refer.html revision 1.1.1.1
1<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"> 2<html> 3<head> 4<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1"> 5<title>Mom -- Bibliographies and References</title> 6</head> 7<body bgcolor="#dfdfdf"> 8 9<!====================================================================> 10 11<a href="letters.html#TOP">Next</a> 12<a href="cover.html#TOP">Prev</a> 13<a href="toc.html">Back to Table of Contents</a> 14 15<a name="TOP"></a> 16<h1 align="center"> 17 <a name="REF_INTRO"><u>Bibliographies and references</u></a> 18</h1> 19<p> 20<a href="#INTRO_REF">Introduction to bibliographies and references</a> 21<br> 22<a href="#TUTORIAL_REF">Tutorial</a> 23<ul> 24 <li><a href="#DB_REF">Creating a refer database</a> 25 <li><a href="#RCOMMANDS_REF">Required "refer" commands</a> 26 <li><a href="#ACCESSING_REF">Accessing references</a> 27 <li><a href="#WHERE_REF">Telling mom where to put references</a> 28 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_REF">Creating bibliography pages</a> 29 <li><a href="#INVOKING_REF">Invoking groff with mom and refer</a> 30</ul> 31<br> 32<a href="#MACROS_REF">Index of bibliography and reference macros</a> 33<p> 34 35<a name="INTRO_REF"> 36 <h2><u>Introduction to bibliographies and references</u></h2> 37</a> 38 39<strong>Mom</strong> provides the ability to automatically format 40and generate bibliography pages, as well as footnote or endnote 41bibliographic references, or references embedded in text. She 42accomplishes this by working in conjunction with a special 43<strong>groff</strong> program called "refer". 44<p> 45<strong>refer</strong> is a <strong>groff</strong> 46"pre-processor", which is to say that it scans your files looking 47for very specific commands (i.e. lines that begin with a period 48[dot], just like macros and document element tags). If the 49commands aren't there, <strong>refer</strong> can't do it's job, 50and neither can <strong>mom</strong>. The scanning is done 51<strong>before</strong> any actual <strong>mom</strong> processing 52occurs. 53<p> 54<strong>refer</strong> is a program that's been around for a long 55time. It's powerful and has many, many features. Unfortunately, 56the manpage (<kbd>man refer</kbd>), while complete and accurate, is 57dense and not a good introduction to <strong>refer</strong>. (It's 58a classic manpage Catch-22: the information it contains is most 59useful only after you already grasp it.) 60<p> 61In order to get <strong>mom</strong> users up and running with 62<strong>refer</strong>, this section of <strong>mom</strong>'s 63documentation focuses exclusively, in a recipe-like manner, on 64what you need to know to use <strong>refer</strong> satisfactorily 65in conjunction with <strong>mom</strong>. The information and 66instructions are <strong><em><u>not</u></em></strong> to be taken as 67a manual or tutorial on full <strong>refer</strong> usage. Much has 68been left out, on purpose. 69<p> 70It is tempting to provide two levels of documentation, one for 71users familiar with <strong>refer</strong> and one for newcomers 72to <strong>groff</strong> and <strong>mom</strong>, but such an 73approach may muddy the waters for newcomers. <strong>Mom</strong>'s 74allegiance, first and foremost, is to newcomers. If you're already 75a <strong>refer</strong> user, the information herein will be useful 76for adapting your current <strong>refer</strong> usage to 77<strong>mom</strong>'s way of doing things. If you've never used 78<strong>refer</strong>, the information is essential, and, in many 79cases, may be all you need. 80<p> 81(For the benefit of old groff-hands: <strong>refer</strong> 82support in <strong>mom</strong> is heavily based on the 83<strong>refer</strong> module of the ms macros. The choice 84was deliberate so that those wishing to play around with 85<strong>mom</strong>'s bibliography formatting style would be 86tinkering with the familiar.) 87<p> 88<strong>refer</strong> requires first that you create a 89bibliographic database. From the information contained in the 90database, <strong>mom</strong> formats and generates bibliographies 91and references in MLA (Modern Language Association) style. MLA 92style is clean, contemporary and flexible, and is widely used in 93the humanities, where the range of material that has to be 94referenced can run from simple books to live interviews and film. 95<p> 96Once you have created your database, you instruct 97<strong>refer</strong> (and <strong>mom</strong>) to access entries 98in it by supplying keywords from the entries. Depending on what 99you've instructed <strong>mom</strong> to do, she will put the 100entries--fully and properly formatted with respect to order, punctuation 101and italicization--in footnotes, endnotes, or a full bibliography. 102<p> 103I encourage anyone interested in what MLA style looks like--and, by 104extension, how your bibliographies and references will look after 105<strong>mom</strong> formats them--to check out 106<p> 107<pre> 108 http://www.aresearchguide.com/12biblio.html 109</pre> 110 111or any other website or reference book on MLA style. 112<p> 113<strong>NOTE:</strong> MLA style requires that second and 114subsequent lines of individual references be indented. <strong>Mom</strong> 115takes care of this for you with a default indent, which 116can be changed with the macro 117<a href="#INDENT_REFS">INDENT_REFS</a>. 118 119 120<a name="TUTORIAL_REF"><h2><u>Tutorial</u></h2></a> 121 122<ol> 123 <li><a href="#DB_REF">Creating a refer database</a> 124 <li><a href="#RCOMMANDS_REF">Required "refer" commands</a> 125 <li><a href="#ACCESSING_REF">Accessing references</a> 126 <li><a href="#WHERE_REF">Telling mom where to put references</a> 127 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_REF">Creating bibliography pages</a> 128 <li><a href="#INVOKING_REF">Invoking groff with mom and refer</a> 129</ol> 130<p> 131 132<a name="DB_REF"><h3><u>1. Creating a refer database</u></h3><a> 133<p> 134The first step in using <strong>refer</strong> with 135<strong>mom</strong> is setting up your bibliographic database. 136The database is a file containing separate entries for each 137reference you want to access from your <strong>mom</strong> files. 138The file is <em>not</em> a "mom" file; it is a separate database. 139You may set up individual databases for individual documents, or 140create a large database that contains all the references you'll 141ever need. 142<p> 143Entries ("records") in the database file are separated from each 144other by a single, blank line. The records themselves are composed 145of single lines ("fields") with no blank lines between them. Each 146field begins with a percent sign and a single letter (the "field 147identifier") e.g. %A or %T. The letter identifies what part of a 148bibliographic entry the field refers to: Author, Title, Publisher, 149Date, etc. After the field identifier comes a single space, 150followed by the information appropriate to field. No punctuation 151should go at the ends of fields; <strong>mom</strong> adds what's 152correct automatically. Do note, however, that author(s) (%A) 153requires that you enter the author information exactly as you wish 154it to come out (minus the period), including the comma after the 155first author's last name. 156<p> 157Here's a sample database containing two records so you can 158visualize what the above paragraph says: 159<p> 160<pre> 161%A Schweitzer, Albert 162%A C.M. Widor 163%T J.S. Bach 164%l Ernest Newman 165%V Vol 2 166%C London 167%I Adam and Charles Black 168%D 1923 169%O 2 vols 170%K bach vol 2 171 172%A Schaffter, Peter 173%T The Schumann Proof 174%C Toronto 175%I RendezVous Press 176%D 2004 177%K schumann schaffter 178</pre> 179 180The order in which you enter fields doesn't matter. 