xref: /openjdk10/hotspot/src/cpu/x86/vm/macroAssembler_x86.cpp

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1997, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 *
 */

#include "precompiled.hpp"
#include "asm/assembler.hpp"
#include "asm/assembler.inline.hpp"
#include "compiler/disassembler.hpp"
#include "gc_interface/collectedHeap.inline.hpp"
#include "interpreter/interpreter.hpp"
#include "memory/cardTableModRefBS.hpp"
#include "memory/resourceArea.hpp"
#include "memory/universe.hpp"
#include "prims/methodHandles.hpp"
#include "runtime/biasedLocking.hpp"
#include "runtime/interfaceSupport.hpp"
#include "runtime/objectMonitor.hpp"
#include "runtime/os.hpp"
#include "runtime/sharedRuntime.hpp"
#include "runtime/stubRoutines.hpp"
#include "utilities/macros.hpp"
#if INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
#include "gc_implementation/g1/g1CollectedHeap.inline.hpp"
#include "gc_implementation/g1/g1SATBCardTableModRefBS.hpp"
#include "gc_implementation/g1/heapRegion.hpp"
#endif // INCLUDE_ALL_GCS

#ifdef PRODUCT
#define BLOCK_COMMENT(str) /* nothing */
#define STOP(error) stop(error)
#else
#define BLOCK_COMMENT(str) block_comment(str)
#define STOP(error) block_comment(error); stop(error)
#endif

#define BIND(label) bind(label); BLOCK_COMMENT(#label ":")

PRAGMA_FORMAT_MUTE_WARNINGS_FOR_GCC

#ifdef ASSERT
bool AbstractAssembler::pd_check_instruction_mark() { return true; }
#endif

static Assembler::Condition reverse[] = {
    Assembler::noOverflow     /* overflow      = 0x0 */ ,
    Assembler::overflow       /* noOverflow    = 0x1 */ ,
    Assembler::aboveEqual     /* carrySet      = 0x2, below         = 0x2 */ ,
    Assembler::below          /* aboveEqual    = 0x3, carryClear    = 0x3 */ ,
    Assembler::notZero        /* zero          = 0x4, equal         = 0x4 */ ,
    Assembler::zero           /* notZero       = 0x5, notEqual      = 0x5 */ ,
    Assembler::above          /* belowEqual    = 0x6 */ ,
    Assembler::belowEqual     /* above         = 0x7 */ ,
    Assembler::positive       /* negative      = 0x8 */ ,
    Assembler::negative       /* positive      = 0x9 */ ,
    Assembler::noParity       /* parity        = 0xa */ ,
    Assembler::parity         /* noParity      = 0xb */ ,
    Assembler::greaterEqual   /* less          = 0xc */ ,
    Assembler::less           /* greaterEqual  = 0xd */ ,
    Assembler::greater        /* lessEqual     = 0xe */ ,
    Assembler::lessEqual      /* greater       = 0xf, */

};


// Implementation of MacroAssembler

// First all the versions that have distinct versions depending on 32/64 bit
// Unless the difference is trivial (1 line or so).

#ifndef _LP64

// 32bit versions

Address MacroAssembler::as_Address(AddressLiteral adr) {
  return Address(adr.target(), adr.rspec());
}

Address MacroAssembler::as_Address(ArrayAddress adr) {
  return Address::make_array(adr);
}

void MacroAssembler::call_VM_leaf_base(address entry_point,
                                       int number_of_arguments) {
  call(RuntimeAddress(entry_point));
  increment(rsp, number_of_arguments * wordSize);
}

void MacroAssembler::cmpklass(Address src1, Metadata* obj) {
  cmp_literal32(src1, (int32_t)obj, metadata_Relocation::spec_for_immediate());
}

void MacroAssembler::cmpklass(Register src1, Metadata* obj) {
  cmp_literal32(src1, (int32_t)obj, metadata_Relocation::spec_for_immediate());
}

void MacroAssembler::cmpoop(Address src1, jobject obj) {
  cmp_literal32(src1, (int32_t)obj, oop_Relocation::spec_for_immediate());
}

void MacroAssembler::cmpoop(Register src1, jobject obj) {
  cmp_literal32(src1, (int32_t)obj, oop_Relocation::spec_for_immediate());
}

void MacroAssembler::extend_sign(Register hi, Register lo) {
  // According to Intel Doc. AP-526, "Integer Divide", p.18.
  if (VM_Version::is_P6() && hi == rdx && lo == rax) {
    cdql();
  } else {
    movl(hi, lo);
    sarl(hi, 31);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::jC2(Register tmp, Label& L) {
  // set parity bit if FPU flag C2 is set (via rax)
  save_rax(tmp);
  fwait(); fnstsw_ax();
  sahf();
  restore_rax(tmp);
  // branch
  jcc(Assembler::parity, L);
}

void MacroAssembler::jnC2(Register tmp, Label& L) {
  // set parity bit if FPU flag C2 is set (via rax)
  save_rax(tmp);
  fwait(); fnstsw_ax();
  sahf();
  restore_rax(tmp);
  // branch
  jcc(Assembler::noParity, L);
}

// 32bit can do a case table jump in one instruction but we no longer allow the base
// to be installed in the Address class
void MacroAssembler::jump(ArrayAddress entry) {
  jmp(as_Address(entry));
}

// Note: y_lo will be destroyed
void MacroAssembler::lcmp2int(Register x_hi, Register x_lo, Register y_hi, Register y_lo) {
  // Long compare for Java (semantics as described in JVM spec.)
  Label high, low, done;

  cmpl(x_hi, y_hi);
  jcc(Assembler::less, low);
  jcc(Assembler::greater, high);
  // x_hi is the return register
  xorl(x_hi, x_hi);
  cmpl(x_lo, y_lo);
  jcc(Assembler::below, low);
  jcc(Assembler::equal, done);

  bind(high);
  xorl(x_hi, x_hi);
  increment(x_hi);
  jmp(done);

  bind(low);
  xorl(x_hi, x_hi);
  decrementl(x_hi);

  bind(done);
}

void MacroAssembler::lea(Register dst, AddressLiteral src) {
    mov_literal32(dst, (int32_t)src.target(), src.rspec());
}

void MacroAssembler::lea(Address dst, AddressLiteral adr) {
  // leal(dst, as_Address(adr));
  // see note in movl as to why we must use a move
  mov_literal32(dst, (int32_t) adr.target(), adr.rspec());
}

void MacroAssembler::leave() {
  mov(rsp, rbp);
  pop(rbp);
}

void MacroAssembler::lmul(int x_rsp_offset, int y_rsp_offset) {
  // Multiplication of two Java long values stored on the stack
  // as illustrated below. Result is in rdx:rax.
  //
  // rsp ---> [  ??  ] \               \
  //            ....    | y_rsp_offset  |
  //          [ y_lo ] /  (in bytes)    | x_rsp_offset
  //          [ y_hi ]                  | (in bytes)
  //            ....                    |
  //          [ x_lo ]                 /
  //          [ x_hi ]
  //            ....
  //
  // Basic idea: lo(result) = lo(x_lo * y_lo)
  //             hi(result) = hi(x_lo * y_lo) + lo(x_hi * y_lo) + lo(x_lo * y_hi)
  Address x_hi(rsp, x_rsp_offset + wordSize); Address x_lo(rsp, x_rsp_offset);
  Address y_hi(rsp, y_rsp_offset + wordSize); Address y_lo(rsp, y_rsp_offset);
  Label quick;
  // load x_hi, y_hi and check if quick
  // multiplication is possible
  movl(rbx, x_hi);
  movl(rcx, y_hi);
  movl(rax, rbx);
  orl(rbx, rcx);                                 // rbx, = 0 <=> x_hi = 0 and y_hi = 0
  jcc(Assembler::zero, quick);                   // if rbx, = 0 do quick multiply
  // do full multiplication
  // 1st step
  mull(y_lo);                                    // x_hi * y_lo
  movl(rbx, rax);                                // save lo(x_hi * y_lo) in rbx,
  // 2nd step
  movl(rax, x_lo);
  mull(rcx);                                     // x_lo * y_hi
  addl(rbx, rax);                                // add lo(x_lo * y_hi) to rbx,
  // 3rd step
  bind(quick);                                   // note: rbx, = 0 if quick multiply!
  movl(rax, x_lo);
  mull(y_lo);                                    // x_lo * y_lo
  addl(rdx, rbx);                                // correct hi(x_lo * y_lo)
}

void MacroAssembler::lneg(Register hi, Register lo) {
  negl(lo);
  adcl(hi, 0);
  negl(hi);
}

void MacroAssembler::lshl(Register hi, Register lo) {
  // Java shift left long support (semantics as described in JVM spec., p.305)
  // (basic idea for shift counts s >= n: x << s == (x << n) << (s - n))
  // shift value is in rcx !
  assert(hi != rcx, "must not use rcx");
  assert(lo != rcx, "must not use rcx");
  const Register s = rcx;                        // shift count
  const int      n = BitsPerWord;
  Label L;
  andl(s, 0x3f);                                 // s := s & 0x3f (s < 0x40)
  cmpl(s, n);                                    // if (s < n)
  jcc(Assembler::less, L);                       // else (s >= n)
  movl(hi, lo);                                  // x := x << n
  xorl(lo, lo);
  // Note: subl(s, n) is not needed since the Intel shift instructions work rcx mod n!
  bind(L);                                       // s (mod n) < n
  shldl(hi, lo);                                 // x := x << s
  shll(lo);
}


void MacroAssembler::lshr(Register hi, Register lo, bool sign_extension) {
  // Java shift right long support (semantics as described in JVM spec., p.306 & p.310)
  // (basic idea for shift counts s >= n: x >> s == (x >> n) >> (s - n))
  assert(hi != rcx, "must not use rcx");
  assert(lo != rcx, "must not use rcx");
  const Register s = rcx;                        // shift count
  const int      n = BitsPerWord;
  Label L;
  andl(s, 0x3f);                                 // s := s & 0x3f (s < 0x40)
  cmpl(s, n);                                    // if (s < n)
  jcc(Assembler::less, L);                       // else (s >= n)
  movl(lo, hi);                                  // x := x >> n
  if (sign_extension) sarl(hi, 31);
  else                xorl(hi, hi);
  // Note: subl(s, n) is not needed since the Intel shift instructions work rcx mod n!
  bind(L);                                       // s (mod n) < n
  shrdl(lo, hi);                                 // x := x >> s
  if (sign_extension) sarl(hi);
  else                shrl(hi);
}

void MacroAssembler::movoop(Register dst, jobject obj) {
  mov_literal32(dst, (int32_t)obj, oop_Relocation::spec_for_immediate());
}

void MacroAssembler::movoop(Address dst, jobject obj) {
  mov_literal32(dst, (int32_t)obj, oop_Relocation::spec_for_immediate());
}

void MacroAssembler::mov_metadata(Register dst, Metadata* obj) {
  mov_literal32(dst, (int32_t)obj, metadata_Relocation::spec_for_immediate());
}

void MacroAssembler::mov_metadata(Address dst, Metadata* obj) {
  mov_literal32(dst, (int32_t)obj, metadata_Relocation::spec_for_immediate());
}

void MacroAssembler::movptr(Register dst, AddressLiteral src, Register scratch) {
  // scratch register is not used,
  // it is defined to match parameters of 64-bit version of this method.
  if (src.is_lval()) {
    mov_literal32(dst, (intptr_t)src.target(), src.rspec());
  } else {
    movl(dst, as_Address(src));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::movptr(ArrayAddress dst, Register src) {
  movl(as_Address(dst), src);
}

void MacroAssembler::movptr(Register dst, ArrayAddress src) {
  movl(dst, as_Address(src));
}

// src should NEVER be a real pointer. Use AddressLiteral for true pointers
void MacroAssembler::movptr(Address dst, intptr_t src) {
  movl(dst, src);
}


void MacroAssembler::pop_callee_saved_registers() {
  pop(rcx);
  pop(rdx);
  pop(rdi);
  pop(rsi);
}

void MacroAssembler::pop_fTOS() {
  fld_d(Address(rsp, 0));
  addl(rsp, 2 * wordSize);
}

void MacroAssembler::push_callee_saved_registers() {
  push(rsi);
  push(rdi);
  push(rdx);
  push(rcx);
}

void MacroAssembler::push_fTOS() {
  subl(rsp, 2 * wordSize);
  fstp_d(Address(rsp, 0));
}


void MacroAssembler::pushoop(jobject obj) {
  push_literal32((int32_t)obj, oop_Relocation::spec_for_immediate());
}

void MacroAssembler::pushklass(Metadata* obj) {
  push_literal32((int32_t)obj, metadata_Relocation::spec_for_immediate());
}

void MacroAssembler::pushptr(AddressLiteral src) {
  if (src.is_lval()) {
    push_literal32((int32_t)src.target(), src.rspec());
  } else {
    pushl(as_Address(src));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::set_word_if_not_zero(Register dst) {
  xorl(dst, dst);
  set_byte_if_not_zero(dst);
}

static void pass_arg0(MacroAssembler* masm, Register arg) {
  masm->push(arg);
}

static void pass_arg1(MacroAssembler* masm, Register arg) {
  masm->push(arg);
}

static void pass_arg2(MacroAssembler* masm, Register arg) {
  masm->push(arg);
}

static void pass_arg3(MacroAssembler* masm, Register arg) {
  masm->push(arg);
}

#ifndef PRODUCT
extern "C" void findpc(intptr_t x);
#endif

void MacroAssembler::debug32(int rdi, int rsi, int rbp, int rsp, int rbx, int rdx, int rcx, int rax, int eip, char* msg) {
  // In order to get locks to work, we need to fake a in_VM state
  JavaThread* thread = JavaThread::current();
  JavaThreadState saved_state = thread->thread_state();
  thread->set_thread_state(_thread_in_vm);
  if (ShowMessageBoxOnError) {
    JavaThread* thread = JavaThread::current();
    JavaThreadState saved_state = thread->thread_state();
    thread->set_thread_state(_thread_in_vm);
    if (CountBytecodes || TraceBytecodes || StopInterpreterAt) {
      ttyLocker ttyl;
      BytecodeCounter::print();
    }
    // To see where a verify_oop failed, get $ebx+40/X for this frame.
    // This is the value of eip which points to where verify_oop will return.
    if (os::message_box(msg, "Execution stopped, print registers?")) {
      print_state32(rdi, rsi, rbp, rsp, rbx, rdx, rcx, rax, eip);
      BREAKPOINT;
    }
  } else {
    ttyLocker ttyl;
    ::tty->print_cr("=============== DEBUG MESSAGE: %s ================\n", msg);
  }
  // Don't assert holding the ttyLock
    assert(false, err_msg("DEBUG MESSAGE: %s", msg));
  ThreadStateTransition::transition(thread, _thread_in_vm, saved_state);
}

void MacroAssembler::print_state32(int rdi, int rsi, int rbp, int rsp, int rbx, int rdx, int rcx, int rax, int eip) {
  ttyLocker ttyl;
  FlagSetting fs(Debugging, true);
  tty->print_cr("eip = 0x%08x", eip);
#ifndef PRODUCT
  if ((WizardMode || Verbose) && PrintMiscellaneous) {
    tty->cr();
    findpc(eip);
    tty->cr();
  }
#endif
#define PRINT_REG(rax) \
  { tty->print("%s = ", #rax); os::print_location(tty, rax); }
  PRINT_REG(rax);
  PRINT_REG(rbx);
  PRINT_REG(rcx);
  PRINT_REG(rdx);
  PRINT_REG(rdi);
  PRINT_REG(rsi);
  PRINT_REG(rbp);
  PRINT_REG(rsp);
#undef PRINT_REG
  // Print some words near top of staack.
  int* dump_sp = (int*) rsp;
  for (int col1 = 0; col1 < 8; col1++) {
    tty->print("(rsp+0x%03x) 0x%08x: ", (int)((intptr_t)dump_sp - (intptr_t)rsp), (intptr_t)dump_sp);
    os::print_location(tty, *dump_sp++);
  }
  for (int row = 0; row < 16; row++) {
    tty->print("(rsp+0x%03x) 0x%08x: ", (int)((intptr_t)dump_sp - (intptr_t)rsp), (intptr_t)dump_sp);
    for (int col = 0; col < 8; col++) {
      tty->print(" 0x%08x", *dump_sp++);
    }
    tty->cr();
  }
  // Print some instructions around pc:
  Disassembler::decode((address)eip-64, (address)eip);
  tty->print_cr("--------");
  Disassembler::decode((address)eip, (address)eip+32);
}

void MacroAssembler::stop(const char* msg) {
  ExternalAddress message((address)msg);
  // push address of message
  pushptr(message.addr());
  { Label L; call(L, relocInfo::none); bind(L); }     // push eip
  pusha();                                            // push registers
  call(RuntimeAddress(CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, MacroAssembler::debug32)));
  hlt();
}

void MacroAssembler::warn(const char* msg) {
  push_CPU_state();

  ExternalAddress message((address) msg);
  // push address of message
  pushptr(message.addr());

  call(RuntimeAddress(CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, warning)));
  addl(rsp, wordSize);       // discard argument
  pop_CPU_state();
}

void MacroAssembler::print_state() {
  { Label L; call(L, relocInfo::none); bind(L); }     // push eip
  pusha();                                            // push registers

  push_CPU_state();
  call(RuntimeAddress(CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, MacroAssembler::print_state32)));
  pop_CPU_state();

  popa();
  addl(rsp, wordSize);
}

#else // _LP64

// 64 bit versions

Address MacroAssembler::as_Address(AddressLiteral adr) {
  // amd64 always does this as a pc-rel
  // we can be absolute or disp based on the instruction type
  // jmp/call are displacements others are absolute
  assert(!adr.is_lval(), "must be rval");
  assert(reachable(adr), "must be");
  return Address((int32_t)(intptr_t)(adr.target() - pc()), adr.target(), adr.reloc());

}

Address MacroAssembler::as_Address(ArrayAddress adr) {
  AddressLiteral base = adr.base();
  lea(rscratch1, base);
  Address index = adr.index();
  assert(index._disp == 0, "must not have disp"); // maybe it can?
  Address array(rscratch1, index._index, index._scale, index._disp);
  return array;
}

void MacroAssembler::call_VM_leaf_base(address entry_point, int num_args) {
  Label L, E;

#ifdef _WIN64
  // Windows always allocates space for it's register args
  assert(num_args <= 4, "only register arguments supported");
  subq(rsp,  frame::arg_reg_save_area_bytes);
#endif

  // Align stack if necessary
  testl(rsp, 15);
  jcc(Assembler::zero, L);

  subq(rsp, 8);
  {
    call(RuntimeAddress(entry_point));
  }
  addq(rsp, 8);
  jmp(E);

  bind(L);
  {
    call(RuntimeAddress(entry_point));
  }

  bind(E);

#ifdef _WIN64
  // restore stack pointer
  addq(rsp, frame::arg_reg_save_area_bytes);
#endif

}

void MacroAssembler::cmp64(Register src1, AddressLiteral src2) {
  assert(!src2.is_lval(), "should use cmpptr");

  if (reachable(src2)) {
    cmpq(src1, as_Address(src2));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src2);
    Assembler::cmpq(src1, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

int MacroAssembler::corrected_idivq(Register reg) {
  // Full implementation of Java ldiv and lrem; checks for special
  // case as described in JVM spec., p.243 & p.271.  The function
  // returns the (pc) offset of the idivl instruction - may be needed
  // for implicit exceptions.
  //
  //         normal case                           special case
  //
  // input : rax: dividend                         min_long
  //         reg: divisor   (may not be eax/edx)   -1
  //
  // output: rax: quotient  (= rax idiv reg)       min_long
  //         rdx: remainder (= rax irem reg)       0
  assert(reg != rax && reg != rdx, "reg cannot be rax or rdx register");
  static const int64_t min_long = 0x8000000000000000;
  Label normal_case, special_case;

  // check for special case
  cmp64(rax, ExternalAddress((address) &min_long));
  jcc(Assembler::notEqual, normal_case);
  xorl(rdx, rdx); // prepare rdx for possible special case (where
                  // remainder = 0)
  cmpq(reg, -1);
  jcc(Assembler::equal, special_case);

  // handle normal case
  bind(normal_case);
  cdqq();
  int idivq_offset = offset();
  idivq(reg);

  // normal and special case exit
  bind(special_case);

  return idivq_offset;
}

void MacroAssembler::decrementq(Register reg, int value) {
  if (value == min_jint) { subq(reg, value); return; }
  if (value <  0) { incrementq(reg, -value); return; }
  if (value == 0) {                        ; return; }
  if (value == 1 && UseIncDec) { decq(reg) ; return; }
  /* else */      { subq(reg, value)       ; return; }
}

void MacroAssembler::decrementq(Address dst, int value) {
  if (value == min_jint) { subq(dst, value); return; }
  if (value <  0) { incrementq(dst, -value); return; }
  if (value == 0) {                        ; return; }
  if (value == 1 && UseIncDec) { decq(dst) ; return; }
  /* else */      { subq(dst, value)       ; return; }
}

void MacroAssembler::incrementq(AddressLiteral dst) {
  if (reachable(dst)) {
    incrementq(as_Address(dst));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, dst);
    incrementq(Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::incrementq(Register reg, int value) {
  if (value == min_jint) { addq(reg, value); return; }
  if (value <  0) { decrementq(reg, -value); return; }
  if (value == 0) {                        ; return; }
  if (value == 1 && UseIncDec) { incq(reg) ; return; }
  /* else */      { addq(reg, value)       ; return; }
}

void MacroAssembler::incrementq(Address dst, int value) {
  if (value == min_jint) { addq(dst, value); return; }
  if (value <  0) { decrementq(dst, -value); return; }
  if (value == 0) {                        ; return; }
  if (value == 1 && UseIncDec) { incq(dst) ; return; }
  /* else */      { addq(dst, value)       ; return; }
}

// 32bit can do a case table jump in one instruction but we no longer allow the base
// to be installed in the Address class
void MacroAssembler::jump(ArrayAddress entry) {
  lea(rscratch1, entry.base());
  Address dispatch = entry.index();
  assert(dispatch._base == noreg, "must be");
  dispatch._base = rscratch1;
  jmp(dispatch);
}

void MacroAssembler::lcmp2int(Register x_hi, Register x_lo, Register y_hi, Register y_lo) {
  ShouldNotReachHere(); // 64bit doesn't use two regs
  cmpq(x_lo, y_lo);
}

void MacroAssembler::lea(Register dst, AddressLiteral src) {
    mov_literal64(dst, (intptr_t)src.target(), src.rspec());
}

void MacroAssembler::lea(Address dst, AddressLiteral adr) {
  mov_literal64(rscratch1, (intptr_t)adr.target(), adr.rspec());
  movptr(dst, rscratch1);
}

void MacroAssembler::leave() {
  // %%% is this really better? Why not on 32bit too?
  emit_int8((unsigned char)0xC9); // LEAVE
}

void MacroAssembler::lneg(Register hi, Register lo) {
  ShouldNotReachHere(); // 64bit doesn't use two regs
  negq(lo);
}

void MacroAssembler::movoop(Register dst, jobject obj) {
  mov_literal64(dst, (intptr_t)obj, oop_Relocation::spec_for_immediate());
}

void MacroAssembler::movoop(Address dst, jobject obj) {
  mov_literal64(rscratch1, (intptr_t)obj, oop_Relocation::spec_for_immediate());
  movq(dst, rscratch1);
}

void MacroAssembler::mov_metadata(Register dst, Metadata* obj) {
  mov_literal64(dst, (intptr_t)obj, metadata_Relocation::spec_for_immediate());
}

void MacroAssembler::mov_metadata(Address dst, Metadata* obj) {
  mov_literal64(rscratch1, (intptr_t)obj, metadata_Relocation::spec_for_immediate());
  movq(dst, rscratch1);
}

void MacroAssembler::movptr(Register dst, AddressLiteral src, Register scratch) {
  if (src.is_lval()) {
    mov_literal64(dst, (intptr_t)src.target(), src.rspec());
  } else {
    if (reachable(src)) {
      movq(dst, as_Address(src));
    } else {
      lea(scratch, src);
      movq(dst, Address(scratch, 0));
    }
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::movptr(ArrayAddress dst, Register src) {
  movq(as_Address(dst), src);
}

void MacroAssembler::movptr(Register dst, ArrayAddress src) {
  movq(dst, as_Address(src));
}

// src should NEVER be a real pointer. Use AddressLiteral for true pointers
void MacroAssembler::movptr(Address dst, intptr_t src) {
  mov64(rscratch1, src);
  movq(dst, rscratch1);
}

// These are mostly for initializing NULL
void MacroAssembler::movptr(Address dst, int32_t src) {
  movslq(dst, src);
}

void MacroAssembler::movptr(Register dst, int32_t src) {
  mov64(dst, (intptr_t)src);
}

void MacroAssembler::pushoop(jobject obj) {
  movoop(rscratch1, obj);
  push(rscratch1);
}

void MacroAssembler::pushklass(Metadata* obj) {
  mov_metadata(rscratch1, obj);
  push(rscratch1);
}

void MacroAssembler::pushptr(AddressLiteral src) {
  lea(rscratch1, src);
  if (src.is_lval()) {
    push(rscratch1);
  } else {
    pushq(Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::reset_last_Java_frame(bool clear_fp,
                                           bool clear_pc) {
  // we must set sp to zero to clear frame
  movptr(Address(r15_thread, JavaThread::last_Java_sp_offset()), NULL_WORD);
  // must clear fp, so that compiled frames are not confused; it is
  // possible that we need it only for debugging
  if (clear_fp) {
    movptr(Address(r15_thread, JavaThread::last_Java_fp_offset()), NULL_WORD);
  }

  if (clear_pc) {
    movptr(Address(r15_thread, JavaThread::last_Java_pc_offset()), NULL_WORD);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::set_last_Java_frame(Register last_java_sp,
                                         Register last_java_fp,
                                         address  last_java_pc) {
  // determine last_java_sp register
  if (!last_java_sp->is_valid()) {
    last_java_sp = rsp;
  }

  // last_java_fp is optional
  if (last_java_fp->is_valid()) {
    movptr(Address(r15_thread, JavaThread::last_Java_fp_offset()),
           last_java_fp);
  }

  // last_java_pc is optional
  if (last_java_pc != NULL) {
    Address java_pc(r15_thread,
                    JavaThread::frame_anchor_offset() + JavaFrameAnchor::last_Java_pc_offset());
    lea(rscratch1, InternalAddress(last_java_pc));
    movptr(java_pc, rscratch1);
  }

  movptr(Address(r15_thread, JavaThread::last_Java_sp_offset()), last_java_sp);
}

static void pass_arg0(MacroAssembler* masm, Register arg) {
  if (c_rarg0 != arg ) {
    masm->mov(c_rarg0, arg);
  }
}

static void pass_arg1(MacroAssembler* masm, Register arg) {
  if (c_rarg1 != arg ) {
    masm->mov(c_rarg1, arg);
  }
}

static void pass_arg2(MacroAssembler* masm, Register arg) {
  if (c_rarg2 != arg ) {
    masm->mov(c_rarg2, arg);
  }
}

static void pass_arg3(MacroAssembler* masm, Register arg) {
  if (c_rarg3 != arg ) {
    masm->mov(c_rarg3, arg);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::stop(const char* msg) {
  address rip = pc();
  pusha(); // get regs on stack
  lea(c_rarg0, ExternalAddress((address) msg));
  lea(c_rarg1, InternalAddress(rip));
  movq(c_rarg2, rsp); // pass pointer to regs array
  andq(rsp, -16); // align stack as required by ABI
  call(RuntimeAddress(CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, MacroAssembler::debug64)));
  hlt();
}

void MacroAssembler::warn(const char* msg) {
  push(rbp);
  movq(rbp, rsp);
  andq(rsp, -16);     // align stack as required by push_CPU_state and call
  push_CPU_state();   // keeps alignment at 16 bytes
  lea(c_rarg0, ExternalAddress((address) msg));
  call_VM_leaf(CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, warning), c_rarg0);
  pop_CPU_state();
  mov(rsp, rbp);
  pop(rbp);
}

void MacroAssembler::print_state() {
  address rip = pc();
  pusha();            // get regs on stack
  push(rbp);
  movq(rbp, rsp);
  andq(rsp, -16);     // align stack as required by push_CPU_state and call
  push_CPU_state();   // keeps alignment at 16 bytes

  lea(c_rarg0, InternalAddress(rip));
  lea(c_rarg1, Address(rbp, wordSize)); // pass pointer to regs array
  call_VM_leaf(CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, MacroAssembler::print_state64), c_rarg0, c_rarg1);

  pop_CPU_state();
  mov(rsp, rbp);
  pop(rbp);
  popa();
}

#ifndef PRODUCT
extern "C" void findpc(intptr_t x);
#endif

void MacroAssembler::debug64(char* msg, int64_t pc, int64_t regs[]) {
  // In order to get locks to work, we need to fake a in_VM state
  if (ShowMessageBoxOnError) {
    JavaThread* thread = JavaThread::current();
    JavaThreadState saved_state = thread->thread_state();
    thread->set_thread_state(_thread_in_vm);
#ifndef PRODUCT
    if (CountBytecodes || TraceBytecodes || StopInterpreterAt) {
      ttyLocker ttyl;
      BytecodeCounter::print();
    }
#endif
    // To see where a verify_oop failed, get $ebx+40/X for this frame.
    // XXX correct this offset for amd64
    // This is the value of eip which points to where verify_oop will return.
    if (os::message_box(msg, "Execution stopped, print registers?")) {
      print_state64(pc, regs);
      BREAKPOINT;
      assert(false, "start up GDB");
    }
    ThreadStateTransition::transition(thread, _thread_in_vm, saved_state);
  } else {
    ttyLocker ttyl;
    ::tty->print_cr("=============== DEBUG MESSAGE: %s ================\n",
                    msg);
    assert(false, err_msg("DEBUG MESSAGE: %s", msg));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::print_state64(int64_t pc, int64_t regs[]) {
  ttyLocker ttyl;
  FlagSetting fs(Debugging, true);
  tty->print_cr("rip = 0x%016lx", pc);
#ifndef PRODUCT
  tty->cr();
  findpc(pc);
  tty->cr();
#endif
#define PRINT_REG(rax, value) \
  { tty->print("%s = ", #rax); os::print_location(tty, value); }
  PRINT_REG(rax, regs[15]);
  PRINT_REG(rbx, regs[12]);
  PRINT_REG(rcx, regs[14]);
  PRINT_REG(rdx, regs[13]);
  PRINT_REG(rdi, regs[8]);
  PRINT_REG(rsi, regs[9]);
  PRINT_REG(rbp, regs[10]);
  PRINT_REG(rsp, regs[11]);
  PRINT_REG(r8 , regs[7]);
  PRINT_REG(r9 , regs[6]);
  PRINT_REG(r10, regs[5]);
  PRINT_REG(r11, regs[4]);
  PRINT_REG(r12, regs[3]);
  PRINT_REG(r13, regs[2]);
  PRINT_REG(r14, regs[1]);
  PRINT_REG(r15, regs[0]);
#undef PRINT_REG
  // Print some words near top of staack.
  int64_t* rsp = (int64_t*) regs[11];
  int64_t* dump_sp = rsp;
  for (int col1 = 0; col1 < 8; col1++) {
    tty->print("(rsp+0x%03x) 0x%016lx: ", (int)((intptr_t)dump_sp - (intptr_t)rsp), (int64_t)dump_sp);
    os::print_location(tty, *dump_sp++);
  }
  for (int row = 0; row < 25; row++) {
    tty->print("(rsp+0x%03x) 0x%016lx: ", (int)((intptr_t)dump_sp - (intptr_t)rsp), (int64_t)dump_sp);
    for (int col = 0; col < 4; col++) {
      tty->print(" 0x%016lx", *dump_sp++);
    }
    tty->cr();
  }
  // Print some instructions around pc:
  Disassembler::decode((address)pc-64, (address)pc);
  tty->print_cr("--------");
  Disassembler::decode((address)pc, (address)pc+32);
}

#endif // _LP64

// Now versions that are common to 32/64 bit

void MacroAssembler::addptr(Register dst, int32_t imm32) {
  LP64_ONLY(addq(dst, imm32)) NOT_LP64(addl(dst, imm32));
}

void MacroAssembler::addptr(Register dst, Register src) {
  LP64_ONLY(addq(dst, src)) NOT_LP64(addl(dst, src));
}

void MacroAssembler::addptr(Address dst, Register src) {
  LP64_ONLY(addq(dst, src)) NOT_LP64(addl(dst, src));
}

void MacroAssembler::addsd(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::addsd(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::addsd(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::addss(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    addss(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    addss(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::align(int modulus) {
  if (offset() % modulus != 0) {
    nop(modulus - (offset() % modulus));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::andpd(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  // Used in sign-masking with aligned address.
  assert((UseAVX > 0) || (((intptr_t)src.target() & 15) == 0), "SSE mode requires address alignment 16 bytes");
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::andpd(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::andpd(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::andps(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  // Used in sign-masking with aligned address.
  assert((UseAVX > 0) || (((intptr_t)src.target() & 15) == 0), "SSE mode requires address alignment 16 bytes");
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::andps(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::andps(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::andptr(Register dst, int32_t imm32) {
  LP64_ONLY(andq(dst, imm32)) NOT_LP64(andl(dst, imm32));
}

void MacroAssembler::atomic_incl(Address counter_addr) {
  if (os::is_MP())
    lock();
  incrementl(counter_addr);
}

void MacroAssembler::atomic_incl(AddressLiteral counter_addr, Register scr) {
  if (reachable(counter_addr)) {
    atomic_incl(as_Address(counter_addr));
  } else {
    lea(scr, counter_addr);
    atomic_incl(Address(scr, 0));
  }
}

#ifdef _LP64
void MacroAssembler::atomic_incq(Address counter_addr) {
  if (os::is_MP())
    lock();
  incrementq(counter_addr);
}

void MacroAssembler::atomic_incq(AddressLiteral counter_addr, Register scr) {
  if (reachable(counter_addr)) {
    atomic_incq(as_Address(counter_addr));
  } else {
    lea(scr, counter_addr);
    atomic_incq(Address(scr, 0));
  }
}
#endif

// Writes to stack successive pages until offset reached to check for
// stack overflow + shadow pages.  This clobbers tmp.
void MacroAssembler::bang_stack_size(Register size, Register tmp) {
  movptr(tmp, rsp);
  // Bang stack for total size given plus shadow page size.
  // Bang one page at a time because large size can bang beyond yellow and
  // red zones.
  Label loop;
  bind(loop);
  movl(Address(tmp, (-os::vm_page_size())), size );
  subptr(tmp, os::vm_page_size());
  subl(size, os::vm_page_size());
  jcc(Assembler::greater, loop);

  // Bang down shadow pages too.
  // At this point, (tmp-0) is the last address touched, so don't
  // touch it again.  (It was touched as (tmp-pagesize) but then tmp
  // was post-decremented.)  Skip this address by starting at i=1, and
  // touch a few more pages below.  N.B.  It is important to touch all
  // the way down to and including i=StackShadowPages.
  for (int i = 1; i < StackShadowPages; i++) {
    // this could be any sized move but this is can be a debugging crumb
    // so the bigger the better.
    movptr(Address(tmp, (-i*os::vm_page_size())), size );
  }
}

int MacroAssembler::biased_locking_enter(Register lock_reg,
                                         Register obj_reg,
                                         Register swap_reg,
                                         Register tmp_reg,
                                         bool swap_reg_contains_mark,
                                         Label& done,
                                         Label* slow_case,
                                         BiasedLockingCounters* counters) {
  assert(UseBiasedLocking, "why call this otherwise?");
  assert(swap_reg == rax, "swap_reg must be rax for cmpxchgq");
  LP64_ONLY( assert(tmp_reg != noreg, "tmp_reg must be supplied"); )
  bool need_tmp_reg = false;
  if (tmp_reg == noreg) {
    need_tmp_reg = true;
    tmp_reg = lock_reg;
    assert_different_registers(lock_reg, obj_reg, swap_reg);
  } else {
    assert_different_registers(lock_reg, obj_reg, swap_reg, tmp_reg);
  }
  assert(markOopDesc::age_shift == markOopDesc::lock_bits + markOopDesc::biased_lock_bits, "biased locking makes assumptions about bit layout");
  Address mark_addr      (obj_reg, oopDesc::mark_offset_in_bytes());
  Address saved_mark_addr(lock_reg, 0);

  if (PrintBiasedLockingStatistics && counters == NULL) {
    counters = BiasedLocking::counters();
  }
  // Biased locking
  // See whether the lock is currently biased toward our thread and
  // whether the epoch is still valid
  // Note that the runtime guarantees sufficient alignment of JavaThread
  // pointers to allow age to be placed into low bits
  // First check to see whether biasing is even enabled for this object
  Label cas_label;
  int null_check_offset = -1;
  if (!swap_reg_contains_mark) {
    null_check_offset = offset();
    movptr(swap_reg, mark_addr);
  }
  if (need_tmp_reg) {
    push(tmp_reg);
  }
  movptr(tmp_reg, swap_reg);
  andptr(tmp_reg, markOopDesc::biased_lock_mask_in_place);
  cmpptr(tmp_reg, markOopDesc::biased_lock_pattern);
  if (need_tmp_reg) {
    pop(tmp_reg);
  }
  jcc(Assembler::notEqual, cas_label);
  // The bias pattern is present in the object's header. Need to check
  // whether the bias owner and the epoch are both still current.
#ifndef _LP64
  // Note that because there is no current thread register on x86_32 we
  // need to store off the mark word we read out of the object to
  // avoid reloading it and needing to recheck invariants below. This
  // store is unfortunate but it makes the overall code shorter and
  // simpler.
  movptr(saved_mark_addr, swap_reg);
#endif
  if (need_tmp_reg) {
    push(tmp_reg);
  }
  if (swap_reg_contains_mark) {
    null_check_offset = offset();
  }
  load_prototype_header(tmp_reg, obj_reg);
#ifdef _LP64
  orptr(tmp_reg, r15_thread);
  xorptr(tmp_reg, swap_reg);
  Register header_reg = tmp_reg;
#else
  xorptr(tmp_reg, swap_reg);
  get_thread(swap_reg);
  xorptr(swap_reg, tmp_reg);
  Register header_reg = swap_reg;
#endif
  andptr(header_reg, ~((int) markOopDesc::age_mask_in_place));
  if (need_tmp_reg) {
    pop(tmp_reg);
  }
  if (counters != NULL) {
    cond_inc32(Assembler::zero,
               ExternalAddress((address) counters->biased_lock_entry_count_addr()));
  }
  jcc(Assembler::equal, done);

  Label try_revoke_bias;
  Label try_rebias;

  // At this point we know that the header has the bias pattern and
  // that we are not the bias owner in the current epoch. We need to
  // figure out more details about the state of the header in order to
  // know what operations can be legally performed on the object's
  // header.

