Copyright (c) 2005-2007
Damien Bergamini <damien.bergamini@free.fr>
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.Dd $Mdocdate: November 10 2019 $ .Dt URAL 4 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm ural .Nd Ralink Technology/MediaTek USB IEEE 802.11b/g wireless network device .Sh SYNOPSIS .Cd "ural* at uhub? port ?" .Sh DESCRIPTION The .Nm driver supports USB 2.0 wireless adapters based on the Ralink RT2500USB chipset.
p The RT2500USB chipset is the first generation of 802.11b/g adapters from Ralink. It consists of two integrated chips, an RT2570 MAC/BBP and an RT2526 radio transceiver.
p These are the modes the .Nm driver can operate in: l -tag -width "IBSS-masterXX" t BSS mode Also known as .Em infrastructure mode, this is used when associating with an access point, through which all traffic passes. This mode is the default. t IBSS mode Also known as .Em IEEE ad-hoc mode or .Em peer-to-peer mode. This is the standardized method of operating without an access point. Stations associate with a service set. However, actual connections between stations are peer-to-peer. t Host AP In this mode the driver acts as an access point (base station) for other cards. t monitor mode In this mode the driver is able to receive packets without associating with an access point. This disables the internal receive filter and enables the card to capture packets from networks which it wouldn't normally have access to, or to scan for access points. .El
p The .Nm driver can be configured to use Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) or Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA1 and WPA2). WPA2 is the current encryption standard for wireless networks. It is strongly recommended that neither WEP nor WPA1 are used as the sole mechanism to secure wireless communication, due to serious weaknesses. WPA1 is disabled by default and may be enabled using the option .Qq Cm wpaprotos Ar wpa1,wpa2 . For standard WPA networks which use pre-shared keys (PSK), keys are configured using the .Qq Cm wpakey option. WPA-Enterprise networks require use of the wpa_supplicant package. The .Nm driver relies on the software 802.11 stack for both encryption and decryption of data frames.
p The transmit speed is user-selectable or can be adapted automatically by the driver depending on the number of hardware transmission retries.
p The .Nm driver can be configured at runtime with .Xr ifconfig 8 or on boot with .Xr hostname.if 5 . .Sh HARDWARE The following adapters should work:
p l -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact t AMIT WL532U t ASUS WL-167g v1 t Belkin F5D7050 v2000 t Buffalo WLI-U2-KG54 t Buffalo WLI-U2-KG54-AI t Buffalo WLI-U2-KG54-YB t CNet CWD-854 t Compex WLU54G 2A1100 t Conceptronic C54RU t D-Link DWL-G122 (b1) t Dynalink WLG25USB t E-Tech WGUS02 t Eminent EM3035 t Gigabyte GN-WBKG t Hercules HWGUSB2-54 t KCORP LifeStyle KLS-685 t Linksys HU200-TS t Linksys WUSB54G v4 t Linksys WUSB54GP v4 t MSI MS-6861 t MSI MS-6865 t MSI MS-6869 t Nintendo Wi-Fi USB Connector t Nova Tech NV-902W t OvisLink Evo-W54USB t SerComm UB801R t SparkLAN WL-685R t Sphairon UB801R t Surecom EP-9001-g rev 3A t Sweex LC100060 t Tonze UW-6200C t Zaapa ZNWUSB-54 t Zinwell ZPlus-G250 t Zinwell ZWX-G261 t Zonet ZEW2500P .El .Sh EXAMPLES The following example scans for available networks:
p .Dl # ifconfig ural0 scan
p The following .Xr hostname.if 5 example configures ural0 to join network .Dq mynwid , using WPA key .Dq mywpakey , obtaining an IP address using DHCP: d -literal -offset indent nwid mynwid wpakey mywpakey inet autoconf .Ed
p The following .Xr hostname.if 5 example creates a host-based access point on boot: d -literal -offset indent mediaopt hostap nwid mynwid wpakey mywpakey inet 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 .Ed .Sh DIAGNOSTICS l -diag t "ural0: device timeout" A frame dispatched to the hardware for transmission did not complete in time. The driver will reset the hardware. This should not happen. .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr arp 4 , .Xr ifmedia 4 , .Xr intro 4 , .Xr netintro 4 , .Xr usb 4 , .Xr hostname.if 5 , .Xr hostapd 8 , .Xr ifconfig 8 .Sh HISTORY The .Nm driver first appeared in .Ox 3.7 . .Sh AUTHORS The .Nm driver was written by .An Damien Bergamini Aq Mt damien.bergamini@free.fr . .Sh CAVEATS The .Nm driver supports automatic control of the transmit speed in BSS mode only. Therefore the use of an .Nm adapter in Host AP mode is discouraged.
p Host AP mode doesn't support power saving. Clients attempting to use power saving mode may experience significant packet loss (disabling power saving on the client will fix this).