181<strong>mom</strong> and <strong>refer</strong> will re-arrange 182them in the correct order for you. 183<p> 184The meaning of the letters follows. There are, with 185<strong>refer</strong>, quite a few--all uppercase--which have, over 186time, come to be "standard". <strong>Mom</strong> respects these. 187However, she adds to the list (mostly the lowercase letters). 188<p> 189<pre> 190 %A Author -- additional authors may be entered on separate %A 191 lines as in first entry of the sample, above; mom 192 and refer will figure out what to do with multiple 193 authors according to MLA rules 194 %T Title -- either the primary title (e.g. of a book), or the 195 title of an article (e.g. within a book or 196 journal or magazine) 197 %B Book title -- the title of a book when %T contains the title 198 of an article; otherwise, use %T for book 199 titles 200 %R Report number -- for technical reports 201 %J Journal name -- the name of a journal or magazine when %T 202 contains the title of an article 203 %E Editor -- additional editors may be entered on separate %E 204 lines (like authors); mom and refer will figure 205 out what to do with them according to MLA rules 206 %e Edition -- the number of name of a specific edition 207 (e.g. Second, 2nd, Collector's, etc.) 208 %V Volume -- volume number of a journal or series of books 209 %N Journal number -- journal or magazine number 210 %S Series -- series name for books or journals that are part of 211 a series 212 %C City -- the city of publication 213 %I Publisher -- the publisher; %I stands for "Issuer" 214 %D Publication date 215 %P Page number(s) -- enter page ranges as, e.g., 22-25 216 %G Gov't. 217 ordering number -- for government publications 218 %O Other -- additional information or comments you want 219 to appear at the end of the reference 220 %K Keywords -- any words that will clear up ambiguities 221 resulting from database entries that 222 contain, say, the same author or the 223 same title 224 %d original 225 publication date -- if different from the date 226 of publication 227 %a additions -- for books, any additions to the original work, 228 such as the preface to a new edition or a new 229 introduction 230 %t reprint title -- if different from a work's original title 231 %l translator -- if the translator is not the editor; if more 232 than one translator, this field should contain 233 all the names, with appropriate punctuation 234 %r translator 235 and editor -- if tr. and ed. are one in the same; 236 %s site name -- for web sites, the site name 237 %c content 238 of site -- for web sites, the content, if unclear 239 (i.e. advertisement, cartoon, blog) 240 %o organization -- for web sites, the organization, group or 241 sponsor of the site 242 %a access date -- for a website, the date you accessed it 243 %u URL -- for websites, the full URL of the site 244</pre> 245 246<a name="REF_DISC_HY"></a> 247<strong>Tip:</strong> If you have hyphenation turned on in your 248document (you probably do), <strong>mom</strong> will hyphenate 249your references. This can be a problem because references 250typically contain several proper names. Proper names shouldn't be 251hyphenated. The solution is to prepend to any proper name in the 252database the <strong>groff</strong> 253<a href="definitions.html#TERMS_DISCRETIONARYHYPHEN">discretionary hyphen</a> 254character, <strong>\%</strong>, like this: 255<p> 256<pre> 257 %A Hill, \%Reginald 258</pre> 259 260Alternatively, you can turn hyphenation off entirely in 261references with the macro, 262<a href="#HYPHENATE_REFS">HYPHENATE_REFS</a> <kbd>OFF</kbd>. 263<p> 264 265<a name="RCOMMANDS_REF"><h3><u>2. Required "refer" commands</u></h3><a> 266<p> 267Having set up your database, you now need to put some 268<strong>refer</strong>-specific commands at the top of your 269<strong>mom</strong> file. You cannot skip this step, nor can you 270"source" these commands with the <strong>groff</strong> 271<a href="definitions.html#TERMS_PRIMITIVES">primitive</a>, 272<strong>.so</strong>. They <strong><em>must</em></strong> 273appear, exactly as shown, in every file requiring bibliographic 274references. 275<p> 276<strong>refer</strong> commands are introduced with a single 277line containing <kbd>.R1</kbd>, and concluded with a single line 278containing <kbd>.R2</kbd>. What you put between the <kbd>.R1</kbd> 279and <kbd>.R2</kbd> lines are the commands themselves. The commands 280should be entered one per line, in lowercase letters, <em><u>with 281no initial period (dot)</u></em>. 282<p> 283Here's an example: 284<p> 285<pre> 286 .R1 287 no-label-in-text 288 no-label-in-reference 289 .R2 290</pre> 291 292There are an awful lot of <strong>refer</strong> commands. We will 293focus only on those required to get <strong>mom</strong> cooperating 294with <strong>refer</strong>. If you're interested, study the 295<strong>refer</strong> manpage to discover what other commands are 296available and how to manipulate them. 297<p> 298At a minimum, all <strong>mom</strong> files accessing 299a bibliographic database must contain the following 300<strong>refer</strong> commands, exactly as shown: 301<p> 302<a name="REFER_BLOCK1"></a> 303<pre> 304.R1 305no-label-in-text 306no-label-in-reference 307join-authors ", and " ", " ", and " 308database <full path to the database> 309.R2 310</pre> 311 312The first two commands tell <strong>refer</strong> to let 313<strong>mom</strong> handle everything associated with footnote 314and endnote markers, both in the body of the document, and in the 315footnotes/endnotes themselves. 316<p> 317The third command is required for <strong>mom</strong> to handle 318multiple authors in proper, MLA style. 319<p> 320The last command, <kbd>database</kbd>, assumes you have created 321your own database, and do not otherwise have a system-wide 322"default" database. "...full path to the database" means the full 323path <em>including</em> the database filename, e.g. 324/home/user/refer/my_database. 325<p> If you're already a <strong>refer</strong> user, feel free to 326enter whatever <strong>refer</strong> commands are necessary to 327access the database(s) you want. 328<p> 329With the above <strong>refer</strong> block, you can embed 330references directly into the text of your document, or have them 331output as footnotes or endnotes. If you want to "collect" 332references for later output on a bibliography page, the block must 333read: 334<p> 335<pre> 336.R1 337no-label-in-text 338no-label-in-reference 339join-authors ", and " ", " ", and " 340database <full path to the database> 341sort 342accumulate 343.R2 344</pre> 345 346<a name="ACCESSING_REF"><h3><u>3. Accessing references</u></h3><a> 347<p> 348References are accessed by putting keywords, all on one line, 349between the <strong>refer</strong> commands <strong>.[</strong> and 350<strong>.]</strong>. Both of these commands must appear on separate 351lines, by themselves, like this: 352<p> 353<pre> 354 .[ 355 keyword(s) 356 .] 357</pre> 358 359Keywords are any word, or set of words, that identify a database 360record (i.e. a reference) unambiguously. (<strong>refer</strong> 361doesn't like ambiguity.) 