  // If the low three bits in the xor result aren't clear, that means
  // the prototype header is no longer biased and we have to revoke
  // the bias on this object.
  testptr(header_reg, markOopDesc::biased_lock_mask_in_place);
  jccb(Assembler::notZero, try_revoke_bias);

  // Biasing is still enabled for this data type. See whether the
  // epoch of the current bias is still valid, meaning that the epoch
  // bits of the mark word are equal to the epoch bits of the
  // prototype header. (Note that the prototype header's epoch bits
  // only change at a safepoint.) If not, attempt to rebias the object
  // toward the current thread. Note that we must be absolutely sure
  // that the current epoch is invalid in order to do this because
  // otherwise the manipulations it performs on the mark word are
  // illegal.
  testptr(header_reg, markOopDesc::epoch_mask_in_place);
  jccb(Assembler::notZero, try_rebias);

  // The epoch of the current bias is still valid but we know nothing
  // about the owner; it might be set or it might be clear. Try to
  // acquire the bias of the object using an atomic operation. If this
  // fails we will go in to the runtime to revoke the object's bias.
  // Note that we first construct the presumed unbiased header so we
  // don't accidentally blow away another thread's valid bias.
  NOT_LP64( movptr(swap_reg, saved_mark_addr); )
  andptr(swap_reg,
         markOopDesc::biased_lock_mask_in_place | markOopDesc::age_mask_in_place | markOopDesc::epoch_mask_in_place);
  if (need_tmp_reg) {
    push(tmp_reg);
  }
#ifdef _LP64
  movptr(tmp_reg, swap_reg);
  orptr(tmp_reg, r15_thread);
#else
  get_thread(tmp_reg);
  orptr(tmp_reg, swap_reg);
#endif
  if (os::is_MP()) {
    lock();
  }
  cmpxchgptr(tmp_reg, mark_addr); // compare tmp_reg and swap_reg
  if (need_tmp_reg) {
    pop(tmp_reg);
  }
  // If the biasing toward our thread failed, this means that
  // another thread succeeded in biasing it toward itself and we
  // need to revoke that bias. The revocation will occur in the
  // interpreter runtime in the slow case.
  if (counters != NULL) {
    cond_inc32(Assembler::zero,
               ExternalAddress((address) counters->anonymously_biased_lock_entry_count_addr()));
  }
  if (slow_case != NULL) {
    jcc(Assembler::notZero, *slow_case);
  }
  jmp(done);

  bind(try_rebias);
  // At this point we know the epoch has expired, meaning that the
  // current "bias owner", if any, is actually invalid. Under these
  // circumstances _only_, we are allowed to use the current header's
  // value as the comparison value when doing the cas to acquire the
  // bias in the current epoch. In other words, we allow transfer of
  // the bias from one thread to another directly in this situation.
  //
  // FIXME: due to a lack of registers we currently blow away the age
  // bits in this situation. Should attempt to preserve them.
  if (need_tmp_reg) {
    push(tmp_reg);
  }
  load_prototype_header(tmp_reg, obj_reg);
#ifdef _LP64
  orptr(tmp_reg, r15_thread);
#else
  get_thread(swap_reg);
  orptr(tmp_reg, swap_reg);
  movptr(swap_reg, saved_mark_addr);
#endif
  if (os::is_MP()) {
    lock();
  }
  cmpxchgptr(tmp_reg, mark_addr); // compare tmp_reg and swap_reg
  if (need_tmp_reg) {
    pop(tmp_reg);
  }
  // If the biasing toward our thread failed, then another thread
  // succeeded in biasing it toward itself and we need to revoke that
  // bias. The revocation will occur in the runtime in the slow case.
  if (counters != NULL) {
    cond_inc32(Assembler::zero,
               ExternalAddress((address) counters->rebiased_lock_entry_count_addr()));
  }
  if (slow_case != NULL) {
    jcc(Assembler::notZero, *slow_case);
  }
  jmp(done);

  bind(try_revoke_bias);
  // The prototype mark in the klass doesn't have the bias bit set any
  // more, indicating that objects of this data type are not supposed
  // to be biased any more. We are going to try to reset the mark of
  // this object to the prototype value and fall through to the
  // CAS-based locking scheme. Note that if our CAS fails, it means
  // that another thread raced us for the privilege of revoking the
  // bias of this particular object, so it's okay to continue in the
  // normal locking code.
  //
  // FIXME: due to a lack of registers we currently blow away the age
  // bits in this situation. Should attempt to preserve them.
  NOT_LP64( movptr(swap_reg, saved_mark_addr); )
  if (need_tmp_reg) {
    push(tmp_reg);
  }
  load_prototype_header(tmp_reg, obj_reg);
  if (os::is_MP()) {
    lock();
  }
  cmpxchgptr(tmp_reg, mark_addr); // compare tmp_reg and swap_reg
  if (need_tmp_reg) {
    pop(tmp_reg);
  }
  // Fall through to the normal CAS-based lock, because no matter what
  // the result of the above CAS, some thread must have succeeded in
  // removing the bias bit from the object's header.
  if (counters != NULL) {
    cond_inc32(Assembler::zero,
               ExternalAddress((address) counters->revoked_lock_entry_count_addr()));
  }

  bind(cas_label);

  return null_check_offset;
}

void MacroAssembler::biased_locking_exit(Register obj_reg, Register temp_reg, Label& done) {
  assert(UseBiasedLocking, "why call this otherwise?");

  // Check for biased locking unlock case, which is a no-op
  // Note: we do not have to check the thread ID for two reasons.
  // First, the interpreter checks for IllegalMonitorStateException at
  // a higher level. Second, if the bias was revoked while we held the
  // lock, the object could not be rebiased toward another thread, so
  // the bias bit would be clear.
  movptr(temp_reg, Address(obj_reg, oopDesc::mark_offset_in_bytes()));
  andptr(temp_reg, markOopDesc::biased_lock_mask_in_place);
  cmpptr(temp_reg, markOopDesc::biased_lock_pattern);
  jcc(Assembler::equal, done);
}

#ifdef COMPILER2

#if INCLUDE_RTM_OPT

// Update rtm_counters based on abort status
// input: abort_status
//        rtm_counters (RTMLockingCounters*)
// flags are killed
void MacroAssembler::rtm_counters_update(Register abort_status, Register rtm_counters) {

  atomic_incptr(Address(rtm_counters, RTMLockingCounters::abort_count_offset()));
  if (PrintPreciseRTMLockingStatistics) {
    for (int i = 0; i < RTMLockingCounters::ABORT_STATUS_LIMIT; i++) {
      Label check_abort;
      testl(abort_status, (1<<i));
      jccb(Assembler::equal, check_abort);
      atomic_incptr(Address(rtm_counters, RTMLockingCounters::abortX_count_offset() + (i * sizeof(uintx))));
      bind(check_abort);
    }
  }
}

// Branch if (random & (count-1) != 0), count is 2^n
// tmp, scr and flags are killed
void MacroAssembler::branch_on_random_using_rdtsc(Register tmp, Register scr, int count, Label& brLabel) {
  assert(tmp == rax, "");
  assert(scr == rdx, "");
  rdtsc(); // modifies EDX:EAX
  andptr(tmp, count-1);
  jccb(Assembler::notZero, brLabel);
}

// Perform abort ratio calculation, set no_rtm bit if high ratio
// input:  rtm_counters_Reg (RTMLockingCounters* address)
// tmpReg, rtm_counters_Reg and flags are killed
void MacroAssembler::rtm_abort_ratio_calculation(Register tmpReg,
                                                 Register rtm_counters_Reg,
                                                 RTMLockingCounters* rtm_counters,
                                                 Metadata* method_data) {
  Label L_done, L_check_always_rtm1, L_check_always_rtm2;

  if (RTMLockingCalculationDelay > 0) {
    // Delay calculation
    movptr(tmpReg, ExternalAddress((address) RTMLockingCounters::rtm_calculation_flag_addr()), tmpReg);
    testptr(tmpReg, tmpReg);
    jccb(Assembler::equal, L_done);
  }
  // Abort ratio calculation only if abort_count > RTMAbortThreshold
  //   Aborted transactions = abort_count * 100
  //   All transactions = total_count *  RTMTotalCountIncrRate
  //   Set no_rtm bit if (Aborted transactions >= All transactions * RTMAbortRatio)

  movptr(tmpReg, Address(rtm_counters_Reg, RTMLockingCounters::abort_count_offset()));
  cmpptr(tmpReg, RTMAbortThreshold);
  jccb(Assembler::below, L_check_always_rtm2);
  imulptr(tmpReg, tmpReg, 100);

  Register scrReg = rtm_counters_Reg;
  movptr(scrReg, Address(rtm_counters_Reg, RTMLockingCounters::total_count_offset()));
  imulptr(scrReg, scrReg, RTMTotalCountIncrRate);
  imulptr(scrReg, scrReg, RTMAbortRatio);
  cmpptr(tmpReg, scrReg);
  jccb(Assembler::below, L_check_always_rtm1);
  if (method_data != NULL) {
    // set rtm_state to "no rtm" in MDO
    mov_metadata(tmpReg, method_data);
    if (os::is_MP()) {
      lock();
    }
    orl(Address(tmpReg, MethodData::rtm_state_offset_in_bytes()), NoRTM);
  }
  jmpb(L_done);
  bind(L_check_always_rtm1);
  // Reload RTMLockingCounters* address
  lea(rtm_counters_Reg, ExternalAddress((address)rtm_counters));
  bind(L_check_always_rtm2);
  movptr(tmpReg, Address(rtm_counters_Reg, RTMLockingCounters::total_count_offset()));
  cmpptr(tmpReg, RTMLockingThreshold / RTMTotalCountIncrRate);
  jccb(Assembler::below, L_done);
  if (method_data != NULL) {
    // set rtm_state to "always rtm" in MDO
    mov_metadata(tmpReg, method_data);
    if (os::is_MP()) {
      lock();
    }
    orl(Address(tmpReg, MethodData::rtm_state_offset_in_bytes()), UseRTM);
  }
  bind(L_done);
}

// Update counters and perform abort ratio calculation
// input:  abort_status_Reg
// rtm_counters_Reg, flags are killed
void MacroAssembler::rtm_profiling(Register abort_status_Reg,
                                   Register rtm_counters_Reg,
                                   RTMLockingCounters* rtm_counters,
                                   Metadata* method_data,
                                   bool profile_rtm) {

  assert(rtm_counters != NULL, "should not be NULL when profiling RTM");
  // update rtm counters based on rax value at abort
  // reads abort_status_Reg, updates flags
  lea(rtm_counters_Reg, ExternalAddress((address)rtm_counters));
  rtm_counters_update(abort_status_Reg, rtm_counters_Reg);
  if (profile_rtm) {
    // Save abort status because abort_status_Reg is used by following code.
    if (RTMRetryCount > 0) {
      push(abort_status_Reg);
    }
    assert(rtm_counters != NULL, "should not be NULL when profiling RTM");
    rtm_abort_ratio_calculation(abort_status_Reg, rtm_counters_Reg, rtm_counters, method_data);
    // restore abort status
    if (RTMRetryCount > 0) {
      pop(abort_status_Reg);
    }
  }
}

// Retry on abort if abort's status is 0x6: can retry (0x2) | memory conflict (0x4)
// inputs: retry_count_Reg
//       : abort_status_Reg
// output: retry_count_Reg decremented by 1
// flags are killed
void MacroAssembler::rtm_retry_lock_on_abort(Register retry_count_Reg, Register abort_status_Reg, Label& retryLabel) {
  Label doneRetry;
  assert(abort_status_Reg == rax, "");
  // The abort reason bits are in eax (see all states in rtmLocking.hpp)
  // 0x6 = conflict on which we can retry (0x2) | memory conflict (0x4)
  // if reason is in 0x6 and retry count != 0 then retry
  andptr(abort_status_Reg, 0x6);
  jccb(Assembler::zero, doneRetry);
  testl(retry_count_Reg, retry_count_Reg);
  jccb(Assembler::zero, doneRetry);
  pause();
  decrementl(retry_count_Reg);
  jmp(retryLabel);
  bind(doneRetry);
}

// Spin and retry if lock is busy,
// inputs: box_Reg (monitor address)
//       : retry_count_Reg
// output: retry_count_Reg decremented by 1
//       : clear z flag if retry count exceeded
// tmp_Reg, scr_Reg, flags are killed
void MacroAssembler::rtm_retry_lock_on_busy(Register retry_count_Reg, Register box_Reg,
                                            Register tmp_Reg, Register scr_Reg, Label& retryLabel) {
  Label SpinLoop, SpinExit, doneRetry;
  // Clean monitor_value bit to get valid pointer
  int owner_offset = ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes() - markOopDesc::monitor_value;

  testl(retry_count_Reg, retry_count_Reg);
  jccb(Assembler::zero, doneRetry);
  decrementl(retry_count_Reg);
  movptr(scr_Reg, RTMSpinLoopCount);

  bind(SpinLoop);
  pause();
  decrementl(scr_Reg);
  jccb(Assembler::lessEqual, SpinExit);
  movptr(tmp_Reg, Address(box_Reg, owner_offset));
  testptr(tmp_Reg, tmp_Reg);
  jccb(Assembler::notZero, SpinLoop);

  bind(SpinExit);
  jmp(retryLabel);
  bind(doneRetry);
  incrementl(retry_count_Reg); // clear z flag
}

// Use RTM for normal stack locks
// Input: objReg (object to lock)
void MacroAssembler::rtm_stack_locking(Register objReg, Register tmpReg, Register scrReg,
                                       Register retry_on_abort_count_Reg,
                                       RTMLockingCounters* stack_rtm_counters,
                                       Metadata* method_data, bool profile_rtm,
                                       Label& DONE_LABEL, Label& IsInflated) {
  assert(UseRTMForStackLocks, "why call this otherwise?");
  assert(!UseBiasedLocking, "Biased locking is not supported with RTM locking");
  assert(tmpReg == rax, "");
  assert(scrReg == rdx, "");
  Label L_rtm_retry, L_decrement_retry, L_on_abort;

  if (RTMRetryCount > 0) {
    movl(retry_on_abort_count_Reg, RTMRetryCount); // Retry on abort
    bind(L_rtm_retry);
  }
  movptr(tmpReg, Address(objReg, 0));
  testptr(tmpReg, markOopDesc::monitor_value);  // inflated vs stack-locked|neutral|biased
  jcc(Assembler::notZero, IsInflated);

  if (PrintPreciseRTMLockingStatistics || profile_rtm) {
    Label L_noincrement;
    if (RTMTotalCountIncrRate > 1) {
      // tmpReg, scrReg and flags are killed
      branch_on_random_using_rdtsc(tmpReg, scrReg, (int)RTMTotalCountIncrRate, L_noincrement);
    }
    assert(stack_rtm_counters != NULL, "should not be NULL when profiling RTM");
    atomic_incptr(ExternalAddress((address)stack_rtm_counters->total_count_addr()), scrReg);
    bind(L_noincrement);
  }
  xbegin(L_on_abort);
  movptr(tmpReg, Address(objReg, 0));       // fetch markword
  andptr(tmpReg, markOopDesc::biased_lock_mask_in_place); // look at 3 lock bits
  cmpptr(tmpReg, markOopDesc::unlocked_value);            // bits = 001 unlocked
  jcc(Assembler::equal, DONE_LABEL);        // all done if unlocked

  Register abort_status_Reg = tmpReg; // status of abort is stored in RAX
  if (UseRTMXendForLockBusy) {
    xend();
    movptr(abort_status_Reg, 0x2);   // Set the abort status to 2 (so we can retry)
    jmp(L_decrement_retry);
  }
  else {
    xabort(0);
  }
  bind(L_on_abort);
  if (PrintPreciseRTMLockingStatistics || profile_rtm) {
    rtm_profiling(abort_status_Reg, scrReg, stack_rtm_counters, method_data, profile_rtm);
  }
  bind(L_decrement_retry);
  if (RTMRetryCount > 0) {
    // retry on lock abort if abort status is 'can retry' (0x2) or 'memory conflict' (0x4)
    rtm_retry_lock_on_abort(retry_on_abort_count_Reg, abort_status_Reg, L_rtm_retry);
  }
}

// Use RTM for inflating locks
// inputs: objReg (object to lock)
//         boxReg (on-stack box address (displaced header location) - KILLED)
//         tmpReg (ObjectMonitor address + 2(monitor_value))
void MacroAssembler::rtm_inflated_locking(Register objReg, Register boxReg, Register tmpReg,
                                          Register scrReg, Register retry_on_busy_count_Reg,
                                          Register retry_on_abort_count_Reg,
                                          RTMLockingCounters* rtm_counters,
                                          Metadata* method_data, bool profile_rtm,
                                          Label& DONE_LABEL) {
  assert(UseRTMLocking, "why call this otherwise?");
  assert(tmpReg == rax, "");
  assert(scrReg == rdx, "");
  Label L_rtm_retry, L_decrement_retry, L_on_abort;
  // Clean monitor_value bit to get valid pointer
  int owner_offset = ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes() - markOopDesc::monitor_value;

  // Without cast to int32_t a movptr will destroy r10 which is typically obj
  movptr(Address(boxReg, 0), (int32_t)intptr_t(markOopDesc::unused_mark()));
  movptr(boxReg, tmpReg); // Save ObjectMonitor address

  if (RTMRetryCount > 0) {
    movl(retry_on_busy_count_Reg, RTMRetryCount);  // Retry on lock busy
    movl(retry_on_abort_count_Reg, RTMRetryCount); // Retry on abort
    bind(L_rtm_retry);
  }
  if (PrintPreciseRTMLockingStatistics || profile_rtm) {
    Label L_noincrement;
    if (RTMTotalCountIncrRate > 1) {
      // tmpReg, scrReg and flags are killed
      branch_on_random_using_rdtsc(tmpReg, scrReg, (int)RTMTotalCountIncrRate, L_noincrement);
    }
    assert(rtm_counters != NULL, "should not be NULL when profiling RTM");
    atomic_incptr(ExternalAddress((address)rtm_counters->total_count_addr()), scrReg);
    bind(L_noincrement);
  }
  xbegin(L_on_abort);
  movptr(tmpReg, Address(objReg, 0));
  movptr(tmpReg, Address(tmpReg, owner_offset));
  testptr(tmpReg, tmpReg);
  jcc(Assembler::zero, DONE_LABEL);
  if (UseRTMXendForLockBusy) {
    xend();
    jmp(L_decrement_retry);
  }
  else {
    xabort(0);
  }
  bind(L_on_abort);
  Register abort_status_Reg = tmpReg; // status of abort is stored in RAX
  if (PrintPreciseRTMLockingStatistics || profile_rtm) {
    rtm_profiling(abort_status_Reg, scrReg, rtm_counters, method_data, profile_rtm);
  }
  if (RTMRetryCount > 0) {
    // retry on lock abort if abort status is 'can retry' (0x2) or 'memory conflict' (0x4)
    rtm_retry_lock_on_abort(retry_on_abort_count_Reg, abort_status_Reg, L_rtm_retry);
  }

  movptr(tmpReg, Address(boxReg, owner_offset)) ;
  testptr(tmpReg, tmpReg) ;
  jccb(Assembler::notZero, L_decrement_retry) ;

  // Appears unlocked - try to swing _owner from null to non-null.
  // Invariant: tmpReg == 0.  tmpReg is EAX which is the implicit cmpxchg comparand.
#ifdef _LP64
  Register threadReg = r15_thread;
#else
  get_thread(scrReg);
  Register threadReg = scrReg;
#endif
  if (os::is_MP()) {
    lock();
  }
  cmpxchgptr(threadReg, Address(boxReg, owner_offset)); // Updates tmpReg

  if (RTMRetryCount > 0) {
    // success done else retry
    jccb(Assembler::equal, DONE_LABEL) ;
    bind(L_decrement_retry);
    // Spin and retry if lock is busy.
    rtm_retry_lock_on_busy(retry_on_busy_count_Reg, boxReg, tmpReg, scrReg, L_rtm_retry);
  }
  else {
    bind(L_decrement_retry);
  }
}

#endif //  INCLUDE_RTM_OPT

// Fast_Lock and Fast_Unlock used by C2

// Because the transitions from emitted code to the runtime
// monitorenter/exit helper stubs are so slow it's critical that
// we inline both the stack-locking fast-path and the inflated fast path.
//
// See also: cmpFastLock and cmpFastUnlock.
//
// What follows is a specialized inline transliteration of the code
// in slow_enter() and slow_exit().  If we're concerned about I$ bloat
// another option would be to emit TrySlowEnter and TrySlowExit methods
// at startup-time.  These methods would accept arguments as
// (rax,=Obj, rbx=Self, rcx=box, rdx=Scratch) and return success-failure
// indications in the icc.ZFlag.  Fast_Lock and Fast_Unlock would simply
// marshal the arguments and emit calls to TrySlowEnter and TrySlowExit.
// In practice, however, the # of lock sites is bounded and is usually small.
// Besides the call overhead, TrySlowEnter and TrySlowExit might suffer
// if the processor uses simple bimodal branch predictors keyed by EIP
// Since the helper routines would be called from multiple synchronization
// sites.
//
// An even better approach would be write "MonitorEnter()" and "MonitorExit()"
// in java - using j.u.c and unsafe - and just bind the lock and unlock sites
// to those specialized methods.  That'd give us a mostly platform-independent
// implementation that the JITs could optimize and inline at their pleasure.
// Done correctly, the only time we'd need to cross to native could would be
// to park() or unpark() threads.  We'd also need a few more unsafe operators
// to (a) prevent compiler-JIT reordering of non-volatile accesses, and
// (b) explicit barriers or fence operations.
//
// TODO:
//
// *  Arrange for C2 to pass "Self" into Fast_Lock and Fast_Unlock in one of the registers (scr).
//    This avoids manifesting the Self pointer in the Fast_Lock and Fast_Unlock terminals.
//    Given TLAB allocation, Self is usually manifested in a register, so passing it into
//    the lock operators would typically be faster than reifying Self.
//
// *  Ideally I'd define the primitives as:
//       fast_lock   (nax Obj, nax box, EAX tmp, nax scr) where box, tmp and scr are KILLED.
//       fast_unlock (nax Obj, EAX box, nax tmp) where box and tmp are KILLED
//    Unfortunately ADLC bugs prevent us from expressing the ideal form.
//    Instead, we're stuck with a rather awkward and brittle register assignments below.
//    Furthermore the register assignments are overconstrained, possibly resulting in
//    sub-optimal code near the synchronization site.
//
// *  Eliminate the sp-proximity tests and just use "== Self" tests instead.
//    Alternately, use a better sp-proximity test.
//
// *  Currently ObjectMonitor._Owner can hold either an sp value or a (THREAD *) value.
//    Either one is sufficient to uniquely identify a thread.
//    TODO: eliminate use of sp in _owner and use get_thread(tr) instead.
//
// *  Intrinsify notify() and notifyAll() for the common cases where the
//    object is locked by the calling thread but the waitlist is empty.
//    avoid the expensive JNI call to JVM_Notify() and JVM_NotifyAll().
//
// *  use jccb and jmpb instead of jcc and jmp to improve code density.
//    But beware of excessive branch density on AMD Opterons.
//
// *  Both Fast_Lock and Fast_Unlock set the ICC.ZF to indicate success
//    or failure of the fast-path.  If the fast-path fails then we pass
//    control to the slow-path, typically in C.  In Fast_Lock and
//    Fast_Unlock we often branch to DONE_LABEL, just to find that C2
//    will emit a conditional branch immediately after the node.
//    So we have branches to branches and lots of ICC.ZF games.
//    Instead, it might be better to have C2 pass a "FailureLabel"
//    into Fast_Lock and Fast_Unlock.  In the case of success, control
//    will drop through the node.  ICC.ZF is undefined at exit.
//    In the case of failure, the node will branch directly to the
//    FailureLabel


// obj: object to lock
// box: on-stack box address (displaced header location) - KILLED
// rax,: tmp -- KILLED
// scr: tmp -- KILLED
void MacroAssembler::fast_lock(Register objReg, Register boxReg, Register tmpReg,
                               Register scrReg, Register cx1Reg, Register cx2Reg,
                               BiasedLockingCounters* counters,
                               RTMLockingCounters* rtm_counters,
                               RTMLockingCounters* stack_rtm_counters,
                               Metadata* method_data,
                               bool use_rtm, bool profile_rtm) {
  // Ensure the register assignents are disjoint
  assert(tmpReg == rax, "");

  if (use_rtm) {
    assert_different_registers(objReg, boxReg, tmpReg, scrReg, cx1Reg, cx2Reg);
  } else {
    assert(cx1Reg == noreg, "");
    assert(cx2Reg == noreg, "");
    assert_different_registers(objReg, boxReg, tmpReg, scrReg);
  }

  if (counters != NULL) {
    atomic_incl(ExternalAddress((address)counters->total_entry_count_addr()), scrReg);
  }
  if (EmitSync & 1) {
      // set box->dhw = unused_mark (3)
      // Force all sync thru slow-path: slow_enter() and slow_exit()
      movptr (Address(boxReg, 0), (int32_t)intptr_t(markOopDesc::unused_mark()));
      cmpptr (rsp, (int32_t)NULL_WORD);
  } else
  if (EmitSync & 2) {
      Label DONE_LABEL ;
      if (UseBiasedLocking) {
         // Note: tmpReg maps to the swap_reg argument and scrReg to the tmp_reg argument.
         biased_locking_enter(boxReg, objReg, tmpReg, scrReg, false, DONE_LABEL, NULL, counters);
      }

      movptr(tmpReg, Address(objReg, 0));           // fetch markword
      orptr (tmpReg, 0x1);
      movptr(Address(boxReg, 0), tmpReg);           // Anticipate successful CAS
      if (os::is_MP()) {
        lock();
      }
      cmpxchgptr(boxReg, Address(objReg, 0));       // Updates tmpReg
      jccb(Assembler::equal, DONE_LABEL);
      // Recursive locking
      subptr(tmpReg, rsp);
      andptr(tmpReg, (int32_t) (NOT_LP64(0xFFFFF003) LP64_ONLY(7 - os::vm_page_size())) );
      movptr(Address(boxReg, 0), tmpReg);
      bind(DONE_LABEL);
  } else {
    // Possible cases that we'll encounter in fast_lock
    // ------------------------------------------------
    // * Inflated
    //    -- unlocked
    //    -- Locked
    //       = by self
    //       = by other
    // * biased
    //    -- by Self
    //    -- by other
    // * neutral
    // * stack-locked
    //    -- by self
    //       = sp-proximity test hits
    //       = sp-proximity test generates false-negative
    //    -- by other
    //

    Label IsInflated, DONE_LABEL;

    // it's stack-locked, biased or neutral
    // TODO: optimize away redundant LDs of obj->mark and improve the markword triage
    // order to reduce the number of conditional branches in the most common cases.
    // Beware -- there's a subtle invariant that fetch of the markword
    // at [FETCH], below, will never observe a biased encoding (*101b).
    // If this invariant is not held we risk exclusion (safety) failure.
    if (UseBiasedLocking && !UseOptoBiasInlining) {
      biased_locking_enter(boxReg, objReg, tmpReg, scrReg, true, DONE_LABEL, NULL, counters);
    }

#if INCLUDE_RTM_OPT
    if (UseRTMForStackLocks && use_rtm) {
      rtm_stack_locking(objReg, tmpReg, scrReg, cx2Reg,
                        stack_rtm_counters, method_data, profile_rtm,
                        DONE_LABEL, IsInflated);
    }
#endif // INCLUDE_RTM_OPT

    movptr(tmpReg, Address(objReg, 0));          // [FETCH]
    testptr(tmpReg, markOopDesc::monitor_value); // inflated vs stack-locked|neutral|biased
    jccb(Assembler::notZero, IsInflated);

    // Attempt stack-locking ...
    orptr (tmpReg, markOopDesc::unlocked_value);
    movptr(Address(boxReg, 0), tmpReg);          // Anticipate successful CAS
    if (os::is_MP()) {
      lock();
    }
    cmpxchgptr(boxReg, Address(objReg, 0));      // Updates tmpReg
    if (counters != NULL) {
      cond_inc32(Assembler::equal,
                 ExternalAddress((address)counters->fast_path_entry_count_addr()));
    }
    jcc(Assembler::equal, DONE_LABEL);           // Success

    // Recursive locking.
    // The object is stack-locked: markword contains stack pointer to BasicLock.
    // Locked by current thread if difference with current SP is less than one page.
    subptr(tmpReg, rsp);
    // Next instruction set ZFlag == 1 (Success) if difference is less then one page.
    andptr(tmpReg, (int32_t) (NOT_LP64(0xFFFFF003) LP64_ONLY(7 - os::vm_page_size())) );
    movptr(Address(boxReg, 0), tmpReg);
    if (counters != NULL) {
      cond_inc32(Assembler::equal,
                 ExternalAddress((address)counters->fast_path_entry_count_addr()));
    }
    jmp(DONE_LABEL);

    bind(IsInflated);
    // The object is inflated. tmpReg contains pointer to ObjectMonitor* + 2(monitor_value)

