data_address(addr, &lm) != NULL) {
    st->print("%s", lm.path);
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// misc

// This does not do anything on Aix. This is basically a hook for being
// able to use structured exception handling (thread-local exception filters)
// on, e.g., Win32.
void
os::os_exception_wrapper(java_call_t f, JavaValue* value, const methodHandle& method,
                         JavaCallArguments* args, Thread* thread) {
  f(value, method, args, thread);
}

void os::print_statistics() {
}

bool os::message_box(const char* title, const char* message) {
  int i;
  fdStream err(defaultStream::error_fd());
  for (i = 0; i < 78; i++) err.print_raw("=");
  err.cr();
  err.print_raw_cr(title);
  for (i = 0; i < 78; i++) err.print_raw("-");
  err.cr();
  err.print_raw_cr(message);
  for (i = 0; i < 78; i++) err.print_raw("=");
  err.cr();

  char buf[16];
  // Prevent process from exiting upon "read error" without consuming all CPU
  while (::read(0, buf, sizeof(buf)) <= 0) { ::sleep(100); }

  return buf[0] == 'y' || buf[0] == 'Y';
}

int os::stat(const char *path, struct stat *sbuf) {
  char pathbuf[MAX_PATH];
  if (strlen(path) > MAX_PATH - 1) {
    errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
    return -1;
  }
  os::native_path(strcpy(pathbuf, path));
  return ::stat(pathbuf, sbuf);
}

bool os::check_heap(bool force) {
  return true;
}

// Is a (classpath) directory empty?
bool os::dir_is_empty(const char* path) {
  DIR *dir = NULL;
  struct dirent *ptr;

  dir = opendir(path);
  if (dir == NULL) return true;

  /* Scan the directory */
  bool result = true;
  char buf[sizeof(struct dirent) + MAX_PATH];
  while (result && (ptr = ::readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
    if (strcmp(ptr->d_name, ".") != 0 && strcmp(ptr->d_name, "..") != 0) {
      result = false;
    }
  }
  closedir(dir);
  return result;
}

// This code originates from JDK's sysOpen and open64_w
// from src/solaris/hpi/src/system_md.c

int os::open(const char *path, int oflag, int mode) {

  if (strlen(path) > MAX_PATH - 1) {
    errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
    return -1;
  }
  int fd;

  fd = ::open64(path, oflag, mode);
  if (fd == -1) return -1;

  // If the open succeeded, the file might still be a directory.
  {
    struct stat64 buf64;
    int ret = ::fstat64(fd, &buf64);
    int st_mode = buf64.st_mode;

    if (ret != -1) {
      if ((st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR) {
        errno = EISDIR;
        ::close(fd);
        return -1;
      }
    } else {
      ::close(fd);
      return -1;
    }
  }

  // All file descriptors that are opened in the JVM and not
  // specifically destined for a subprocess should have the
  // close-on-exec flag set. If we don't set it, then careless 3rd
  // party native code might fork and exec without closing all
  // appropriate file descriptors (e.g. as we do in closeDescriptors in
  // UNIXProcess.c), and this in turn might:
  //
  // - cause end-of-file to fail to be detected on some file
  //   descriptors, resulting in mysterious hangs, or
  //
  // - might cause an fopen in the subprocess to fail on a system
  //   suffering from bug 1085341.
  //
  // (Yes, the default setting of the close-on-exec flag is a Unix
  // design flaw.)
  //
  // See:
  // 1085341: 32-bit stdio routines should support file descriptors >255
  // 4843136: (process) pipe file descriptor from Runtime.exec not being closed
  // 6339493: (process) Runtime.exec does not close all file descriptors on Solaris 9
#ifdef FD_CLOEXEC
  {
    int flags = ::fcntl(fd, F_GETFD);
    if (flags != -1)
      ::fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, flags | FD_CLOEXEC);
  }
#endif

  return fd;
}

// create binary file, rewriting existing file if required
int os::create_binary_file(const char* path, bool rewrite_existing) {
  int oflags = O_WRONLY | O_CREAT;
  if (!rewrite_existing) {
    oflags |= O_EXCL;
  }
  return ::open64(path, oflags, S_IREAD | S_IWRITE);
}

// return current position of file pointer
jlong os::current_file_offset(int fd) {
  return (jlong)::lseek64(fd, (off64_t)0, SEEK_CUR);
}

// move file pointer to the specified offset
jlong os::seek_to_file_offset(int fd, jlong offset) {
  return (jlong)::lseek64(fd, (off64_t)offset, SEEK_SET);
}

// This code originates from JDK's sysAvailable
// from src/solaris/hpi/src/native_threads/src/sys_api_td.c

int os::available(int fd, jlong *bytes) {
  jlong cur, end;
  int mode;
  struct stat64 buf64;

  if (::fstat64(fd, &buf64) >= 0) {
    mode = buf64.st_mode;
    if (S_ISCHR(mode) || S_ISFIFO(mode) || S_ISSOCK(mode)) {
      int n;
      if (::ioctl(fd, FIONREAD, &n) >= 0) {
        *bytes = n;
        return 1;
      }
    }
  }
  if ((cur = ::lseek64(fd, 0L, SEEK_CUR)) == -1) {
    return 0;
  } else if ((end = ::lseek64(fd, 0L, SEEK_END)) == -1) {
    return 0;
  } else if (::lseek64(fd, cur, SEEK_SET) == -1) {
    return 0;
  }
  *bytes = end - cur;
  return 1;
}