362<p> 363If, for example, you want to reference a book by Ray Bradbury, 364and the database contains only one book by Bradbury, a suitable 365keyword would be "Bradbury". If your database contains several 366books by Bradbury, say, <em>Fahrenheit 451</em> and <em>The Martian 367Chronicles</em>, you could reference them with the keywords, "451" 368and "Martian". If, in addition to the two books by Bradbury, you 369also had one whose title was <em>The Martian Mission</em>, suitable 370keywords to reference <em>The Martian Chronicles</em> might be: 371<p> 372<pre> 373 .[ or .[ or .[ 374 Bradbury Martian Bradbury Chronicles Martian Chronicles 375 .] .] .] 376</pre> 377 378The database field identifier, %K, lets you create special keywords 379for references. This can be very handy if you need both a "short" 380and a "long" reference to the same work. The short reference might 381be used in footnotes; the long one in a bibliography. Consider the 382following: 383<p> 384<pre> 385 %A Isherwood, Christopher %A Isherwood 386 %T Mr. Norris Changes Trains %T Mr. Norris Changes Trains 387 %d 1935 %K Nor short 388 %t The Last of Mr. \%Norris 389 %a Intro. Tom Crawford 390 %C New York 391 %I New Directions 392 %D 1945 393 %K Norris 394 395</pre> 396 397To access the shorter reference, you'd do 398<p> 399<pre> 400 .[ 401 Nor short 402 .] 403</pre> 404 405To access the longer one, you'd do 406<pre> 407 .[ 408 Norris 409 .] 410</pre> 411 412<a name="WHERE_REF"><h3><u>4. Telling mom where to put references</u></h3><a> 413<p> 414<strong>Mom</strong> provides several mechanisms for outputting 415references where you want. 416<p> 417<h3>Embedding references in the document body</h3> 418<p> 419References may be embedded in the document body, surrounded by 420parentheses, square brackets, or braces. Use whichever you prefer, 421following the recipes below. 422<p> 423<pre> 424 Parentheses Square brackets Braces 425 ----------- --------------- ------ 426 427 .REF( .REF[ .REF{ 428 .[ .[ .[ 429 keyword(s) keyword(s) keyword(s) 430 .] .] .] 431 .REF) .REF] .REF} 432</pre> 433 434<h3>Footnote or endnote references</h3> 435<p> 436Most times, you'll probably want references in either footnotes or 437endnotes. <strong>Mom</strong> provides a simple mechanism whereby 438you can choose which, or even switch back and forth. The primary 439tag is 440<a href="#REF">REF</a>, which is used like this: 441<p> 442<pre> 443 .REF 444 .[ 445 keyword(s) 446 .] 447 .REF 448</pre> 449 450<strong>REF</strong> collects references and outputs them 451where you say with the macros, 452<a href="#FOOTNOTE_REFS">FOOTNOTE_REFS</a> 453or 454<a href="#ENDNOTE_REFS">ENDNOTE_REFS</a>. 455Neither 456<strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong> nor <strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong> 457requires an argument. All they do is tell <strong>REF</strong>, 458whenever it's invoked, where to put the references. 459<p> 460A recipe for footnote references looks like this: 461<pre> 462 .FOOTNOTE_REFS 463 .REF 464 .[ 465 keyword(s) 466 .] 467 .REF 468</pre> 469 470When <strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong> are enabled, <strong>REF</strong> 471behaves identically to 472<a href="docelement.html#FOOTNOTE">FOOTNOTE</a>, 473so please read the 474<a href="docelement.html#FOOTNOTE_NOTE">HYPER IMPORTANT NOTE</a> 475found in the document entry for <strong>FOOTNOTE</strong>. 476<p> 477The reference between the first and second <strong>REF</strong> 478will be treated as a footnote, as will all subsequent 479<strong>REF</strong> pairs unless you invoke the macro, 480<strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong>. 481<p> 482A recipe for endnote references looks like this: 483<pre> 484 .ENDNOTE_REFS 485 .REF 486 .[ 487 keyword(s) 488 .] 489 .REF 490</pre> 491 492The reference between the first and second <strong>REF</strong> 493will be treated as an endnote, as will all subsequent 494<strong>REF</strong> pairs unless you invoke the macro, 495<strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong>. 496<p> 497When <strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong> are enabled, <strong>REF</strong> 498behaves identically to 499<a href="docelement.html#FOOTNOTE">ENDNOTE</a>, 500so please read the 501<a href="docelement.html#ENDNOTE_NOTE">HYPER IMPORTANT NOTE</a> 502found in the document entry for <strong>ENDNOTE</strong>. 503<p> 504The innate flexibility of this scheme allows you to have both 505footnote references and endnote references in the same document. 506This would be desirable if, say, you wanted "short" references in 507footnotes, and complete references in endnotes. 508<p> 509 510<a name="COLLECTED_REF"><h3>Collected references</h3></a> 511<p> 512Sometimes, you may want to put references in input text near 513sections of text to which they pertain, but not actually want 514them output until later (typically, on a bibliography page). 515<strong>REF</strong> is used for this, too, but you have to make 516sure your <strong>refer</strong> commands block is set up properly. 517The recipe for this is: 518<p> 519<a name="REFER_BLOCK2"></a> 520<pre> 521.R1 522no-label-in-text 523no-label-in-reference 524join-authors ", and " ", " ", and " 525database <full path to the database> 526sort 527accumulate 528.R2 529</pre> 530 531After this set up, and provided you don't issue a 532<strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong> or <strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong> 533command, all reference between <strong>REF</strong> pairs will be 534collected for later output. 535<p> 536As a precaution, <strong>mom</strong> will issue a message the 537first time you call <strong>.REF</strong> if neither 538<strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong> nor <strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong> is 539in effect. If collected references are what you want, and you have 540set up your <strong>.R1 - .R2</strong> block as above, you may 541safely ignore the message. 542<p> 543<strong>LIMITATION:</strong> You cannot combine "collected" 544references (plain <strong>REF</strong>) with <strong>REF</strong>s 545that are instructed to go into footnotes (with 546<strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong>) or endnotes (with 547<strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong>). This is a limitation imposed by 548<strong>refer</strong>, not <strong>mom</strong>. 549 550<a name="BIBLIO_REF"><h3><u>5. Creating bibliography pages</u></h3><a> 551<p> 552Bibliography pages are separate pages, like endnotes, on which 553complete bibliographies are output. And, like endnotes pages, just 554about every element on them can be designed to your specifications 555with control macros. (See 556<a href="#BIBLIO_CONTROL_MACROS">Control macros for bibliographies</a>.) 557A bibliography page that uses <strong>mom</strong>'s defaults 558begins with the macro, 559<a href="BIBLIOGRAPHY">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a>, 560like this: 561<p> 562<pre> 563 .BIBLIOGRAPHY 564</pre> 565 566<p> 567Following <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY</strong>, you have three choices of 568how to proceed. 569<p> 570If you have elected to have references collected from within the 571body of a document (see above, 572<a href="#COLLECTED_REF">Collected references</a>, 573for instructions), which assumes you have a <strong>refer</strong> 574command block like the one 575<a href="#REFER_BLOCK2">here</a> 576at the top of your document, you need only do 577<p> 578<pre> 579 .BIBLIOGRAPHY 580 .[ 581 $LIST$ 582 .] 