#if INCLUDE_RTM_OPT
    // Use the same RTM locking code in 32- and 64-bit VM.
    if (use_rtm) {
      rtm_inflated_locking(objReg, boxReg, tmpReg, scrReg, cx1Reg, cx2Reg,
                           rtm_counters, method_data, profile_rtm, DONE_LABEL);
    } else {
#endif // INCLUDE_RTM_OPT

#ifndef _LP64
    // The object is inflated.
    //
    // TODO-FIXME: eliminate the ugly use of manifest constants:
    //   Use markOopDesc::monitor_value instead of "2".
    //   use markOop::unused_mark() instead of "3".
    // The tmpReg value is an objectMonitor reference ORed with
    // markOopDesc::monitor_value (2).   We can either convert tmpReg to an
    // objectmonitor pointer by masking off the "2" bit or we can just
    // use tmpReg as an objectmonitor pointer but bias the objectmonitor
    // field offsets with "-2" to compensate for and annul the low-order tag bit.
    //
    // I use the latter as it avoids AGI stalls.
    // As such, we write "mov r, [tmpReg+OFFSETOF(Owner)-2]"
    // instead of "mov r, [tmpReg+OFFSETOF(Owner)]".
    //
    #define OFFSET_SKEWED(f) ((ObjectMonitor::f ## _offset_in_bytes())-2)

    // boxReg refers to the on-stack BasicLock in the current frame.
    // We'd like to write:
    //   set box->_displaced_header = markOop::unused_mark().  Any non-0 value suffices.
    // This is convenient but results a ST-before-CAS penalty.  The following CAS suffers
    // additional latency as we have another ST in the store buffer that must drain.

    if (EmitSync & 8192) {
       movptr(Address(boxReg, 0), 3);            // results in ST-before-CAS penalty
       get_thread (scrReg);
       movptr(boxReg, tmpReg);                    // consider: LEA box, [tmp-2]
       movptr(tmpReg, NULL_WORD);                 // consider: xor vs mov
       if (os::is_MP()) {
         lock();
       }
       cmpxchgptr(scrReg, Address(boxReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2));
    } else
    if ((EmitSync & 128) == 0) {                      // avoid ST-before-CAS
       movptr(scrReg, boxReg);
       movptr(boxReg, tmpReg);                   // consider: LEA box, [tmp-2]

       // Using a prefetchw helps avoid later RTS->RTO upgrades and cache probes
       if ((EmitSync & 2048) && VM_Version::supports_3dnow_prefetch() && os::is_MP()) {
          // prefetchw [eax + Offset(_owner)-2]
          prefetchw(Address(tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2));
       }

       if ((EmitSync & 64) == 0) {
         // Optimistic form: consider XORL tmpReg,tmpReg
         movptr(tmpReg, NULL_WORD);
       } else {
         // Can suffer RTS->RTO upgrades on shared or cold $ lines
         // Test-And-CAS instead of CAS
         movptr(tmpReg, Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2));   // rax, = m->_owner
         testptr(tmpReg, tmpReg);                   // Locked ?
         jccb  (Assembler::notZero, DONE_LABEL);
       }

       // Appears unlocked - try to swing _owner from null to non-null.
       // Ideally, I'd manifest "Self" with get_thread and then attempt
       // to CAS the register containing Self into m->Owner.
       // But we don't have enough registers, so instead we can either try to CAS
       // rsp or the address of the box (in scr) into &m->owner.  If the CAS succeeds
       // we later store "Self" into m->Owner.  Transiently storing a stack address
       // (rsp or the address of the box) into  m->owner is harmless.
       // Invariant: tmpReg == 0.  tmpReg is EAX which is the implicit cmpxchg comparand.
       if (os::is_MP()) {
         lock();
       }
       cmpxchgptr(scrReg, Address(boxReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2));
       movptr(Address(scrReg, 0), 3);          // box->_displaced_header = 3
       jccb  (Assembler::notZero, DONE_LABEL);
       get_thread (scrReg);                    // beware: clobbers ICCs
       movptr(Address(boxReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2), scrReg);
       xorptr(boxReg, boxReg);                 // set icc.ZFlag = 1 to indicate success

       // If the CAS fails we can either retry or pass control to the slow-path.
       // We use the latter tactic.
       // Pass the CAS result in the icc.ZFlag into DONE_LABEL
       // If the CAS was successful ...
       //   Self has acquired the lock
       //   Invariant: m->_recursions should already be 0, so we don't need to explicitly set it.
       // Intentional fall-through into DONE_LABEL ...
    } else {
       movptr(Address(boxReg, 0), intptr_t(markOopDesc::unused_mark()));  // results in ST-before-CAS penalty
       movptr(boxReg, tmpReg);

       // Using a prefetchw helps avoid later RTS->RTO upgrades and cache probes
       if ((EmitSync & 2048) && VM_Version::supports_3dnow_prefetch() && os::is_MP()) {
          // prefetchw [eax + Offset(_owner)-2]
          prefetchw(Address(tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2));
       }

       if ((EmitSync & 64) == 0) {
         // Optimistic form
         xorptr  (tmpReg, tmpReg);
       } else {
         // Can suffer RTS->RTO upgrades on shared or cold $ lines
         movptr(tmpReg, Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2));   // rax, = m->_owner
         testptr(tmpReg, tmpReg);                   // Locked ?
         jccb  (Assembler::notZero, DONE_LABEL);
       }

       // Appears unlocked - try to swing _owner from null to non-null.
       // Use either "Self" (in scr) or rsp as thread identity in _owner.
       // Invariant: tmpReg == 0.  tmpReg is EAX which is the implicit cmpxchg comparand.
       get_thread (scrReg);
       if (os::is_MP()) {
         lock();
       }
       cmpxchgptr(scrReg, Address(boxReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2));

       // If the CAS fails we can either retry or pass control to the slow-path.
       // We use the latter tactic.
       // Pass the CAS result in the icc.ZFlag into DONE_LABEL
       // If the CAS was successful ...
       //   Self has acquired the lock
       //   Invariant: m->_recursions should already be 0, so we don't need to explicitly set it.
       // Intentional fall-through into DONE_LABEL ...
    }
#else // _LP64
    // It's inflated

    // TODO: someday avoid the ST-before-CAS penalty by
    // relocating (deferring) the following ST.
    // We should also think about trying a CAS without having
    // fetched _owner.  If the CAS is successful we may
    // avoid an RTO->RTS upgrade on the $line.

    // Without cast to int32_t a movptr will destroy r10 which is typically obj
    movptr(Address(boxReg, 0), (int32_t)intptr_t(markOopDesc::unused_mark()));

    movptr (boxReg, tmpReg);
    movptr (tmpReg, Address(boxReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2));
    testptr(tmpReg, tmpReg);
    jccb   (Assembler::notZero, DONE_LABEL);

    // It's inflated and appears unlocked
    if (os::is_MP()) {
      lock();
    }
    cmpxchgptr(r15_thread, Address(boxReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2));
    // Intentional fall-through into DONE_LABEL ...
#endif // _LP64

#if INCLUDE_RTM_OPT
    } // use_rtm()
#endif
    // DONE_LABEL is a hot target - we'd really like to place it at the
    // start of cache line by padding with NOPs.
    // See the AMD and Intel software optimization manuals for the
    // most efficient "long" NOP encodings.
    // Unfortunately none of our alignment mechanisms suffice.
    bind(DONE_LABEL);

    // At DONE_LABEL the icc ZFlag is set as follows ...
    // Fast_Unlock uses the same protocol.
    // ZFlag == 1 -> Success
    // ZFlag == 0 -> Failure - force control through the slow-path
  }
}

// obj: object to unlock
// box: box address (displaced header location), killed.  Must be EAX.
// tmp: killed, cannot be obj nor box.
//
// Some commentary on balanced locking:
//
// Fast_Lock and Fast_Unlock are emitted only for provably balanced lock sites.
// Methods that don't have provably balanced locking are forced to run in the
// interpreter - such methods won't be compiled to use fast_lock and fast_unlock.
// The interpreter provides two properties:
// I1:  At return-time the interpreter automatically and quietly unlocks any
//      objects acquired the current activation (frame).  Recall that the
//      interpreter maintains an on-stack list of locks currently held by
//      a frame.
// I2:  If a method attempts to unlock an object that is not held by the
//      the frame the interpreter throws IMSX.
//
// Lets say A(), which has provably balanced locking, acquires O and then calls B().
// B() doesn't have provably balanced locking so it runs in the interpreter.
// Control returns to A() and A() unlocks O.  By I1 and I2, above, we know that O
// is still locked by A().
//
// The only other source of unbalanced locking would be JNI.  The "Java Native Interface:
// Programmer's Guide and Specification" claims that an object locked by jni_monitorenter
// should not be unlocked by "normal" java-level locking and vice-versa.  The specification
// doesn't specify what will occur if a program engages in such mixed-mode locking, however.

void MacroAssembler::fast_unlock(Register objReg, Register boxReg, Register tmpReg, bool use_rtm) {
  assert(boxReg == rax, "");
  assert_different_registers(objReg, boxReg, tmpReg);

  if (EmitSync & 4) {
    // Disable - inhibit all inlining.  Force control through the slow-path
    cmpptr (rsp, 0);
  } else
  if (EmitSync & 8) {
    Label DONE_LABEL;
    if (UseBiasedLocking) {
       biased_locking_exit(objReg, tmpReg, DONE_LABEL);
    }
    // Classic stack-locking code ...
    // Check whether the displaced header is 0
    //(=> recursive unlock)
    movptr(tmpReg, Address(boxReg, 0));
    testptr(tmpReg, tmpReg);
    jccb(Assembler::zero, DONE_LABEL);
    // If not recursive lock, reset the header to displaced header
    if (os::is_MP()) {
      lock();
    }
    cmpxchgptr(tmpReg, Address(objReg, 0));   // Uses RAX which is box
    bind(DONE_LABEL);
  } else {
    Label DONE_LABEL, Stacked, CheckSucc;

    // Critically, the biased locking test must have precedence over
    // and appear before the (box->dhw == 0) recursive stack-lock test.
    if (UseBiasedLocking && !UseOptoBiasInlining) {
       biased_locking_exit(objReg, tmpReg, DONE_LABEL);
    }

#if INCLUDE_RTM_OPT
    if (UseRTMForStackLocks && use_rtm) {
      assert(!UseBiasedLocking, "Biased locking is not supported with RTM locking");
      Label L_regular_unlock;
      movptr(tmpReg, Address(objReg, 0));           // fetch markword
      andptr(tmpReg, markOopDesc::biased_lock_mask_in_place); // look at 3 lock bits
      cmpptr(tmpReg, markOopDesc::unlocked_value);            // bits = 001 unlocked
      jccb(Assembler::notEqual, L_regular_unlock);  // if !HLE RegularLock
      xend();                                       // otherwise end...
      jmp(DONE_LABEL);                              // ... and we're done
      bind(L_regular_unlock);
    }
#endif

    cmpptr(Address(boxReg, 0), (int32_t)NULL_WORD); // Examine the displaced header
    jcc   (Assembler::zero, DONE_LABEL);            // 0 indicates recursive stack-lock
    movptr(tmpReg, Address(objReg, 0));             // Examine the object's markword
    testptr(tmpReg, markOopDesc::monitor_value);    // Inflated?
    jccb  (Assembler::zero, Stacked);

    // It's inflated.
#if INCLUDE_RTM_OPT
    if (use_rtm) {
      Label L_regular_inflated_unlock;
      // Clean monitor_value bit to get valid pointer
      int owner_offset = ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes() - markOopDesc::monitor_value;
      movptr(boxReg, Address(tmpReg, owner_offset));
      testptr(boxReg, boxReg);
      jccb(Assembler::notZero, L_regular_inflated_unlock);
      xend();
      jmpb(DONE_LABEL);
      bind(L_regular_inflated_unlock);
    }
#endif

    // Despite our balanced locking property we still check that m->_owner == Self
    // as java routines or native JNI code called by this thread might
    // have released the lock.
    // Refer to the comments in synchronizer.cpp for how we might encode extra
    // state in _succ so we can avoid fetching EntryList|cxq.
    //
    // I'd like to add more cases in fast_lock() and fast_unlock() --
    // such as recursive enter and exit -- but we have to be wary of
    // I$ bloat, T$ effects and BP$ effects.
    //
    // If there's no contention try a 1-0 exit.  That is, exit without
    // a costly MEMBAR or CAS.  See synchronizer.cpp for details on how
    // we detect and recover from the race that the 1-0 exit admits.
    //
    // Conceptually Fast_Unlock() must execute a STST|LDST "release" barrier
    // before it STs null into _owner, releasing the lock.  Updates
    // to data protected by the critical section must be visible before
    // we drop the lock (and thus before any other thread could acquire
    // the lock and observe the fields protected by the lock).
    // IA32's memory-model is SPO, so STs are ordered with respect to
    // each other and there's no need for an explicit barrier (fence).
    // See also http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/jmm/cookbook.html.
#ifndef _LP64
    get_thread (boxReg);
    if ((EmitSync & 4096) && VM_Version::supports_3dnow_prefetch() && os::is_MP()) {
      // prefetchw [ebx + Offset(_owner)-2]
      prefetchw(Address(tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2));
    }

    // Note that we could employ various encoding schemes to reduce
    // the number of loads below (currently 4) to just 2 or 3.
    // Refer to the comments in synchronizer.cpp.
    // In practice the chain of fetches doesn't seem to impact performance, however.
    if ((EmitSync & 65536) == 0 && (EmitSync & 256)) {
       // Attempt to reduce branch density - AMD's branch predictor.
       xorptr(boxReg, Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2));
       orptr(boxReg, Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::recursions_offset_in_bytes()-2));
       orptr(boxReg, Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::EntryList_offset_in_bytes()-2));
       orptr(boxReg, Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::cxq_offset_in_bytes()-2));
       jccb  (Assembler::notZero, DONE_LABEL);
       movptr(Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2), NULL_WORD);
       jmpb  (DONE_LABEL);
    } else {
       xorptr(boxReg, Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2));
       orptr(boxReg, Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::recursions_offset_in_bytes()-2));
       jccb  (Assembler::notZero, DONE_LABEL);
       movptr(boxReg, Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::EntryList_offset_in_bytes()-2));
       orptr(boxReg, Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::cxq_offset_in_bytes()-2));
       jccb  (Assembler::notZero, CheckSucc);
       movptr(Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2), NULL_WORD);
       jmpb  (DONE_LABEL);
    }

    // The Following code fragment (EmitSync & 65536) improves the performance of
    // contended applications and contended synchronization microbenchmarks.
    // Unfortunately the emission of the code - even though not executed - causes regressions
    // in scimark and jetstream, evidently because of $ effects.  Replacing the code
    // with an equal number of never-executed NOPs results in the same regression.
    // We leave it off by default.

    if ((EmitSync & 65536) != 0) {
       Label LSuccess, LGoSlowPath ;

       bind  (CheckSucc);

       // Optional pre-test ... it's safe to elide this
       if ((EmitSync & 16) == 0) {
          cmpptr(Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::succ_offset_in_bytes()-2), (int32_t)NULL_WORD);
          jccb  (Assembler::zero, LGoSlowPath);
       }

       // We have a classic Dekker-style idiom:
       //    ST m->_owner = 0 ; MEMBAR; LD m->_succ
       // There are a number of ways to implement the barrier:
       // (1) lock:andl &m->_owner, 0
       //     is fast, but mask doesn't currently support the "ANDL M,IMM32" form.
       //     LOCK: ANDL [ebx+Offset(_Owner)-2], 0
       //     Encodes as 81 31 OFF32 IMM32 or 83 63 OFF8 IMM8
       // (2) If supported, an explicit MFENCE is appealing.
       //     In older IA32 processors MFENCE is slower than lock:add or xchg
       //     particularly if the write-buffer is full as might be the case if
       //     if stores closely precede the fence or fence-equivalent instruction.
       //     In more modern implementations MFENCE appears faster, however.
       // (3) In lieu of an explicit fence, use lock:addl to the top-of-stack
       //     The $lines underlying the top-of-stack should be in M-state.
       //     The locked add instruction is serializing, of course.
       // (4) Use xchg, which is serializing
       //     mov boxReg, 0; xchgl boxReg, [tmpReg + Offset(_owner)-2] also works
       // (5) ST m->_owner = 0 and then execute lock:orl &m->_succ, 0.
       //     The integer condition codes will tell us if succ was 0.
       //     Since _succ and _owner should reside in the same $line and
       //     we just stored into _owner, it's likely that the $line
       //     remains in M-state for the lock:orl.
       //
       // We currently use (3), although it's likely that switching to (2)
       // is correct for the future.

       movptr(Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2), NULL_WORD);
       if (os::is_MP()) {
          if (VM_Version::supports_sse2() && 1 == FenceInstruction) {
            mfence();
          } else {
            lock (); addptr(Address(rsp, 0), 0);
          }
       }
       // Ratify _succ remains non-null
       cmpptr(Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::succ_offset_in_bytes()-2), 0);
       jccb  (Assembler::notZero, LSuccess);

       xorptr(boxReg, boxReg);                  // box is really EAX
       if (os::is_MP()) { lock(); }
       cmpxchgptr(rsp, Address(tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2));
       jccb  (Assembler::notEqual, LSuccess);
       // Since we're low on registers we installed rsp as a placeholding in _owner.
       // Now install Self over rsp.  This is safe as we're transitioning from
       // non-null to non=null
       get_thread (boxReg);
       movptr(Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2), boxReg);
       // Intentional fall-through into LGoSlowPath ...

       bind  (LGoSlowPath);
       orptr(boxReg, 1);                      // set ICC.ZF=0 to indicate failure
       jmpb  (DONE_LABEL);

       bind  (LSuccess);
       xorptr(boxReg, boxReg);                 // set ICC.ZF=1 to indicate success
       jmpb  (DONE_LABEL);
    }

    bind (Stacked);
    // It's not inflated and it's not recursively stack-locked and it's not biased.
    // It must be stack-locked.
    // Try to reset the header to displaced header.
    // The "box" value on the stack is stable, so we can reload
    // and be assured we observe the same value as above.
    movptr(tmpReg, Address(boxReg, 0));
    if (os::is_MP()) {
      lock();
    }
    cmpxchgptr(tmpReg, Address(objReg, 0)); // Uses RAX which is box
    // Intention fall-thru into DONE_LABEL

    // DONE_LABEL is a hot target - we'd really like to place it at the
    // start of cache line by padding with NOPs.
    // See the AMD and Intel software optimization manuals for the
    // most efficient "long" NOP encodings.
    // Unfortunately none of our alignment mechanisms suffice.
    if ((EmitSync & 65536) == 0) {
       bind (CheckSucc);
    }
#else // _LP64
    // It's inflated
    movptr(boxReg, Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2));
    xorptr(boxReg, r15_thread);
    orptr (boxReg, Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::recursions_offset_in_bytes()-2));
    jccb  (Assembler::notZero, DONE_LABEL);
    movptr(boxReg, Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::cxq_offset_in_bytes()-2));
    orptr (boxReg, Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::EntryList_offset_in_bytes()-2));
    jccb  (Assembler::notZero, CheckSucc);
    movptr(Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2), (int32_t)NULL_WORD);
    jmpb  (DONE_LABEL);

    if ((EmitSync & 65536) == 0) {
      Label LSuccess, LGoSlowPath ;
      bind  (CheckSucc);
      cmpptr(Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::succ_offset_in_bytes()-2), (int32_t)NULL_WORD);
      jccb  (Assembler::zero, LGoSlowPath);

      // I'd much rather use lock:andl m->_owner, 0 as it's faster than the
      // the explicit ST;MEMBAR combination, but masm doesn't currently support
      // "ANDQ M,IMM".  Don't use MFENCE here.  lock:add to TOS, xchg, etc
      // are all faster when the write buffer is populated.
      movptr (Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2), (int32_t)NULL_WORD);
      if (os::is_MP()) {
         lock (); addl (Address(rsp, 0), 0);
      }
      cmpptr(Address (tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::succ_offset_in_bytes()-2), (int32_t)NULL_WORD);
      jccb  (Assembler::notZero, LSuccess);

      movptr (boxReg, (int32_t)NULL_WORD);                   // box is really EAX
      if (os::is_MP()) { lock(); }
      cmpxchgptr(r15_thread, Address(tmpReg, ObjectMonitor::owner_offset_in_bytes()-2));
      jccb  (Assembler::notEqual, LSuccess);
      // Intentional fall-through into slow-path

      bind  (LGoSlowPath);
      orl   (boxReg, 1);                      // set ICC.ZF=0 to indicate failure
      jmpb  (DONE_LABEL);

      bind  (LSuccess);
      testl (boxReg, 0);                      // set ICC.ZF=1 to indicate success
      jmpb  (DONE_LABEL);
    }

    bind  (Stacked);
    movptr(tmpReg, Address (boxReg, 0));      // re-fetch
    if (os::is_MP()) { lock(); }
    cmpxchgptr(tmpReg, Address(objReg, 0)); // Uses RAX which is box

    if (EmitSync & 65536) {
       bind (CheckSucc);
    }
#endif
    bind(DONE_LABEL);
    // Avoid branch to branch on AMD processors
    if (EmitSync & 32768) {
       nop();
    }
  }
}
#endif // COMPILER2

void MacroAssembler::c2bool(Register x) {
  // implements x == 0 ? 0 : 1
  // note: must only look at least-significant byte of x
  //       since C-style booleans are stored in one byte
  //       only! (was bug)
  andl(x, 0xFF);
  setb(Assembler::notZero, x);
}

// Wouldn't need if AddressLiteral version had new name
void MacroAssembler::call(Label& L, relocInfo::relocType rtype) {
  Assembler::call(L, rtype);
}

void MacroAssembler::call(Register entry) {
  Assembler::call(entry);
}

void MacroAssembler::call(AddressLiteral entry) {
  if (reachable(entry)) {
    Assembler::call_literal(entry.target(), entry.rspec());
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, entry);
    Assembler::call(rscratch1);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::ic_call(address entry) {
  RelocationHolder rh = virtual_call_Relocation::spec(pc());
  movptr(rax, (intptr_t)Universe::non_oop_word());
  call(AddressLiteral(entry, rh));
}

// Implementation of call_VM versions

void MacroAssembler::call_VM(Register oop_result,
                             address entry_point,
                             bool check_exceptions) {
  Label C, E;
  call(C, relocInfo::none);
  jmp(E);

  bind(C);
  call_VM_helper(oop_result, entry_point, 0, check_exceptions);
  ret(0);

  bind(E);
}

void MacroAssembler::call_VM(Register oop_result,
                             address entry_point,
                             Register arg_1,
                             bool check_exceptions) {
  Label C, E;
  call(C, relocInfo::none);
  jmp(E);

  bind(C);
  pass_arg1(this, arg_1);
  call_VM_helper(oop_result, entry_point, 1, check_exceptions);
  ret(0);

  bind(E);
}

void MacroAssembler::call_VM(Register oop_result,
                             address entry_point,
                             Register arg_1,
                             Register arg_2,
                             bool check_exceptions) {
  Label C, E;
  call(C, relocInfo::none);
  jmp(E);

  bind(C);

  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_1 != c_rarg2, "smashed arg"));

  pass_arg2(this, arg_2);
  pass_arg1(this, arg_1);
  call_VM_helper(oop_result, entry_point, 2, check_exceptions);
  ret(0);

  bind(E);
}

void MacroAssembler::call_VM(Register oop_result,
                             address entry_point,
                             Register arg_1,
                             Register arg_2,
                             Register arg_3,
                             bool check_exceptions) {
  Label C, E;
  call(C, relocInfo::none);
  jmp(E);

  bind(C);

  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_1 != c_rarg3, "smashed arg"));
  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_2 != c_rarg3, "smashed arg"));
  pass_arg3(this, arg_3);

  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_1 != c_rarg2, "smashed arg"));
  pass_arg2(this, arg_2);

  pass_arg1(this, arg_1);
  call_VM_helper(oop_result, entry_point, 3, check_exceptions);
  ret(0);

  bind(E);
}

void MacroAssembler::call_VM(Register oop_result,
                             Register last_java_sp,
                             address entry_point,
                             int number_of_arguments,
                             bool check_exceptions) {
  Register thread = LP64_ONLY(r15_thread) NOT_LP64(noreg);
  call_VM_base(oop_result, thread, last_java_sp, entry_point, number_of_arguments, check_exceptions);
}

void MacroAssembler::call_VM(Register oop_result,
                             Register last_java_sp,
                             address entry_point,
                             Register arg_1,
                             bool check_exceptions) {
  pass_arg1(this, arg_1);
  call_VM(oop_result, last_java_sp, entry_point, 1, check_exceptions);
}

void MacroAssembler::call_VM(Register oop_result,
                             Register last_java_sp,
                             address entry_point,
                             Register arg_1,
                             Register arg_2,
                             bool check_exceptions) {

  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_1 != c_rarg2, "smashed arg"));
  pass_arg2(this, arg_2);
  pass_arg1(this, arg_1);
  call_VM(oop_result, last_java_sp, entry_point, 2, check_exceptions);
}

void MacroAssembler::call_VM(Register oop_result,
                             Register last_java_sp,
                             address entry_point,
                             Register arg_1,
                             Register arg_2,
                             Register arg_3,
                             bool check_exceptions) {
  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_1 != c_rarg3, "smashed arg"));
  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_2 != c_rarg3, "smashed arg"));
  pass_arg3(this, arg_3);
  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_1 != c_rarg2, "smashed arg"));
  pass_arg2(this, arg_2);
  pass_arg1(this, arg_1);
  call_VM(oop_result, last_java_sp, entry_point, 3, check_exceptions);
}

void MacroAssembler::super_call_VM(Register oop_result,
                                   Register last_java_sp,
                                   address entry_point,
                                   int number_of_arguments,
                                   bool check_exceptions) {
  Register thread = LP64_ONLY(r15_thread) NOT_LP64(noreg);
  MacroAssembler::call_VM_base(oop_result, thread, last_java_sp, entry_point, number_of_arguments, check_exceptions);
}

void MacroAssembler::super_call_VM(Register oop_result,
                                   Register last_java_sp,
                                   address entry_point,
                                   Register arg_1,
                                   bool check_exceptions) {
  pass_arg1(this, arg_1);
  super_call_VM(oop_result, last_java_sp, entry_point, 1, check_exceptions);
}

void MacroAssembler::super_call_VM(Register oop_result,
                                   Register last_java_sp,
                                   address entry_point,
                                   Register arg_1,
                                   Register arg_2,
                                   bool check_exceptions) {

  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_1 != c_rarg2, "smashed arg"));
  pass_arg2(this, arg_2);
  pass_arg1(this, arg_1);
  super_call_VM(oop_result, last_java_sp, entry_point, 2, check_exceptions);
}

void MacroAssembler::super_call_VM(Register oop_result,
                                   Register last_java_sp,
                                   address entry_point,
                                   Register arg_1,
                                   Register arg_2,
                                   Register arg_3,
                                   bool check_exceptions) {
  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_1 != c_rarg3, "smashed arg"));
  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_2 != c_rarg3, "smashed arg"));
  pass_arg3(this, arg_3);
  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_1 != c_rarg2, "smashed arg"));
  pass_arg2(this, arg_2);
  pass_arg1(this, arg_1);
  super_call_VM(oop_result, last_java_sp, entry_point, 3, check_exceptions);
}

void MacroAssembler::call_VM_base(Register oop_result,
                                  Register java_thread,
                                  Register last_java_sp,
                                  address  entry_point,
                                  int      number_of_arguments,
                                  bool     check_exceptions) {
  // determine java_thread register
  if (!java_thread->is_valid()) {
#ifdef _LP64
    java_thread = r15_thread;
#else
    java_thread = rdi;
    get_thread(java_thread);
#endif // LP64
  }
  // determine last_java_sp register
  if (!last_java_sp->is_valid()) {
    last_java_sp = rsp;
  }
  // debugging support
  assert(number_of_arguments >= 0   , "cannot have negative number of arguments");
  LP64_ONLY(assert(java_thread == r15_thread, "unexpected register"));
#ifdef ASSERT
  // TraceBytecodes does not use r12 but saves it over the call, so don't verify
  // r12 is the heapbase.
  LP64_ONLY(if ((UseCompressedOops || UseCompressedClassPointers) && !TraceBytecodes) verify_heapbase("call_VM_base: heap base corrupted?");)
#endif // ASSERT

  assert(java_thread != oop_result  , "cannot use the same register for java_thread & oop_result");
  assert(java_thread != last_java_sp, "cannot use the same register for java_thread & last_java_sp");

  // push java thread (becomes first argument of C function)

  NOT_LP64(push(java_thread); number_of_arguments++);
  LP64_ONLY(mov(c_rarg0, r15_thread));

  // set last Java frame before call
  assert(last_java_sp != rbp, "can't use ebp/rbp");

  // Only interpreter should have to set fp
  set_last_Java_frame(java_thread, last_java_sp, rbp, NULL);

  // do the call, remove parameters
  MacroAssembler::call_VM_leaf_base(entry_point, number_of_arguments);

  // restore the thread (cannot use the pushed argument since arguments
  // may be overwritten by C code generated by an optimizing compiler);
  // however can use the register value directly if it is callee saved.
  if (LP64_ONLY(true ||) java_thread == rdi || java_thread == rsi) {
    // rdi & rsi (also r15) are callee saved -> nothing to do
#ifdef ASSERT
    guarantee(java_thread != rax, "change this code");
    push(rax);
    { Label L;
      get_thread(rax);
      cmpptr(java_thread, rax);
      jcc(Assembler::equal, L);
      STOP("MacroAssembler::call_VM_base: rdi not callee saved?");
      bind(L);
    }
    pop(rax);
#endif
  } else {
    get_thread(java_thread);
  }
  // reset last Java frame
  // Only interpreter should have to clear fp
  reset_last_Java_frame(java_thread, true, false);

#ifndef CC_INTERP
   // C++ interp handles this in the interpreter
  check_and_handle_popframe(java_thread);
  check_and_handle_earlyret(java_thread);
#endif /* CC_INTERP */

  if (check_exceptions) {
    // check for pending exceptions (java_thread is set upon return)
    cmpptr(Address(java_thread, Thread::pending_exception_offset()), (int32_t) NULL_WORD);
#ifndef _LP64
    jump_cc(Assembler::notEqual,
            RuntimeAddress(StubRoutines::forward_exception_entry()));
#else
    // This used to conditionally jump to forward_exception however it is
    // possible if we relocate that the branch will not reach. So we must jump
    // around so we can always reach

    Label ok;
    jcc(Assembler::equal, ok);
    jump(RuntimeAddress(StubRoutines::forward_exception_entry()));
    bind(ok);
#endif // LP64
  }

  // get oop result if there is one and reset the value in the thread
  if (oop_result->is_valid()) {
    get_vm_result(oop_result, java_thread);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::call_VM_helper(Register oop_result, address entry_point, int number_of_arguments, bool check_exceptions) {

  // Calculate the value for last_Java_sp
  // somewhat subtle. call_VM does an intermediate call
  // which places a return address on the stack just under the
  // stack pointer as the user finsihed with it. This allows
  // use to retrieve last_Java_pc from last_Java_sp[-1].
  // On 32bit we then have to push additional args on the stack to accomplish
  // the actual requested call. On 64bit call_VM only can use register args
  // so the only extra space is the return address that call_VM created.
  // This hopefully explains the calculations here.