// Map a block of memory.
char* os::pd_map_memory(int fd, const char* file_name, size_t file_offset,
                        char *addr, size_t bytes, bool read_only,
                        bool allow_exec) {
  int prot;
  int flags = MAP_PRIVATE;

  if (read_only) {
    prot = PROT_READ;
    flags = MAP_SHARED;
  } else {
    prot = PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE;
    flags = MAP_PRIVATE;
  }

  if (allow_exec) {
    prot |= PROT_EXEC;
  }

  if (addr != NULL) {
    flags |= MAP_FIXED;
  }

  // Allow anonymous mappings if 'fd' is -1.
  if (fd == -1) {
    flags |= MAP_ANONYMOUS;
  }

  char* mapped_address = (char*)::mmap(addr, (size_t)bytes, prot, flags,
                                     fd, file_offset);
  if (mapped_address == MAP_FAILED) {
    return NULL;
  }
  return mapped_address;
}

// Remap a block of memory.
char* os::pd_remap_memory(int fd, const char* file_name, size_t file_offset,
                          char *addr, size_t bytes, bool read_only,
                          bool allow_exec) {
  // same as map_memory() on this OS
  return os::map_memory(fd, file_name, file_offset, addr, bytes, read_only,
                        allow_exec);
}

// Unmap a block of memory.
bool os::pd_unmap_memory(char* addr, size_t bytes) {
  return munmap(addr, bytes) == 0;
}

// current_thread_cpu_time(bool) and thread_cpu_time(Thread*, bool)
// are used by JVM M&M and JVMTI to get user+sys or user CPU time
// of a thread.
//
// current_thread_cpu_time() and thread_cpu_time(Thread*) returns
// the fast estimate available on the platform.

jlong os::current_thread_cpu_time() {
  // return user + sys since the cost is the same
  const jlong n = os::thread_cpu_time(Thread::current(), true /* user + sys */);
  assert(n >= 0, "negative CPU time");
  return n;
}

jlong os::thread_cpu_time(Thread* thread) {
  // consistent with what current_thread_cpu_time() returns
  const jlong n = os::thread_cpu_time(thread, true /* user + sys */);
  assert(n >= 0, "negative CPU time");
  return n;
}

jlong os::current_thread_cpu_time(bool user_sys_cpu_time) {
  const jlong n = os::thread_cpu_time(Thread::current(), user_sys_cpu_time);
  assert(n >= 0, "negative CPU time");
  return n;
}

static bool thread_cpu_time_unchecked(Thread* thread, jlong* p_sys_time, jlong* p_user_time) {
  bool error = false;

  jlong sys_time = 0;
  jlong user_time = 0;

  // Reimplemented using getthrds64().
  //
  // Works like this:
  // For the thread in question, get the kernel thread id. Then get the
  // kernel thread statistics using that id.
  //
  // This only works of course when no pthread scheduling is used,
  // i.e. there is a 1:1 relationship to kernel threads.
  // On AIX, see AIXTHREAD_SCOPE variable.

  pthread_t pthtid = thread->osthread()->pthread_id();

  // retrieve kernel thread id for the pthread:
  tid64_t tid = 0;
  struct __pthrdsinfo pinfo;
  // I just love those otherworldly IBM APIs which force me to hand down
  // dummy buffers for stuff I dont care for...
  char dummy[1];
  int dummy_size = sizeof(dummy);
  if (pthread_getthrds_np(&pthtid, PTHRDSINFO_QUERY_TID, &pinfo, sizeof(pinfo),
                          dummy, &dummy_size) == 0) {
    tid = pinfo.__pi_tid;
  } else {
    tty->print_cr("pthread_getthrds_np failed.");
    error = true;
  }

  // retrieve kernel timing info for that kernel thread
  if (!error) {
    struct thrdentry64 thrdentry;
    if (getthrds64(getpid(), &thrdentry, sizeof(thrdentry), &tid, 1) == 1) {
      sys_time = thrdentry.ti_ru.ru_stime.tv_sec * 1000000000LL + thrdentry.ti_ru.ru_stime.tv_usec * 1000LL;
      user_time = thrdentry.ti_ru.ru_utime.tv_sec * 1000000000LL + thrdentry.ti_ru.ru_utime.tv_usec * 1000LL;
    } else {
      tty->print_cr("pthread_getthrds_np failed.");
      error = true;
    }
  }

  if (p_sys_time) {
    *p_sys_time = sys_time;
  }

  if (p_user_time) {
    *p_user_time = user_time;
  }

  if (error) {
    return false;
  }

  return true;
}

jlong os::thread_cpu_time(Thread *thread, bool user_sys_cpu_time) {
  jlong sys_time;
  jlong user_time;

  if (!thread_cpu_time_unchecked(thread, &sys_time, &user_time)) {
    return -1;
  }

  return user_sys_cpu_time ? sys_time + user_time : user_time;
}

void os::current_thread_cpu_time_info(jvmtiTimerInfo *info_ptr) {
  info_ptr->max_value = ALL_64_BITS;       // will not wrap in less than 64 bits
  info_ptr->may_skip_backward = false;     // elapsed time not wall time
  info_ptr->may_skip_forward = false;      // elapsed time not wall time
  info_ptr->kind = JVMTI_TIMER_TOTAL_CPU;  // user+system time is returned
}