583</pre> 584 585If you want to create the bibliography by hand (which may be the 586case if you've used footnote and/or endnote references throughout 587your document), follow this recipe, which assumes you already have a 588<strong>refer</strong> block like the one 589<a href="#REFER_BLOCK1">here</a> 590at the top of your document: 591<p> 592<pre> 593 .BIBLIOGRAPHY 594 .R1 595 sort 596 accumulate 597 .R2 598 .[ -+ 599 keyword(s) | 600 .] | "keyword(s)" are keywords identifying the 601 .[ | particular bibliographic reference you want 602 keyword(s) | from your database. Order doesn't matter here; 603 .] | the refer command, sort, takes care of that. 604 .[ | 605 keyword(s) | 606 .] -+ 607 .[ 608 $LIST$ 609 .] 610</pre> 611 612Your final choice is to output your whole database. Again, 613assuming you have a <strong>refer</strong> block like the one 614<a href="#REFER_BLOCK1">here</a> at the top of your file, you need 615only do: 616<p> 617<pre> 618 .BIBLIOGRAPHY 619 .R1 620 bibliography <full path to database> 621 .R2 622</pre> 623 624If you haven't put a <strong>refer</strong> block in 625your file already, you can put the whole thing after 626<strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY</strong>, like this: 627<p> 628<pre> 629 .BIBLIOGRAPHY 630 .R1 631 no-label-in-text -+ 632 no-label-in-reference | These are actually optional 633 database <full path to the database> -+ 634 join-authors ", and " ", " ", and " 635 bibliography <full path to database> 636 .R2 637</pre> 638 639Whichever option you choose, <strong>mom</strong> will output a 640full bibliography page, complete with a title (BIBLIOGRAPHY by 641default, but that can be changed). 642 643<a name="INVOKING_REF"><h3><u>6. Invoking groff with mom and refer</u></h3><a> 644<p> 645So, now you've got a document, formatted properly to use 646references processed with <strong>refer</strong>, what do you do to 647output the document? 648<p> 649It's simple. Instead of invoking <strong>groff</strong> with just 650the -mom option, as explained 651<a href="using.html#USING_INVOKING">here</a>, 652invoke groff with the -R option as well, like this: 653<p> 654<pre> 655 groff -R -mom filename 656</pre> 657 658<hr width="66%"> 659 660<p> 661<a name="MACROS_REF"><h3><u>Index of bibliography and reference macros</u></h3></a> 662<ul> 663 <li><a href="#REF">Tag: REF</a> -- collected, footnote or endnote references tag 664 <li><a href="#FOOTNOTE_REFS">FOOTNOTE_REFS</a> -- REFs go to footnotes 665 <li><a href="#ENDNOTE_REFS">ENDNOTE_REFS</a> -- REFs go to endnotes 666 <li><a href="#BRACKET_REFS">REF(</a> -- references embedded in text between parentheses 667 <li><a href="#BRACKET_REFS">REF[</a> -- references embedded in text between square brackets 668 <li><a href="#BRACKET_REFS">REF{</a> -- references embedded in text between braces 669 <li><a href="#INDENT_REFS">INDENT_REFS</a> -- manage the 2nd line indent of references 670 <li><a href="#HYPHENATE_REFS">HYPHENATE_REFS</a> -- en/disable hyphenation of references 671 <li><a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a> -- begin a bibliography page 672 <li><a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE">BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE</a> -- plain, or numbered list bibliography 673 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_CONTROL">Bibliography page style control</a> 674</ul> 675<p> 676 677<!---REF---> 678 679<hr width="66%" align="left"> 680<a name="REF"><h3><u>Marking off references for footnotes, endnotes, or collection</u></h3></a> 681<p> 682 683Tag: <strong>REF</strong> 684<p> 685The macro, <strong>REF</strong>, tells <strong>mom</strong> that 686what follows is <strong>refer</strong>-specific, a 687keyword-identified reference from a 688<strong>refer</strong> database. Depending on whether you've 689issued a 690<a href="#FOOTNOTE_REFS">FOOTNOTE_REFS</a> 691or 692<a href="#ENDNOTE_REFS">ENDNOTE_REFS</a> 693instruction, <strong>REF</strong> also tells <strong>mom</strong> 694where to place the reference. If <strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong>, 695the reference will be formatted and placed in a footnote. If 696<strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong>, the reference will be collected for 697output as an endnote. If you have issued neither instruction, the 698reference will be collected for later output, most likely on a 699<a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">bibliography page</a>. 700<p> 701Before you use <strong>REF</strong>, you must create a 702<strong>refer</strong> block containing <strong>refer</strong> 703commands (see 704<a href="#RCOMMANDS_REF">Required refer commands</a> 705in the tutorial, above). 706<p> 707<strong>REF</strong> usage always looks like this: 708<p> 709<pre> 710 .REF 711 .[ 712 keyword(s) 713 .] 714 .REF 715</pre> 716 717Notice that <strong>REF</strong> "brackets" the 718<strong>refer</strong> call, and never takes an argument. 719<p> 720What <strong>REF</strong> really is is a convenience. One could, 721for example, put a reference in a footnote by doing 722<p> 723<pre> 724 .FOOTNOTE 725 .[ 726 keyword(s) 727 .] 728 .FOOTNOTE OFF 729</pre> 730 731However, if you have a lot of references going into footnotes (or 732endnotes), it's much shorter to type <kbd>.REF/.REF</kbd> than 733<kbd>.FOOTNOTE/.FOOTNOTE OFF</kbd>. It also helps you 734distinguish--visually, in your input file--between footnotes (or 735endnotes) which are references, and footnotes (or endnotes) which 736are explanatory, or expand on the text. 737<p> 738<strong>Additional arguments:</strong> If you're using 739<strong>REF</strong> to put references in footnotes and your 740footnotes need to be indented, you may (indeed, should) pass 741<strong>REF</strong> the same arguments used to indent footnotes. 742See 743<a href="docelement.html#FOOTNOTE">FOOTNOTE</a>. 744<p> 745<strong>Note:</strong> 746When <strong>REF</strong> is used with 747<a href="#FOOTNOTE_REFS">FOOTNOTE_REFS</a>, 748it behaves identically to 749<a href="docelement.html#FOOTNOTE">FOOTNOTE</a>, 750so please read the 751<a href="docelement.html#FOOTNOTE_NOTE">HYPER IMPORTANT NOTE</a> 752found in the document entry for <strong>FOOTNOTE</strong>. 753<p> 754When <strong>REF</strong> is used with 755<a href="#ENDNOTE_REFS">ENDNOTE_REFS</a>, 756it behaves identically to 757<a href="docelement.html#FOOTNOTE">ENDNOTE</a>, 758so please read the 759<a href="docelement.html#ENDNOTE_NOTE">HYPER IMPORTANT NOTE</a> 760found in the document entry for <strong>ENDNOTE</strong>. 761 762<br> 763 764<!---FOOTNOTE_REFS---> 765 766<hr width="33%" align="left"> 767<a name="FOOTNOTE_REFS"><h3><u>Instruct REF to put references in footnotes</u></h3></a> 768<p> 769 770Macro: <strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong> 771<p> 772<strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong> is an instruction to 773<a href="#REF">REF</a>, 774saying, "put all subsequent references bracketed by the 775<strong>REF</strong> macro into footnotes." You invoke it by 776itself, with no argument. 777<p> 778When <strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong> is in effect, regular 779footnotes, (i.e. those introduced with <kbd>.FOOTNOTE</kbd> and 780terminated with <kbd>.FOOTNOTE OFF</kbd>) continue to behave 781normally. 782<p> 783You may switch between <strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong> and 784<a href="#ENDNOTE_REFS">ENDNOTE_REFS</a> 785at any time. 786<p> 787If you have a lot of footnote references, and are identifying 788footnotes by line number rather than by markers in the text, you may 789want to enable 790<a href="docelement.html#FOOTNOTES_RUN_ON">FOOTNOTES_RUN_ON</a> 791in conjunctions with <strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong>. 