#ifdef _LP64
  // We've pushed one address, correct last_Java_sp
  lea(rax, Address(rsp, wordSize));
#else
  lea(rax, Address(rsp, (1 + number_of_arguments) * wordSize));
#endif // LP64

  call_VM_base(oop_result, noreg, rax, entry_point, number_of_arguments, check_exceptions);

}

void MacroAssembler::call_VM_leaf(address entry_point, int number_of_arguments) {
  call_VM_leaf_base(entry_point, number_of_arguments);
}

void MacroAssembler::call_VM_leaf(address entry_point, Register arg_0) {
  pass_arg0(this, arg_0);
  call_VM_leaf(entry_point, 1);
}

void MacroAssembler::call_VM_leaf(address entry_point, Register arg_0, Register arg_1) {

  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_0 != c_rarg1, "smashed arg"));
  pass_arg1(this, arg_1);
  pass_arg0(this, arg_0);
  call_VM_leaf(entry_point, 2);
}

void MacroAssembler::call_VM_leaf(address entry_point, Register arg_0, Register arg_1, Register arg_2) {
  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_0 != c_rarg2, "smashed arg"));
  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_1 != c_rarg2, "smashed arg"));
  pass_arg2(this, arg_2);
  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_0 != c_rarg1, "smashed arg"));
  pass_arg1(this, arg_1);
  pass_arg0(this, arg_0);
  call_VM_leaf(entry_point, 3);
}

void MacroAssembler::super_call_VM_leaf(address entry_point, Register arg_0) {
  pass_arg0(this, arg_0);
  MacroAssembler::call_VM_leaf_base(entry_point, 1);
}

void MacroAssembler::super_call_VM_leaf(address entry_point, Register arg_0, Register arg_1) {

  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_0 != c_rarg1, "smashed arg"));
  pass_arg1(this, arg_1);
  pass_arg0(this, arg_0);
  MacroAssembler::call_VM_leaf_base(entry_point, 2);
}

void MacroAssembler::super_call_VM_leaf(address entry_point, Register arg_0, Register arg_1, Register arg_2) {
  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_0 != c_rarg2, "smashed arg"));
  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_1 != c_rarg2, "smashed arg"));
  pass_arg2(this, arg_2);
  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_0 != c_rarg1, "smashed arg"));
  pass_arg1(this, arg_1);
  pass_arg0(this, arg_0);
  MacroAssembler::call_VM_leaf_base(entry_point, 3);
}

void MacroAssembler::super_call_VM_leaf(address entry_point, Register arg_0, Register arg_1, Register arg_2, Register arg_3) {
  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_0 != c_rarg3, "smashed arg"));
  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_1 != c_rarg3, "smashed arg"));
  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_2 != c_rarg3, "smashed arg"));
  pass_arg3(this, arg_3);
  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_0 != c_rarg2, "smashed arg"));
  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_1 != c_rarg2, "smashed arg"));
  pass_arg2(this, arg_2);
  LP64_ONLY(assert(arg_0 != c_rarg1, "smashed arg"));
  pass_arg1(this, arg_1);
  pass_arg0(this, arg_0);
  MacroAssembler::call_VM_leaf_base(entry_point, 4);
}

void MacroAssembler::get_vm_result(Register oop_result, Register java_thread) {
  movptr(oop_result, Address(java_thread, JavaThread::vm_result_offset()));
  movptr(Address(java_thread, JavaThread::vm_result_offset()), NULL_WORD);
  verify_oop(oop_result, "broken oop in call_VM_base");
}

void MacroAssembler::get_vm_result_2(Register metadata_result, Register java_thread) {
  movptr(metadata_result, Address(java_thread, JavaThread::vm_result_2_offset()));
  movptr(Address(java_thread, JavaThread::vm_result_2_offset()), NULL_WORD);
}

void MacroAssembler::check_and_handle_earlyret(Register java_thread) {
}

void MacroAssembler::check_and_handle_popframe(Register java_thread) {
}

void MacroAssembler::cmp32(AddressLiteral src1, int32_t imm) {
  if (reachable(src1)) {
    cmpl(as_Address(src1), imm);
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src1);
    cmpl(Address(rscratch1, 0), imm);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::cmp32(Register src1, AddressLiteral src2) {
  assert(!src2.is_lval(), "use cmpptr");
  if (reachable(src2)) {
    cmpl(src1, as_Address(src2));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src2);
    cmpl(src1, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::cmp32(Register src1, int32_t imm) {
  Assembler::cmpl(src1, imm);
}

void MacroAssembler::cmp32(Register src1, Address src2) {
  Assembler::cmpl(src1, src2);
}

void MacroAssembler::cmpsd2int(XMMRegister opr1, XMMRegister opr2, Register dst, bool unordered_is_less) {
  ucomisd(opr1, opr2);

  Label L;
  if (unordered_is_less) {
    movl(dst, -1);
    jcc(Assembler::parity, L);
    jcc(Assembler::below , L);
    movl(dst, 0);
    jcc(Assembler::equal , L);
    increment(dst);
  } else { // unordered is greater
    movl(dst, 1);
    jcc(Assembler::parity, L);
    jcc(Assembler::above , L);
    movl(dst, 0);
    jcc(Assembler::equal , L);
    decrementl(dst);
  }
  bind(L);
}

void MacroAssembler::cmpss2int(XMMRegister opr1, XMMRegister opr2, Register dst, bool unordered_is_less) {
  ucomiss(opr1, opr2);

  Label L;
  if (unordered_is_less) {
    movl(dst, -1);
    jcc(Assembler::parity, L);
    jcc(Assembler::below , L);
    movl(dst, 0);
    jcc(Assembler::equal , L);
    increment(dst);
  } else { // unordered is greater
    movl(dst, 1);
    jcc(Assembler::parity, L);
    jcc(Assembler::above , L);
    movl(dst, 0);
    jcc(Assembler::equal , L);
    decrementl(dst);
  }
  bind(L);
}


void MacroAssembler::cmp8(AddressLiteral src1, int imm) {
  if (reachable(src1)) {
    cmpb(as_Address(src1), imm);
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src1);
    cmpb(Address(rscratch1, 0), imm);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::cmpptr(Register src1, AddressLiteral src2) {
#ifdef _LP64
  if (src2.is_lval()) {
    movptr(rscratch1, src2);
    Assembler::cmpq(src1, rscratch1);
  } else if (reachable(src2)) {
    cmpq(src1, as_Address(src2));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src2);
    Assembler::cmpq(src1, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
#else
  if (src2.is_lval()) {
    cmp_literal32(src1, (int32_t) src2.target(), src2.rspec());
  } else {
    cmpl(src1, as_Address(src2));
  }
#endif // _LP64
}

void MacroAssembler::cmpptr(Address src1, AddressLiteral src2) {
  assert(src2.is_lval(), "not a mem-mem compare");
#ifdef _LP64
  // moves src2's literal address
  movptr(rscratch1, src2);
  Assembler::cmpq(src1, rscratch1);
#else
  cmp_literal32(src1, (int32_t) src2.target(), src2.rspec());
#endif // _LP64
}

void MacroAssembler::locked_cmpxchgptr(Register reg, AddressLiteral adr) {
  if (reachable(adr)) {
    if (os::is_MP())
      lock();
    cmpxchgptr(reg, as_Address(adr));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, adr);
    if (os::is_MP())
      lock();
    cmpxchgptr(reg, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::cmpxchgptr(Register reg, Address adr) {
  LP64_ONLY(cmpxchgq(reg, adr)) NOT_LP64(cmpxchgl(reg, adr));
}

void MacroAssembler::comisd(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::comisd(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::comisd(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::comiss(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::comiss(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::comiss(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}


void MacroAssembler::cond_inc32(Condition cond, AddressLiteral counter_addr) {
  Condition negated_cond = negate_condition(cond);
  Label L;
  jcc(negated_cond, L);
  pushf(); // Preserve flags
  atomic_incl(counter_addr);
  popf();
  bind(L);
}

int MacroAssembler::corrected_idivl(Register reg) {
  // Full implementation of Java idiv and irem; checks for
  // special case as described in JVM spec., p.243 & p.271.
  // The function returns the (pc) offset of the idivl
  // instruction - may be needed for implicit exceptions.
  //
  //         normal case                           special case
  //
  // input : rax,: dividend                         min_int
  //         reg: divisor   (may not be rax,/rdx)   -1
  //
  // output: rax,: quotient  (= rax, idiv reg)       min_int
  //         rdx: remainder (= rax, irem reg)       0
  assert(reg != rax && reg != rdx, "reg cannot be rax, or rdx register");
  const int min_int = 0x80000000;
  Label normal_case, special_case;

  // check for special case
  cmpl(rax, min_int);
  jcc(Assembler::notEqual, normal_case);
  xorl(rdx, rdx); // prepare rdx for possible special case (where remainder = 0)
  cmpl(reg, -1);
  jcc(Assembler::equal, special_case);

  // handle normal case
  bind(normal_case);
  cdql();
  int idivl_offset = offset();
  idivl(reg);

  // normal and special case exit
  bind(special_case);

  return idivl_offset;
}



void MacroAssembler::decrementl(Register reg, int value) {
  if (value == min_jint) {subl(reg, value) ; return; }
  if (value <  0) { incrementl(reg, -value); return; }
  if (value == 0) {                        ; return; }
  if (value == 1 && UseIncDec) { decl(reg) ; return; }
  /* else */      { subl(reg, value)       ; return; }
}

void MacroAssembler::decrementl(Address dst, int value) {
  if (value == min_jint) {subl(dst, value) ; return; }
  if (value <  0) { incrementl(dst, -value); return; }
  if (value == 0) {                        ; return; }
  if (value == 1 && UseIncDec) { decl(dst) ; return; }
  /* else */      { subl(dst, value)       ; return; }
}

void MacroAssembler::division_with_shift (Register reg, int shift_value) {
  assert (shift_value > 0, "illegal shift value");
  Label _is_positive;
  testl (reg, reg);
  jcc (Assembler::positive, _is_positive);
  int offset = (1 << shift_value) - 1 ;

  if (offset == 1) {
    incrementl(reg);
  } else {
    addl(reg, offset);
  }

  bind (_is_positive);
  sarl(reg, shift_value);
}

void MacroAssembler::divsd(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::divsd(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::divsd(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::divss(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::divss(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::divss(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

// !defined(COMPILER2) is because of stupid core builds
#if !defined(_LP64) || defined(COMPILER1) || !defined(COMPILER2)
void MacroAssembler::empty_FPU_stack() {
  if (VM_Version::supports_mmx()) {
    emms();
  } else {
    for (int i = 8; i-- > 0; ) ffree(i);
  }
}
#endif // !LP64 || C1 || !C2


// Defines obj, preserves var_size_in_bytes
void MacroAssembler::eden_allocate(Register obj,
                                   Register var_size_in_bytes,
                                   int con_size_in_bytes,
                                   Register t1,
                                   Label& slow_case) {
  assert(obj == rax, "obj must be in rax, for cmpxchg");
  assert_different_registers(obj, var_size_in_bytes, t1);
  if (CMSIncrementalMode || !Universe::heap()->supports_inline_contig_alloc()) {
    jmp(slow_case);
  } else {
    Register end = t1;
    Label retry;
    bind(retry);
    ExternalAddress heap_top((address) Universe::heap()->top_addr());
    movptr(obj, heap_top);
    if (var_size_in_bytes == noreg) {
      lea(end, Address(obj, con_size_in_bytes));
    } else {
      lea(end, Address(obj, var_size_in_bytes, Address::times_1));
    }
    // if end < obj then we wrapped around => object too long => slow case
    cmpptr(end, obj);
    jcc(Assembler::below, slow_case);
    cmpptr(end, ExternalAddress((address) Universe::heap()->end_addr()));
    jcc(Assembler::above, slow_case);
    // Compare obj with the top addr, and if still equal, store the new top addr in
    // end at the address of the top addr pointer. Sets ZF if was equal, and clears
    // it otherwise. Use lock prefix for atomicity on MPs.
    locked_cmpxchgptr(end, heap_top);
    jcc(Assembler::notEqual, retry);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::enter() {
  push(rbp);
  mov(rbp, rsp);
}

// A 5 byte nop that is safe for patching (see patch_verified_entry)
void MacroAssembler::fat_nop() {
  if (UseAddressNop) {
    addr_nop_5();
  } else {
    emit_int8(0x26); // es:
    emit_int8(0x2e); // cs:
    emit_int8(0x64); // fs:
    emit_int8(0x65); // gs:
    emit_int8((unsigned char)0x90);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::fcmp(Register tmp) {
  fcmp(tmp, 1, true, true);
}

void MacroAssembler::fcmp(Register tmp, int index, bool pop_left, bool pop_right) {
  assert(!pop_right || pop_left, "usage error");
  if (VM_Version::supports_cmov()) {
    assert(tmp == noreg, "unneeded temp");
    if (pop_left) {
      fucomip(index);
    } else {
      fucomi(index);
    }
    if (pop_right) {
      fpop();
    }
  } else {
    assert(tmp != noreg, "need temp");
    if (pop_left) {
      if (pop_right) {
        fcompp();
      } else {
        fcomp(index);
      }
    } else {
      fcom(index);
    }
    // convert FPU condition into eflags condition via rax,
    save_rax(tmp);
    fwait(); fnstsw_ax();
    sahf();
    restore_rax(tmp);
  }
  // condition codes set as follows:
  //
  // CF (corresponds to C0) if x < y
  // PF (corresponds to C2) if unordered
  // ZF (corresponds to C3) if x = y
}

void MacroAssembler::fcmp2int(Register dst, bool unordered_is_less) {
  fcmp2int(dst, unordered_is_less, 1, true, true);
}

void MacroAssembler::fcmp2int(Register dst, bool unordered_is_less, int index, bool pop_left, bool pop_right) {
  fcmp(VM_Version::supports_cmov() ? noreg : dst, index, pop_left, pop_right);
  Label L;
  if (unordered_is_less) {
    movl(dst, -1);
    jcc(Assembler::parity, L);
    jcc(Assembler::below , L);
    movl(dst, 0);
    jcc(Assembler::equal , L);
    increment(dst);
  } else { // unordered is greater
    movl(dst, 1);
    jcc(Assembler::parity, L);
    jcc(Assembler::above , L);
    movl(dst, 0);
    jcc(Assembler::equal , L);
    decrementl(dst);
  }
  bind(L);
}

void MacroAssembler::fld_d(AddressLiteral src) {
  fld_d(as_Address(src));
}

void MacroAssembler::fld_s(AddressLiteral src) {
  fld_s(as_Address(src));
}

void MacroAssembler::fld_x(AddressLiteral src) {
  Assembler::fld_x(as_Address(src));
}

void MacroAssembler::fldcw(AddressLiteral src) {
  Assembler::fldcw(as_Address(src));
}

void MacroAssembler::pow_exp_core_encoding() {
  // kills rax, rcx, rdx
  subptr(rsp,sizeof(jdouble));
  // computes 2^X. Stack: X ...
  // f2xm1 computes 2^X-1 but only operates on -1<=X<=1. Get int(X) and
  // keep it on the thread's stack to compute 2^int(X) later
  // then compute 2^(X-int(X)) as (2^(X-int(X)-1+1)
  // final result is obtained with: 2^X = 2^int(X) * 2^(X-int(X))
  fld_s(0);                 // Stack: X X ...
  frndint();                // Stack: int(X) X ...
  fsuba(1);                 // Stack: int(X) X-int(X) ...
  fistp_s(Address(rsp,0));  // move int(X) as integer to thread's stack. Stack: X-int(X) ...
  f2xm1();                  // Stack: 2^(X-int(X))-1 ...
  fld1();                   // Stack: 1 2^(X-int(X))-1 ...
  faddp(1);                 // Stack: 2^(X-int(X))
  // computes 2^(int(X)): add exponent bias (1023) to int(X), then
  // shift int(X)+1023 to exponent position.
  // Exponent is limited to 11 bits if int(X)+1023 does not fit in 11
  // bits, set result to NaN. 0x000 and 0x7FF are reserved exponent
  // values so detect them and set result to NaN.
  movl(rax,Address(rsp,0));
  movl(rcx, -2048); // 11 bit mask and valid NaN binary encoding
  addl(rax, 1023);
  movl(rdx,rax);
  shll(rax,20);
  // Check that 0 < int(X)+1023 < 2047. Otherwise set rax to NaN.
  addl(rdx,1);
  // Check that 1 < int(X)+1023+1 < 2048
  // in 3 steps:
  // 1- (int(X)+1023+1)&-2048 == 0 => 0 <= int(X)+1023+1 < 2048
  // 2- (int(X)+1023+1)&-2048 != 0
  // 3- (int(X)+1023+1)&-2048 != 1
  // Do 2- first because addl just updated the flags.
  cmov32(Assembler::equal,rax,rcx);
  cmpl(rdx,1);
  cmov32(Assembler::equal,rax,rcx);
  testl(rdx,rcx);
  cmov32(Assembler::notEqual,rax,rcx);
  movl(Address(rsp,4),rax);
  movl(Address(rsp,0),0);
  fmul_d(Address(rsp,0));   // Stack: 2^X ...
  addptr(rsp,sizeof(jdouble));
}

void MacroAssembler::increase_precision() {
  subptr(rsp, BytesPerWord);
  fnstcw(Address(rsp, 0));
  movl(rax, Address(rsp, 0));
  orl(rax, 0x300);
  push(rax);
  fldcw(Address(rsp, 0));
  pop(rax);
}

void MacroAssembler::restore_precision() {
  fldcw(Address(rsp, 0));
  addptr(rsp, BytesPerWord);
}

void MacroAssembler::fast_pow() {
  // computes X^Y = 2^(Y * log2(X))
  // if fast computation is not possible, result is NaN. Requires
  // fallback from user of this macro.
  // increase precision for intermediate steps of the computation
  BLOCK_COMMENT("fast_pow {");
  increase_precision();
  fyl2x();                 // Stack: (Y*log2(X)) ...
  pow_exp_core_encoding(); // Stack: exp(X) ...
  restore_precision();
  BLOCK_COMMENT("} fast_pow");
}

void MacroAssembler::fast_exp() {
  // computes exp(X) = 2^(X * log2(e))
  // if fast computation is not possible, result is NaN. Requires
  // fallback from user of this macro.
  // increase precision for intermediate steps of the computation
  increase_precision();
  fldl2e();                // Stack: log2(e) X ...
  fmulp(1);                // Stack: (X*log2(e)) ...
  pow_exp_core_encoding(); // Stack: exp(X) ...
  restore_precision();
}

void MacroAssembler::pow_or_exp(bool is_exp, int num_fpu_regs_in_use) {
  // kills rax, rcx, rdx
  // pow and exp needs 2 extra registers on the fpu stack.
  Label slow_case, done;
  Register tmp = noreg;
  if (!VM_Version::supports_cmov()) {
    // fcmp needs a temporary so preserve rdx,
    tmp = rdx;
  }
  Register tmp2 = rax;
  Register tmp3 = rcx;

  if (is_exp) {
    // Stack: X
    fld_s(0);                   // duplicate argument for runtime call. Stack: X X
    fast_exp();                 // Stack: exp(X) X
    fcmp(tmp, 0, false, false); // Stack: exp(X) X
    // exp(X) not equal to itself: exp(X) is NaN go to slow case.
    jcc(Assembler::parity, slow_case);
    // get rid of duplicate argument. Stack: exp(X)
    if (num_fpu_regs_in_use > 0) {
      fxch();
      fpop();
    } else {
      ffree(1);
    }
    jmp(done);
  } else {
    // Stack: X Y
    Label x_negative, y_odd;

    fldz();                     // Stack: 0 X Y
    fcmp(tmp, 1, true, false);  // Stack: X Y
    jcc(Assembler::above, x_negative);

    // X >= 0

    fld_s(1);                   // duplicate arguments for runtime call. Stack: Y X Y
    fld_s(1);                   // Stack: X Y X Y
    fast_pow();                 // Stack: X^Y X Y
    fcmp(tmp, 0, false, false); // Stack: X^Y X Y
    // X^Y not equal to itself: X^Y is NaN go to slow case.
    jcc(Assembler::parity, slow_case);
    // get rid of duplicate arguments. Stack: X^Y
    if (num_fpu_regs_in_use > 0) {
      fxch(); fpop();
      fxch(); fpop();
    } else {
      ffree(2);
      ffree(1);
    }
    jmp(done);

    // X <= 0
    bind(x_negative);

    fld_s(1);                   // Stack: Y X Y
    frndint();                  // Stack: int(Y) X Y
    fcmp(tmp, 2, false, false); // Stack: int(Y) X Y
    jcc(Assembler::notEqual, slow_case);

    subptr(rsp, 8);

    // For X^Y, when X < 0, Y has to be an integer and the final
    // result depends on whether it's odd or even. We just checked
    // that int(Y) == Y.  We move int(Y) to gp registers as a 64 bit
    // integer to test its parity. If int(Y) is huge and doesn't fit
    // in the 64 bit integer range, the integer indefinite value will
    // end up in the gp registers. Huge numbers are all even, the
    // integer indefinite number is even so it's fine.

#ifdef ASSERT
    // Let's check we don't end up with an integer indefinite number
    // when not expected. First test for huge numbers: check whether
    // int(Y)+1 == int(Y) which is true for very large numbers and
    // those are all even. A 64 bit integer is guaranteed to not
    // overflow for numbers where y+1 != y (when precision is set to
    // double precision).
    Label y_not_huge;

    fld1();                     // Stack: 1 int(Y) X Y
    fadd(1);                    // Stack: 1+int(Y) int(Y) X Y

#ifdef _LP64
    // trip to memory to force the precision down from double extended
    // precision
    fstp_d(Address(rsp, 0));
    fld_d(Address(rsp, 0));
#endif

    fcmp(tmp, 1, true, false);  // Stack: int(Y) X Y
#endif

    // move int(Y) as 64 bit integer to thread's stack
    fistp_d(Address(rsp,0));    // Stack: X Y

#ifdef ASSERT
    jcc(Assembler::notEqual, y_not_huge);

    // Y is huge so we know it's even. It may not fit in a 64 bit
    // integer and we don't want the debug code below to see the
    // integer indefinite value so overwrite int(Y) on the thread's
    // stack with 0.
    movl(Address(rsp, 0), 0);
    movl(Address(rsp, 4), 0);

    bind(y_not_huge);
#endif

    fld_s(1);                   // duplicate arguments for runtime call. Stack: Y X Y
    fld_s(1);                   // Stack: X Y X Y
    fabs();                     // Stack: abs(X) Y X Y
    fast_pow();                 // Stack: abs(X)^Y X Y
    fcmp(tmp, 0, false, false); // Stack: abs(X)^Y X Y
    // abs(X)^Y not equal to itself: abs(X)^Y is NaN go to slow case.

    pop(tmp2);
    NOT_LP64(pop(tmp3));
    jcc(Assembler::parity, slow_case);

#ifdef ASSERT
    // Check that int(Y) is not integer indefinite value (int
    // overflow). Shouldn't happen because for values that would
    // overflow, 1+int(Y)==Y which was tested earlier.
#ifndef _LP64
    {
      Label integer;
      testl(tmp2, tmp2);
      jcc(Assembler::notZero, integer);
      cmpl(tmp3, 0x80000000);
      jcc(Assembler::notZero, integer);
      STOP("integer indefinite value shouldn't be seen here");
      bind(integer);
    }
#else
    {
      Label integer;
      mov(tmp3, tmp2); // preserve tmp2 for parity check below
      shlq(tmp3, 1);
      jcc(Assembler::carryClear, integer);
      jcc(Assembler::notZero, integer);
      STOP("integer indefinite value shouldn't be seen here");
      bind(integer);
    }
#endif
#endif

    // get rid of duplicate arguments. Stack: X^Y
    if (num_fpu_regs_in_use > 0) {
      fxch(); fpop();
      fxch(); fpop();
    } else {
      ffree(2);
      ffree(1);
    }

    testl(tmp2, 1);
    jcc(Assembler::zero, done); // X <= 0, Y even: X^Y = abs(X)^Y
    // X <= 0, Y even: X^Y = -abs(X)^Y

    fchs();                     // Stack: -abs(X)^Y Y
    jmp(done);
  }

  // slow case: runtime call
  bind(slow_case);

  fpop();                       // pop incorrect result or int(Y)

  fp_runtime_fallback(is_exp ? CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, SharedRuntime::dexp) : CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, SharedRuntime::dpow),
                      is_exp ? 1 : 2, num_fpu_regs_in_use);

  // Come here with result in F-TOS
  bind(done);
}

void MacroAssembler::fpop() {
  ffree();
  fincstp();
}

void MacroAssembler::fremr(Register tmp) {
  save_rax(tmp);
  { Label L;
    bind(L);
    fprem();
    fwait(); fnstsw_ax();
#ifdef _LP64
    testl(rax, 0x400);
    jcc(Assembler::notEqual, L);
#else
    sahf();
    jcc(Assembler::parity, L);
#endif // _LP64
  }
  restore_rax(tmp);
  // Result is in ST0.
  // Note: fxch & fpop to get rid of ST1
  // (otherwise FPU stack could overflow eventually)
  fxch(1);
  fpop();
}


void MacroAssembler::incrementl(AddressLiteral dst) {
  if (reachable(dst)) {
    incrementl(as_Address(dst));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, dst);
    incrementl(Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::incrementl(ArrayAddress dst) {
  incrementl(as_Address(dst));
}

void MacroAssembler::incrementl(Register reg, int value) {
  if (value == min_jint) {addl(reg, value) ; return; }
  if (value <  0) { decrementl(reg, -value); return; }
  if (value == 0) {                        ; return; }
  if (value == 1 && UseIncDec) { incl(reg) ; return; }
  /* else */      { addl(reg, value)       ; return; }
}

void MacroAssembler::incrementl(Address dst, int value) {
  if (value == min_jint) {addl(dst, value) ; return; }
  if (value <  0) { decrementl(dst, -value); return; }
  if (value == 0) {                        ; return; }
  if (value == 1 && UseIncDec) { incl(dst) ; return; }
  /* else */      { addl(dst, value)       ; return; }
}

void MacroAssembler::jump(AddressLiteral dst) {
  if (reachable(dst)) {
    jmp_literal(dst.target(), dst.rspec());
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, dst);
    jmp(rscratch1);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::jump_cc(Condition cc, AddressLiteral dst) {
  if (reachable(dst)) {
    InstructionMark im(this);
    relocate(dst.reloc());
    const int short_size = 2;
    const int long_size = 6;
    int offs = (intptr_t)dst.target() - ((intptr_t)pc());
    if (dst.reloc() == relocInfo::none && is8bit(offs - short_size)) {
      // 0111 tttn #8-bit disp
      emit_int8(0x70 | cc);
      emit_int8((offs - short_size) & 0xFF);
    } else {
      // 0000 1111 1000 tttn #32-bit disp
      emit_int8(0x0F);
      emit_int8((unsigned char)(0x80 | cc));
      emit_int32(offs - long_size);
    }
  } else {
#ifdef ASSERT
    warning("reversing conditional branch");
#endif /* ASSERT */
    Label skip;
    jccb(reverse[cc], skip);
    lea(rscratch1, dst);
    Assembler::jmp(rscratch1);
    bind(skip);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::ldmxcsr(AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::ldmxcsr(as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::ldmxcsr(Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

int MacroAssembler::load_signed_byte(Register dst, Address src) {
  int off;
  if (LP64_ONLY(true ||) VM_Version::is_P6()) {
    off = offset();
    movsbl(dst, src); // movsxb
  } else {
    off = load_unsigned_byte(dst, src);
    shll(dst, 24);
    sarl(dst, 24);
  }
  return off;
}

// Note: load_signed_short used to be called load_signed_word.
// Although the 'w' in x86 opcodes refers to the term "word" in the assembler
// manual, which means 16 bits, that usage is found nowhere in HotSpot code.
// The term "word" in HotSpot means a 32- or 64-bit machine word.
int MacroAssembler::load_signed_short(Register dst, Address src) {
  int off;
  if (LP64_ONLY(true ||) VM_Version::is_P6()) {
    // This is dubious to me since it seems safe to do a signed 16 => 64 bit
    // version but this is what 64bit has always done. This seems to imply
    // that users are only using 32bits worth.
    off = offset();
    movswl(dst, src); // movsxw
  } else {
    off = load_unsigned_short(dst, src);
    shll(dst, 16);
    sarl(dst, 16);
  }
  return off;
}

int MacroAssembler::load_unsigned_byte(Register dst, Address src) {
  // According to Intel Doc. AP-526, "Zero-Extension of Short", p.16,
  // and "3.9 Partial Register Penalties", p. 22).
  int off;
  if (LP64_ONLY(true || ) VM_Version::is_P6() || src.uses(dst)) {
    off = offset();
    movzbl(dst, src); // movzxb
  } else {
    xorl(dst, dst);
    off = offset();
    movb(dst, src);
  }
  return off;
}

// Note: load_unsigned_short used to be called load_unsigned_word.
int MacroAssembler::load_unsigned_short(Register dst, Address src) {
  // According to Intel Doc. AP-526, "Zero-Extension of Short", p.16,
  // and "3.9 Partial Register Penalties", p. 22).
  int off;
  if (LP64_ONLY(true ||) VM_Version::is_P6() || src.uses(dst)) {
    off = offset();
    movzwl(dst, src); // movzxw
  } else {
    xorl(dst, dst);
    off = offset();
    movw(dst, src);
  }
  return off;
}

void MacroAssembler::load_sized_value(Register dst, Address src, size_t size_in_bytes, bool is_signed, Register dst2) {
  switch (size_in_bytes) {
#ifndef _LP64
  case  8:
    assert(dst2 != noreg, "second dest register required");
    movl(dst,  src);
    movl(dst2, src.plus_disp(BytesPerInt));
    break;
#else
  case  8:  movq(dst, src); break;
#endif
  case  4:  movl(dst, src); break;
  case  2:  is_signed ? load_signed_short(dst, src) : load_unsigned_short(dst, src); break;
  case  1:  is_signed ? load_signed_byte( dst, src) : load_unsigned_byte( dst, src); break;
  default:  ShouldNotReachHere();
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::store_sized_value(Address dst, Register src, size_t size_in_bytes, Register src2) {
  switch (size_in_bytes) {
#ifndef _LP64
  case  8:
    assert(src2 != noreg, "second source register required");
    movl(dst,                        src);
    movl(dst.plus_disp(BytesPerInt), src2);
    break;
#else
  case  8:  movq(dst, src); break;
#endif
  case  4:  movl(dst, src); break;
  case  2:  movw(dst, src); break;
  case  1:  movb(dst, src); break;
  default:  ShouldNotReachHere();
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::mov32(AddressLiteral dst, Register src) {
  if (reachable(dst)) {
    movl(as_Address(dst), src);
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, dst);
    movl(Address(rscratch1, 0), src);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::mov32(Register dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    movl(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    movl(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

// C++ bool manipulation

void MacroAssembler::movbool(Register dst, Address src) {
  if(sizeof(bool) == 1)
    movb(dst, src);
  else if(sizeof(bool) == 2)
    movw(dst, src);
  else if(sizeof(bool) == 4)
    movl(dst, src);
  else
    // unsupported
    ShouldNotReachHere();
}

void MacroAssembler::movbool(Address dst, bool boolconst) {
  if(sizeof(bool) == 1)
    movb(dst, (int) boolconst);
  else if(sizeof(bool) == 2)
    movw(dst, (int) boolconst);
  else if(sizeof(bool) == 4)
    movl(dst, (int) boolconst);
  else
    // unsupported
    ShouldNotReachHere();
}

void MacroAssembler::movbool(Address dst, Register src) {
  if(sizeof(bool) == 1)
    movb(dst, src);
  else if(sizeof(bool) == 2)
    movw(dst, src);
  else if(sizeof(bool) == 4)
    movl(dst, src);
  else
    // unsupported
    ShouldNotReachHere();
}

void MacroAssembler::movbyte(ArrayAddress dst, int src) {
  movb(as_Address(dst), src);
}

void MacroAssembler::movdl(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    movdl(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    movdl(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::movq(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    movq(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    movq(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::movdbl(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    if (UseXmmLoadAndClearUpper) {
      movsd (dst, as_Address(src));
    } else {
      movlpd(dst, as_Address(src));
    }
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    if (UseXmmLoadAndClearUpper) {
      movsd (dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
    } else {
      movlpd(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
    }
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::movflt(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    movss(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    movss(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::movptr(Register dst, Register src) {
  LP64_ONLY(movq(dst, src)) NOT_LP64(movl(dst, src));
}

void MacroAssembler::movptr(Register dst, Address src) {
  LP64_ONLY(movq(dst, src)) NOT_LP64(movl(dst, src));
}

// src should NEVER be a real pointer. Use AddressLiteral for true pointers
void MacroAssembler::movptr(Register dst, intptr_t src) {
  LP64_ONLY(mov64(dst, src)) NOT_LP64(movl(dst, src));
}

void MacroAssembler::movptr(Address dst, Register src) {
  LP64_ONLY(movq(dst, src)) NOT_LP64(movl(dst, src));
}

void MacroAssembler::movdqu(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::movdqu(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::movdqu(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::movdqa(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::movdqa(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::movdqa(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::movsd(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::movsd(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::movsd(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::movss(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::movss(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::movss(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::mulsd(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::mulsd(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::mulsd(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::mulss(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::mulss(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::mulss(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::null_check(Register reg, int offset) {
  if (needs_explicit_null_check(offset)) {
    // provoke OS NULL exception if reg = NULL by
    // accessing M[reg] w/o changing any (non-CC) registers
    // NOTE: cmpl is plenty here to provoke a segv
    cmpptr(rax, Address(reg, 0));
    // Note: should probably use testl(rax, Address(reg, 0));
    //       may be shorter code (however, this version of
    //       testl needs to be implemented first)
  } else {
    // nothing to do, (later) access of M[reg + offset]
    // will provoke OS NULL exception if reg = NULL
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::os_breakpoint() {
  // instead of directly emitting a breakpoint, call os:breakpoint for better debugability
  // (e.g., MSVC can't call ps() otherwise)
  call(RuntimeAddress(CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, os::breakpoint)));
}

void MacroAssembler::pop_CPU_state() {
  pop_FPU_state();
  pop_IU_state();
}

void MacroAssembler::pop_FPU_state() {
  NOT_LP64(frstor(Address(rsp, 0));)
  LP64_ONLY(fxrstor(Address(rsp, 0));)
  addptr(rsp, FPUStateSizeInWords * wordSize);
}

void MacroAssembler::pop_IU_state() {
  popa();
  LP64_ONLY(addq(rsp, 8));
  popf();
}

// Save Integer and Float state
// Warning: Stack must be 16 byte aligned (64bit)
void MacroAssembler::push_CPU_state() {
  push_IU_state();
  push_FPU_state();
}

void MacroAssembler::push_FPU_state() {
  subptr(rsp, FPUStateSizeInWords * wordSize);
#ifndef _LP64
  fnsave(Address(rsp, 0));
  fwait();
#else
  fxsave(Address(rsp, 0));
#endif // LP64
}

void MacroAssembler::push_IU_state() {
  // Push flags first because pusha kills them
  pushf();
  // Make sure rsp stays 16-byte aligned
  LP64_ONLY(subq(rsp, 8));
  pusha();
}

void MacroAssembler::reset_last_Java_frame(Register java_thread, bool clear_fp, bool clear_pc) {
  // determine java_thread register
  if (!java_thread->is_valid()) {
    java_thread = rdi;
    get_thread(java_thread);
  }
  // we must set sp to zero to clear frame
  movptr(Address(java_thread, JavaThread::last_Java_sp_offset()), NULL_WORD);
  if (clear_fp) {
    movptr(Address(java_thread, JavaThread::last_Java_fp_offset()), NULL_WORD);
  }

  if (clear_pc)
    movptr(Address(java_thread, JavaThread::last_Java_pc_offset()), NULL_WORD);

}

void MacroAssembler::restore_rax(Register tmp) {
  if (tmp == noreg) pop(rax);
  else if (tmp != rax) mov(rax, tmp);
}

void MacroAssembler::round_to(Register reg, int modulus) {
  addptr(reg, modulus - 1);
  andptr(reg, -modulus);
}

void MacroAssembler::save_rax(Register tmp) {
  if (tmp == noreg) push(rax);
  else if (tmp != rax) mov(tmp, rax);
}