void os::thread_cpu_time_info(jvmtiTimerInfo *info_ptr) {
  info_ptr->max_value = ALL_64_BITS;       // will not wrap in less than 64 bits
  info_ptr->may_skip_backward = false;     // elapsed time not wall time
  info_ptr->may_skip_forward = false;      // elapsed time not wall time
  info_ptr->kind = JVMTI_TIMER_TOTAL_CPU;  // user+system time is returned
}

bool os::is_thread_cpu_time_supported() {
  return true;
}

// System loadavg support. Returns -1 if load average cannot be obtained.
// For now just return the system wide load average (no processor sets).
int os::loadavg(double values[], int nelem) {

  guarantee(nelem >= 0 && nelem <= 3, "argument error");
  guarantee(values, "argument error");

  if (os::Aix::on_pase()) {

    // AS/400 PASE: use libo4 porting library
    double v[3] = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 };

    if (libo4::get_load_avg(v, v + 1, v + 2)) {
      for (int i = 0; i < nelem; i ++) {
        values[i] = v[i];
      }
      return nelem;
    } else {
      return -1;
    }

  } else {

    // AIX: use libperfstat
    libperfstat::cpuinfo_t ci;
    if (libperfstat::get_cpuinfo(&ci)) {
      for (int i = 0; i < nelem; i++) {
        values[i] = ci.loadavg[i];
      }
    } else {
      return -1;
    }
    return nelem;
  }
}

void os::pause() {
  char filename[MAX_PATH];
  if (PauseAtStartupFile && PauseAtStartupFile[0]) {
    jio_snprintf(filename, MAX_PATH, PauseAtStartupFile);
  } else {
    jio_snprintf(filename, MAX_PATH, "./vm.paused.%d", current_process_id());
  }

  int fd = ::open(filename, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0666);
  if (fd != -1) {
    struct stat buf;
    ::close(fd);
    while (::stat(filename, &buf) == 0) {
      (void)::poll(NULL, 0, 100);
    }
  } else {
    trcVerbose("Could not open pause file '%s', continuing immediately.", filename);
  }
}

bool os::Aix::is_primordial_thread() {
  if (pthread_self() == (pthread_t)1) {
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}

// OS recognitions (PASE/AIX, OS level) call this before calling any
// one of Aix::on_pase(), Aix::os_version() static
void os::Aix::initialize_os_info() {

  assert(_on_pase == -1 && _os_version == 0, "already called.");

  struct utsname uts;
  memset(&uts, 0, sizeof(uts));
  strcpy(uts.sysname, "?");
  if (::uname(&uts) == -1) {
    trcVerbose("uname failed (%d)", errno);
    guarantee(0, "Could not determine whether we run on AIX or PASE");
  } else {
    trcVerbose("uname says: sysname \"%s\" version \"%s\" release \"%s\" "
               "node \"%s\" machine \"%s\"\n",
               uts.sysname, uts.version, uts.release, uts.nodename, uts.machine);
    const int major = atoi(uts.version);
    assert(major > 0, "invalid OS version");
    const int minor = atoi(uts.release);
    assert(minor > 0, "invalid OS release");
    _os_version = (major << 24) | (minor << 16);
    char ver_str[20] = {0};
    char *name_str = "unknown OS";
    if (strcmp(uts.sysname, "OS400") == 0) {
      // We run on AS/400 PASE. We do not support versions older than V5R4M0.
      _on_pase = 1;
      if (os_version_short() < 0x0504) {
        trcVerbose("OS/400 releases older than V5R4M0 not supported.");
        assert(false, "OS/400 release too old.");
      }
      name_str = "OS/400 (pase)";
      jio_snprintf(ver_str, sizeof(ver_str), "%u.%u", major, minor);
    } else if (strcmp(uts.sysname, "AIX") == 0) {
      // We run on AIX. We do not support versions older than AIX 5.3.
      _on_pase = 0;
      // Determine detailed AIX version: Version, Release, Modification, Fix Level.
      odmWrapper::determine_os_kernel_version(&_os_version);
      if (os_version_short() < 0x0503) {
        trcVerbose("AIX release older than AIX 5.3 not supported.");
        assert(false, "AIX release too old.");
      }
      name_str = "AIX";
      jio_snprintf(ver_str, sizeof(ver_str), "%u.%u.%u.%u",
                   major, minor, (_os_version >> 8) & 0xFF, _os_version & 0xFF);
    } else {
      assert(false, name_str);
    }
    trcVerbose("We run on %s %s", name_str, ver_str);
  }

  guarantee(_on_pase != -1 && _os_version, "Could not determine AIX/OS400 release");
} // end: os::Aix::initialize_os_info()

// Scan environment for important settings which might effect the VM.
// Trace out settings. Warn about invalid settings and/or correct them.
//
// Must run after os::Aix::initialue_os_info().
void os::Aix::scan_environment() {

  char* p;
  int rc;