792 793<br> 794 795<!---ENDNOTE_REFS---> 796 797<hr width="33%" align="left"> 798<a name="ENDNOTE_REFS"><h3><u>Instruct REF to put references in endnotes</u></h3></a> 799<p> 800 801Macro: <strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong> 802<p> 803<strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong> is an instruction to 804<a href="#REF">REF</a>, 805saying, "add all subsequent references bracketed by the 806<strong>REF</strong> macro to endnotes." You invoke it by 807itself, with no argument. 808<p> 809When <strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong> is in effect, 810<strong>mom</strong> continues to format regular endnotes, (i.e. 811those introduced with <kbd>.ENDNOTE</kbd> and terminated with 812<kbd>.ENDNOTE OFF</kbd>) in the normal way. 813<p> 814You may switch between <strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong> and 815<a href="#FOOTNOTE_REFS">FOOTNOTE_REFS</a> 816at any time. 817 818<br> 819 820<!---BRACKET_REFS---> 821 822<hr width="33%" align="left"> 823<a name="BRACKET_REFS"><h3><u>References embedded in text</u></h3></a> 824<p> 825 826Macro pair: <strong>REF(</strong> ... <strong>REF)</strong> 827<br> 828Macro pair: <strong>REF[</strong> ... <strong>REF]</strong> 829<br> 830Macro pair: <strong>REF{</strong> ... <strong>REF}</strong> 831<p> 832You may sometimes want to embed references directly into the body 833of your documents, typically, but not always, inside parentheses. 834<strong>Mom</strong> makes this possible through the use of the 835<strong>REF<bracket type></strong> macros. 836<p> 837All three macro pairs, above, are invoked the same way, namely by 838introducing the reference with the first ("open") macro of 839the <strong>REF<bracket type></strong> pair, and 840terminating it with the second ("close") 841<strong>REF<bracket type></strong> of the pair. For 842example 843<p> 844<pre> 845 .REF( 846 .[ 847 keyword(s) 848 .] 849 .REF) 850</pre> 851 852will embed a reference in the body of your document, surrounded by 853parentheses. <strong>.REF[</strong> ... <strong>.REF]</strong> will 854surround the reference with square brackets. 855<strong>.REF{</strong> ... <strong>.REF}</strong> will surround it with 856curly braces. 857<br> 858 859<!---INDENT_REFS---> 860 861<hr width="33%" align="left"> 862<a name="INDENT_REFS"><h3><u>Manage the second-line indent of references</u></h3></a> 863<p> 864 865<nobr>Macro: <strong>INDENT_REFS</strong> FOOTNOTE | ENDNOTE | BIBLIO <indent> </nobr> 866<br> 867<em>*<indent> requires a <a href="definitions.html#TERMS_UNITOFMEASURE">unit of measure</a></em> 868<p> 869Proper MLA-style references should have their second, and subsequent 870lines, if any, indented. Since <strong>mom</strong> formats 871references in MLA style, she automatically indents second lines. 872By default, the indent for the second line of references, 873regardless of whether the references appear in footnotes, endnotes, 874or bibliographies, is 1.5 875<a href="definitions.html#TERMS_EM">ems</a> 876for 877<a href="docprocessing.html#PRINTSTYLE">PRINSTYLE</a> 878<strong>TYPESET</strong> 879and 2 ems for 880<a href="docprocessing.html#PRINTSTYLE">PRINSTYLE</a> 881<strong>TYPEWRITE</strong>. 882<p> 883If you'd like to change the indent for footnotes, endnotes or 884bibliographies, just invoke <strong>INDENT_REFS</strong> with a 885first argument telling <strong>mom</strong> for which you want the 886indent changed, and a second argument saying what you'd like the 887indent to be. For example, if you want the second-line indent of 888references on a bibliography page to be 3 889<a href="definitions.html#TERMS_PICAS_POINTS">picas</a>, 890<p> 891<pre> 892 .INDENT_REFS BIBLIO 3P 893</pre> 894 895is how you'd set it up. 896<p> 897<strong>Tip:</strong> if you are identifying endnotes by line 898number 899(<a href="docelement.html#ENDNOTE_MARKER_STYLE">ENDNOTE_MARKER_STYLE</a> <strong>LINE</strong>) 900and you have instructed <strong>mom</strong> to put references 901bracketed by 902<a href="#REF">REF</a> 903into endnotes (with 904<a href="#ENDNOTE_REFS">ENDNOTE_REFS</a>), 905you will probably want to adjust the second-line indent for 906references in endnotes, owing to the way <strong>mom</strong> 907formats line-numbered endnotes. Study the output of such 908documents to see whether an indent adjustment is required. 909<br> 910 911<!---HYPHENATE_REFS---> 912 913<hr width="33%" align="left"> 914<a name="HYPHENATE_REFS"><h3><u>Enable/disable hyphenation of references</u></h3></a> 915<p> 916 917<nobr>Macro: <strong>HYPHENATE_REFS</strong> <toggle></nobr> 918<p> 919If you have hyphenation turned on for a document (see <a 920href="typesetting.html#HY">HY</a>), 921and in most cases you probably do, <strong>mom</strong> will 922hyphenate references bracketed by the 923<a href="#REF">REF</a> 924macro. Since references typically contain quite a lot of proper 925names, which shouldn't be hyphenated, you may want to disable 926hyphenation for references. 927<p> 928<strong>HYPHENATE_REFS</strong> is a toggle macro; 929invoking it by itself will turn automatic hyphenation of 930<strong>REF</strong>-bracketed references on (the default). 931Invoking it with any other argument (<strong>OFF</strong>, 932<strong>NO</strong>, <strong>X</strong>, etc.) will disable 933automatic hyphenation for references bracketed by 934<strong>REF</strong>. 935<p> 936An alternative to turning reference hyphenation off is to prepend 937to selected proper names in your <strong>refer</strong> database 938the <strong>groff</strong> 939<a href="definitions.html#TERMS_DISCRETIONARYHYPHEN">discretionary hyphen</a> 940character, <strong>\%</strong>. (See 941<a href="#REF_DISC_HY">here</a> 942in the tutorial for an example.) 943<p> 944<strong>Note:</strong> references embedded in the body of a document 945with 946<a href="#BRACKET_REFS">REF</a><strong><bracket type></strong> 947are considered part of 948<a href="definitions.html#TERMS_RUNNING">running text</a>, 949and are hyphenated (or not) according to whether hyphenation 950is turned on or off for running text. Therefore, if you want to 951disable hyphenation for such references, you must do so 952temporarily, with <strong>HY</strong>, like this: 953<p> 954<pre> 955 .HY OFF 956 .REF( 957 .[ 958 keyword(s) 959 .] 960 .REF) 961 .HY 962</pre> 963 964Alternatively, sprinkle your database fields liberally with 965<strong>\%</strong>. 966<br> 967 968<!---BIBLIOGRAPHY---> 969 970<hr width="33%" align="left"> 971<a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY"><h3><u>Begin a bibliography page</u></h3></a> 972<p> 973 974Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY</strong> 975<br> 976<p> 977If you want to append a bibliography to your document, all you need 978do is invoke <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY</strong> at the place you want 979it. <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY</strong> breaks to a new page, prints the 980title (BIBLIOGRAPHY by default, but that can be changed), and awaits 981<strong>refer</strong> instructions. How to create bibliographies 982is covered in the tutorial section, 983<a href="#BIBLIO_REF">Creating bibliography pages</a>. 984<p> 985See the 986<a href="#BIBLIO_CONTROL">Bibliography page style control macros</a> 987for macros to tweak, design and control the appearance of 988bibliography pages. 