// Write serialization page so VM thread can do a pseudo remote membar.
// We use the current thread pointer to calculate a thread specific
// offset to write to within the page. This minimizes bus traffic
// due to cache line collision.
void MacroAssembler::serialize_memory(Register thread, Register tmp) {
  movl(tmp, thread);
  shrl(tmp, os::get_serialize_page_shift_count());
  andl(tmp, (os::vm_page_size() - sizeof(int)));

  Address index(noreg, tmp, Address::times_1);
  ExternalAddress page(os::get_memory_serialize_page());

  // Size of store must match masking code above
  movl(as_Address(ArrayAddress(page, index)), tmp);
}

// Calls to C land
//
// When entering C land, the rbp, & rsp of the last Java frame have to be recorded
// in the (thread-local) JavaThread object. When leaving C land, the last Java fp
// has to be reset to 0. This is required to allow proper stack traversal.
void MacroAssembler::set_last_Java_frame(Register java_thread,
                                         Register last_java_sp,
                                         Register last_java_fp,
                                         address  last_java_pc) {
  // determine java_thread register
  if (!java_thread->is_valid()) {
    java_thread = rdi;
    get_thread(java_thread);
  }
  // determine last_java_sp register
  if (!last_java_sp->is_valid()) {
    last_java_sp = rsp;
  }

  // last_java_fp is optional

  if (last_java_fp->is_valid()) {
    movptr(Address(java_thread, JavaThread::last_Java_fp_offset()), last_java_fp);
  }

  // last_java_pc is optional

  if (last_java_pc != NULL) {
    lea(Address(java_thread,
                 JavaThread::frame_anchor_offset() + JavaFrameAnchor::last_Java_pc_offset()),
        InternalAddress(last_java_pc));

  }
  movptr(Address(java_thread, JavaThread::last_Java_sp_offset()), last_java_sp);
}

void MacroAssembler::shlptr(Register dst, int imm8) {
  LP64_ONLY(shlq(dst, imm8)) NOT_LP64(shll(dst, imm8));
}

void MacroAssembler::shrptr(Register dst, int imm8) {
  LP64_ONLY(shrq(dst, imm8)) NOT_LP64(shrl(dst, imm8));
}

void MacroAssembler::sign_extend_byte(Register reg) {
  if (LP64_ONLY(true ||) (VM_Version::is_P6() && reg->has_byte_register())) {
    movsbl(reg, reg); // movsxb
  } else {
    shll(reg, 24);
    sarl(reg, 24);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::sign_extend_short(Register reg) {
  if (LP64_ONLY(true ||) VM_Version::is_P6()) {
    movswl(reg, reg); // movsxw
  } else {
    shll(reg, 16);
    sarl(reg, 16);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::testl(Register dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  assert(reachable(src), "Address should be reachable");
  testl(dst, as_Address(src));
}

void MacroAssembler::sqrtsd(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::sqrtsd(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::sqrtsd(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::sqrtss(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::sqrtss(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::sqrtss(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::subsd(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::subsd(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::subsd(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::subss(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::subss(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::subss(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::ucomisd(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::ucomisd(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::ucomisd(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::ucomiss(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::ucomiss(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::ucomiss(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::xorpd(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  // Used in sign-bit flipping with aligned address.
  assert((UseAVX > 0) || (((intptr_t)src.target() & 15) == 0), "SSE mode requires address alignment 16 bytes");
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::xorpd(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::xorpd(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::xorps(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  // Used in sign-bit flipping with aligned address.
  assert((UseAVX > 0) || (((intptr_t)src.target() & 15) == 0), "SSE mode requires address alignment 16 bytes");
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::xorps(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::xorps(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::pshufb(XMMRegister dst, AddressLiteral src) {
  // Used in sign-bit flipping with aligned address.
  bool aligned_adr = (((intptr_t)src.target() & 15) == 0);
  assert((UseAVX > 0) || aligned_adr, "SSE mode requires address alignment 16 bytes");
  if (reachable(src)) {
    Assembler::pshufb(dst, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    Assembler::pshufb(dst, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

// AVX 3-operands instructions

void MacroAssembler::vaddsd(XMMRegister dst, XMMRegister nds, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    vaddsd(dst, nds, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    vaddsd(dst, nds, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::vaddss(XMMRegister dst, XMMRegister nds, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    vaddss(dst, nds, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    vaddss(dst, nds, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::vandpd(XMMRegister dst, XMMRegister nds, AddressLiteral src, bool vector256) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    vandpd(dst, nds, as_Address(src), vector256);
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    vandpd(dst, nds, Address(rscratch1, 0), vector256);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::vandps(XMMRegister dst, XMMRegister nds, AddressLiteral src, bool vector256) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    vandps(dst, nds, as_Address(src), vector256);
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    vandps(dst, nds, Address(rscratch1, 0), vector256);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::vdivsd(XMMRegister dst, XMMRegister nds, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    vdivsd(dst, nds, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    vdivsd(dst, nds, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::vdivss(XMMRegister dst, XMMRegister nds, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    vdivss(dst, nds, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    vdivss(dst, nds, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::vmulsd(XMMRegister dst, XMMRegister nds, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    vmulsd(dst, nds, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    vmulsd(dst, nds, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::vmulss(XMMRegister dst, XMMRegister nds, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    vmulss(dst, nds, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    vmulss(dst, nds, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::vsubsd(XMMRegister dst, XMMRegister nds, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    vsubsd(dst, nds, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    vsubsd(dst, nds, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::vsubss(XMMRegister dst, XMMRegister nds, AddressLiteral src) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    vsubss(dst, nds, as_Address(src));
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    vsubss(dst, nds, Address(rscratch1, 0));
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::vxorpd(XMMRegister dst, XMMRegister nds, AddressLiteral src, bool vector256) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    vxorpd(dst, nds, as_Address(src), vector256);
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    vxorpd(dst, nds, Address(rscratch1, 0), vector256);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::vxorps(XMMRegister dst, XMMRegister nds, AddressLiteral src, bool vector256) {
  if (reachable(src)) {
    vxorps(dst, nds, as_Address(src), vector256);
  } else {
    lea(rscratch1, src);
    vxorps(dst, nds, Address(rscratch1, 0), vector256);
  }
}


//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#if INCLUDE_ALL_GCS

void MacroAssembler::g1_write_barrier_pre(Register obj,
                                          Register pre_val,
                                          Register thread,
                                          Register tmp,
                                          bool tosca_live,
                                          bool expand_call) {

  // If expand_call is true then we expand the call_VM_leaf macro
  // directly to skip generating the check by
  // InterpreterMacroAssembler::call_VM_leaf_base that checks _last_sp.

#ifdef _LP64
  assert(thread == r15_thread, "must be");
#endif // _LP64

  Label done;
  Label runtime;

  assert(pre_val != noreg, "check this code");

  if (obj != noreg) {
    assert_different_registers(obj, pre_val, tmp);
    assert(pre_val != rax, "check this code");
  }

  Address in_progress(thread, in_bytes(JavaThread::satb_mark_queue_offset() +
                                       PtrQueue::byte_offset_of_active()));
  Address index(thread, in_bytes(JavaThread::satb_mark_queue_offset() +
                                       PtrQueue::byte_offset_of_index()));
  Address buffer(thread, in_bytes(JavaThread::satb_mark_queue_offset() +
                                       PtrQueue::byte_offset_of_buf()));


  // Is marking active?
  if (in_bytes(PtrQueue::byte_width_of_active()) == 4) {
    cmpl(in_progress, 0);
  } else {
    assert(in_bytes(PtrQueue::byte_width_of_active()) == 1, "Assumption");
    cmpb(in_progress, 0);
  }
  jcc(Assembler::equal, done);

  // Do we need to load the previous value?
  if (obj != noreg) {
    load_heap_oop(pre_val, Address(obj, 0));
  }

  // Is the previous value null?
  cmpptr(pre_val, (int32_t) NULL_WORD);
  jcc(Assembler::equal, done);

  // Can we store original value in the thread's buffer?
  // Is index == 0?
  // (The index field is typed as size_t.)

  movptr(tmp, index);                   // tmp := *index_adr
  cmpptr(tmp, 0);                       // tmp == 0?
  jcc(Assembler::equal, runtime);       // If yes, goto runtime

  subptr(tmp, wordSize);                // tmp := tmp - wordSize
  movptr(index, tmp);                   // *index_adr := tmp
  addptr(tmp, buffer);                  // tmp := tmp + *buffer_adr

  // Record the previous value
  movptr(Address(tmp, 0), pre_val);
  jmp(done);

  bind(runtime);
  // save the live input values
  if(tosca_live) push(rax);

  if (obj != noreg && obj != rax)
    push(obj);

  if (pre_val != rax)
    push(pre_val);

  // Calling the runtime using the regular call_VM_leaf mechanism generates
  // code (generated by InterpreterMacroAssember::call_VM_leaf_base)
  // that checks that the *(ebp+frame::interpreter_frame_last_sp) == NULL.
  //
  // If we care generating the pre-barrier without a frame (e.g. in the
  // intrinsified Reference.get() routine) then ebp might be pointing to
  // the caller frame and so this check will most likely fail at runtime.
  //
  // Expanding the call directly bypasses the generation of the check.
  // So when we do not have have a full interpreter frame on the stack
  // expand_call should be passed true.

  NOT_LP64( push(thread); )

  if (expand_call) {
    LP64_ONLY( assert(pre_val != c_rarg1, "smashed arg"); )
    pass_arg1(this, thread);
    pass_arg0(this, pre_val);
    MacroAssembler::call_VM_leaf_base(CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, SharedRuntime::g1_wb_pre), 2);
  } else {
    call_VM_leaf(CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, SharedRuntime::g1_wb_pre), pre_val, thread);
  }

  NOT_LP64( pop(thread); )

  // save the live input values
  if (pre_val != rax)
    pop(pre_val);

  if (obj != noreg && obj != rax)
    pop(obj);

  if(tosca_live) pop(rax);

  bind(done);
}

void MacroAssembler::g1_write_barrier_post(Register store_addr,
                                           Register new_val,
                                           Register thread,
                                           Register tmp,
                                           Register tmp2) {
#ifdef _LP64
  assert(thread == r15_thread, "must be");
#endif // _LP64

  Address queue_index(thread, in_bytes(JavaThread::dirty_card_queue_offset() +
                                       PtrQueue::byte_offset_of_index()));
  Address buffer(thread, in_bytes(JavaThread::dirty_card_queue_offset() +
                                       PtrQueue::byte_offset_of_buf()));

  BarrierSet* bs = Universe::heap()->barrier_set();
  CardTableModRefBS* ct = (CardTableModRefBS*)bs;
  assert(sizeof(*ct->byte_map_base) == sizeof(jbyte), "adjust this code");

  Label done;
  Label runtime;

  // Does store cross heap regions?

  movptr(tmp, store_addr);
  xorptr(tmp, new_val);
  shrptr(tmp, HeapRegion::LogOfHRGrainBytes);
  jcc(Assembler::equal, done);

  // crosses regions, storing NULL?

  cmpptr(new_val, (int32_t) NULL_WORD);
  jcc(Assembler::equal, done);

  // storing region crossing non-NULL, is card already dirty?

  const Register card_addr = tmp;
  const Register cardtable = tmp2;

  movptr(card_addr, store_addr);
  shrptr(card_addr, CardTableModRefBS::card_shift);
  // Do not use ExternalAddress to load 'byte_map_base', since 'byte_map_base' is NOT
  // a valid address and therefore is not properly handled by the relocation code.
  movptr(cardtable, (intptr_t)ct->byte_map_base);
  addptr(card_addr, cardtable);

  cmpb(Address(card_addr, 0), (int)G1SATBCardTableModRefBS::g1_young_card_val());
  jcc(Assembler::equal, done);

  membar(Assembler::Membar_mask_bits(Assembler::StoreLoad));
  cmpb(Address(card_addr, 0), (int)CardTableModRefBS::dirty_card_val());
  jcc(Assembler::equal, done);


  // storing a region crossing, non-NULL oop, card is clean.
  // dirty card and log.

  movb(Address(card_addr, 0), (int)CardTableModRefBS::dirty_card_val());

  cmpl(queue_index, 0);
  jcc(Assembler::equal, runtime);
  subl(queue_index, wordSize);
  movptr(tmp2, buffer);
#ifdef _LP64
  movslq(rscratch1, queue_index);
  addq(tmp2, rscratch1);
  movq(Address(tmp2, 0), card_addr);
#else
  addl(tmp2, queue_index);
  movl(Address(tmp2, 0), card_addr);
#endif
  jmp(done);

  bind(runtime);
  // save the live input values
  push(store_addr);
  push(new_val);
#ifdef _LP64
  call_VM_leaf(CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, SharedRuntime::g1_wb_post), card_addr, r15_thread);
#else
  push(thread);
  call_VM_leaf(CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, SharedRuntime::g1_wb_post), card_addr, thread);
  pop(thread);
#endif
  pop(new_val);
  pop(store_addr);

  bind(done);
}

#endif // INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


void MacroAssembler::store_check(Register obj) {
  // Does a store check for the oop in register obj. The content of
  // register obj is destroyed afterwards.
  store_check_part_1(obj);
  store_check_part_2(obj);
}

void MacroAssembler::store_check(Register obj, Address dst) {
  store_check(obj);
}


// split the store check operation so that other instructions can be scheduled inbetween
void MacroAssembler::store_check_part_1(Register obj) {
  BarrierSet* bs = Universe::heap()->barrier_set();
  assert(bs->kind() == BarrierSet::CardTableModRef, "Wrong barrier set kind");
  shrptr(obj, CardTableModRefBS::card_shift);
}

void MacroAssembler::store_check_part_2(Register obj) {
  BarrierSet* bs = Universe::heap()->barrier_set();
  assert(bs->kind() == BarrierSet::CardTableModRef, "Wrong barrier set kind");
  CardTableModRefBS* ct = (CardTableModRefBS*)bs;
  assert(sizeof(*ct->byte_map_base) == sizeof(jbyte), "adjust this code");

  // The calculation for byte_map_base is as follows:
  // byte_map_base = _byte_map - (uintptr_t(low_bound) >> card_shift);
  // So this essentially converts an address to a displacement and it will
  // never need to be relocated. On 64bit however the value may be too
  // large for a 32bit displacement.
  intptr_t disp = (intptr_t) ct->byte_map_base;
  if (is_simm32(disp)) {
    Address cardtable(noreg, obj, Address::times_1, disp);
    movb(cardtable, 0);
  } else {
    // By doing it as an ExternalAddress 'disp' could be converted to a rip-relative
    // displacement and done in a single instruction given favorable mapping and a
    // smarter version of as_Address. However, 'ExternalAddress' generates a relocation
    // entry and that entry is not properly handled by the relocation code.
    AddressLiteral cardtable((address)ct->byte_map_base, relocInfo::none);
    Address index(noreg, obj, Address::times_1);
    movb(as_Address(ArrayAddress(cardtable, index)), 0);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::subptr(Register dst, int32_t imm32) {
  LP64_ONLY(subq(dst, imm32)) NOT_LP64(subl(dst, imm32));
}

// Force generation of a 4 byte immediate value even if it fits into 8bit
void MacroAssembler::subptr_imm32(Register dst, int32_t imm32) {
  LP64_ONLY(subq_imm32(dst, imm32)) NOT_LP64(subl_imm32(dst, imm32));
}

void MacroAssembler::subptr(Register dst, Register src) {
  LP64_ONLY(subq(dst, src)) NOT_LP64(subl(dst, src));
}

// C++ bool manipulation
void MacroAssembler::testbool(Register dst) {
  if(sizeof(bool) == 1)
    testb(dst, 0xff);
  else if(sizeof(bool) == 2) {
    // testw implementation needed for two byte bools
    ShouldNotReachHere();
  } else if(sizeof(bool) == 4)
    testl(dst, dst);
  else
    // unsupported
    ShouldNotReachHere();
}

void MacroAssembler::testptr(Register dst, Register src) {
  LP64_ONLY(testq(dst, src)) NOT_LP64(testl(dst, src));
}

// Defines obj, preserves var_size_in_bytes, okay for t2 == var_size_in_bytes.
void MacroAssembler::tlab_allocate(Register obj,
                                   Register var_size_in_bytes,
                                   int con_size_in_bytes,
                                   Register t1,
                                   Register t2,
                                   Label& slow_case) {
  assert_different_registers(obj, t1, t2);
  assert_different_registers(obj, var_size_in_bytes, t1);
  Register end = t2;
  Register thread = NOT_LP64(t1) LP64_ONLY(r15_thread);

  verify_tlab();

  NOT_LP64(get_thread(thread));

  movptr(obj, Address(thread, JavaThread::tlab_top_offset()));
  if (var_size_in_bytes == noreg) {
    lea(end, Address(obj, con_size_in_bytes));
  } else {
    lea(end, Address(obj, var_size_in_bytes, Address::times_1));
  }
  cmpptr(end, Address(thread, JavaThread::tlab_end_offset()));
  jcc(Assembler::above, slow_case);

  // update the tlab top pointer
  movptr(Address(thread, JavaThread::tlab_top_offset()), end);

  // recover var_size_in_bytes if necessary
  if (var_size_in_bytes == end) {
    subptr(var_size_in_bytes, obj);
  }
  verify_tlab();
}

// Preserves rbx, and rdx.
Register MacroAssembler::tlab_refill(Label& retry,
                                     Label& try_eden,
                                     Label& slow_case) {
  Register top = rax;
  Register t1  = rcx;
  Register t2  = rsi;
  Register thread_reg = NOT_LP64(rdi) LP64_ONLY(r15_thread);
  assert_different_registers(top, thread_reg, t1, t2, /* preserve: */ rbx, rdx);
  Label do_refill, discard_tlab;

  if (CMSIncrementalMode || !Universe::heap()->supports_inline_contig_alloc()) {
    // No allocation in the shared eden.
    jmp(slow_case);
  }

  NOT_LP64(get_thread(thread_reg));

  movptr(top, Address(thread_reg, in_bytes(JavaThread::tlab_top_offset())));
  movptr(t1,  Address(thread_reg, in_bytes(JavaThread::tlab_end_offset())));

  // calculate amount of free space
  subptr(t1, top);
  shrptr(t1, LogHeapWordSize);

  // Retain tlab and allocate object in shared space if
  // the amount free in the tlab is too large to discard.
  cmpptr(t1, Address(thread_reg, in_bytes(JavaThread::tlab_refill_waste_limit_offset())));
  jcc(Assembler::lessEqual, discard_tlab);

  // Retain
  // %%% yuck as movptr...
  movptr(t2, (int32_t) ThreadLocalAllocBuffer::refill_waste_limit_increment());
  addptr(Address(thread_reg, in_bytes(JavaThread::tlab_refill_waste_limit_offset())), t2);
  if (TLABStats) {
    // increment number of slow_allocations
    addl(Address(thread_reg, in_bytes(JavaThread::tlab_slow_allocations_offset())), 1);
  }
  jmp(try_eden);

  bind(discard_tlab);
  if (TLABStats) {
    // increment number of refills
    addl(Address(thread_reg, in_bytes(JavaThread::tlab_number_of_refills_offset())), 1);
    // accumulate wastage -- t1 is amount free in tlab
    addl(Address(thread_reg, in_bytes(JavaThread::tlab_fast_refill_waste_offset())), t1);
  }

  // if tlab is currently allocated (top or end != null) then
  // fill [top, end + alignment_reserve) with array object
  testptr(top, top);
  jcc(Assembler::zero, do_refill);

  // set up the mark word
  movptr(Address(top, oopDesc::mark_offset_in_bytes()), (intptr_t)markOopDesc::prototype()->copy_set_hash(0x2));
  // set the length to the remaining space
  subptr(t1, typeArrayOopDesc::header_size(T_INT));
  addptr(t1, (int32_t)ThreadLocalAllocBuffer::alignment_reserve());
  shlptr(t1, log2_intptr(HeapWordSize/sizeof(jint)));
  movl(Address(top, arrayOopDesc::length_offset_in_bytes()), t1);
  // set klass to intArrayKlass
  // dubious reloc why not an oop reloc?
  movptr(t1, ExternalAddress((address)Universe::intArrayKlassObj_addr()));
  // store klass last.  concurrent gcs assumes klass length is valid if
  // klass field is not null.
  store_klass(top, t1);

  movptr(t1, top);
  subptr(t1, Address(thread_reg, in_bytes(JavaThread::tlab_start_offset())));
  incr_allocated_bytes(thread_reg, t1, 0);

  // refill the tlab with an eden allocation
  bind(do_refill);
  movptr(t1, Address(thread_reg, in_bytes(JavaThread::tlab_size_offset())));
  shlptr(t1, LogHeapWordSize);
  // allocate new tlab, address returned in top
  eden_allocate(top, t1, 0, t2, slow_case);

  // Check that t1 was preserved in eden_allocate.
#ifdef ASSERT
  if (UseTLAB) {
    Label ok;
    Register tsize = rsi;
    assert_different_registers(tsize, thread_reg, t1);
    push(tsize);
    movptr(tsize, Address(thread_reg, in_bytes(JavaThread::tlab_size_offset())));
    shlptr(tsize, LogHeapWordSize);
    cmpptr(t1, tsize);
    jcc(Assembler::equal, ok);
    STOP("assert(t1 != tlab size)");
    should_not_reach_here();

    bind(ok);
    pop(tsize);
  }
#endif
  movptr(Address(thread_reg, in_bytes(JavaThread::tlab_start_offset())), top);
  movptr(Address(thread_reg, in_bytes(JavaThread::tlab_top_offset())), top);
  addptr(top, t1);
  subptr(top, (int32_t)ThreadLocalAllocBuffer::alignment_reserve_in_bytes());
  movptr(Address(thread_reg, in_bytes(JavaThread::tlab_end_offset())), top);
  verify_tlab();
  jmp(retry);

  return thread_reg; // for use by caller
}

void MacroAssembler::incr_allocated_bytes(Register thread,
                                          Register var_size_in_bytes,
                                          int con_size_in_bytes,
                                          Register t1) {
  if (!thread->is_valid()) {
#ifdef _LP64
    thread = r15_thread;
#else
    assert(t1->is_valid(), "need temp reg");
    thread = t1;
    get_thread(thread);
#endif
  }

#ifdef _LP64
  if (var_size_in_bytes->is_valid()) {
    addq(Address(thread, in_bytes(JavaThread::allocated_bytes_offset())), var_size_in_bytes);
  } else {
    addq(Address(thread, in_bytes(JavaThread::allocated_bytes_offset())), con_size_in_bytes);
  }
#else
  if (var_size_in_bytes->is_valid()) {
    addl(Address(thread, in_bytes(JavaThread::allocated_bytes_offset())), var_size_in_bytes);
  } else {
    addl(Address(thread, in_bytes(JavaThread::allocated_bytes_offset())), con_size_in_bytes);
  }
  adcl(Address(thread, in_bytes(JavaThread::allocated_bytes_offset())+4), 0);
#endif
}

void MacroAssembler::fp_runtime_fallback(address runtime_entry, int nb_args, int num_fpu_regs_in_use) {
  pusha();

  // if we are coming from c1, xmm registers may be live
  int off = 0;
  if (UseSSE == 1)  {
    subptr(rsp, sizeof(jdouble)*8);
    movflt(Address(rsp,off++*sizeof(jdouble)),xmm0);
    movflt(Address(rsp,off++*sizeof(jdouble)),xmm1);
    movflt(Address(rsp,off++*sizeof(jdouble)),xmm2);
    movflt(Address(rsp,off++*sizeof(jdouble)),xmm3);
    movflt(Address(rsp,off++*sizeof(jdouble)),xmm4);
    movflt(Address(rsp,off++*sizeof(jdouble)),xmm5);
    movflt(Address(rsp,off++*sizeof(jdouble)),xmm6);
    movflt(Address(rsp,off++*sizeof(jdouble)),xmm7);
  } else if (UseSSE >= 2)  {
#ifdef COMPILER2
    if (MaxVectorSize > 16) {
      assert(UseAVX > 0, "256bit vectors are supported only with AVX");
      // Save upper half of YMM registes
      subptr(rsp, 16 * LP64_ONLY(16) NOT_LP64(8));
      vextractf128h(Address(rsp,  0),xmm0);
      vextractf128h(Address(rsp, 16),xmm1);
      vextractf128h(Address(rsp, 32),xmm2);
      vextractf128h(Address(rsp, 48),xmm3);
      vextractf128h(Address(rsp, 64),xmm4);
      vextractf128h(Address(rsp, 80),xmm5);
      vextractf128h(Address(rsp, 96),xmm6);
      vextractf128h(Address(rsp,112),xmm7);
#ifdef _LP64
      vextractf128h(Address(rsp,128),xmm8);
      vextractf128h(Address(rsp,144),xmm9);
      vextractf128h(Address(rsp,160),xmm10);
      vextractf128h(Address(rsp,176),xmm11);
      vextractf128h(Address(rsp,192),xmm12);
      vextractf128h(Address(rsp,208),xmm13);
      vextractf128h(Address(rsp,224),xmm14);
      vextractf128h(Address(rsp,240),xmm15);
#endif
    }
#endif
    // Save whole 128bit (16 bytes) XMM regiters
    subptr(rsp, 16 * LP64_ONLY(16) NOT_LP64(8));
    movdqu(Address(rsp,off++*16),xmm0);
    movdqu(Address(rsp,off++*16),xmm1);
    movdqu(Address(rsp,off++*16),xmm2);
    movdqu(Address(rsp,off++*16),xmm3);
    movdqu(Address(rsp,off++*16),xmm4);
    movdqu(Address(rsp,off++*16),xmm5);
    movdqu(Address(rsp,off++*16),xmm6);
    movdqu(Address(rsp,off++*16),xmm7);
#ifdef _LP64
    movdqu(Address(rsp,off++*16),xmm8);
    movdqu(Address(rsp,off++*16),xmm9);
    movdqu(Address(rsp,off++*16),xmm10);
    movdqu(Address(rsp,off++*16),xmm11);
    movdqu(Address(rsp,off++*16),xmm12);
    movdqu(Address(rsp,off++*16),xmm13);
    movdqu(Address(rsp,off++*16),xmm14);
    movdqu(Address(rsp,off++*16),xmm15);
#endif
  }

  // Preserve registers across runtime call
  int incoming_argument_and_return_value_offset = -1;
  if (num_fpu_regs_in_use > 1) {
    // Must preserve all other FPU regs (could alternatively convert
    // SharedRuntime::dsin, dcos etc. into assembly routines known not to trash
    // FPU state, but can not trust C compiler)
    NEEDS_CLEANUP;
    // NOTE that in this case we also push the incoming argument(s) to
    // the stack and restore it later; we also use this stack slot to
    // hold the return value from dsin, dcos etc.
    for (int i = 0; i < num_fpu_regs_in_use; i++) {
      subptr(rsp, sizeof(jdouble));
      fstp_d(Address(rsp, 0));
    }
    incoming_argument_and_return_value_offset = sizeof(jdouble)*(num_fpu_regs_in_use-1);
    for (int i = nb_args-1; i >= 0; i--) {
      fld_d(Address(rsp, incoming_argument_and_return_value_offset-i*sizeof(jdouble)));
    }
  }

  subptr(rsp, nb_args*sizeof(jdouble));
  for (int i = 0; i < nb_args; i++) {
    fstp_d(Address(rsp, i*sizeof(jdouble)));
  }

#ifdef _LP64
  if (nb_args > 0) {
    movdbl(xmm0, Address(rsp, 0));
  }
  if (nb_args > 1) {
    movdbl(xmm1, Address(rsp, sizeof(jdouble)));
  }
  assert(nb_args <= 2, "unsupported number of args");
#endif // _LP64

  // NOTE: we must not use call_VM_leaf here because that requires a
  // complete interpreter frame in debug mode -- same bug as 4387334
  // MacroAssembler::call_VM_leaf_base is perfectly safe and will
  // do proper 64bit abi

  NEEDS_CLEANUP;
  // Need to add stack banging before this runtime call if it needs to
  // be taken; however, there is no generic stack banging routine at
  // the MacroAssembler level

  MacroAssembler::call_VM_leaf_base(runtime_entry, 0);

#ifdef _LP64
  movsd(Address(rsp, 0), xmm0);
  fld_d(Address(rsp, 0));
#endif // _LP64
  addptr(rsp, sizeof(jdouble) * nb_args);
  if (num_fpu_regs_in_use > 1) {
    // Must save return value to stack and then restore entire FPU
    // stack except incoming arguments
    fstp_d(Address(rsp, incoming_argument_and_return_value_offset));
    for (int i = 0; i < num_fpu_regs_in_use - nb_args; i++) {
      fld_d(Address(rsp, 0));
      addptr(rsp, sizeof(jdouble));
    }
    fld_d(Address(rsp, (nb_args-1)*sizeof(jdouble)));
    addptr(rsp, sizeof(jdouble) * nb_args);
  }

  off = 0;
  if (UseSSE == 1)  {
    movflt(xmm0, Address(rsp,off++*sizeof(jdouble)));
    movflt(xmm1, Address(rsp,off++*sizeof(jdouble)));
    movflt(xmm2, Address(rsp,off++*sizeof(jdouble)));
    movflt(xmm3, Address(rsp,off++*sizeof(jdouble)));
    movflt(xmm4, Address(rsp,off++*sizeof(jdouble)));
    movflt(xmm5, Address(rsp,off++*sizeof(jdouble)));
    movflt(xmm6, Address(rsp,off++*sizeof(jdouble)));
    movflt(xmm7, Address(rsp,off++*sizeof(jdouble)));
    addptr(rsp, sizeof(jdouble)*8);
  } else if (UseSSE >= 2)  {
    // Restore whole 128bit (16 bytes) XMM regiters
    movdqu(xmm0, Address(rsp,off++*16));
    movdqu(xmm1, Address(rsp,off++*16));
    movdqu(xmm2, Address(rsp,off++*16));
    movdqu(xmm3, Address(rsp,off++*16));
    movdqu(xmm4, Address(rsp,off++*16));
    movdqu(xmm5, Address(rsp,off++*16));
    movdqu(xmm6, Address(rsp,off++*16));
    movdqu(xmm7, Address(rsp,off++*16));
#ifdef _LP64
    movdqu(xmm8, Address(rsp,off++*16));
    movdqu(xmm9, Address(rsp,off++*16));
    movdqu(xmm10, Address(rsp,off++*16));
    movdqu(xmm11, Address(rsp,off++*16));
    movdqu(xmm12, Address(rsp,off++*16));
    movdqu(xmm13, Address(rsp,off++*16));
    movdqu(xmm14, Address(rsp,off++*16));
    movdqu(xmm15, Address(rsp,off++*16));
#endif
    addptr(rsp, 16 * LP64_ONLY(16) NOT_LP64(8));
#ifdef COMPILER2
    if (MaxVectorSize > 16) {
      // Restore upper half of YMM registes.
      vinsertf128h(xmm0, Address(rsp,  0));
      vinsertf128h(xmm1, Address(rsp, 16));
      vinsertf128h(xmm2, Address(rsp, 32));
      vinsertf128h(xmm3, Address(rsp, 48));
      vinsertf128h(xmm4, Address(rsp, 64));
      vinsertf128h(xmm5, Address(rsp, 80));
      vinsertf128h(xmm6, Address(rsp, 96));
      vinsertf128h(xmm7, Address(rsp,112));
#ifdef _LP64
      vinsertf128h(xmm8, Address(rsp,128));
      vinsertf128h(xmm9, Address(rsp,144));
      vinsertf128h(xmm10, Address(rsp,160));
      vinsertf128h(xmm11, Address(rsp,176));
      vinsertf128h(xmm12, Address(rsp,192));
      vinsertf128h(xmm13, Address(rsp,208));
      vinsertf128h(xmm14, Address(rsp,224));
      vinsertf128h(xmm15, Address(rsp,240));
#endif
      addptr(rsp, 16 * LP64_ONLY(16) NOT_LP64(8));
    }
#endif
  }
  popa();
}

static const double     pi_4 =  0.7853981633974483;

void MacroAssembler::trigfunc(char trig, int num_fpu_regs_in_use) {
  // A hand-coded argument reduction for values in fabs(pi/4, pi/2)
  // was attempted in this code; unfortunately it appears that the
  // switch to 80-bit precision and back causes this to be
  // unprofitable compared with simply performing a runtime call if
  // the argument is out of the (-pi/4, pi/4) range.