  // Warn explicity if EXTSHM=ON is used. That switch changes how
  // System V shared memory behaves. One effect is that page size of
  // shared memory cannot be change dynamically, effectivly preventing
  // large pages from working.
  // This switch was needed on AIX 32bit, but on AIX 64bit the general
  // recommendation is (in OSS notes) to switch it off.
  p = ::getenv("EXTSHM");
  trcVerbose("EXTSHM=%s.", p ? p : "<unset>");
  if (p && strcasecmp(p, "ON") == 0) {
    _extshm = 1;
    trcVerbose("*** Unsupported mode! Please remove EXTSHM from your environment! ***");
    if (!AllowExtshm) {
      // We allow under certain conditions the user to continue. However, we want this
      // to be a fatal error by default. On certain AIX systems, leaving EXTSHM=ON means
      // that the VM is not able to allocate 64k pages for the heap.
      // We do not want to run with reduced performance.
      vm_exit_during_initialization("EXTSHM is ON. Please remove EXTSHM from your environment.");
    }
  } else {
    _extshm = 0;
  }

  // SPEC1170 behaviour: will change the behaviour of a number of POSIX APIs.
  // Not tested, not supported.
  //
  // Note that it might be worth the trouble to test and to require it, if only to
  // get useful return codes for mprotect.
  //
  // Note: Setting XPG_SUS_ENV in the process is too late. Must be set earlier (before
  // exec() ? before loading the libjvm ? ....)
  p = ::getenv("XPG_SUS_ENV");
  trcVerbose("XPG_SUS_ENV=%s.", p ? p : "<unset>");
  if (p && strcmp(p, "ON") == 0) {
    _xpg_sus_mode = 1;
    trcVerbose("Unsupported setting: XPG_SUS_ENV=ON");
    // This is not supported. Worst of all, it changes behaviour of mmap MAP_FIXED to
    // clobber address ranges. If we ever want to support that, we have to do some
    // testing first.
    guarantee(false, "XPG_SUS_ENV=ON not supported");
  } else {
    _xpg_sus_mode = 0;
  }

  if (os::Aix::on_pase()) {
    p = ::getenv("QIBM_MULTI_THREADED");
    trcVerbose("QIBM_MULTI_THREADED=%s.", p ? p : "<unset>");
  }

  p = ::getenv("LDR_CNTRL");
  trcVerbose("LDR_CNTRL=%s.", p ? p : "<unset>");
  if (os::Aix::on_pase() && os::Aix::os_version_short() == 0x0701) {
    if (p && ::strstr(p, "TEXTPSIZE")) {
      trcVerbose("*** WARNING - LDR_CNTRL contains TEXTPSIZE. "
        "you may experience hangs or crashes on OS/400 V7R1.");
    }
  }

  p = ::getenv("AIXTHREAD_GUARDPAGES");
  trcVerbose("AIXTHREAD_GUARDPAGES=%s.", p ? p : "<unset>");

} // end: os::Aix::scan_environment()

// PASE: initialize the libo4 library (PASE porting library).
void os::Aix::initialize_libo4() {
  guarantee(os::Aix::on_pase(), "OS/400 only.");
  if (!libo4::init()) {
    trcVerbose("libo4 initialization failed.");
    assert(false, "libo4 initialization failed");
  } else {
    trcVerbose("libo4 initialized.");
  }
}

// AIX: initialize the libperfstat library.
void os::Aix::initialize_libperfstat() {
  assert(os::Aix::on_aix(), "AIX only");
  if (!libperfstat::init()) {
    trcVerbose("libperfstat initialization failed.");
    assert(false, "libperfstat initialization failed");
  } else {
    trcVerbose("libperfstat initialized.");
  }
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// thread stack

// Function to query the current stack size using pthread_getthrds_np.
static bool query_stack_dimensions(address* p_stack_base, size_t* p_stack_size) {
  // This only works when invoked on a pthread. As we agreed not to use
  // primordial threads anyway, I assert here.
  guarantee(!os::Aix::is_primordial_thread(), "not allowed on the primordial thread");

  // Information about this api can be found (a) in the pthread.h header and
  // (b) in http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/pseries/v5r3/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.aix.basetechref/doc/basetrf1/pthread_getthrds_np.htm
  //
  // The use of this API to find out the current stack is kind of undefined.
  // But after a lot of tries and asking IBM about it, I concluded that it is safe
  // enough for cases where I let the pthread library create its stacks. For cases
  // where I create an own stack and pass this to pthread_create, it seems not to
  // work (the returned stack size in that case is 0).

  pthread_t tid = pthread_self();
  struct __pthrdsinfo pinfo;
  char dummy[1]; // Just needed to satisfy pthread_getthrds_np.
  int dummy_size = sizeof(dummy);

  memset(&pinfo, 0, sizeof(pinfo));

  const int rc = pthread_getthrds_np(&tid, PTHRDSINFO_QUERY_ALL, &pinfo,
                                     sizeof(pinfo), dummy, &dummy_size);

  if (rc != 0) {
    assert0(false);
    trcVerbose("pthread_getthrds_np failed (%d)", rc);
    return false;
  }
  guarantee0(pinfo.__pi_stackend);

  // The following may happen when invoking pthread_getthrds_np on a pthread
  // running on a user provided stack (when handing down a stack to pthread
  // create, see pthread_attr_setstackaddr).
  // Not sure what to do then.

  guarantee0(pinfo.__pi_stacksize);