989<br> 990 991<!---BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE---> 992 993<hr width="33%" align="left"> 994<a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE"><h3><u>Plain, or numbered list bibliography</u></h3></a> 995<p> 996 997<nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE</strong> PLAIN | LIST [ <list separator> ] [ <list prefix> ]</nobr> 998<p> 999<strong>Mom</strong> offers two styles of bibliography output: plain, 1000or numbered list style. With <strong>PLAIN</strong>, bibliography 1001entries are output with no enumerators. With <strong>LIST</strong>, 1002each entry is numbered. 1003<p> 1004Entering <kbd>.BIBLIOGRPHY_TYPE PLAIN</kbd> gives you a plain 1005bibliography. 1006<p> 1007Entering <kbd>.BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE LIST</kbd> gives you an enumerated 1008bibliography. The two optional arguments, 1009<strong><list separator></strong> and 1010<strong><list prefix></strong> have the same meaning as 1011the equivalent arguments to 1012<a href="docelement.html#LIST">LIST</a> 1013(i.e. <strong><separator></strong> and <strong><prefix></strong>). 1014<p> 1015You may enter <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE</strong> either before or 1016after <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY</strong>. It must, however, always come 1017before the <strong>refer</strong> command to output bibliographies. 1018(See the tutorial section, 1019<a href="#BIBLIO_REF">Creating bibliography pages</a>, 1020for instructions on how to output bibliographies.) 1021<p> 1022<strong>Mom</strong>'s default <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE</strong> 1023is <strong>LIST</strong>, with a period (dot) as the separator, and 1024no prefix. 1025 1026<br> 1027 1028<!---BIBLIO_CONTROL---> 1029 1030<hr width="66%" align="left"> 1031<a name="BIBLIO_CONTROL"><h3><u>Bibliography page style control</u></h3></a> 1032 1033<p> 1034<strong>Mom</strong> processes bibliography pages in a manner very 1035similar to the way she processes endnotes pages. The bibliography 1036page control macros, therefore, behave in the same way as their 1037endnotes pages equivalents. 1038<br> 1039<ol> 1040 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_GENERAL"><strong>General bibliography page style control</strong></a> 1041 <ul> 1042 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_STYLE">Base family/font/quad for bibliographies</a> 1043 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_PT_SIZE">Base point size for bibliographies</a> 1044 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_LEAD">Leading of bibliographies</a> 1045 <li><a href="#SINGLESPACE_BIBLIO">Singlespace bibliographies (for TYPEWRITE only)</a> 1046 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_NO_COLUMNS">Turning off column mode during bibliography output</a> 1047 <li>Pagination of bibliographies: 1048 <ul> 1049 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_PAGENUM_STYLE">Bibliography pages page numbering style</a> 1050 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_FIRST_PAGENUMBER">Setting the first page number of bibliography pages</a> 1051 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_NO_FIRST_PAGENUM">Omitting a page number on the first page of bibliographies</a> 1052 </ul> 1053 <li><a href="#SUSPEND_PAGINATION">Suspending pagination of bibliographies</a> 1054 </ul> 1055 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_HEADER_CONTROL"><strong>Bibliography pages header/footer control</strong></a> 1056 <ul> 1057 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_MODIFY_HDRFTR">Modifying what goes in the bibliography pages header/footer</a> 1058 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_HDRFTR_CENTER">Enabling a header/footer centre when doctype is CHAPTER</a> 1059 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_ALLOWS_HEADERS">Allow headers on bibliography pages</a> 1060 </ul> 1061 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_MAIN_TITLE"><strong>Bibliography page head (i.e. the title at the top) control</strong></a> 1062 <ul> 1063 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_STRING">Creating/modifying the bibliography page head</a> 1064 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_STRING_CONTROL">Bibliography page head control</a> 1065 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_STRING_UNDERSCORE">Bibliography page head underscoring</a> 1066 <li><a href="#BIBLIO_STRING_CAPS">Bibliography page head capitalization</a> 1067 </ul> 1068 </ul> 1069</ol> 1070<hr> 1071 1072<a name="BIBLIO_GENERAL"><h2><u>1. General bibliography page style control</u></h2> 1073 1074<a name="BIBLIO_STYLE"><h3><u>*Bibliography family/font/quad</u></h3></a> 1075<p> 1076See 1077<a href="#CONTROL_MACRO_ARGS">Arguments to the control macros</a>. 1078<p> 1079<pre> 1080.BIBLIOGRAPHY_FAMILY default = prevailing document family; default is Times Roman 1081.BIBLIOGRAPHY_FONT default = roman 1082.BIBLIOGRAPHY_QUAD* default = justified 1083 1084*Note: BIBLIOGRAPHY_QUAD must be set to either L or J 1085</pre> 1086 1087<!---BIBLIO_PT_SIZE---> 1088 1089<a name="BIBLIO_PT_SIZE"><h3><u>*Bibliography point size</u></h3></a> 1090<p> 1091<nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_PT_SIZE</strong> <base type size of bibliography></nobr> 1092 1093<p> 1094Unlike most other control macros that deal with size of document 1095elements, <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_PT_SIZE</strong> takes as its argument an 1096absolute value, relative to nothing. Therefore, the argument represents 1097the size of bibliography type in 1098<a href="definitions.html#TERMS_PICASPOINTS">points</a>, 1099unless you append an alternative 1100<a href="definitions.html#TERMS_UNITOFMEASURE">unit of measure</a>. 1101For example, 1102<p> 1103<pre> 1104 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_PT_SIZE 12 1105</pre> 1106 1107sets the base point size of type on the bibliography page to 12 1108points, whereas 1109<p> 1110<pre> 1111 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_PT_SIZE .6i 1112</pre> 1113 1114sets the base point size of type on the bibliography page to 1/6 of an 1115inch. 1116<p> 1117The type size set with <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_PT_SIZE</strong> is the size of 1118type used for the text of the bibliographies, and forms the basis from which 1119the point size of other bibliography page elements is calculated. 1120<p> 1121The default for 1122<a href="docprocessing.html#PRINTSTYLE">PRINTSTYLE TYPESET</a> 1123is 12.5 points (the same default size used in the body of the document). 1124<p> 1125 1126<!---BIBLIO_LEAD---> 1127 1128<a name="BIBLIO_LEAD"><h3><u>*Bibliography lead</u></h3></a> 1129<p> 1130<nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_LEAD</strong> <base leading of bibliographies> [ ADJUST ]</nobr> 1131<br> 1132<em>*Does not require a <a href="definitions.html#TERMS_UNITOFMEASURE">unit of measure</a>; points is assumed</em> 1133 1134<p> 1135Unlike most other control macros that deal with leading of document 1136elements, <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_LEAD</strong> takes as its argument an 1137absolute value, relative to nothing. Therefore, the argument represents 1138the 1139<a href="definitions.html#TERMS_LEADING">leading</a> 1140of endnotes in 1141<a href="definitions.html#TERMS_PICASPOINTS">points</a> 1142unless you append an alternative 1143<a href="definitions.html#TERMS_UNITOFMEASURE">unit of measure</a>. 