  Register tmp = noreg;
  if (!VM_Version::supports_cmov()) {
    // fcmp needs a temporary so preserve rbx,
    tmp = rbx;
    push(tmp);
  }

  Label slow_case, done;

  ExternalAddress pi4_adr = (address)&pi_4;
  if (reachable(pi4_adr)) {
    // x ?<= pi/4
    fld_d(pi4_adr);
    fld_s(1);                // Stack:  X  PI/4  X
    fabs();                  // Stack: |X| PI/4  X
    fcmp(tmp);
    jcc(Assembler::above, slow_case);

    // fastest case: -pi/4 <= x <= pi/4
    switch(trig) {
    case 's':
      fsin();
      break;
    case 'c':
      fcos();
      break;
    case 't':
      ftan();
      break;
    default:
      assert(false, "bad intrinsic");
      break;
    }
    jmp(done);
  }

  // slow case: runtime call
  bind(slow_case);

  switch(trig) {
  case 's':
    {
      fp_runtime_fallback(CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, SharedRuntime::dsin), 1, num_fpu_regs_in_use);
    }
    break;
  case 'c':
    {
      fp_runtime_fallback(CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, SharedRuntime::dcos), 1, num_fpu_regs_in_use);
    }
    break;
  case 't':
    {
      fp_runtime_fallback(CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, SharedRuntime::dtan), 1, num_fpu_regs_in_use);
    }
    break;
  default:
    assert(false, "bad intrinsic");
    break;
  }

  // Come here with result in F-TOS
  bind(done);

  if (tmp != noreg) {
    pop(tmp);
  }
}


// Look up the method for a megamorphic invokeinterface call.
// The target method is determined by <intf_klass, itable_index>.
// The receiver klass is in recv_klass.
// On success, the result will be in method_result, and execution falls through.
// On failure, execution transfers to the given label.
void MacroAssembler::lookup_interface_method(Register recv_klass,
                                             Register intf_klass,
                                             RegisterOrConstant itable_index,
                                             Register method_result,
                                             Register scan_temp,
                                             Label& L_no_such_interface) {
  assert_different_registers(recv_klass, intf_klass, method_result, scan_temp);
  assert(itable_index.is_constant() || itable_index.as_register() == method_result,
         "caller must use same register for non-constant itable index as for method");

  // Compute start of first itableOffsetEntry (which is at the end of the vtable)
  int vtable_base = InstanceKlass::vtable_start_offset() * wordSize;
  int itentry_off = itableMethodEntry::method_offset_in_bytes();
  int scan_step   = itableOffsetEntry::size() * wordSize;
  int vte_size    = vtableEntry::size() * wordSize;
  Address::ScaleFactor times_vte_scale = Address::times_ptr;
  assert(vte_size == wordSize, "else adjust times_vte_scale");

  movl(scan_temp, Address(recv_klass, InstanceKlass::vtable_length_offset() * wordSize));

  // %%% Could store the aligned, prescaled offset in the klassoop.
  lea(scan_temp, Address(recv_klass, scan_temp, times_vte_scale, vtable_base));
  if (HeapWordsPerLong > 1) {
    // Round up to align_object_offset boundary
    // see code for InstanceKlass::start_of_itable!
    round_to(scan_temp, BytesPerLong);
  }

  // Adjust recv_klass by scaled itable_index, so we can free itable_index.
  assert(itableMethodEntry::size() * wordSize == wordSize, "adjust the scaling in the code below");
  lea(recv_klass, Address(recv_klass, itable_index, Address::times_ptr, itentry_off));

  // for (scan = klass->itable(); scan->interface() != NULL; scan += scan_step) {
  //   if (scan->interface() == intf) {
  //     result = (klass + scan->offset() + itable_index);
  //   }
  // }
  Label search, found_method;

  for (int peel = 1; peel >= 0; peel--) {
    movptr(method_result, Address(scan_temp, itableOffsetEntry::interface_offset_in_bytes()));
    cmpptr(intf_klass, method_result);

    if (peel) {
      jccb(Assembler::equal, found_method);
    } else {
      jccb(Assembler::notEqual, search);
      // (invert the test to fall through to found_method...)
    }

    if (!peel)  break;

    bind(search);

    // Check that the previous entry is non-null.  A null entry means that
    // the receiver class doesn't implement the interface, and wasn't the
    // same as when the caller was compiled.
    testptr(method_result, method_result);
    jcc(Assembler::zero, L_no_such_interface);
    addptr(scan_temp, scan_step);
  }

  bind(found_method);

  // Got a hit.
  movl(scan_temp, Address(scan_temp, itableOffsetEntry::offset_offset_in_bytes()));
  movptr(method_result, Address(recv_klass, scan_temp, Address::times_1));
}


// virtual method calling
void MacroAssembler::lookup_virtual_method(Register recv_klass,
                                           RegisterOrConstant vtable_index,
                                           Register method_result) {
  const int base = InstanceKlass::vtable_start_offset() * wordSize;
  assert(vtableEntry::size() * wordSize == wordSize, "else adjust the scaling in the code below");
  Address vtable_entry_addr(recv_klass,
                            vtable_index, Address::times_ptr,
                            base + vtableEntry::method_offset_in_bytes());
  movptr(method_result, vtable_entry_addr);
}


void MacroAssembler::check_klass_subtype(Register sub_klass,
                           Register super_klass,
                           Register temp_reg,
                           Label& L_success) {
  Label L_failure;
  check_klass_subtype_fast_path(sub_klass, super_klass, temp_reg,        &L_success, &L_failure, NULL);
  check_klass_subtype_slow_path(sub_klass, super_klass, temp_reg, noreg, &L_success, NULL);
  bind(L_failure);
}


void MacroAssembler::check_klass_subtype_fast_path(Register sub_klass,
                                                   Register super_klass,
                                                   Register temp_reg,
                                                   Label* L_success,
                                                   Label* L_failure,
                                                   Label* L_slow_path,
                                        RegisterOrConstant super_check_offset) {
  assert_different_registers(sub_klass, super_klass, temp_reg);
  bool must_load_sco = (super_check_offset.constant_or_zero() == -1);
  if (super_check_offset.is_register()) {
    assert_different_registers(sub_klass, super_klass,
                               super_check_offset.as_register());
  } else if (must_load_sco) {
    assert(temp_reg != noreg, "supply either a temp or a register offset");
  }

  Label L_fallthrough;
  int label_nulls = 0;
  if (L_success == NULL)   { L_success   = &L_fallthrough; label_nulls++; }
  if (L_failure == NULL)   { L_failure   = &L_fallthrough; label_nulls++; }
  if (L_slow_path == NULL) { L_slow_path = &L_fallthrough; label_nulls++; }
  assert(label_nulls <= 1, "at most one NULL in the batch");

  int sc_offset = in_bytes(Klass::secondary_super_cache_offset());
  int sco_offset = in_bytes(Klass::super_check_offset_offset());
  Address super_check_offset_addr(super_klass, sco_offset);

  // Hacked jcc, which "knows" that L_fallthrough, at least, is in
  // range of a jccb.  If this routine grows larger, reconsider at
  // least some of these.
#define local_jcc(assembler_cond, label)                                \
  if (&(label) == &L_fallthrough)  jccb(assembler_cond, label);         \
  else                             jcc( assembler_cond, label) /*omit semi*/

  // Hacked jmp, which may only be used just before L_fallthrough.
#define final_jmp(label)                                                \
  if (&(label) == &L_fallthrough) { /*do nothing*/ }                    \
  else                            jmp(label)                /*omit semi*/

  // If the pointers are equal, we are done (e.g., String[] elements).
  // This self-check enables sharing of secondary supertype arrays among
  // non-primary types such as array-of-interface.  Otherwise, each such
  // type would need its own customized SSA.
  // We move this check to the front of the fast path because many
  // type checks are in fact trivially successful in this manner,
  // so we get a nicely predicted branch right at the start of the check.
  cmpptr(sub_klass, super_klass);
  local_jcc(Assembler::equal, *L_success);

  // Check the supertype display:
  if (must_load_sco) {
    // Positive movl does right thing on LP64.
    movl(temp_reg, super_check_offset_addr);
    super_check_offset = RegisterOrConstant(temp_reg);
  }
  Address super_check_addr(sub_klass, super_check_offset, Address::times_1, 0);
  cmpptr(super_klass, super_check_addr); // load displayed supertype

  // This check has worked decisively for primary supers.
  // Secondary supers are sought in the super_cache ('super_cache_addr').
  // (Secondary supers are interfaces and very deeply nested subtypes.)
  // This works in the same check above because of a tricky aliasing
  // between the super_cache and the primary super display elements.
  // (The 'super_check_addr' can address either, as the case requires.)
  // Note that the cache is updated below if it does not help us find
  // what we need immediately.
  // So if it was a primary super, we can just fail immediately.
  // Otherwise, it's the slow path for us (no success at this point).

  if (super_check_offset.is_register()) {
    local_jcc(Assembler::equal, *L_success);
    cmpl(super_check_offset.as_register(), sc_offset);
    if (L_failure == &L_fallthrough) {
      local_jcc(Assembler::equal, *L_slow_path);
    } else {
      local_jcc(Assembler::notEqual, *L_failure);
      final_jmp(*L_slow_path);
    }
  } else if (super_check_offset.as_constant() == sc_offset) {
    // Need a slow path; fast failure is impossible.
    if (L_slow_path == &L_fallthrough) {
      local_jcc(Assembler::equal, *L_success);
    } else {
      local_jcc(Assembler::notEqual, *L_slow_path);
      final_jmp(*L_success);
    }
  } else {
    // No slow path; it's a fast decision.
    if (L_failure == &L_fallthrough) {
      local_jcc(Assembler::equal, *L_success);
    } else {
      local_jcc(Assembler::notEqual, *L_failure);
      final_jmp(*L_success);
    }
  }

  bind(L_fallthrough);

#undef local_jcc
#undef final_jmp
}


void MacroAssembler::check_klass_subtype_slow_path(Register sub_klass,
                                                   Register super_klass,
                                                   Register temp_reg,
                                                   Register temp2_reg,
                                                   Label* L_success,
                                                   Label* L_failure,
                                                   bool set_cond_codes) {
  assert_different_registers(sub_klass, super_klass, temp_reg);
  if (temp2_reg != noreg)
    assert_different_registers(sub_klass, super_klass, temp_reg, temp2_reg);
#define IS_A_TEMP(reg) ((reg) == temp_reg || (reg) == temp2_reg)

  Label L_fallthrough;
  int label_nulls = 0;
  if (L_success == NULL)   { L_success   = &L_fallthrough; label_nulls++; }
  if (L_failure == NULL)   { L_failure   = &L_fallthrough; label_nulls++; }
  assert(label_nulls <= 1, "at most one NULL in the batch");

  // a couple of useful fields in sub_klass:
  int ss_offset = in_bytes(Klass::secondary_supers_offset());
  int sc_offset = in_bytes(Klass::secondary_super_cache_offset());
  Address secondary_supers_addr(sub_klass, ss_offset);
  Address super_cache_addr(     sub_klass, sc_offset);

  // Do a linear scan of the secondary super-klass chain.
  // This code is rarely used, so simplicity is a virtue here.
  // The repne_scan instruction uses fixed registers, which we must spill.
  // Don't worry too much about pre-existing connections with the input regs.

  assert(sub_klass != rax, "killed reg"); // killed by mov(rax, super)
  assert(sub_klass != rcx, "killed reg"); // killed by lea(rcx, &pst_counter)

  // Get super_klass value into rax (even if it was in rdi or rcx).
  bool pushed_rax = false, pushed_rcx = false, pushed_rdi = false;
  if (super_klass != rax || UseCompressedOops) {
    if (!IS_A_TEMP(rax)) { push(rax); pushed_rax = true; }
    mov(rax, super_klass);
  }
  if (!IS_A_TEMP(rcx)) { push(rcx); pushed_rcx = true; }
  if (!IS_A_TEMP(rdi)) { push(rdi); pushed_rdi = true; }

#ifndef PRODUCT
  int* pst_counter = &SharedRuntime::_partial_subtype_ctr;
  ExternalAddress pst_counter_addr((address) pst_counter);
  NOT_LP64(  incrementl(pst_counter_addr) );
  LP64_ONLY( lea(rcx, pst_counter_addr) );
  LP64_ONLY( incrementl(Address(rcx, 0)) );
#endif //PRODUCT

  // We will consult the secondary-super array.
  movptr(rdi, secondary_supers_addr);
  // Load the array length.  (Positive movl does right thing on LP64.)
  movl(rcx, Address(rdi, Array<Klass*>::length_offset_in_bytes()));
  // Skip to start of data.
  addptr(rdi, Array<Klass*>::base_offset_in_bytes());

  // Scan RCX words at [RDI] for an occurrence of RAX.
  // Set NZ/Z based on last compare.
  // Z flag value will not be set by 'repne' if RCX == 0 since 'repne' does
  // not change flags (only scas instruction which is repeated sets flags).
  // Set Z = 0 (not equal) before 'repne' to indicate that class was not found.

    testptr(rax,rax); // Set Z = 0
    repne_scan();

  // Unspill the temp. registers:
  if (pushed_rdi)  pop(rdi);
  if (pushed_rcx)  pop(rcx);
  if (pushed_rax)  pop(rax);

  if (set_cond_codes) {
    // Special hack for the AD files:  rdi is guaranteed non-zero.
    assert(!pushed_rdi, "rdi must be left non-NULL");
    // Also, the condition codes are properly set Z/NZ on succeed/failure.
  }

  if (L_failure == &L_fallthrough)
        jccb(Assembler::notEqual, *L_failure);
  else  jcc(Assembler::notEqual, *L_failure);

  // Success.  Cache the super we found and proceed in triumph.
  movptr(super_cache_addr, super_klass);

  if (L_success != &L_fallthrough) {
    jmp(*L_success);
  }

#undef IS_A_TEMP

  bind(L_fallthrough);
}


void MacroAssembler::cmov32(Condition cc, Register dst, Address src) {
  if (VM_Version::supports_cmov()) {
    cmovl(cc, dst, src);
  } else {
    Label L;
    jccb(negate_condition(cc), L);
    movl(dst, src);
    bind(L);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::cmov32(Condition cc, Register dst, Register src) {
  if (VM_Version::supports_cmov()) {
    cmovl(cc, dst, src);
  } else {
    Label L;
    jccb(negate_condition(cc), L);
    movl(dst, src);
    bind(L);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::verify_oop(Register reg, const char* s) {
  if (!VerifyOops) return;

  // Pass register number to verify_oop_subroutine
  const char* b = NULL;
  {
    ResourceMark rm;
    stringStream ss;
    ss.print("verify_oop: %s: %s", reg->name(), s);
    b = code_string(ss.as_string());
  }
  BLOCK_COMMENT("verify_oop {");
#ifdef _LP64
  push(rscratch1);                    // save r10, trashed by movptr()
#endif
  push(rax);                          // save rax,
  push(reg);                          // pass register argument
  ExternalAddress buffer((address) b);
  // avoid using pushptr, as it modifies scratch registers
  // and our contract is not to modify anything
  movptr(rax, buffer.addr());
  push(rax);
  // call indirectly to solve generation ordering problem
  movptr(rax, ExternalAddress(StubRoutines::verify_oop_subroutine_entry_address()));
  call(rax);
  // Caller pops the arguments (oop, message) and restores rax, r10
  BLOCK_COMMENT("} verify_oop");
}


RegisterOrConstant MacroAssembler::delayed_value_impl(intptr_t* delayed_value_addr,
                                                      Register tmp,
                                                      int offset) {
  intptr_t value = *delayed_value_addr;
  if (value != 0)
    return RegisterOrConstant(value + offset);

  // load indirectly to solve generation ordering problem
  movptr(tmp, ExternalAddress((address) delayed_value_addr));

#ifdef ASSERT
  { Label L;
    testptr(tmp, tmp);
    if (WizardMode) {
      const char* buf = NULL;
      {
        ResourceMark rm;
        stringStream ss;
        ss.print("DelayedValue="INTPTR_FORMAT, delayed_value_addr[1]);
        buf = code_string(ss.as_string());
      }
      jcc(Assembler::notZero, L);
      STOP(buf);
    } else {
      jccb(Assembler::notZero, L);
      hlt();
    }
    bind(L);
  }
#endif

  if (offset != 0)
    addptr(tmp, offset);

  return RegisterOrConstant(tmp);
}


Address MacroAssembler::argument_address(RegisterOrConstant arg_slot,
                                         int extra_slot_offset) {
  // cf. TemplateTable::prepare_invoke(), if (load_receiver).
  int stackElementSize = Interpreter::stackElementSize;
  int offset = Interpreter::expr_offset_in_bytes(extra_slot_offset+0);
#ifdef ASSERT
  int offset1 = Interpreter::expr_offset_in_bytes(extra_slot_offset+1);
  assert(offset1 - offset == stackElementSize, "correct arithmetic");
#endif
  Register             scale_reg    = noreg;
  Address::ScaleFactor scale_factor = Address::no_scale;
  if (arg_slot.is_constant()) {
    offset += arg_slot.as_constant() * stackElementSize;
  } else {
    scale_reg    = arg_slot.as_register();
    scale_factor = Address::times(stackElementSize);
  }
  offset += wordSize;           // return PC is on stack
  return Address(rsp, scale_reg, scale_factor, offset);
}


void MacroAssembler::verify_oop_addr(Address addr, const char* s) {
  if (!VerifyOops) return;

  // Address adjust(addr.base(), addr.index(), addr.scale(), addr.disp() + BytesPerWord);
  // Pass register number to verify_oop_subroutine
  const char* b = NULL;
  {
    ResourceMark rm;
    stringStream ss;
    ss.print("verify_oop_addr: %s", s);
    b = code_string(ss.as_string());
  }
#ifdef _LP64
  push(rscratch1);                    // save r10, trashed by movptr()
#endif
  push(rax);                          // save rax,
  // addr may contain rsp so we will have to adjust it based on the push
  // we just did (and on 64 bit we do two pushes)
  // NOTE: 64bit seemed to have had a bug in that it did movq(addr, rax); which
  // stores rax into addr which is backwards of what was intended.
  if (addr.uses(rsp)) {
    lea(rax, addr);
    pushptr(Address(rax, LP64_ONLY(2 *) BytesPerWord));
  } else {
    pushptr(addr);
  }

  ExternalAddress buffer((address) b);
  // pass msg argument
  // avoid using pushptr, as it modifies scratch registers
  // and our contract is not to modify anything
  movptr(rax, buffer.addr());
  push(rax);

  // call indirectly to solve generation ordering problem
  movptr(rax, ExternalAddress(StubRoutines::verify_oop_subroutine_entry_address()));
  call(rax);
  // Caller pops the arguments (addr, message) and restores rax, r10.
}

void MacroAssembler::verify_tlab() {
#ifdef ASSERT
  if (UseTLAB && VerifyOops) {
    Label next, ok;
    Register t1 = rsi;
    Register thread_reg = NOT_LP64(rbx) LP64_ONLY(r15_thread);

    push(t1);
    NOT_LP64(push(thread_reg));
    NOT_LP64(get_thread(thread_reg));

    movptr(t1, Address(thread_reg, in_bytes(JavaThread::tlab_top_offset())));
    cmpptr(t1, Address(thread_reg, in_bytes(JavaThread::tlab_start_offset())));
    jcc(Assembler::aboveEqual, next);
    STOP("assert(top >= start)");
    should_not_reach_here();

    bind(next);
    movptr(t1, Address(thread_reg, in_bytes(JavaThread::tlab_end_offset())));
    cmpptr(t1, Address(thread_reg, in_bytes(JavaThread::tlab_top_offset())));
    jcc(Assembler::aboveEqual, ok);
    STOP("assert(top <= end)");
    should_not_reach_here();

    bind(ok);
    NOT_LP64(pop(thread_reg));
    pop(t1);
  }
#endif
}

class ControlWord {
 public:
  int32_t _value;

  int  rounding_control() const        { return  (_value >> 10) & 3      ; }
  int  precision_control() const       { return  (_value >>  8) & 3      ; }
  bool precision() const               { return ((_value >>  5) & 1) != 0; }
  bool underflow() const               { return ((_value >>  4) & 1) != 0; }
  bool overflow() const                { return ((_value >>  3) & 1) != 0; }
  bool zero_divide() const             { return ((_value >>  2) & 1) != 0; }
  bool denormalized() const            { return ((_value >>  1) & 1) != 0; }
  bool invalid() const                 { return ((_value >>  0) & 1) != 0; }

  void print() const {
    // rounding control
    const char* rc;
    switch (rounding_control()) {
      case 0: rc = "round near"; break;
      case 1: rc = "round down"; break;
      case 2: rc = "round up  "; break;
      case 3: rc = "chop      "; break;
    };
    // precision control
    const char* pc;
    switch (precision_control()) {
      case 0: pc = "24 bits "; break;
      case 1: pc = "reserved"; break;
      case 2: pc = "53 bits "; break;
      case 3: pc = "64 bits "; break;
    };
    // flags
    char f[9];
    f[0] = ' ';
    f[1] = ' ';
    f[2] = (precision   ()) ? 'P' : 'p';
    f[3] = (underflow   ()) ? 'U' : 'u';
    f[4] = (overflow    ()) ? 'O' : 'o';
    f[5] = (zero_divide ()) ? 'Z' : 'z';
    f[6] = (denormalized()) ? 'D' : 'd';
    f[7] = (invalid     ()) ? 'I' : 'i';
    f[8] = '\x0';
    // output
    printf("%04x  masks = %s, %s, %s", _value & 0xFFFF, f, rc, pc);
  }

};

class StatusWord {
 public:
  int32_t _value;

  bool busy() const                    { return ((_value >> 15) & 1) != 0; }
  bool C3() const                      { return ((_value >> 14) & 1) != 0; }
  bool C2() const                      { return ((_value >> 10) & 1) != 0; }
  bool C1() const                      { return ((_value >>  9) & 1) != 0; }
  bool C0() const                      { return ((_value >>  8) & 1) != 0; }
  int  top() const                     { return  (_value >> 11) & 7      ; }
  bool error_status() const            { return ((_value >>  7) & 1) != 0; }
  bool stack_fault() const             { return ((_value >>  6) & 1) != 0; }
  bool precision() const               { return ((_value >>  5) & 1) != 0; }
  bool underflow() const               { return ((_value >>  4) & 1) != 0; }
  bool overflow() const                { return ((_value >>  3) & 1) != 0; }
  bool zero_divide() const             { return ((_value >>  2) & 1) != 0; }
  bool denormalized() const            { return ((_value >>  1) & 1) != 0; }
  bool invalid() const                 { return ((_value >>  0) & 1) != 0; }

  void print() const {
    // condition codes
    char c[5];
    c[0] = (C3()) ? '3' : '-';
    c[1] = (C2()) ? '2' : '-';
    c[2] = (C1()) ? '1' : '-';
    c[3] = (C0()) ? '0' : '-';
    c[4] = '\x0';
    // flags
    char f[9];
    f[0] = (error_status()) ? 'E' : '-';
    f[1] = (stack_fault ()) ? 'S' : '-';
    f[2] = (precision   ()) ? 'P' : '-';
    f[3] = (underflow   ()) ? 'U' : '-';
    f[4] = (overflow    ()) ? 'O' : '-';
    f[5] = (zero_divide ()) ? 'Z' : '-';
    f[6] = (denormalized()) ? 'D' : '-';
    f[7] = (invalid     ()) ? 'I' : '-';
    f[8] = '\x0';
    // output
    printf("%04x  flags = %s, cc =  %s, top = %d", _value & 0xFFFF, f, c, top());
  }

};

class TagWord {
 public:
  int32_t _value;

  int tag_at(int i) const              { return (_value >> (i*2)) & 3; }

  void print() const {
    printf("%04x", _value & 0xFFFF);
  }

};

class FPU_Register {
 public:
  int32_t _m0;
  int32_t _m1;
  int16_t _ex;

  bool is_indefinite() const           {
    return _ex == -1 && _m1 == (int32_t)0xC0000000 && _m0 == 0;
  }

  void print() const {
    char  sign = (_ex < 0) ? '-' : '+';
    const char* kind = (_ex == 0x7FFF || _ex == (int16_t)-1) ? "NaN" : "   ";
    printf("%c%04hx.%08x%08x  %s", sign, _ex, _m1, _m0, kind);
  };

};

class FPU_State {
 public:
  enum {
    register_size       = 10,
    number_of_registers =  8,
    register_mask       =  7
  };

  ControlWord  _control_word;
  StatusWord   _status_word;
  TagWord      _tag_word;
  int32_t      _error_offset;
  int32_t      _error_selector;
  int32_t      _data_offset;
  int32_t      _data_selector;
  int8_t       _register[register_size * number_of_registers];

  int tag_for_st(int i) const          { return _tag_word.tag_at((_status_word.top() + i) & register_mask); }
  FPU_Register* st(int i) const        { return (FPU_Register*)&_register[register_size * i]; }

  const char* tag_as_string(int tag) const {
    switch (tag) {
      case 0: return "valid";
      case 1: return "zero";
      case 2: return "special";
      case 3: return "empty";
    }
    ShouldNotReachHere();
    return NULL;
  }

  void print() const {
    // print computation registers
    { int t = _status_word.top();
      for (int i = 0; i < number_of_registers; i++) {
        int j = (i - t) & register_mask;
        printf("%c r%d = ST%d = ", (j == 0 ? '*' : ' '), i, j);
        st(j)->print();
        printf(" %s\n", tag_as_string(_tag_word.tag_at(i)));
      }
    }
    printf("\n");
    // print control registers
    printf("ctrl = "); _control_word.print(); printf("\n");
    printf("stat = "); _status_word .print(); printf("\n");
    printf("tags = "); _tag_word    .print(); printf("\n");
  }

};

class Flag_Register {
 public:
  int32_t _value;

  bool overflow() const                { return ((_value >> 11) & 1) != 0; }
  bool direction() const               { return ((_value >> 10) & 1) != 0; }
  bool sign() const                    { return ((_value >>  7) & 1) != 0; }
  bool zero() const                    { return ((_value >>  6) & 1) != 0; }
  bool auxiliary_carry() const         { return ((_value >>  4) & 1) != 0; }
  bool parity() const                  { return ((_value >>  2) & 1) != 0; }
  bool carry() const                   { return ((_value >>  0) & 1) != 0; }

  void print() const {
    // flags
    char f[8];
    f[0] = (overflow       ()) ? 'O' : '-';
    f[1] = (direction      ()) ? 'D' : '-';
    f[2] = (sign           ()) ? 'S' : '-';
    f[3] = (zero           ()) ? 'Z' : '-';
    f[4] = (auxiliary_carry()) ? 'A' : '-';
    f[5] = (parity         ()) ? 'P' : '-';
    f[6] = (carry          ()) ? 'C' : '-';
    f[7] = '\x0';
    // output
    printf("%08x  flags = %s", _value, f);
  }

};

class IU_Register {
 public:
  int32_t _value;

  void print() const {
    printf("%08x  %11d", _value, _value);
  }

};

class IU_State {
 public:
  Flag_Register _eflags;
  IU_Register   _rdi;
  IU_Register   _rsi;
  IU_Register   _rbp;
  IU_Register   _rsp;
  IU_Register   _rbx;
  IU_Register   _rdx;
  IU_Register   _rcx;
  IU_Register   _rax;

  void print() const {
    // computation registers
    printf("rax,  = "); _rax.print(); printf("\n");
    printf("rbx,  = "); _rbx.print(); printf("\n");
    printf("rcx  = "); _rcx.print(); printf("\n");
    printf("rdx  = "); _rdx.print(); printf("\n");
    printf("rdi  = "); _rdi.print(); printf("\n");
    printf("rsi  = "); _rsi.print(); printf("\n");
    printf("rbp,  = "); _rbp.print(); printf("\n");
    printf("rsp  = "); _rsp.print(); printf("\n");
    printf("\n");
    // control registers
    printf("flgs = "); _eflags.print(); printf("\n");
  }
};


class CPU_State {
 public:
  FPU_State _fpu_state;
  IU_State  _iu_state;

  void print() const {
    printf("--------------------------------------------------\n");
    _iu_state .print();
    printf("\n");
    _fpu_state.print();
    printf("--------------------------------------------------\n");
  }

};


static void _print_CPU_state(CPU_State* state) {
  state->print();
};


void MacroAssembler::print_CPU_state() {
  push_CPU_state();
  push(rsp);                // pass CPU state
  call(RuntimeAddress(CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, _print_CPU_state)));
  addptr(rsp, wordSize);       // discard argument
  pop_CPU_state();
}


static bool _verify_FPU(int stack_depth, char* s, CPU_State* state) {
  static int counter = 0;
  FPU_State* fs = &state->_fpu_state;
  counter++;
  // For leaf calls, only verify that the top few elements remain empty.
  // We only need 1 empty at the top for C2 code.
  if( stack_depth < 0 ) {
    if( fs->tag_for_st(7) != 3 ) {
      printf("FPR7 not empty\n");
      state->print();
      assert(false, "error");
      return false;
    }
    return true;                // All other stack states do not matter
  }

  assert((fs->_control_word._value & 0xffff) == StubRoutines::_fpu_cntrl_wrd_std,
         "bad FPU control word");

  // compute stack depth
  int i = 0;
  while (i < FPU_State::number_of_registers && fs->tag_for_st(i)  < 3) i++;
  int d = i;
  while (i < FPU_State::number_of_registers && fs->tag_for_st(i) == 3) i++;
  // verify findings
  if (i != FPU_State::number_of_registers) {
    // stack not contiguous
    printf("%s: stack not contiguous at ST%d\n", s, i);
    state->print();
    assert(false, "error");
    return false;
  }
  // check if computed stack depth corresponds to expected stack depth
  if (stack_depth < 0) {
    // expected stack depth is -stack_depth or less
    if (d > -stack_depth) {
      // too many elements on the stack
      printf("%s: <= %d stack elements expected but found %d\n", s, -stack_depth, d);
      state->print();
      assert(false, "error");
      return false;
    }
  } else {
    // expected stack depth is stack_depth
    if (d != stack_depth) {
      // wrong stack depth
      printf("%s: %d stack elements expected but found %d\n", s, stack_depth, d);
      state->print();
      assert(false, "error");
      return false;
    }
  }
  // everything is cool
  return true;
}


void MacroAssembler::verify_FPU(int stack_depth, const char* s) {
  if (!VerifyFPU) return;
  push_CPU_state();
  push(rsp);                // pass CPU state
  ExternalAddress msg((address) s);
  // pass message string s
  pushptr(msg.addr());
  push(stack_depth);        // pass stack depth
  call(RuntimeAddress(CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, _verify_FPU)));
  addptr(rsp, 3 * wordSize);   // discard arguments
  // check for error
  { Label L;
    testl(rax, rax);
    jcc(Assembler::notZero, L);
    int3();                  // break if error condition
    bind(L);
  }
  pop_CPU_state();
}

void MacroAssembler::restore_cpu_control_state_after_jni() {
  // Either restore the MXCSR register after returning from the JNI Call
  // or verify that it wasn't changed (with -Xcheck:jni flag).
  if (VM_Version::supports_sse()) {
    if (RestoreMXCSROnJNICalls) {
      ldmxcsr(ExternalAddress(StubRoutines::addr_mxcsr_std()));
    } else if (CheckJNICalls) {
      call(RuntimeAddress(StubRoutines::x86::verify_mxcsr_entry()));
    }
  }
  if (VM_Version::supports_avx()) {
    // Clear upper bits of YMM registers to avoid SSE <-> AVX transition penalty.
    vzeroupper();
  }

#ifndef _LP64
  // Either restore the x87 floating pointer control word after returning
  // from the JNI call or verify that it wasn't changed.
  if (CheckJNICalls) {
    call(RuntimeAddress(StubRoutines::x86::verify_fpu_cntrl_wrd_entry()));
  }
#endif // _LP64
}


void MacroAssembler::load_klass(Register dst, Register src) {
#ifdef _LP64
  if (UseCompressedClassPointers) {
    movl(dst, Address(src, oopDesc::klass_offset_in_bytes()));
    decode_klass_not_null(dst);
  } else
#endif
    movptr(dst, Address(src, oopDesc::klass_offset_in_bytes()));
}

void MacroAssembler::load_prototype_header(Register dst, Register src) {
  load_klass(dst, src);
  movptr(dst, Address(dst, Klass::prototype_header_offset()));
}

void MacroAssembler::store_klass(Register dst, Register src) {
#ifdef _LP64
  if (UseCompressedClassPointers) {
    encode_klass_not_null(src);
    movl(Address(dst, oopDesc::klass_offset_in_bytes()), src);
  } else
#endif
    movptr(Address(dst, oopDesc::klass_offset_in_bytes()), src);
}

void MacroAssembler::load_heap_oop(Register dst, Address src) {
#ifdef _LP64
  // FIXME: Must change all places where we try to load the klass.
  if (UseCompressedOops) {
    movl(dst, src);
    decode_heap_oop(dst);
  } else
#endif
    movptr(dst, src);
}

// Doesn't do verfication, generates fixed size code
void MacroAssembler::load_heap_oop_not_null(Register dst, Address src) {
#ifdef _LP64
  if (UseCompressedOops) {
    movl(dst, src);
    decode_heap_oop_not_null(dst);
  } else
#endif
    movptr(dst, src);
}

void MacroAssembler::store_heap_oop(Address dst, Register src) {
#ifdef _LP64
  if (UseCompressedOops) {
    assert(!dst.uses(src), "not enough registers");
    encode_heap_oop(src);
    movl(dst, src);
  } else
#endif
    movptr(dst, src);
}

void MacroAssembler::cmp_heap_oop(Register src1, Address src2, Register tmp) {
  assert_different_registers(src1, tmp);
#ifdef _LP64
  if (UseCompressedOops) {
    bool did_push = false;
    if (tmp == noreg) {
      tmp = rax;
      push(tmp);
      did_push = true;
      assert(!src2.uses(rsp), "can't push");
    }
    load_heap_oop(tmp, src2);
    cmpptr(src1, tmp);
    if (did_push)  pop(tmp);
  } else
#endif
    cmpptr(src1, src2);
}

// Used for storing NULLs.
void MacroAssembler::store_heap_oop_null(Address dst) {
#ifdef _LP64
  if (UseCompressedOops) {
    movl(dst, (int32_t)NULL_WORD);
  } else {
    movslq(dst, (int32_t)NULL_WORD);
  }
#else
  movl(dst, (int32_t)NULL_WORD);
#endif
}

#ifdef _LP64
void MacroAssembler::store_klass_gap(Register dst, Register src) {
  if (UseCompressedClassPointers) {
    // Store to klass gap in destination
    movl(Address(dst, oopDesc::klass_gap_offset_in_bytes()), src);
  }
}

#ifdef ASSERT
void MacroAssembler::verify_heapbase(const char* msg) {
  assert (UseCompressedOops, "should be compressed");
  assert (Universe::heap() != NULL, "java heap should be initialized");
  if (CheckCompressedOops) {
    Label ok;
    push(rscratch1); // cmpptr trashes rscratch1
    cmpptr(r12_heapbase, ExternalAddress((address)Universe::narrow_ptrs_base_addr()));
    jcc(Assembler::equal, ok);
    STOP(msg);
    bind(ok);
    pop(rscratch1);
  }
}
#endif