  // Note: we get three values from pthread_getthrds_np:
  //       __pi_stackaddr, __pi_stacksize, __pi_stackend
  //
  // high addr    ---------------------
  //
  //    |         pthread internal data, like ~2K
  //    |
  //    |         ---------------------   __pi_stackend   (usually not page aligned, (xxxxF890))
  //    |
  //    |
  //    |
  //    |
  //    |
  //    |
  //    |          ---------------------   (__pi_stackend - __pi_stacksize)
  //    |
  //    |          padding to align the following AIX guard pages, if enabled.
  //    |
  //    V          ---------------------   __pi_stackaddr
  //
  // low addr      AIX guard pages, if enabled (AIXTHREAD_GUARDPAGES > 0)
  //

  address stack_base = (address)(pinfo.__pi_stackend);
  address stack_low_addr = (address)align_ptr_up(pinfo.__pi_stackaddr,
    os::vm_page_size());
  size_t stack_size = stack_base - stack_low_addr;

  if (p_stack_base) {
    *p_stack_base = stack_base;
  }

  if (p_stack_size) {
    *p_stack_size = stack_size;
  }

  return true;
}

// Get the current stack base from the OS (actually, the pthread library).
address os::current_stack_base() {
  address p;
  query_stack_dimensions(&p, 0);
  return p;
}

// Get the current stack size from the OS (actually, the pthread library).
size_t os::current_stack_size() {
  size_t s;
  query_stack_dimensions(0, &s);
  return s;
}

// Refer to the comments in os_solaris.cpp park-unpark.
//
// Beware -- Some versions of NPTL embody a flaw where pthread_cond_timedwait() can
// hang indefinitely. For instance NPTL 0.60 on 2.4.21-4ELsmp is vulnerable.
// For specifics regarding the bug see GLIBC BUGID 261237 :
//    http://www.mail-archive.com/debian-glibc@lists.debian.org/msg10837.html.
// Briefly, pthread_cond_timedwait() calls with an expiry time that's not in the future
// will either hang or corrupt the condvar, resulting in subsequent hangs if the condvar
// is used. (The simple C test-case provided in the GLIBC bug report manifests the
// hang). The JVM is vulernable via sleep(), Object.wait(timo), LockSupport.parkNanos()
// and monitorenter when we're using 1-0 locking. All those operations may result in
// calls to pthread_cond_timedwait(). Using LD_ASSUME_KERNEL to use an older version
// of libpthread avoids the problem, but isn't practical.
//
// Possible remedies:
//
// 1.   Establish a minimum relative wait time. 50 to 100 msecs seems to work.
//      This is palliative and probabilistic, however. If the thread is preempted
//      between the call to compute_abstime() and pthread_cond_timedwait(), more
//      than the minimum period may have passed, and the abstime may be stale (in the
//      past) resultin in a hang. Using this technique reduces the odds of a hang
//      but the JVM is still vulnerable, particularly on heavily loaded systems.
//
// 2.   Modify park-unpark to use per-thread (per ParkEvent) pipe-pairs instead
//      of the usual flag-condvar-mutex idiom. The write side of the pipe is set
//      NDELAY. unpark() reduces to write(), park() reduces to read() and park(timo)
//      reduces to poll()+read(). This works well, but consumes 2 FDs per extant
//      thread.
//
// 3.   Embargo pthread_cond_timedwait() and implement a native "chron" thread
//      that manages timeouts. We'd emulate pthread_cond_timedwait() by enqueuing
//      a timeout request to the chron thread and then blocking via pthread_cond_wait().
//      This also works well. In fact it avoids kernel-level scalability impediments
//      on certain platforms that don't handle lots of active pthread_cond_timedwait()
//      timers in a graceful fashion.
//
// 4.   When the abstime value is in the past it appears that control returns
//      correctly from pthread_cond_timedwait(), but the condvar is left corrupt.
//      Subsequent timedwait/wait calls may hang indefinitely. Given that, we
//      can avoid the problem by reinitializing the condvar -- by cond_destroy()
//      followed by cond_init() -- after all calls to pthread_cond_timedwait().
//      It may be possible to avoid reinitialization by checking the return
//      value from pthread_cond_timedwait(). In addition to reinitializing the
//      condvar we must establish the invariant that cond_signal() is only called
//      within critical sections protected by the adjunct mutex. This prevents
//      cond_signal() from "seeing" a condvar that's in the midst of being
//      reinitialized or that is corrupt. Sadly, this invariant obviates the
//      desirable signal-after-unlock optimization that avoids futile context switching.
//
//      I'm also concerned that some versions of NTPL might allocate an auxilliary
//      structure when a condvar is used or initialized. cond_destroy() would
//      release the helper structure. Our reinitialize-after-timedwait fix
//      put excessive stress on malloc/free and locks protecting the c-heap.
//
// We currently use (4). See the WorkAroundNTPLTimedWaitHang flag.
// It may be possible to refine (4) by checking the kernel and NTPL verisons
// and only enabling the work-around for vulnerable environments.