1144For example, 1145<p> 1146<pre> 1147 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_LEAD 14 1148</pre> 1149 1150sets the base leading of type on the bibliography page to 14 1151points, whereas 1152<p> 1153<pre> 1154 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_LEAD .5i 1155</pre> 1156 1157sets the base leading of type on the bibliography page to 1/2 inch. 1158<p> 1159If you want the leading of bibliographies adjusted to fill the page, 1160pass <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_LEAD</strong> the optional argument 1161<strong>ADJUST</strong>. (See 1162<a href="docprocessing.html#DOC_LEAD_ADJUST">DOC_LEAD_ADJUST</a> 1163for an explanation of leading adjustment.) 1164<p> 1165The default for 1166<a href="docprocessing.html#PRINTSTYLE">PRINTSTYLE TYPESET</a> 1167is 14 points, adjusted. 1168<p> 1169<strong>NOTE:</strong> Even if you give <strong>mom</strong> a 1170<strong>DOC_LEAD_ADJUST OFF</strong> command, she will still, by 1171default, adjust bibliography leading. You MUST enter 1172<strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_LEAD <lead></strong> with no 1173<strong>ADJUST</strong> argument to disable this default behaviour. 1174<p> 1175 1176<!---SINGLESPACE_BIBLIO---> 1177 1178<a name="SINGLESPACE_BIBLIO"><h3><u>*Singlespace bibliographies (TYPEWRITE only)</u></h3></a> 1179<p> 1180<nobr>Macro: <strong>SINGLESPACE_BIBLIOGRAPHY</strong> <toggle></nobr> 1181 1182<p> 1183If your 1184<a href="docprocessing.html#PRINTSTYLE">PRINTSTYLE</a> 1185is <strong>TYPEWRITE</strong> and you use TYPEWRITE's default 1186double-spacing, bibliographies are double-spaced. If your document 1187is single-spaced, bibliographies are single-spaced. 1188<p> 1189If, for some reason, you'd prefer that bibliographies be single-spaced 1190in an otherwise double-spaced document (including double-spaced 1191<a href="rectoverso.html#COLLATE">collated</a> 1192documents), invoke <strong>SINGLESPACE_BIBLIOGRAPHY</strong> with 1193with no argument. 1194<p> 1195 1196<!---BIBLIO_SPACING---> 1197 1198<a name="BIBLIO_SPACING"><h3><u>*Adjusting the space between bibliography entries</u></h3></a> 1199<p> 1200<nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_SPACING</strong> <amount of space> </nobr> 1201<br> 1202<em>*Requires a <a href="definitions.html#TERMS_UNITOFMEASURE">unit of measure</a></em> 1203 1204<p> 1205By default, <strong>mom</strong> inserts 1 linespaces between 1206bibliography entries on bibliography pages. If you'd prefer she 1207add a different amount of space, instruct her to do so with the 1208macro, <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_SPACING</strong>. Say, for example, 1209you'd prefer only 1/2 linespace. That would be done with 1210<p> 1211<pre> 1212 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_SPACING .5v 1213</pre> 1214 1215As with endnotes pages, owing to the space inserted between bibliography 1216entries, bibliography pages may have hanging bottom margins. 1217Unlike endnotes pages, <strong>mom</strong> is sad to report that 1218there's nothing you can do about this, except a) pray things work 1219out, or b) set your <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_SPACING</strong> to zero. 1220 1221<!---BIBLIO_NO_COLUMNS---> 1222 1223<a name="BIBLIO_NO_COLUMNS"><h3><u>*Turning off column mode during bibliography output</u></h3></a> 1224<p> 1225<nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_NO_COLUMNS</strong> <toggle></nobr> 1226 1227<p> 1228By default, if your document is 1229<a href="columns.html#COLUMNS">set in columns</a>, 1230<strong>mom</strong> sets the bibliographies in columns, too. However, 1231if your document is set in columns and you'd like the bibliographies not 1232to be, just invoke <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_NO_COLUMNS</strong> with no 1233argument. The bibliography pages will be set to the full page measure 1234of your document. 1235<p> 1236If you output bibliographies at the end of each document in a 1237<a href="rectoverso.html#COLLATE">collated</a> 1238document set in columns, column mode will automatically 1239be reinstated for each document, even with 1240<strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_NO_COLUMNS</strong> turned on. 1241<p> 1242 1243<!---BIBLIO_PAGENUM_STYLE---> 1244 1245<a name="BIBLIO_PAGENUM_STYLE"><h3><u>*Bibliography-page page numbering style</u></h3></a> 1246<p> 1247<nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_PAGENUM_STYLE</strong> DIGIT | ROMAN | roman | ALPHA | alpha</nobr> 1248 1249<p> 1250Use this macro to set the page numbering style of bibliography pages. 1251The arguments are identical to those for 1252<a href="headfootpage.html#PAGENUM_STYLE">PAGENUM_STYLE</a>. 1253The default is <strong>digit</strong>. You may want to change it 1254to, say, <strong>alpha</strong>, which you would do with 1255<p> 1256<pre> 1257 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_PAGENUM_STYLE alpha 1258</pre> 1259 1260<!---BIBLIO_FIRST_PAGENUMBER---> 1261 1262<a name="BIBLIO_FIRST_PAGENUMBER"><h3><u>*Setting the first page number of bibliography pages</u></h3></a> 1263<p> 1264<nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBILOGRAPHY_FIRST_PAGENUMBER</strong> <page # that appears on page 1 of bibliographies></nobr> 1265 1266<p> 1267Use this macro with caution. If all bibliographies for several 1268<a href="rectoverso.html#COLLATE">collated</a> 1269documents are to be output at once, i.e. not at the end of each 1270separate doc, <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_FIRST_PAGENUMBER</strong> tells 1271<strong>mom</strong> what page number to put on the first page of 1272the bibliography. 1273<p> 1274If you set <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_FIRST_PAGENUMBER</strong> in collated 1275documents where the bibliographies are output after each separate doc, 1276you have to reset every separate document's first page number after 1277<a href="rectoverso.html#COLLATE">COLLATE</a> 1278and before 1279<a href="docprocessing.html#START">START</a>. 1280<p> 1281 1282<!---BIBLIO_NO_FIRST_PAGENUN---> 1283 1284<a name="BIBLIO_NO_FIRST_PAGENUM"><h3><u>*Omitting a page number on the first page of bibliographies</u></h3></a> 1285<p> 1286<nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_NO_FIRST_PAGENUM</strong> <toggle></nobr> 1287 1288<p> 1289This macro is for use only if <strong>FOOTERS</strong> are on. It 1290tells 1291<a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a> 1292not to print a page number on the first bibliography page. 1293<strong>Mom</strong>'s default is to print the page number. 1294<p> 1295 1296<!---SUSPEND_PAGINATION---> 1297 1298<a name="SUSPEND_PAGINATION"><h3><u>*Suspending pagination of bibliography pages</u></h3></a> 1299<p> 1300Macro: <strong>SUSPEND_PAGINATION</strong> 1301<br> 1302Macro: <strong>RESTORE_PAGINATION</strong> 1303 1304<p> 1305<strong>SUSPEND_PAGINATION</strong> doesn't take an argument. 1306Invoked immediately prior to 1307<a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a>, 1308it turns off pagination for the duration of the bibliography. 1309<strong>Mom</strong> continues, however to increment page numbers 1310silently. 1311<p> 1312To restore normal document pagination after bibliographies, invoke 1313<strong>RESTORE_PAGINATION</strong> (again, with no argument) 1314immediately after you've finished with your bibliography. 