// Algorithm must match oop.inline.hpp encode_heap_oop.
void MacroAssembler::encode_heap_oop(Register r) {
#ifdef ASSERT
  verify_heapbase("MacroAssembler::encode_heap_oop: heap base corrupted?");
#endif
  verify_oop(r, "broken oop in encode_heap_oop");
  if (Universe::narrow_oop_base() == NULL) {
    if (Universe::narrow_oop_shift() != 0) {
      assert (LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes == Universe::narrow_oop_shift(), "decode alg wrong");
      shrq(r, LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes);
    }
    return;
  }
  testq(r, r);
  cmovq(Assembler::equal, r, r12_heapbase);
  subq(r, r12_heapbase);
  shrq(r, LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes);
}

void MacroAssembler::encode_heap_oop_not_null(Register r) {
#ifdef ASSERT
  verify_heapbase("MacroAssembler::encode_heap_oop_not_null: heap base corrupted?");
  if (CheckCompressedOops) {
    Label ok;
    testq(r, r);
    jcc(Assembler::notEqual, ok);
    STOP("null oop passed to encode_heap_oop_not_null");
    bind(ok);
  }
#endif
  verify_oop(r, "broken oop in encode_heap_oop_not_null");
  if (Universe::narrow_oop_base() != NULL) {
    subq(r, r12_heapbase);
  }
  if (Universe::narrow_oop_shift() != 0) {
    assert (LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes == Universe::narrow_oop_shift(), "decode alg wrong");
    shrq(r, LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes);
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::encode_heap_oop_not_null(Register dst, Register src) {
#ifdef ASSERT
  verify_heapbase("MacroAssembler::encode_heap_oop_not_null2: heap base corrupted?");
  if (CheckCompressedOops) {
    Label ok;
    testq(src, src);
    jcc(Assembler::notEqual, ok);
    STOP("null oop passed to encode_heap_oop_not_null2");
    bind(ok);
  }
#endif
  verify_oop(src, "broken oop in encode_heap_oop_not_null2");
  if (dst != src) {
    movq(dst, src);
  }
  if (Universe::narrow_oop_base() != NULL) {
    subq(dst, r12_heapbase);
  }
  if (Universe::narrow_oop_shift() != 0) {
    assert (LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes == Universe::narrow_oop_shift(), "decode alg wrong");
    shrq(dst, LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes);
  }
}

void  MacroAssembler::decode_heap_oop(Register r) {
#ifdef ASSERT
  verify_heapbase("MacroAssembler::decode_heap_oop: heap base corrupted?");
#endif
  if (Universe::narrow_oop_base() == NULL) {
    if (Universe::narrow_oop_shift() != 0) {
      assert (LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes == Universe::narrow_oop_shift(), "decode alg wrong");
      shlq(r, LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes);
    }
  } else {
    Label done;
    shlq(r, LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes);
    jccb(Assembler::equal, done);
    addq(r, r12_heapbase);
    bind(done);
  }
  verify_oop(r, "broken oop in decode_heap_oop");
}

void  MacroAssembler::decode_heap_oop_not_null(Register r) {
  // Note: it will change flags
  assert (UseCompressedOops, "should only be used for compressed headers");
  assert (Universe::heap() != NULL, "java heap should be initialized");
  // Cannot assert, unverified entry point counts instructions (see .ad file)
  // vtableStubs also counts instructions in pd_code_size_limit.
  // Also do not verify_oop as this is called by verify_oop.
  if (Universe::narrow_oop_shift() != 0) {
    assert(LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes == Universe::narrow_oop_shift(), "decode alg wrong");
    shlq(r, LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes);
    if (Universe::narrow_oop_base() != NULL) {
      addq(r, r12_heapbase);
    }
  } else {
    assert (Universe::narrow_oop_base() == NULL, "sanity");
  }
}

void  MacroAssembler::decode_heap_oop_not_null(Register dst, Register src) {
  // Note: it will change flags
  assert (UseCompressedOops, "should only be used for compressed headers");
  assert (Universe::heap() != NULL, "java heap should be initialized");
  // Cannot assert, unverified entry point counts instructions (see .ad file)
  // vtableStubs also counts instructions in pd_code_size_limit.
  // Also do not verify_oop as this is called by verify_oop.
  if (Universe::narrow_oop_shift() != 0) {
    assert(LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes == Universe::narrow_oop_shift(), "decode alg wrong");
    if (LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes == Address::times_8) {
      leaq(dst, Address(r12_heapbase, src, Address::times_8, 0));
    } else {
      if (dst != src) {
        movq(dst, src);
      }
      shlq(dst, LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes);
      if (Universe::narrow_oop_base() != NULL) {
        addq(dst, r12_heapbase);
      }
    }
  } else {
    assert (Universe::narrow_oop_base() == NULL, "sanity");
    if (dst != src) {
      movq(dst, src);
    }
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::encode_klass_not_null(Register r) {
  if (Universe::narrow_klass_base() != NULL) {
    // Use r12 as a scratch register in which to temporarily load the narrow_klass_base.
    assert(r != r12_heapbase, "Encoding a klass in r12");
    mov64(r12_heapbase, (int64_t)Universe::narrow_klass_base());
    subq(r, r12_heapbase);
  }
  if (Universe::narrow_klass_shift() != 0) {
    assert (LogKlassAlignmentInBytes == Universe::narrow_klass_shift(), "decode alg wrong");
    shrq(r, LogKlassAlignmentInBytes);
  }
  if (Universe::narrow_klass_base() != NULL) {
    reinit_heapbase();
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::encode_klass_not_null(Register dst, Register src) {
  if (dst == src) {
    encode_klass_not_null(src);
  } else {
    if (Universe::narrow_klass_base() != NULL) {
      mov64(dst, (int64_t)Universe::narrow_klass_base());
      negq(dst);
      addq(dst, src);
    } else {
      movptr(dst, src);
    }
    if (Universe::narrow_klass_shift() != 0) {
      assert (LogKlassAlignmentInBytes == Universe::narrow_klass_shift(), "decode alg wrong");
      shrq(dst, LogKlassAlignmentInBytes);
    }
  }
}

// Function instr_size_for_decode_klass_not_null() counts the instructions
// generated by decode_klass_not_null(register r) and reinit_heapbase(),
// when (Universe::heap() != NULL).  Hence, if the instructions they
// generate change, then this method needs to be updated.
int MacroAssembler::instr_size_for_decode_klass_not_null() {
  assert (UseCompressedClassPointers, "only for compressed klass ptrs");
  if (Universe::narrow_klass_base() != NULL) {
    // mov64 + addq + shlq? + mov64  (for reinit_heapbase()).
    return (Universe::narrow_klass_shift() == 0 ? 20 : 24);
  } else {
    // longest load decode klass function, mov64, leaq
    return 16;
  }
}

// !!! If the instructions that get generated here change then function
// instr_size_for_decode_klass_not_null() needs to get updated.
void  MacroAssembler::decode_klass_not_null(Register r) {
  // Note: it will change flags
  assert (UseCompressedClassPointers, "should only be used for compressed headers");
  assert(r != r12_heapbase, "Decoding a klass in r12");
  // Cannot assert, unverified entry point counts instructions (see .ad file)
  // vtableStubs also counts instructions in pd_code_size_limit.
  // Also do not verify_oop as this is called by verify_oop.
  if (Universe::narrow_klass_shift() != 0) {
    assert(LogKlassAlignmentInBytes == Universe::narrow_klass_shift(), "decode alg wrong");
    shlq(r, LogKlassAlignmentInBytes);
  }
  // Use r12 as a scratch register in which to temporarily load the narrow_klass_base.
  if (Universe::narrow_klass_base() != NULL) {
    mov64(r12_heapbase, (int64_t)Universe::narrow_klass_base());
    addq(r, r12_heapbase);
    reinit_heapbase();
  }
}

void  MacroAssembler::decode_klass_not_null(Register dst, Register src) {
  // Note: it will change flags
  assert (UseCompressedClassPointers, "should only be used for compressed headers");
  if (dst == src) {
    decode_klass_not_null(dst);
  } else {
    // Cannot assert, unverified entry point counts instructions (see .ad file)
    // vtableStubs also counts instructions in pd_code_size_limit.
    // Also do not verify_oop as this is called by verify_oop.
    mov64(dst, (int64_t)Universe::narrow_klass_base());
    if (Universe::narrow_klass_shift() != 0) {
      assert(LogKlassAlignmentInBytes == Universe::narrow_klass_shift(), "decode alg wrong");
      assert(LogKlassAlignmentInBytes == Address::times_8, "klass not aligned on 64bits?");
      leaq(dst, Address(dst, src, Address::times_8, 0));
    } else {
      addq(dst, src);
    }
  }
}

void  MacroAssembler::set_narrow_oop(Register dst, jobject obj) {
  assert (UseCompressedOops, "should only be used for compressed headers");
  assert (Universe::heap() != NULL, "java heap should be initialized");
  assert (oop_recorder() != NULL, "this assembler needs an OopRecorder");
  int oop_index = oop_recorder()->find_index(obj);
  RelocationHolder rspec = oop_Relocation::spec(oop_index);
  mov_narrow_oop(dst, oop_index, rspec);
}

void  MacroAssembler::set_narrow_oop(Address dst, jobject obj) {
  assert (UseCompressedOops, "should only be used for compressed headers");
  assert (Universe::heap() != NULL, "java heap should be initialized");
  assert (oop_recorder() != NULL, "this assembler needs an OopRecorder");
  int oop_index = oop_recorder()->find_index(obj);
  RelocationHolder rspec = oop_Relocation::spec(oop_index);
  mov_narrow_oop(dst, oop_index, rspec);
}

void  MacroAssembler::set_narrow_klass(Register dst, Klass* k) {
  assert (UseCompressedClassPointers, "should only be used for compressed headers");
  assert (oop_recorder() != NULL, "this assembler needs an OopRecorder");
  int klass_index = oop_recorder()->find_index(k);
  RelocationHolder rspec = metadata_Relocation::spec(klass_index);
  mov_narrow_oop(dst, Klass::encode_klass(k), rspec);
}

void  MacroAssembler::set_narrow_klass(Address dst, Klass* k) {
  assert (UseCompressedClassPointers, "should only be used for compressed headers");
  assert (oop_recorder() != NULL, "this assembler needs an OopRecorder");
  int klass_index = oop_recorder()->find_index(k);
  RelocationHolder rspec = metadata_Relocation::spec(klass_index);
  mov_narrow_oop(dst, Klass::encode_klass(k), rspec);
}

void  MacroAssembler::cmp_narrow_oop(Register dst, jobject obj) {
  assert (UseCompressedOops, "should only be used for compressed headers");
  assert (Universe::heap() != NULL, "java heap should be initialized");
  assert (oop_recorder() != NULL, "this assembler needs an OopRecorder");
  int oop_index = oop_recorder()->find_index(obj);
  RelocationHolder rspec = oop_Relocation::spec(oop_index);
  Assembler::cmp_narrow_oop(dst, oop_index, rspec);
}

void  MacroAssembler::cmp_narrow_oop(Address dst, jobject obj) {
  assert (UseCompressedOops, "should only be used for compressed headers");
  assert (Universe::heap() != NULL, "java heap should be initialized");
  assert (oop_recorder() != NULL, "this assembler needs an OopRecorder");
  int oop_index = oop_recorder()->find_index(obj);
  RelocationHolder rspec = oop_Relocation::spec(oop_index);
  Assembler::cmp_narrow_oop(dst, oop_index, rspec);
}

void  MacroAssembler::cmp_narrow_klass(Register dst, Klass* k) {
  assert (UseCompressedClassPointers, "should only be used for compressed headers");
  assert (oop_recorder() != NULL, "this assembler needs an OopRecorder");
  int klass_index = oop_recorder()->find_index(k);
  RelocationHolder rspec = metadata_Relocation::spec(klass_index);
  Assembler::cmp_narrow_oop(dst, Klass::encode_klass(k), rspec);
}

void  MacroAssembler::cmp_narrow_klass(Address dst, Klass* k) {
  assert (UseCompressedClassPointers, "should only be used for compressed headers");
  assert (oop_recorder() != NULL, "this assembler needs an OopRecorder");
  int klass_index = oop_recorder()->find_index(k);
  RelocationHolder rspec = metadata_Relocation::spec(klass_index);
  Assembler::cmp_narrow_oop(dst, Klass::encode_klass(k), rspec);
}

void MacroAssembler::reinit_heapbase() {
  if (UseCompressedOops || UseCompressedClassPointers) {
    if (Universe::heap() != NULL) {
      if (Universe::narrow_oop_base() == NULL) {
        MacroAssembler::xorptr(r12_heapbase, r12_heapbase);
      } else {
        mov64(r12_heapbase, (int64_t)Universe::narrow_ptrs_base());
      }
    } else {
      movptr(r12_heapbase, ExternalAddress((address)Universe::narrow_ptrs_base_addr()));
    }
  }
}

#endif // _LP64


// C2 compiled method's prolog code.
void MacroAssembler::verified_entry(int framesize, int stack_bang_size, bool fp_mode_24b) {

  // WARNING: Initial instruction MUST be 5 bytes or longer so that
  // NativeJump::patch_verified_entry will be able to patch out the entry
  // code safely. The push to verify stack depth is ok at 5 bytes,
  // the frame allocation can be either 3 or 6 bytes. So if we don't do
  // stack bang then we must use the 6 byte frame allocation even if
  // we have no frame. :-(
  assert(stack_bang_size >= framesize || stack_bang_size <= 0, "stack bang size incorrect");

  assert((framesize & (StackAlignmentInBytes-1)) == 0, "frame size not aligned");
  // Remove word for return addr
  framesize -= wordSize;
  stack_bang_size -= wordSize;

  // Calls to C2R adapters often do not accept exceptional returns.
  // We require that their callers must bang for them.  But be careful, because
  // some VM calls (such as call site linkage) can use several kilobytes of
  // stack.  But the stack safety zone should account for that.
  // See bugs 4446381, 4468289, 4497237.
  if (stack_bang_size > 0) {
    generate_stack_overflow_check(stack_bang_size);

    // We always push rbp, so that on return to interpreter rbp, will be
    // restored correctly and we can correct the stack.
    push(rbp);
    // Remove word for ebp
    framesize -= wordSize;

    // Create frame
    if (framesize) {
      subptr(rsp, framesize);
    }
  } else {
    // Create frame (force generation of a 4 byte immediate value)
    subptr_imm32(rsp, framesize);

    // Save RBP register now.
    framesize -= wordSize;
    movptr(Address(rsp, framesize), rbp);
  }

  if (VerifyStackAtCalls) { // Majik cookie to verify stack depth
    framesize -= wordSize;
    movptr(Address(rsp, framesize), (int32_t)0xbadb100d);
  }

#ifndef _LP64
  // If method sets FPU control word do it now
  if (fp_mode_24b) {
    fldcw(ExternalAddress(StubRoutines::addr_fpu_cntrl_wrd_24()));
  }
  if (UseSSE >= 2 && VerifyFPU) {
    verify_FPU(0, "FPU stack must be clean on entry");
  }
#endif

#ifdef ASSERT
  if (VerifyStackAtCalls) {
    Label L;
    push(rax);
    mov(rax, rsp);
    andptr(rax, StackAlignmentInBytes-1);
    cmpptr(rax, StackAlignmentInBytes-wordSize);
    pop(rax);
    jcc(Assembler::equal, L);
    STOP("Stack is not properly aligned!");
    bind(L);
  }
#endif

}

void MacroAssembler::clear_mem(Register base, Register cnt, Register tmp) {
  // cnt - number of qwords (8-byte words).
  // base - start address, qword aligned.
  assert(base==rdi, "base register must be edi for rep stos");
  assert(tmp==rax,   "tmp register must be eax for rep stos");
  assert(cnt==rcx,   "cnt register must be ecx for rep stos");

  xorptr(tmp, tmp);
  if (UseFastStosb) {
    shlptr(cnt,3); // convert to number of bytes
    rep_stosb();
  } else {
    NOT_LP64(shlptr(cnt,1);) // convert to number of dwords for 32-bit VM
    rep_stos();
  }
}

// IndexOf for constant substrings with size >= 8 chars
// which don't need to be loaded through stack.
void MacroAssembler::string_indexofC8(Register str1, Register str2,
                                      Register cnt1, Register cnt2,
                                      int int_cnt2,  Register result,
                                      XMMRegister vec, Register tmp) {
  ShortBranchVerifier sbv(this);
  assert(UseSSE42Intrinsics, "SSE4.2 is required");

  // This method uses pcmpestri inxtruction with bound registers
  //   inputs:
  //     xmm - substring
  //     rax - substring length (elements count)
  //     mem - scanned string
  //     rdx - string length (elements count)
  //     0xd - mode: 1100 (substring search) + 01 (unsigned shorts)
  //   outputs:
  //     rcx - matched index in string
  assert(cnt1 == rdx && cnt2 == rax && tmp == rcx, "pcmpestri");

  Label RELOAD_SUBSTR, SCAN_TO_SUBSTR, SCAN_SUBSTR,
        RET_FOUND, RET_NOT_FOUND, EXIT, FOUND_SUBSTR,
        MATCH_SUBSTR_HEAD, RELOAD_STR, FOUND_CANDIDATE;

  // Note, inline_string_indexOf() generates checks:
  // if (substr.count > string.count) return -1;
  // if (substr.count == 0) return 0;
  assert(int_cnt2 >= 8, "this code isused only for cnt2 >= 8 chars");

  // Load substring.
  movdqu(vec, Address(str2, 0));
  movl(cnt2, int_cnt2);
  movptr(result, str1); // string addr

  if (int_cnt2 > 8) {
    jmpb(SCAN_TO_SUBSTR);

    // Reload substr for rescan, this code
    // is executed only for large substrings (> 8 chars)
    bind(RELOAD_SUBSTR);
    movdqu(vec, Address(str2, 0));
    negptr(cnt2); // Jumped here with negative cnt2, convert to positive

    bind(RELOAD_STR);
    // We came here after the beginning of the substring was
    // matched but the rest of it was not so we need to search
    // again. Start from the next element after the previous match.

    // cnt2 is number of substring reminding elements and
    // cnt1 is number of string reminding elements when cmp failed.
    // Restored cnt1 = cnt1 - cnt2 + int_cnt2
    subl(cnt1, cnt2);
    addl(cnt1, int_cnt2);
    movl(cnt2, int_cnt2); // Now restore cnt2

    decrementl(cnt1);     // Shift to next element
    cmpl(cnt1, cnt2);
    jccb(Assembler::negative, RET_NOT_FOUND);  // Left less then substring

    addptr(result, 2);

  } // (int_cnt2 > 8)

  // Scan string for start of substr in 16-byte vectors
  bind(SCAN_TO_SUBSTR);
  pcmpestri(vec, Address(result, 0), 0x0d);
  jccb(Assembler::below, FOUND_CANDIDATE);   // CF == 1
  subl(cnt1, 8);
  jccb(Assembler::lessEqual, RET_NOT_FOUND); // Scanned full string
  cmpl(cnt1, cnt2);
  jccb(Assembler::negative, RET_NOT_FOUND);  // Left less then substring
  addptr(result, 16);
  jmpb(SCAN_TO_SUBSTR);

  // Found a potential substr
  bind(FOUND_CANDIDATE);
  // Matched whole vector if first element matched (tmp(rcx) == 0).
  if (int_cnt2 == 8) {
    jccb(Assembler::overflow, RET_FOUND);    // OF == 1
  } else { // int_cnt2 > 8
    jccb(Assembler::overflow, FOUND_SUBSTR);
  }
  // After pcmpestri tmp(rcx) contains matched element index
  // Compute start addr of substr
  lea(result, Address(result, tmp, Address::times_2));

  // Make sure string is still long enough
  subl(cnt1, tmp);
  cmpl(cnt1, cnt2);
  if (int_cnt2 == 8) {
    jccb(Assembler::greaterEqual, SCAN_TO_SUBSTR);
  } else { // int_cnt2 > 8
    jccb(Assembler::greaterEqual, MATCH_SUBSTR_HEAD);
  }
  // Left less then substring.

  bind(RET_NOT_FOUND);
  movl(result, -1);
  jmpb(EXIT);

  if (int_cnt2 > 8) {
    // This code is optimized for the case when whole substring
    // is matched if its head is matched.
    bind(MATCH_SUBSTR_HEAD);
    pcmpestri(vec, Address(result, 0), 0x0d);
    // Reload only string if does not match
    jccb(Assembler::noOverflow, RELOAD_STR); // OF == 0

    Label CONT_SCAN_SUBSTR;
    // Compare the rest of substring (> 8 chars).
    bind(FOUND_SUBSTR);
    // First 8 chars are already matched.
    negptr(cnt2);
    addptr(cnt2, 8);

    bind(SCAN_SUBSTR);
    subl(cnt1, 8);
    cmpl(cnt2, -8); // Do not read beyond substring
    jccb(Assembler::lessEqual, CONT_SCAN_SUBSTR);
    // Back-up strings to avoid reading beyond substring:
    // cnt1 = cnt1 - cnt2 + 8
    addl(cnt1, cnt2); // cnt2 is negative
    addl(cnt1, 8);
    movl(cnt2, 8); negptr(cnt2);
    bind(CONT_SCAN_SUBSTR);
    if (int_cnt2 < (int)G) {
      movdqu(vec, Address(str2, cnt2, Address::times_2, int_cnt2*2));
      pcmpestri(vec, Address(result, cnt2, Address::times_2, int_cnt2*2), 0x0d);
    } else {
      // calculate index in register to avoid integer overflow (int_cnt2*2)
      movl(tmp, int_cnt2);
      addptr(tmp, cnt2);
      movdqu(vec, Address(str2, tmp, Address::times_2, 0));
      pcmpestri(vec, Address(result, tmp, Address::times_2, 0), 0x0d);
    }
    // Need to reload strings pointers if not matched whole vector
    jcc(Assembler::noOverflow, RELOAD_SUBSTR); // OF == 0
    addptr(cnt2, 8);
    jcc(Assembler::negative, SCAN_SUBSTR);
    // Fall through if found full substring

  } // (int_cnt2 > 8)

  bind(RET_FOUND);
  // Found result if we matched full small substring.
  // Compute substr offset
  subptr(result, str1);
  shrl(result, 1); // index
  bind(EXIT);

} // string_indexofC8

// Small strings are loaded through stack if they cross page boundary.
void MacroAssembler::string_indexof(Register str1, Register str2,
                                    Register cnt1, Register cnt2,
                                    int int_cnt2,  Register result,
                                    XMMRegister vec, Register tmp) {
  ShortBranchVerifier sbv(this);
  assert(UseSSE42Intrinsics, "SSE4.2 is required");
  //
  // int_cnt2 is length of small (< 8 chars) constant substring
  // or (-1) for non constant substring in which case its length
  // is in cnt2 register.
  //
  // Note, inline_string_indexOf() generates checks:
  // if (substr.count > string.count) return -1;
  // if (substr.count == 0) return 0;
  //
  assert(int_cnt2 == -1 || (0 < int_cnt2 && int_cnt2 < 8), "should be != 0");

  // This method uses pcmpestri inxtruction with bound registers
  //   inputs:
  //     xmm - substring
  //     rax - substring length (elements count)
  //     mem - scanned string
  //     rdx - string length (elements count)
  //     0xd - mode: 1100 (substring search) + 01 (unsigned shorts)
  //   outputs:
  //     rcx - matched index in string
  assert(cnt1 == rdx && cnt2 == rax && tmp == rcx, "pcmpestri");

  Label RELOAD_SUBSTR, SCAN_TO_SUBSTR, SCAN_SUBSTR, ADJUST_STR,
        RET_FOUND, RET_NOT_FOUND, CLEANUP, FOUND_SUBSTR,
        FOUND_CANDIDATE;

  { //========================================================
    // We don't know where these strings are located
    // and we can't read beyond them. Load them through stack.
    Label BIG_STRINGS, CHECK_STR, COPY_SUBSTR, COPY_STR;

    movptr(tmp, rsp); // save old SP

    if (int_cnt2 > 0) {     // small (< 8 chars) constant substring
      if (int_cnt2 == 1) {  // One char
        load_unsigned_short(result, Address(str2, 0));
        movdl(vec, result); // move 32 bits
      } else if (int_cnt2 == 2) { // Two chars
        movdl(vec, Address(str2, 0)); // move 32 bits
      } else if (int_cnt2 == 4) { // Four chars
        movq(vec, Address(str2, 0));  // move 64 bits
      } else { // cnt2 = { 3, 5, 6, 7 }
        // Array header size is 12 bytes in 32-bit VM
        // + 6 bytes for 3 chars == 18 bytes,
        // enough space to load vec and shift.
        assert(HeapWordSize*TypeArrayKlass::header_size() >= 12,"sanity");
        movdqu(vec, Address(str2, (int_cnt2*2)-16));
        psrldq(vec, 16-(int_cnt2*2));
      }
    } else { // not constant substring
      cmpl(cnt2, 8);
      jccb(Assembler::aboveEqual, BIG_STRINGS); // Both strings are big enough

      // We can read beyond string if srt+16 does not cross page boundary
      // since heaps are aligned and mapped by pages.
      assert(os::vm_page_size() < (int)G, "default page should be small");
      movl(result, str2); // We need only low 32 bits
      andl(result, (os::vm_page_size()-1));
      cmpl(result, (os::vm_page_size()-16));
      jccb(Assembler::belowEqual, CHECK_STR);

      // Move small strings to stack to allow load 16 bytes into vec.
      subptr(rsp, 16);
      int stk_offset = wordSize-2;
      push(cnt2);

      bind(COPY_SUBSTR);
      load_unsigned_short(result, Address(str2, cnt2, Address::times_2, -2));
      movw(Address(rsp, cnt2, Address::times_2, stk_offset), result);
      decrement(cnt2);
      jccb(Assembler::notZero, COPY_SUBSTR);

      pop(cnt2);
      movptr(str2, rsp);  // New substring address
    } // non constant

    bind(CHECK_STR);
    cmpl(cnt1, 8);
    jccb(Assembler::aboveEqual, BIG_STRINGS);

    // Check cross page boundary.
    movl(result, str1); // We need only low 32 bits
    andl(result, (os::vm_page_size()-1));
    cmpl(result, (os::vm_page_size()-16));
    jccb(Assembler::belowEqual, BIG_STRINGS);

    subptr(rsp, 16);
    int stk_offset = -2;
    if (int_cnt2 < 0) { // not constant
      push(cnt2);
      stk_offset += wordSize;
    }
    movl(cnt2, cnt1);

    bind(COPY_STR);
    load_unsigned_short(result, Address(str1, cnt2, Address::times_2, -2));
    movw(Address(rsp, cnt2, Address::times_2, stk_offset), result);
    decrement(cnt2);
    jccb(Assembler::notZero, COPY_STR);

    if (int_cnt2 < 0) { // not constant
      pop(cnt2);
    }
    movptr(str1, rsp);  // New string address

    bind(BIG_STRINGS);
    // Load substring.
    if (int_cnt2 < 0) { // -1
      movdqu(vec, Address(str2, 0));
      push(cnt2);       // substr count
      push(str2);       // substr addr
      push(str1);       // string addr
    } else {
      // Small (< 8 chars) constant substrings are loaded already.
      movl(cnt2, int_cnt2);
    }
    push(tmp);  // original SP

  } // Finished loading

  //========================================================
  // Start search
  //

  movptr(result, str1); // string addr

  if (int_cnt2  < 0) {  // Only for non constant substring
    jmpb(SCAN_TO_SUBSTR);

    // SP saved at sp+0
    // String saved at sp+1*wordSize
    // Substr saved at sp+2*wordSize
    // Substr count saved at sp+3*wordSize

    // Reload substr for rescan, this code
    // is executed only for large substrings (> 8 chars)
    bind(RELOAD_SUBSTR);
    movptr(str2, Address(rsp, 2*wordSize));
    movl(cnt2, Address(rsp, 3*wordSize));
    movdqu(vec, Address(str2, 0));
    // We came here after the beginning of the substring was
    // matched but the rest of it was not so we need to search
    // again. Start from the next element after the previous match.
    subptr(str1, result); // Restore counter
    shrl(str1, 1);
    addl(cnt1, str1);
    decrementl(cnt1);   // Shift to next element
    cmpl(cnt1, cnt2);
    jccb(Assembler::negative, RET_NOT_FOUND);  // Left less then substring

    addptr(result, 2);
  } // non constant

  // Scan string for start of substr in 16-byte vectors
  bind(SCAN_TO_SUBSTR);
  assert(cnt1 == rdx && cnt2 == rax && tmp == rcx, "pcmpestri");
  pcmpestri(vec, Address(result, 0), 0x0d);
  jccb(Assembler::below, FOUND_CANDIDATE);   // CF == 1
  subl(cnt1, 8);
  jccb(Assembler::lessEqual, RET_NOT_FOUND); // Scanned full string
  cmpl(cnt1, cnt2);
  jccb(Assembler::negative, RET_NOT_FOUND);  // Left less then substring
  addptr(result, 16);

  bind(ADJUST_STR);
  cmpl(cnt1, 8); // Do not read beyond string
  jccb(Assembler::greaterEqual, SCAN_TO_SUBSTR);
  // Back-up string to avoid reading beyond string.
  lea(result, Address(result, cnt1, Address::times_2, -16));
  movl(cnt1, 8);
  jmpb(SCAN_TO_SUBSTR);

  // Found a potential substr
  bind(FOUND_CANDIDATE);
  // After pcmpestri tmp(rcx) contains matched element index

  // Make sure string is still long enough
  subl(cnt1, tmp);
  cmpl(cnt1, cnt2);
  jccb(Assembler::greaterEqual, FOUND_SUBSTR);
  // Left less then substring.

  bind(RET_NOT_FOUND);
  movl(result, -1);
  jmpb(CLEANUP);

  bind(FOUND_SUBSTR);
  // Compute start addr of substr
  lea(result, Address(result, tmp, Address::times_2));

  if (int_cnt2 > 0) { // Constant substring
    // Repeat search for small substring (< 8 chars)
    // from new point without reloading substring.
    // Have to check that we don't read beyond string.
    cmpl(tmp, 8-int_cnt2);
    jccb(Assembler::greater, ADJUST_STR);
    // Fall through if matched whole substring.
  } else { // non constant
    assert(int_cnt2 == -1, "should be != 0");

    addl(tmp, cnt2);
    // Found result if we matched whole substring.
    cmpl(tmp, 8);
    jccb(Assembler::lessEqual, RET_FOUND);

    // Repeat search for small substring (<= 8 chars)
    // from new point 'str1' without reloading substring.
    cmpl(cnt2, 8);
    // Have to check that we don't read beyond string.
    jccb(Assembler::lessEqual, ADJUST_STR);

    Label CHECK_NEXT, CONT_SCAN_SUBSTR, RET_FOUND_LONG;
    // Compare the rest of substring (> 8 chars).
    movptr(str1, result);

    cmpl(tmp, cnt2);
    // First 8 chars are already matched.
    jccb(Assembler::equal, CHECK_NEXT);

    bind(SCAN_SUBSTR);
    pcmpestri(vec, Address(str1, 0), 0x0d);
    // Need to reload strings pointers if not matched whole vector
    jcc(Assembler::noOverflow, RELOAD_SUBSTR); // OF == 0

    bind(CHECK_NEXT);
    subl(cnt2, 8);
    jccb(Assembler::lessEqual, RET_FOUND_LONG); // Found full substring
    addptr(str1, 16);
    addptr(str2, 16);
    subl(cnt1, 8);
    cmpl(cnt2, 8); // Do not read beyond substring
    jccb(Assembler::greaterEqual, CONT_SCAN_SUBSTR);
    // Back-up strings to avoid reading beyond substring.
    lea(str2, Address(str2, cnt2, Address::times_2, -16));
    lea(str1, Address(str1, cnt2, Address::times_2, -16));
    subl(cnt1, cnt2);
    movl(cnt2, 8);
    addl(cnt1, 8);
    bind(CONT_SCAN_SUBSTR);
    movdqu(vec, Address(str2, 0));
    jmpb(SCAN_SUBSTR);

    bind(RET_FOUND_LONG);
    movptr(str1, Address(rsp, wordSize));
  } // non constant

  bind(RET_FOUND);
  // Compute substr offset
  subptr(result, str1);
  shrl(result, 1); // index

  bind(CLEANUP);
  pop(rsp); // restore SP

} // string_indexof

// Compare strings.
void MacroAssembler::string_compare(Register str1, Register str2,
                                    Register cnt1, Register cnt2, Register result,
                                    XMMRegister vec1) {
  ShortBranchVerifier sbv(this);
  Label LENGTH_DIFF_LABEL, POP_LABEL, DONE_LABEL, WHILE_HEAD_LABEL;

  // Compute the minimum of the string lengths and the
  // difference of the string lengths (stack).
  // Do the conditional move stuff
  movl(result, cnt1);
  subl(cnt1, cnt2);
  push(cnt1);
  cmov32(Assembler::lessEqual, cnt2, result);

  // Is the minimum length zero?
  testl(cnt2, cnt2);
  jcc(Assembler::zero, LENGTH_DIFF_LABEL);

  // Compare first characters
  load_unsigned_short(result, Address(str1, 0));
  load_unsigned_short(cnt1, Address(str2, 0));
  subl(result, cnt1);
  jcc(Assembler::notZero,  POP_LABEL);
  cmpl(cnt2, 1);
  jcc(Assembler::equal, LENGTH_DIFF_LABEL);

  // Check if the strings start at the same location.
  cmpptr(str1, str2);
  jcc(Assembler::equal, LENGTH_DIFF_LABEL);

  Address::ScaleFactor scale = Address::times_2;
  int stride = 8;

  if (UseAVX >= 2 && UseSSE42Intrinsics) {
    Label COMPARE_WIDE_VECTORS, VECTOR_NOT_EQUAL, COMPARE_WIDE_TAIL, COMPARE_SMALL_STR;
    Label COMPARE_WIDE_VECTORS_LOOP, COMPARE_16_CHARS, COMPARE_INDEX_CHAR;
    Label COMPARE_TAIL_LONG;
    int pcmpmask = 0x19;

    // Setup to compare 16-chars (32-bytes) vectors,
    // start from first character again because it has aligned address.
    int stride2 = 16;
    int adr_stride  = stride  << scale;
    int adr_stride2 = stride2 << scale;

    assert(result == rax && cnt2 == rdx && cnt1 == rcx, "pcmpestri");
    // rax and rdx are used by pcmpestri as elements counters
    movl(result, cnt2);
    andl(cnt2, ~(stride2-1));   // cnt2 holds the vector count
    jcc(Assembler::zero, COMPARE_TAIL_LONG);