// utility to compute the abstime argument to timedwait:
// millis is the relative timeout time
// abstime will be the absolute timeout time
// TODO: replace compute_abstime() with unpackTime()

static struct timespec* compute_abstime(timespec* abstime, jlong millis) {
  if (millis < 0) millis = 0;
  struct timeval now;
  int status = gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
  assert(status == 0, "gettimeofday");
  jlong seconds = millis / 1000;
  millis %= 1000;
  if (seconds > 50000000) { // see man cond_timedwait(3T)
    seconds = 50000000;
  }
  abstime->tv_sec = now.tv_sec  + seconds;
  long       usec = now.tv_usec + millis * 1000;
  if (usec >= 1000000) {
    abstime->tv_sec += 1;
    usec -= 1000000;
  }
  abstime->tv_nsec = usec * 1000;
  return abstime;
}

// Test-and-clear _Event, always leaves _Event set to 0, returns immediately.
// Conceptually TryPark() should be equivalent to park(0).

int os::PlatformEvent::TryPark() {
  for (;;) {
    const int v = _Event;
    guarantee ((v == 0) || (v == 1), "invariant");
    if (Atomic::cmpxchg (0, &_Event, v) == v) return v;
  }
}

void os::PlatformEvent::park() {       // AKA "down()"
  // Invariant: Only the thread associated with the Event/PlatformEvent
  // may call park().
  // TODO: assert that _Assoc != NULL or _Assoc == Self
  int v;
  for (;;) {
    v = _Event;
    if (Atomic::cmpxchg (v-1, &_Event, v) == v) break;
  }
  guarantee (v >= 0, "invariant");
  if (v == 0) {
    // Do this the hard way by blocking ...
    int status = pthread_mutex_lock(_mutex);
    assert_status(status == 0, status, "mutex_lock");
    guarantee (_nParked == 0, "invariant");
    ++ _nParked;
    while (_Event < 0) {
      status = pthread_cond_wait(_cond, _mutex);
      assert_status(status == 0 || status == ETIMEDOUT, status, "cond_timedwait");
    }
    -- _nParked;

    // In theory we could move the ST of 0 into _Event past the unlock(),
    // but then we'd need a MEMBAR after the ST.
    _Event = 0;
    status = pthread_mutex_unlock(_mutex);
    assert_status(status == 0, status, "mutex_unlock");
  }
  guarantee (_Event >= 0, "invariant");
}

int os::PlatformEvent::park(jlong millis) {
  guarantee (_nParked == 0, "invariant");

  int v;
  for (;;) {
    v = _Event;
    if (Atomic::cmpxchg (v-1, &_Event, v) == v) break;
  }
  guarantee (v >= 0, "invariant");
  if (v != 0) return OS_OK;

  // We do this the hard way, by blocking the thread.
  // Consider enforcing a minimum timeout value.
  struct timespec abst;
  compute_abstime(&abst, millis);

  int ret = OS_TIMEOUT;
  int status = pthread_mutex_lock(_mutex);
  assert_status(status == 0, status, "mutex_lock");
  guarantee (_nParked == 0, "invariant");
  ++_nParked;

  // Object.wait(timo) will return because of
  // (a) notification
  // (b) timeout
  // (c) thread.interrupt
  //
  // Thread.interrupt and object.notify{All} both call Event::set.
  // That is, we treat thread.interrupt as a special case of notification.
  // We ignore spurious OS wakeups unless FilterSpuriousWakeups is false.
  // We assume all ETIME returns are valid.
  //
  // TODO: properly differentiate simultaneous notify+interrupt.
  // In that case, we should propagate the notify to another waiter.

  while (_Event < 0) {
    status = pthread_cond_timedwait(_cond, _mutex, &abst);
    assert_status(status == 0 || status == ETIMEDOUT,
                  status, "cond_timedwait");
    if (!FilterSpuriousWakeups) break;         // previous semantics
    if (status == ETIMEDOUT) break;
    // We consume and ignore EINTR and spurious wakeups.
  }
  --_nParked;
  if (_Event >= 0) {
     ret = OS_OK;
  }
  _Event = 0;
  status = pthread_mutex_unlock(_mutex);
  assert_status(status == 0, status, "mutex_unlock");
  assert (_nParked == 0, "invariant");
  return ret;
}

void os::PlatformEvent::unpark() {
  int v, AnyWaiters;
  for (;;) {
    v = _Event;
    if (v > 0) {
      // The LD of _Event could have reordered or be satisfied
      // by a read-aside from this processor's write buffer.
      // To avoid problems execute a barrier and then
      // ratify the value.
      OrderAccess::fence();
      if (_Event == v) return;
      continue;
    }
    if (Atomic::cmpxchg (v+1, &_Event, v) == v) break;
  }
  if (v < 0) {
    // Wait for the thread associated with the event to vacate
    int status = pthread_mutex_lock(_mutex);
    assert_status(status == 0, status, "mutex_lock");
    AnyWaiters = _nParked;

    if (AnyWaiters != 0) {
      // We intentional signal *after* dropping the lock
      // to avoid a common class of futile wakeups.
      status = pthread_cond_signal(_cond);
      assert_status(status == 0, status, "cond_signal");
    }
    // Mutex should be locked for pthread_cond_signal(_cond).
    status = pthread_mutex_unlock(_mutex);
    assert_status(status == 0, status, "mutex_unlock");
  }

  // Note that we signal() _after dropping the lock for "immortal" Events.
  // This is safe and avoids a common class of futile wakeups. In rare
  // circumstances this can cause a thread to return prematurely from
  // cond_{timed}wait() but the spurious wakeup is benign and the victim will
  // simply re-test the condition and re-park itself.
}


// JSR166
// -------------------------------------------------------

//
// The solaris and linux implementations of park/unpark are fairly
// conservative for now, but can be improved. They currently use a
// mutex/condvar pair, plus a a count.
// Park decrements count if > 0, else does a condvar wait. Unpark
// sets count to 1 and signals condvar. Only one thread ever waits
// on the condvar. Contention seen when trying to park implies that someone
// is unparking you, so don't wait. And spurious returns are fine, so there
// is no need to track notifications.
//