1315 1316<a name="BIBLIO_HEADER_CONTROL"><h2><u>2. Bibliography page header/footer control</u></h2></a> 1317<p> 1318<a name="BIBLIO_MODIFY_HDRFTR"></a> 1319If you wish to modify what appears in the header/footer that appears 1320on bibliography pages, make the changes before you invoke 1321<a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a>, 1322not afterwards. 1323<p> 1324Except in the case of 1325<a href="docprocessing.html#DOCTYPE">DOCTYPE CHAPTER</a>, 1326<strong>mom</strong> prints the same header or footer used throughout 1327the document on bibliography pages. Chapters get treated differently 1328in that, by default, <strong>mom</strong> does not print the 1329header/footer centre string (normally the chapter number or chapter 1330title.) In most cases, this is what you want. However, should you 1331<em>not</em> want <strong>mom</strong> to remove the centre string from 1332the bibliography pages headers/footers, invoke 1333<a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY_HDRFTR_CENTER">BIBLIOGRAPHY_HEADER_CENTER</a> 1334with no argument. 1335<p> 1336An important change you may want to make is to put the word 1337"Bibliography" in the header/footer centre position. 1338To do so, do 1339<p> 1340<pre> 1341 .HEADER_CENTER "Bibliography" 1342 or 1343 .FOOTER_CENTER "Bibliography" 1344</pre> 1345 1346prior to invoking <strong>.BIBLIOGRAPHY</strong>. If your 1347<a href="docprocessing.html#DOCTYPE">DOCTYPE</a> 1348is <kbd>CHAPTER</kbd>, you must also invoke 1349<a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY_HDRFTR_CENTER">BIBLIOGRAPHY_HEADER_CENTER</a> 1350for the <strong>HEADER_CENTER</strong> to appear. 1351<p> 1352 1353<a name="BIBLIO_HDRFTR_CENTER"><h3><u>*Bibliography page header/footer centre string</u></h3></a> 1354<p> 1355<nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_HEADER_CENTER</strong> toggle</nobr> 1356 1357<p> 1358If your 1359<a href="docprocessing.html#DOCTYPE">DOCTYPE</a> 1360is <kbd>CHAPTER</kbd> and you want <strong>mom</strong> to include 1361a centre string in the headers/footers that appear on bibliography pages, 1362invoke <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_HEADER_CENTER</strong> (or 1363<strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_FOOTER_CENTER</strong>) with no argument. 1364<strong>Mom</strong>'s default is NOT to print the centre string. 1365<p> 1366If, for some reason, having enabled the header/footer centre string 1367on bibliography pages, you wish to disable it, invoke the same macro 1368with any argument (<strong>OFF, QUIT, Q, X</strong>...). 1369<p> 1370 1371<a name="BIBLIO_ALLOWS_HEADERS"><h3><u>*Allow headers on bibliography pages</u></h3></a> 1372<p> 1373<nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_ALLOWS_HEADERS</strong> <none> | ALL</nobr> 1374 1375<p> 1376By default, if <strong>HEADERS</strong> are on, <strong>mom</strong> 1377prints page headers on all bibliography pages except the first. If you 1378don't want her to print headers on bibliography pages, do 1379<p> 1380<pre> 1381 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_ALLOWS_HEADERS OFF 1382</pre> 1383 1384If you want headers on every page <em>including the first</em>, do 1385<p> 1386<pre> 1387 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_ALLOWS_HEADERS ALL 1388</pre> 1389 1390<strong>NOTE:</strong> If <strong>FOOTERS</strong> are on, 1391<strong>mom</strong> prints footers on every bibliography page. This is 1392a style convention. In <strong>mom</strong>, there is no such beast 1393as <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_ALLOWS_FOOTERS OFF</strong>. 1394<p> 1395 1396<a name="BIBLIO_MAIN_TITLE"><h2><u>3. Bibliography page first page head (title) control</u></h2> 1397 1398<!---BIBLIO_STRING---> 1399 1400<a name="BIBLIO_STRING"><h3><u>*Bibliography pages first page head (title) string</u></h3></a> 1401<p> 1402<nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING</strong> "<head to print at the top of bibliography pages>"</nobr> 1403 1404<p> 1405By default, <strong>mom</strong> prints the word "BIBLIOGRAPHY" 1406as a head at the top of the first page of a bibliography. If you want her 1407to print something else, invoke <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING</strong> with 1408the bibliography page head you want, surrounded by double-quotes. If 1409you don't want a head at the top of the first bibliography page, invoke 1410<strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING</strong> with a blank argument (either two 1411double-quotes side by side -- <kbd>""</kbd> -- or no argument 1412at all). 1413<p> 1414 1415<!---BIBLIO_STRING_CONTROL---> 1416 1417<a name="BIBLIO_STRING_CONTROL"><h3><u>*Bibliography page first page head (title) control</u></h3></a> 1418<p> 1419See 1420<a href="#CONTROL_MACRO_ARGS">Arguments to the control macros</a>. 1421<p> 1422<pre> 1423.BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_FAMILY default = prevailing document family; default is Times Roman 1424.BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_FONT default = bold 1425.BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_SIZE* default = +1 1426.BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_QUAD default = centred 1427 1428*Relative to the size of the bibliography text (set with BIBLIOGRAPHY_PT_SIZE) 1429</pre> 1430 1431<!---BIBLIO_STRING_UNDERSCORE---> 1432 1433<a name="BIBLIO_STRING_UNDERSCORE"><h3><u>*Bibliography-page head (title) underscoring</h3></u></a> 1434<p> 1435<nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_UNDERSCORE</strong> toggle | 2</nobr> 1436 1437<p> 1438Invoked by itself, <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_UNDERSCORE</strong> will 1439underscore the bibliography page head. Invoked with the argument 2 1440(i.e. the digit 2), <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_UNDERSCORE</strong> will 1441double-underscore the head. Invoked with any other argument, the macro 1442disables underscoring of the head. 1443<p> 1444<strong>Mom</strong>'s default is to double-underscore the 1445head, therefore if you want no underscoring, you must insert 1446<kbd>.BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_UNDERSCORE OFF</kbd> (or <kbd>QUIT, X, NO, 1447NONE,</kbd> etc.) into your document prior to outputting a 1448bibliography with 1449<a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a>. 1450 1451<!---BIBLIO_STRING_CAPS---> 1452 1453<a name="BIBLIO_STRING_CAPS"><h3><u>*Bibliography-page head (title) automatic capitalization</h3></u></a> 1454<p> 1455<nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_CAPS</strong> toggle</nobr> 1456 1457<p> 1458Invoked by itself, <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_CAPS</strong> will 1459automatically capitalize the bibliography page head. Invoked with any 1460other argument, the macro disables automatic capitalization of the 1461head. 1462<p> 1463If you're generating a table of contents, you may want the 1464bibliography page head string in caps, but the toc entry in caps/lower 1465case. If the argument to 1466<a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING">BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING</a> 1467is in caps/lower case and <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_CAPS</strong> is 1468on, this is exactly what will happen. 1469<p> 1470<strong>Mom</strong>'s default is to capitalize the bibliography-page 1471head string. 1472<p> 1473 1474<br> 1475 1476<hr> 1477<a href="letter.html#TOP">Next</a> 1478<a href="cover.html#TOP">Prev</a> 1479<a href="#TOP">Top</a> 1480<a href="toc.html">Back to Table of Contents</a> 1481</body> 1482</html> 1483