    // fast path : compare first 2 8-char vectors.
    bind(COMPARE_16_CHARS);
    movdqu(vec1, Address(str1, 0));
    pcmpestri(vec1, Address(str2, 0), pcmpmask);
    jccb(Assembler::below, COMPARE_INDEX_CHAR);

    movdqu(vec1, Address(str1, adr_stride));
    pcmpestri(vec1, Address(str2, adr_stride), pcmpmask);
    jccb(Assembler::aboveEqual, COMPARE_WIDE_VECTORS);
    addl(cnt1, stride);

    // Compare the characters at index in cnt1
    bind(COMPARE_INDEX_CHAR); //cnt1 has the offset of the mismatching character
    load_unsigned_short(result, Address(str1, cnt1, scale));
    load_unsigned_short(cnt2, Address(str2, cnt1, scale));
    subl(result, cnt2);
    jmp(POP_LABEL);

    // Setup the registers to start vector comparison loop
    bind(COMPARE_WIDE_VECTORS);
    lea(str1, Address(str1, result, scale));
    lea(str2, Address(str2, result, scale));
    subl(result, stride2);
    subl(cnt2, stride2);
    jccb(Assembler::zero, COMPARE_WIDE_TAIL);
    negptr(result);

    //  In a loop, compare 16-chars (32-bytes) at once using (vpxor+vptest)
    bind(COMPARE_WIDE_VECTORS_LOOP);
    vmovdqu(vec1, Address(str1, result, scale));
    vpxor(vec1, Address(str2, result, scale));
    vptest(vec1, vec1);
    jccb(Assembler::notZero, VECTOR_NOT_EQUAL);
    addptr(result, stride2);
    subl(cnt2, stride2);
    jccb(Assembler::notZero, COMPARE_WIDE_VECTORS_LOOP);
    // clean upper bits of YMM registers
    vzeroupper();

    // compare wide vectors tail
    bind(COMPARE_WIDE_TAIL);
    testptr(result, result);
    jccb(Assembler::zero, LENGTH_DIFF_LABEL);

    movl(result, stride2);
    movl(cnt2, result);
    negptr(result);
    jmpb(COMPARE_WIDE_VECTORS_LOOP);

    // Identifies the mismatching (higher or lower)16-bytes in the 32-byte vectors.
    bind(VECTOR_NOT_EQUAL);
    // clean upper bits of YMM registers
    vzeroupper();
    lea(str1, Address(str1, result, scale));
    lea(str2, Address(str2, result, scale));
    jmp(COMPARE_16_CHARS);

    // Compare tail chars, length between 1 to 15 chars
    bind(COMPARE_TAIL_LONG);
    movl(cnt2, result);
    cmpl(cnt2, stride);
    jccb(Assembler::less, COMPARE_SMALL_STR);

    movdqu(vec1, Address(str1, 0));
    pcmpestri(vec1, Address(str2, 0), pcmpmask);
    jcc(Assembler::below, COMPARE_INDEX_CHAR);
    subptr(cnt2, stride);
    jccb(Assembler::zero, LENGTH_DIFF_LABEL);
    lea(str1, Address(str1, result, scale));
    lea(str2, Address(str2, result, scale));
    negptr(cnt2);
    jmpb(WHILE_HEAD_LABEL);

    bind(COMPARE_SMALL_STR);
  } else if (UseSSE42Intrinsics) {
    Label COMPARE_WIDE_VECTORS, VECTOR_NOT_EQUAL, COMPARE_TAIL;
    int pcmpmask = 0x19;
    // Setup to compare 8-char (16-byte) vectors,
    // start from first character again because it has aligned address.
    movl(result, cnt2);
    andl(cnt2, ~(stride - 1));   // cnt2 holds the vector count
    jccb(Assembler::zero, COMPARE_TAIL);

    lea(str1, Address(str1, result, scale));
    lea(str2, Address(str2, result, scale));
    negptr(result);

    // pcmpestri
    //   inputs:
    //     vec1- substring
    //     rax - negative string length (elements count)
    //     mem - scaned string
    //     rdx - string length (elements count)
    //     pcmpmask - cmp mode: 11000 (string compare with negated result)
    //               + 00 (unsigned bytes) or  + 01 (unsigned shorts)
    //   outputs:
    //     rcx - first mismatched element index
    assert(result == rax && cnt2 == rdx && cnt1 == rcx, "pcmpestri");

    bind(COMPARE_WIDE_VECTORS);
    movdqu(vec1, Address(str1, result, scale));
    pcmpestri(vec1, Address(str2, result, scale), pcmpmask);
    // After pcmpestri cnt1(rcx) contains mismatched element index

    jccb(Assembler::below, VECTOR_NOT_EQUAL);  // CF==1
    addptr(result, stride);
    subptr(cnt2, stride);
    jccb(Assembler::notZero, COMPARE_WIDE_VECTORS);

    // compare wide vectors tail
    testptr(result, result);
    jccb(Assembler::zero, LENGTH_DIFF_LABEL);

    movl(cnt2, stride);
    movl(result, stride);
    negptr(result);
    movdqu(vec1, Address(str1, result, scale));
    pcmpestri(vec1, Address(str2, result, scale), pcmpmask);
    jccb(Assembler::aboveEqual, LENGTH_DIFF_LABEL);

    // Mismatched characters in the vectors
    bind(VECTOR_NOT_EQUAL);
    addptr(cnt1, result);
    load_unsigned_short(result, Address(str1, cnt1, scale));
    load_unsigned_short(cnt2, Address(str2, cnt1, scale));
    subl(result, cnt2);
    jmpb(POP_LABEL);

    bind(COMPARE_TAIL); // limit is zero
    movl(cnt2, result);
    // Fallthru to tail compare
  }
  // Shift str2 and str1 to the end of the arrays, negate min
  lea(str1, Address(str1, cnt2, scale));
  lea(str2, Address(str2, cnt2, scale));
  decrementl(cnt2);  // first character was compared already
  negptr(cnt2);

  // Compare the rest of the elements
  bind(WHILE_HEAD_LABEL);
  load_unsigned_short(result, Address(str1, cnt2, scale, 0));
  load_unsigned_short(cnt1, Address(str2, cnt2, scale, 0));
  subl(result, cnt1);
  jccb(Assembler::notZero, POP_LABEL);
  increment(cnt2);
  jccb(Assembler::notZero, WHILE_HEAD_LABEL);

  // Strings are equal up to min length.  Return the length difference.
  bind(LENGTH_DIFF_LABEL);
  pop(result);
  jmpb(DONE_LABEL);

  // Discard the stored length difference
  bind(POP_LABEL);
  pop(cnt1);

  // That's it
  bind(DONE_LABEL);
}

// Compare char[] arrays aligned to 4 bytes or substrings.
void MacroAssembler::char_arrays_equals(bool is_array_equ, Register ary1, Register ary2,
                                        Register limit, Register result, Register chr,
                                        XMMRegister vec1, XMMRegister vec2) {
  ShortBranchVerifier sbv(this);
  Label TRUE_LABEL, FALSE_LABEL, DONE, COMPARE_VECTORS, COMPARE_CHAR;

  int length_offset  = arrayOopDesc::length_offset_in_bytes();
  int base_offset    = arrayOopDesc::base_offset_in_bytes(T_CHAR);

  // Check the input args
  cmpptr(ary1, ary2);
  jcc(Assembler::equal, TRUE_LABEL);

  if (is_array_equ) {
    // Need additional checks for arrays_equals.
    testptr(ary1, ary1);
    jcc(Assembler::zero, FALSE_LABEL);
    testptr(ary2, ary2);
    jcc(Assembler::zero, FALSE_LABEL);

    // Check the lengths
    movl(limit, Address(ary1, length_offset));
    cmpl(limit, Address(ary2, length_offset));
    jcc(Assembler::notEqual, FALSE_LABEL);
  }

  // count == 0
  testl(limit, limit);
  jcc(Assembler::zero, TRUE_LABEL);

  if (is_array_equ) {
    // Load array address
    lea(ary1, Address(ary1, base_offset));
    lea(ary2, Address(ary2, base_offset));
  }

  shll(limit, 1);      // byte count != 0
  movl(result, limit); // copy

  if (UseAVX >= 2) {
    // With AVX2, use 32-byte vector compare
    Label COMPARE_WIDE_VECTORS, COMPARE_TAIL;

    // Compare 32-byte vectors
    andl(result, 0x0000001e);  //   tail count (in bytes)
    andl(limit, 0xffffffe0);   // vector count (in bytes)
    jccb(Assembler::zero, COMPARE_TAIL);

    lea(ary1, Address(ary1, limit, Address::times_1));
    lea(ary2, Address(ary2, limit, Address::times_1));
    negptr(limit);

    bind(COMPARE_WIDE_VECTORS);
    vmovdqu(vec1, Address(ary1, limit, Address::times_1));
    vmovdqu(vec2, Address(ary2, limit, Address::times_1));
    vpxor(vec1, vec2);

    vptest(vec1, vec1);
    jccb(Assembler::notZero, FALSE_LABEL);
    addptr(limit, 32);
    jcc(Assembler::notZero, COMPARE_WIDE_VECTORS);

    testl(result, result);
    jccb(Assembler::zero, TRUE_LABEL);

    vmovdqu(vec1, Address(ary1, result, Address::times_1, -32));
    vmovdqu(vec2, Address(ary2, result, Address::times_1, -32));
    vpxor(vec1, vec2);

    vptest(vec1, vec1);
    jccb(Assembler::notZero, FALSE_LABEL);
    jmpb(TRUE_LABEL);

    bind(COMPARE_TAIL); // limit is zero
    movl(limit, result);
    // Fallthru to tail compare
  } else if (UseSSE42Intrinsics) {
    // With SSE4.2, use double quad vector compare
    Label COMPARE_WIDE_VECTORS, COMPARE_TAIL;

    // Compare 16-byte vectors
    andl(result, 0x0000000e);  //   tail count (in bytes)
    andl(limit, 0xfffffff0);   // vector count (in bytes)
    jccb(Assembler::zero, COMPARE_TAIL);

    lea(ary1, Address(ary1, limit, Address::times_1));
    lea(ary2, Address(ary2, limit, Address::times_1));
    negptr(limit);

    bind(COMPARE_WIDE_VECTORS);
    movdqu(vec1, Address(ary1, limit, Address::times_1));
    movdqu(vec2, Address(ary2, limit, Address::times_1));
    pxor(vec1, vec2);

    ptest(vec1, vec1);
    jccb(Assembler::notZero, FALSE_LABEL);
    addptr(limit, 16);
    jcc(Assembler::notZero, COMPARE_WIDE_VECTORS);

    testl(result, result);
    jccb(Assembler::zero, TRUE_LABEL);

    movdqu(vec1, Address(ary1, result, Address::times_1, -16));
    movdqu(vec2, Address(ary2, result, Address::times_1, -16));
    pxor(vec1, vec2);

    ptest(vec1, vec1);
    jccb(Assembler::notZero, FALSE_LABEL);
    jmpb(TRUE_LABEL);

    bind(COMPARE_TAIL); // limit is zero
    movl(limit, result);
    // Fallthru to tail compare
  }

  // Compare 4-byte vectors
  andl(limit, 0xfffffffc); // vector count (in bytes)
  jccb(Assembler::zero, COMPARE_CHAR);

  lea(ary1, Address(ary1, limit, Address::times_1));
  lea(ary2, Address(ary2, limit, Address::times_1));
  negptr(limit);

  bind(COMPARE_VECTORS);
  movl(chr, Address(ary1, limit, Address::times_1));
  cmpl(chr, Address(ary2, limit, Address::times_1));
  jccb(Assembler::notEqual, FALSE_LABEL);
  addptr(limit, 4);
  jcc(Assembler::notZero, COMPARE_VECTORS);

  // Compare trailing char (final 2 bytes), if any
  bind(COMPARE_CHAR);
  testl(result, 0x2);   // tail  char
  jccb(Assembler::zero, TRUE_LABEL);
  load_unsigned_short(chr, Address(ary1, 0));
  load_unsigned_short(limit, Address(ary2, 0));
  cmpl(chr, limit);
  jccb(Assembler::notEqual, FALSE_LABEL);

  bind(TRUE_LABEL);
  movl(result, 1);   // return true
  jmpb(DONE);

  bind(FALSE_LABEL);
  xorl(result, result); // return false

  // That's it
  bind(DONE);
  if (UseAVX >= 2) {
    // clean upper bits of YMM registers
    vzeroupper();
  }
}

void MacroAssembler::generate_fill(BasicType t, bool aligned,
                                   Register to, Register value, Register count,
                                   Register rtmp, XMMRegister xtmp) {
  ShortBranchVerifier sbv(this);
  assert_different_registers(to, value, count, rtmp);
  Label L_exit, L_skip_align1, L_skip_align2, L_fill_byte;
  Label L_fill_2_bytes, L_fill_4_bytes;

  int shift = -1;
  switch (t) {
    case T_BYTE:
      shift = 2;
      break;
    case T_SHORT:
      shift = 1;
      break;
    case T_INT:
      shift = 0;
      break;
    default: ShouldNotReachHere();
  }

  if (t == T_BYTE) {
    andl(value, 0xff);
    movl(rtmp, value);
    shll(rtmp, 8);
    orl(value, rtmp);
  }
  if (t == T_SHORT) {
    andl(value, 0xffff);
  }
  if (t == T_BYTE || t == T_SHORT) {
    movl(rtmp, value);
    shll(rtmp, 16);
    orl(value, rtmp);
  }

  cmpl(count, 2<<shift); // Short arrays (< 8 bytes) fill by element
  jcc(Assembler::below, L_fill_4_bytes); // use unsigned cmp
  if (!UseUnalignedLoadStores && !aligned && (t == T_BYTE || t == T_SHORT)) {
    // align source address at 4 bytes address boundary
    if (t == T_BYTE) {
      // One byte misalignment happens only for byte arrays
      testptr(to, 1);
      jccb(Assembler::zero, L_skip_align1);
      movb(Address(to, 0), value);
      increment(to);
      decrement(count);
      BIND(L_skip_align1);
    }
    // Two bytes misalignment happens only for byte and short (char) arrays
    testptr(to, 2);
    jccb(Assembler::zero, L_skip_align2);
    movw(Address(to, 0), value);
    addptr(to, 2);
    subl(count, 1<<(shift-1));
    BIND(L_skip_align2);
  }
  if (UseSSE < 2) {
    Label L_fill_32_bytes_loop, L_check_fill_8_bytes, L_fill_8_bytes_loop, L_fill_8_bytes;
    // Fill 32-byte chunks
    subl(count, 8 << shift);
    jcc(Assembler::less, L_check_fill_8_bytes);
    align(16);

    BIND(L_fill_32_bytes_loop);

    for (int i = 0; i < 32; i += 4) {
      movl(Address(to, i), value);
    }

    addptr(to, 32);
    subl(count, 8 << shift);
    jcc(Assembler::greaterEqual, L_fill_32_bytes_loop);
    BIND(L_check_fill_8_bytes);
    addl(count, 8 << shift);
    jccb(Assembler::zero, L_exit);
    jmpb(L_fill_8_bytes);

    //
    // length is too short, just fill qwords
    //
    BIND(L_fill_8_bytes_loop);
    movl(Address(to, 0), value);
    movl(Address(to, 4), value);
    addptr(to, 8);
    BIND(L_fill_8_bytes);
    subl(count, 1 << (shift + 1));
    jcc(Assembler::greaterEqual, L_fill_8_bytes_loop);
    // fall through to fill 4 bytes
  } else {
    Label L_fill_32_bytes;
    if (!UseUnalignedLoadStores) {
      // align to 8 bytes, we know we are 4 byte aligned to start
      testptr(to, 4);
      jccb(Assembler::zero, L_fill_32_bytes);
      movl(Address(to, 0), value);
      addptr(to, 4);
      subl(count, 1<<shift);
    }
    BIND(L_fill_32_bytes);
    {
      assert( UseSSE >= 2, "supported cpu only" );
      Label L_fill_32_bytes_loop, L_check_fill_8_bytes, L_fill_8_bytes_loop, L_fill_8_bytes;
      movdl(xtmp, value);
      if (UseAVX >= 2 && UseUnalignedLoadStores) {
        // Fill 64-byte chunks
        Label L_fill_64_bytes_loop, L_check_fill_32_bytes;
        vpbroadcastd(xtmp, xtmp);

        subl(count, 16 << shift);
        jcc(Assembler::less, L_check_fill_32_bytes);
        align(16);

        BIND(L_fill_64_bytes_loop);
        vmovdqu(Address(to, 0), xtmp);
        vmovdqu(Address(to, 32), xtmp);
        addptr(to, 64);
        subl(count, 16 << shift);
        jcc(Assembler::greaterEqual, L_fill_64_bytes_loop);

        BIND(L_check_fill_32_bytes);
        addl(count, 8 << shift);
        jccb(Assembler::less, L_check_fill_8_bytes);
        vmovdqu(Address(to, 0), xtmp);
        addptr(to, 32);
        subl(count, 8 << shift);

        BIND(L_check_fill_8_bytes);
        // clean upper bits of YMM registers
        vzeroupper();
      } else {
        // Fill 32-byte chunks
        pshufd(xtmp, xtmp, 0);

        subl(count, 8 << shift);
        jcc(Assembler::less, L_check_fill_8_bytes);
        align(16);

        BIND(L_fill_32_bytes_loop);

        if (UseUnalignedLoadStores) {
          movdqu(Address(to, 0), xtmp);
          movdqu(Address(to, 16), xtmp);
        } else {
          movq(Address(to, 0), xtmp);
          movq(Address(to, 8), xtmp);
          movq(Address(to, 16), xtmp);
          movq(Address(to, 24), xtmp);
        }

        addptr(to, 32);
        subl(count, 8 << shift);
        jcc(Assembler::greaterEqual, L_fill_32_bytes_loop);

        BIND(L_check_fill_8_bytes);
      }
      addl(count, 8 << shift);
      jccb(Assembler::zero, L_exit);
      jmpb(L_fill_8_bytes);

      //
      // length is too short, just fill qwords
      //
      BIND(L_fill_8_bytes_loop);
      movq(Address(to, 0), xtmp);
      addptr(to, 8);
      BIND(L_fill_8_bytes);
      subl(count, 1 << (shift + 1));
      jcc(Assembler::greaterEqual, L_fill_8_bytes_loop);
    }
  }
  // fill trailing 4 bytes
  BIND(L_fill_4_bytes);
  testl(count, 1<<shift);
  jccb(Assembler::zero, L_fill_2_bytes);
  movl(Address(to, 0), value);
  if (t == T_BYTE || t == T_SHORT) {
    addptr(to, 4);
    BIND(L_fill_2_bytes);
    // fill trailing 2 bytes
    testl(count, 1<<(shift-1));
    jccb(Assembler::zero, L_fill_byte);
    movw(Address(to, 0), value);
    if (t == T_BYTE) {
      addptr(to, 2);
      BIND(L_fill_byte);
      // fill trailing byte
      testl(count, 1);
      jccb(Assembler::zero, L_exit);
      movb(Address(to, 0), value);
    } else {
      BIND(L_fill_byte);
    }
  } else {
    BIND(L_fill_2_bytes);
  }
  BIND(L_exit);
}

// encode char[] to byte[] in ISO_8859_1
void MacroAssembler::encode_iso_array(Register src, Register dst, Register len,
                                      XMMRegister tmp1Reg, XMMRegister tmp2Reg,
                                      XMMRegister tmp3Reg, XMMRegister tmp4Reg,
                                      Register tmp5, Register result) {
  // rsi: src
  // rdi: dst
  // rdx: len
  // rcx: tmp5
  // rax: result
  ShortBranchVerifier sbv(this);
  assert_different_registers(src, dst, len, tmp5, result);
  Label L_done, L_copy_1_char, L_copy_1_char_exit;

  // set result
  xorl(result, result);
  // check for zero length
  testl(len, len);
  jcc(Assembler::zero, L_done);
  movl(result, len);

  // Setup pointers
  lea(src, Address(src, len, Address::times_2)); // char[]
  lea(dst, Address(dst, len, Address::times_1)); // byte[]
  negptr(len);

  if (UseSSE42Intrinsics || UseAVX >= 2) {
    Label L_chars_8_check, L_copy_8_chars, L_copy_8_chars_exit;
    Label L_chars_16_check, L_copy_16_chars, L_copy_16_chars_exit;

    if (UseAVX >= 2) {
      Label L_chars_32_check, L_copy_32_chars, L_copy_32_chars_exit;
      movl(tmp5, 0xff00ff00);   // create mask to test for Unicode chars in vector
      movdl(tmp1Reg, tmp5);
      vpbroadcastd(tmp1Reg, tmp1Reg);
      jmpb(L_chars_32_check);

      bind(L_copy_32_chars);
      vmovdqu(tmp3Reg, Address(src, len, Address::times_2, -64));
      vmovdqu(tmp4Reg, Address(src, len, Address::times_2, -32));
      vpor(tmp2Reg, tmp3Reg, tmp4Reg, /* vector256 */ true);
      vptest(tmp2Reg, tmp1Reg);       // check for Unicode chars in  vector
      jccb(Assembler::notZero, L_copy_32_chars_exit);
      vpackuswb(tmp3Reg, tmp3Reg, tmp4Reg, /* vector256 */ true);
      vpermq(tmp4Reg, tmp3Reg, 0xD8, /* vector256 */ true);
      vmovdqu(Address(dst, len, Address::times_1, -32), tmp4Reg);

      bind(L_chars_32_check);
      addptr(len, 32);
      jccb(Assembler::lessEqual, L_copy_32_chars);

      bind(L_copy_32_chars_exit);
      subptr(len, 16);
      jccb(Assembler::greater, L_copy_16_chars_exit);

    } else if (UseSSE42Intrinsics) {
      movl(tmp5, 0xff00ff00);   // create mask to test for Unicode chars in vector
      movdl(tmp1Reg, tmp5);
      pshufd(tmp1Reg, tmp1Reg, 0);
      jmpb(L_chars_16_check);
    }

    bind(L_copy_16_chars);
    if (UseAVX >= 2) {
      vmovdqu(tmp2Reg, Address(src, len, Address::times_2, -32));
      vptest(tmp2Reg, tmp1Reg);
      jccb(Assembler::notZero, L_copy_16_chars_exit);
      vpackuswb(tmp2Reg, tmp2Reg, tmp1Reg, /* vector256 */ true);
      vpermq(tmp3Reg, tmp2Reg, 0xD8, /* vector256 */ true);
    } else {
      if (UseAVX > 0) {
        movdqu(tmp3Reg, Address(src, len, Address::times_2, -32));
        movdqu(tmp4Reg, Address(src, len, Address::times_2, -16));
        vpor(tmp2Reg, tmp3Reg, tmp4Reg, /* vector256 */ false);
      } else {
        movdqu(tmp3Reg, Address(src, len, Address::times_2, -32));
        por(tmp2Reg, tmp3Reg);
        movdqu(tmp4Reg, Address(src, len, Address::times_2, -16));
        por(tmp2Reg, tmp4Reg);
      }
      ptest(tmp2Reg, tmp1Reg);       // check for Unicode chars in  vector
      jccb(Assembler::notZero, L_copy_16_chars_exit);
      packuswb(tmp3Reg, tmp4Reg);
    }
    movdqu(Address(dst, len, Address::times_1, -16), tmp3Reg);

    bind(L_chars_16_check);
    addptr(len, 16);
    jccb(Assembler::lessEqual, L_copy_16_chars);

    bind(L_copy_16_chars_exit);
    if (UseAVX >= 2) {
      // clean upper bits of YMM registers
      vzeroupper();
    }
    subptr(len, 8);
    jccb(Assembler::greater, L_copy_8_chars_exit);

    bind(L_copy_8_chars);
    movdqu(tmp3Reg, Address(src, len, Address::times_2, -16));
    ptest(tmp3Reg, tmp1Reg);
    jccb(Assembler::notZero, L_copy_8_chars_exit);
    packuswb(tmp3Reg, tmp1Reg);
    movq(Address(dst, len, Address::times_1, -8), tmp3Reg);
    addptr(len, 8);
    jccb(Assembler::lessEqual, L_copy_8_chars);

    bind(L_copy_8_chars_exit);
    subptr(len, 8);
    jccb(Assembler::zero, L_done);
  }

  bind(L_copy_1_char);
  load_unsigned_short(tmp5, Address(src, len, Address::times_2, 0));
  testl(tmp5, 0xff00);      // check if Unicode char
  jccb(Assembler::notZero, L_copy_1_char_exit);
  movb(Address(dst, len, Address::times_1, 0), tmp5);
  addptr(len, 1);
  jccb(Assembler::less, L_copy_1_char);

  bind(L_copy_1_char_exit);
  addptr(result, len); // len is negative count of not processed elements
  bind(L_done);
}

/**
 * Emits code to update CRC-32 with a byte value according to constants in table
 *
 * @param [in,out]crc   Register containing the crc.
 * @param [in]val       Register containing the byte to fold into the CRC.
 * @param [in]table     Register containing the table of crc constants.
 *
 * uint32_t crc;
 * val = crc_table[(val ^ crc) & 0xFF];
 * crc = val ^ (crc >> 8);
 *
 */
void MacroAssembler::update_byte_crc32(Register crc, Register val, Register table) {
  xorl(val, crc);
  andl(val, 0xFF);
  shrl(crc, 8); // unsigned shift
  xorl(crc, Address(table, val, Address::times_4, 0));
}

/**
 * Fold 128-bit data chunk
 */
void MacroAssembler::fold_128bit_crc32(XMMRegister xcrc, XMMRegister xK, XMMRegister xtmp, Register buf, int offset) {
  vpclmulhdq(xtmp, xK, xcrc); // [123:64]
  vpclmulldq(xcrc, xK, xcrc); // [63:0]
  vpxor(xcrc, xcrc, Address(buf, offset), false /* vector256 */);
  pxor(xcrc, xtmp);
}

void MacroAssembler::fold_128bit_crc32(XMMRegister xcrc, XMMRegister xK, XMMRegister xtmp, XMMRegister xbuf) {
  vpclmulhdq(xtmp, xK, xcrc);
  vpclmulldq(xcrc, xK, xcrc);
  pxor(xcrc, xbuf);
  pxor(xcrc, xtmp);
}

/**
 * 8-bit folds to compute 32-bit CRC
 *
 * uint64_t xcrc;
 * timesXtoThe32[xcrc & 0xFF] ^ (xcrc >> 8);
 */
void MacroAssembler::fold_8bit_crc32(XMMRegister xcrc, Register table, XMMRegister xtmp, Register tmp) {
  movdl(tmp, xcrc);
  andl(tmp, 0xFF);
  movdl(xtmp, Address(table, tmp, Address::times_4, 0));
  psrldq(xcrc, 1); // unsigned shift one byte
  pxor(xcrc, xtmp);
}

/**
 * uint32_t crc;
 * timesXtoThe32[crc & 0xFF] ^ (crc >> 8);
 */
void MacroAssembler::fold_8bit_crc32(Register crc, Register table, Register tmp) {
  movl(tmp, crc);
  andl(tmp, 0xFF);
  shrl(crc, 8);
  xorl(crc, Address(table, tmp, Address::times_4, 0));
}

/**
 * @param crc   register containing existing CRC (32-bit)
 * @param buf   register pointing to input byte buffer (byte*)
 * @param len   register containing number of bytes
 * @param table register that will contain address of CRC table
 * @param tmp   scratch register
 */
void MacroAssembler::kernel_crc32(Register crc, Register buf, Register len, Register table, Register tmp) {
  assert_different_registers(crc, buf, len, table, tmp, rax);

  Label L_tail, L_tail_restore, L_tail_loop, L_exit, L_align_loop, L_aligned;
  Label L_fold_tail, L_fold_128b, L_fold_512b, L_fold_512b_loop, L_fold_tail_loop;

  lea(table, ExternalAddress(StubRoutines::crc_table_addr()));
  notl(crc); // ~crc
  cmpl(len, 16);
  jcc(Assembler::less, L_tail);

  // Align buffer to 16 bytes
  movl(tmp, buf);
  andl(tmp, 0xF);
  jccb(Assembler::zero, L_aligned);
  subl(tmp,  16);
  addl(len, tmp);

  align(4);
  BIND(L_align_loop);
  movsbl(rax, Address(buf, 0)); // load byte with sign extension
  update_byte_crc32(crc, rax, table);
  increment(buf);
  incrementl(tmp);
  jccb(Assembler::less, L_align_loop);

  BIND(L_aligned);
  movl(tmp, len); // save
  shrl(len, 4);
  jcc(Assembler::zero, L_tail_restore);

  // Fold crc into first bytes of vector
  movdqa(xmm1, Address(buf, 0));
  movdl(rax, xmm1);
  xorl(crc, rax);
  pinsrd(xmm1, crc, 0);
  addptr(buf, 16);
  subl(len, 4); // len > 0
  jcc(Assembler::less, L_fold_tail);

  movdqa(xmm2, Address(buf,  0));
  movdqa(xmm3, Address(buf, 16));
  movdqa(xmm4, Address(buf, 32));
  addptr(buf, 48);
  subl(len, 3);
  jcc(Assembler::lessEqual, L_fold_512b);

  // Fold total 512 bits of polynomial on each iteration,
  // 128 bits per each of 4 parallel streams.
  movdqu(xmm0, ExternalAddress(StubRoutines::x86::crc_by128_masks_addr() + 32));

  align(32);
  BIND(L_fold_512b_loop);
  fold_128bit_crc32(xmm1, xmm0, xmm5, buf,  0);
  fold_128bit_crc32(xmm2, xmm0, xmm5, buf, 16);
  fold_128bit_crc32(xmm3, xmm0, xmm5, buf, 32);
  fold_128bit_crc32(xmm4, xmm0, xmm5, buf, 48);
  addptr(buf, 64);
  subl(len, 4);
  jcc(Assembler::greater, L_fold_512b_loop);

  // Fold 512 bits to 128 bits.
  BIND(L_fold_512b);
  movdqu(xmm0, ExternalAddress(StubRoutines::x86::crc_by128_masks_addr() + 16));
  fold_128bit_crc32(xmm1, xmm0, xmm5, xmm2);
  fold_128bit_crc32(xmm1, xmm0, xmm5, xmm3);
  fold_128bit_crc32(xmm1, xmm0, xmm5, xmm4);

  // Fold the rest of 128 bits data chunks
  BIND(L_fold_tail);
  addl(len, 3);
  jccb(Assembler::lessEqual, L_fold_128b);
  movdqu(xmm0, ExternalAddress(StubRoutines::x86::crc_by128_masks_addr() + 16));

  BIND(L_fold_tail_loop);
  fold_128bit_crc32(xmm1, xmm0, xmm5, buf,  0);
  addptr(buf, 16);
  decrementl(len);
  jccb(Assembler::greater, L_fold_tail_loop);

  // Fold 128 bits in xmm1 down into 32 bits in crc register.
  BIND(L_fold_128b);
  movdqu(xmm0, ExternalAddress(StubRoutines::x86::crc_by128_masks_addr()));
  vpclmulqdq(xmm2, xmm0, xmm1, 0x1);
  vpand(xmm3, xmm0, xmm2, false /* vector256 */);
  vpclmulqdq(xmm0, xmm0, xmm3, 0x1);
  psrldq(xmm1, 8);
  psrldq(xmm2, 4);
  pxor(xmm0, xmm1);
  pxor(xmm0, xmm2);

  // 8 8-bit folds to compute 32-bit CRC.
  for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
    fold_8bit_crc32(xmm0, table, xmm1, rax);
  }
  movdl(crc, xmm0); // mov 32 bits to general register
  for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
    fold_8bit_crc32(crc, table, rax);
  }

  BIND(L_tail_restore);
  movl(len, tmp); // restore
  BIND(L_tail);
  andl(len, 0xf);
  jccb(Assembler::zero, L_exit);

  // Fold the rest of bytes
  align(4);
  BIND(L_tail_loop);
  movsbl(rax, Address(buf, 0)); // load byte with sign extension
  update_byte_crc32(crc, rax, table);
  increment(buf);
  decrementl(len);
  jccb(Assembler::greater, L_tail_loop);

  BIND(L_exit);
  notl(crc); // ~c
}

#undef BIND
#undef BLOCK_COMMENT


Assembler::Condition MacroAssembler::negate_condition(Assembler::Condition cond) {
  switch (cond) {
    // Note some conditions are synonyms for others
    case Assembler::zero:         return Assembler::notZero;
    case Assembler::notZero:      return Assembler::zero;
    case Assembler::less:         return Assembler::greaterEqual;
    case Assembler::lessEqual:    return Assembler::greater;
    case Assembler::greater:      return Assembler::lessEqual;
    case Assembler::greaterEqual: return Assembler::less;
    case Assembler::below:        return Assembler::aboveEqual;
    case Assembler::belowEqual:   return Assembler::above;
    case Assembler::above:        return Assembler::belowEqual;
    case Assembler::aboveEqual:   return Assembler::below;
    case Assembler::overflow:     return Assembler::noOverflow;
    case Assembler::noOverflow:   return Assembler::overflow;
    case Assembler::negative:     return Assembler::positive;
    case Assembler::positive:     return Assembler::negative;
    case Assembler::parity:       return Assembler::noParity;
    case Assembler::noParity:     return Assembler::parity;
  }
  ShouldNotReachHere(); return Assembler::overflow;
}

SkipIfEqual::SkipIfEqual(
    MacroAssembler* masm, const bool* flag_addr, bool value) {
  _masm = masm;
  _masm->cmp8(ExternalAddress((address)flag_addr), value);
  _masm->jcc(Assembler::equal, _label);
}

SkipIfEqual::~SkipIfEqual() {
  _masm->bind(_label);
}