#define MAX_SECS 100000000
//
// This code is common to linux and solaris and will be moved to a
// common place in dolphin.
//
// The passed in time value is either a relative time in nanoseconds
// or an absolute time in milliseconds. Either way it has to be unpacked
// into suitable seconds and nanoseconds components and stored in the
// given timespec structure.
// Given time is a 64-bit value and the time_t used in the timespec is only
// a signed-32-bit value (except on 64-bit Linux) we have to watch for
// overflow if times way in the future are given. Further on Solaris versions
// prior to 10 there is a restriction (see cond_timedwait) that the specified
// number of seconds, in abstime, is less than current_time + 100,000,000.
// As it will be 28 years before "now + 100000000" will overflow we can
// ignore overflow and just impose a hard-limit on seconds using the value
// of "now + 100,000,000". This places a limit on the timeout of about 3.17
// years from "now".
//

static void unpackTime(timespec* absTime, bool isAbsolute, jlong time) {
  assert (time > 0, "convertTime");

  struct timeval now;
  int status = gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
  assert(status == 0, "gettimeofday");

  time_t max_secs = now.tv_sec + MAX_SECS;

  if (isAbsolute) {
    jlong secs = time / 1000;
    if (secs > max_secs) {
      absTime->tv_sec = max_secs;
    }
    else {
      absTime->tv_sec = secs;
    }
    absTime->tv_nsec = (time % 1000) * NANOSECS_PER_MILLISEC;
  }
  else {
    jlong secs = time / NANOSECS_PER_SEC;
    if (secs >= MAX_SECS) {
      absTime->tv_sec = max_secs;
      absTime->tv_nsec = 0;
    }
    else {
      absTime->tv_sec = now.tv_sec + secs;
      absTime->tv_nsec = (time % NANOSECS_PER_SEC) + now.tv_usec*1000;
      if (absTime->tv_nsec >= NANOSECS_PER_SEC) {
        absTime->tv_nsec -= NANOSECS_PER_SEC;
        ++absTime->tv_sec; // note: this must be <= max_secs
      }
    }
  }
  assert(absTime->tv_sec >= 0, "tv_sec < 0");
  assert(absTime->tv_sec <= max_secs, "tv_sec > max_secs");
  assert(absTime->tv_nsec >= 0, "tv_nsec < 0");
  assert(absTime->tv_nsec < NANOSECS_PER_SEC, "tv_nsec >= nanos_per_sec");
}

void Parker::park(bool isAbsolute, jlong time) {
  // Optional fast-path check:
  // Return immediately if a permit is available.
  if (_counter > 0) {
    _counter = 0;
    OrderAccess::fence();
    return;
  }

  Thread* thread = Thread::current();
  assert(thread->is_Java_thread(), "Must be JavaThread");
  JavaThread *jt = (JavaThread *)thread;

  // Optional optimization -- avoid state transitions if there's an interrupt pending.
  // Check interrupt before trying to wait
  if (Thread::is_interrupted(thread, false)) {
    return;
  }

  // Next, demultiplex/decode time arguments
  timespec absTime;
  if (time < 0 || (isAbsolute && time == 0)) { // don't wait at all
    return;
  }
  if (time > 0) {
    unpackTime(&absTime, isAbsolute, time);
  }

  // Enter safepoint region
  // Beware of deadlocks such as 6317397.
  // The per-thread Parker:: mutex is a classic leaf-lock.
  // In particular a thread must never block on the Threads_lock while
  // holding the Parker:: mutex. If safepoints are pending both the
  // the ThreadBlockInVM() CTOR and DTOR may grab Threads_lock.
  ThreadBlockInVM tbivm(jt);

  // Don't wait if cannot get lock since interference arises from
  // unblocking. Also. check interrupt before trying wait
  if (Thread::is_interrupted(thread, false) || pthread_mutex_trylock(_mutex) != 0) {
    return;
  }

  int status;
  if (_counter > 0) { // no wait needed
    _counter = 0;
    status = pthread_mutex_unlock(_mutex);
    assert (status == 0, "invariant");
    OrderAccess::fence();
    return;
  }

#ifdef ASSERT
  // Don't catch signals while blocked; let the running threads have the signals.
  // (This allows a debugger to break into the running thread.)
  sigset_t oldsigs;
  sigset_t* allowdebug_blocked = os::Aix::allowdebug_blocked_signals();
  pthread_sigmask(SIG_BLOCK, allowdebug_blocked, &oldsigs);
#endif

  OSThreadWaitState osts(thread->osthread(), false /* not Object.wait() */);
  jt->set_suspend_equivalent();
  // cleared by handle_special_suspend_equivalent_condition() or java_suspend_self()

  if (time == 0) {
    status = pthread_cond_wait (_cond, _mutex);
  } else {
    status = pthread_cond_timedwait (_cond, _mutex, &absTime);
    if (status != 0 && WorkAroundNPTLTimedWaitHang) {
      pthread_cond_destroy (_cond);
      pthread_cond_init    (_cond, NULL);
    }
  }
  assert_status(status == 0 || status == EINTR ||
                status == ETIME || status == ETIMEDOUT,
                status, "cond_timedwait");

#ifdef ASSERT
  pthread_sigmask(SIG_SETMASK, &oldsigs, NULL);
#endif

  _counter = 0;
  status = pthread_mutex_unlock(_mutex);
  assert_status(status == 0, status, "invariant");
  // If externally suspended while waiting, re-suspend
  if (jt->handle_special_suspend_equivalent_condition()) {
    jt->java_suspend_self();
  }

  OrderAccess::fence();
}

void Parker::unpark() {
  int s, status;
  status = pthread_mutex_lock(_mutex);
  assert (status == 0, "invariant");
  s = _counter;
  _counter = 1;
  if (s < 1) {
    if (WorkAroundNPTLTimedWaitHang) {
      status = pthread_cond_signal (_cond);
      assert (status == 0, "invariant");
      status = pthread_mutex_unlock(_mutex);
      assert (status == 0, "invariant");
    } else {
      status = pthread_mutex_unlock(_mutex);
      assert (status == 0, "invariant");
      status = pthread_cond_signal (_cond);
      assert (status == 0, "invariant");
    }
  } else {
    pthread_mutex_unlock(_mutex);
    assert (status == 0, "invariant");
  }
}

extern char** environ;

// Run the specified command in a separate process. Return its exit value,
// or -1 on failure (e.g. can't fork a new process).
// Unlike system(), this function can be called from signal handler. It
// doesn't block SIGINT et al.
int os::fork_and_exec(char* cmd) {
  char * argv[4] = {"sh", "-c", cmd, NULL};

  pid_t pid = fork();

  if (pid < 0) {
    // fork failed
    return -1;

  } else if (pid == 0) {
    // child process

    // Try to be consistent with system(), which uses "/usr/bin/sh" on AIX.
    execve("/usr/bin/sh", argv, environ);

    // execve failed
    _exit(-1);

  } else {
    // copied from J2SE ..._waitForProcessExit() in UNIXProcess_md.c; we don't
    // care about the actual exit code, for now.

    int status;

    // Wait for the child process to exit. This returns immediately if
    // the child has already exited. */
    while (waitpid(pid, &status, 0) < 0) {
      switch (errno) {
        case ECHILD: return 0;
        case EINTR: break;
        default: return -1;
      }
    }

    if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
      // The child exited normally; get its exit code.
      return WEXITSTATUS(status);
    } else if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
      // The child exited because of a signal.
      // The best value to return is 0x80 + signal number,
      // because that is what all Unix shells do, and because
      // it allows callers to distinguish between process exit and
      // process death by signal.
      return 0x80 + WTERMSIG(status);
    } else {
      // Unknown exit code; pass it through.
      return status;
    }
  }
  return -1;
}

// is_headless_jre()
//
// Test for the existence of xawt/libmawt.so or libawt_xawt.so
// in order to report if we are running in a headless jre.
//
// Since JDK8 xawt/libmawt.so is moved into the same directory
// as libawt.so, and renamed libawt_xawt.so
bool os::is_headless_jre() {
  struct stat statbuf;
  char buf[MAXPATHLEN];
  char libmawtpath[MAXPATHLEN];
  const char *xawtstr = "/xawt/libmawt.so";
  const char *new_xawtstr = "/libawt_xawt.so";

  char *p;

  // Get path to libjvm.so
  os::jvm_path(buf, sizeof(buf));

  // Get rid of libjvm.so
  p = strrchr(buf, '/');
  if (p == NULL) return false;
  else *p = '\0';

  // Get rid of client or server
  p = strrchr(buf, '/');
  if (p == NULL) return false;
  else *p = '\0';

  // check xawt/libmawt.so
  strcpy(libmawtpath, buf);
  strcat(libmawtpath, xawtstr);
  if (::stat(libmawtpath, &statbuf) == 0) return false;

  // check libawt_xawt.so
  strcpy(libmawtpath, buf);
  strcat(libmawtpath, new_xawtstr);
  if (::stat(libmawtpath, &statbuf) == 0) return false;

  return true;
}

// Get the default path to the core file
// Returns the length of the string
int os::get_core_path(char* buffer, size_t bufferSize) {
  const char* p = get_current_directory(buffer, bufferSize);

  if (p == NULL) {
    assert(p != NULL, "failed to get current directory");
    return 0;
  }

  jio_snprintf(buffer, bufferSize, "%s/core or core.%d",
                                               p, current_process_id());

  return strlen(buffer);
}

#ifndef PRODUCT
void TestReserveMemorySpecial_test() {
  // No tests available for this platform
}
#endif

bool os::start_debugging(char *buf, int buflen) {
  int len = (int)strlen(buf);
  char *p = &buf[len];

  jio_snprintf(p, buflen -len,
                 "\n\n"
                 "Do you want to debug the problem?\n\n"
                 "To debug, run 'dbx -a %d'; then switch to thread tid " INTX_FORMAT ", k-tid " INTX_FORMAT "\n"
                 "Enter 'yes' to launch dbx automatically (PATH must include dbx)\n"
                 "Otherwise, press RETURN to abort...",
                 os::current_process_id(),
                 os::current_thread_id(), thread_self());

  bool yes = os::message_box("Unexpected Error", buf);

  if (yes) {
    // yes, user asked VM to launch debugger
    jio_snprintf(buf, buflen, "dbx -a %d", os::current_process_id());

    os::fork_and_exec(buf);
    yes = false;
  }
  return yes;
}