Calling conventions, stack frame and zero page:

The variables that normally are placed on the stack or in registers in C
are instead allocated in the zero page and saved on a (fictive) stack
when calling functions.  Some locations have predefined functions though.
Arrays allocated as automatics are stored on the stack with a pointer
in zero page to its destination.

0-7	Unused (by us)
10	Stack pointer
11	Frame pointer
12-14	Unused
15	Prolog private word
16	Prolog address, written in crt0
17	Epilog address, written in crt0
20-27	(Auto-increment), scratch
30-37	(Auto-decrement), scratch
40-47	Used by HW stack and MMPU
50-77	Permanent, save before use.
100-377	Addresses for subroutines, written by the linker

The normal registers (AC0-AC3) are all considered scratch registers.

Register classes are assigned as:
	AC0-AC3: AREGs.
	AC2-AC3: BREGs.
	...and eventually register pairs/floats as EREGs, double in FREGs.

In byte code the left half of a word is the first byte (big-endian).
This is bit 0-7 in Nova syntax.
The stack is growing towards lower adresses (as opposed to the Eclipse stack).
Stack pointer points to the last used stack entry, which means:
PUSH: dec sp, store value
POP:  fetch val, inc sp

Note that internally is the first 24 words stored in loc 50-77!
So an offset is subtracted in adrput().

Stack layout:

	! arg1	! 1
 fp ->	! arg0	! 0
 	! old pc! -1
 	! old fp! -2
 sp ->	! saved ! -3


Stack references to zero page are converted to NAMEs, using word addresses.
References to the stack itself are using byte offsets.

Arguments are transferred on the stack.  To avoid unneccessary double instructions
they are copied to the zp use area initially. XXX? Need tests here.
Return values in ac0 and ac1.

A reference to a struct member in assembler, a = b->c; b is in ZP 50 (or on stack)
+ is zeropage-addressing
* is fp-adressing, assume fp in ac3

# offset 0
+	lda 0,@50	# load value from indirect ZP 50 into ac0
or
*	lda 2,,3	# load value from (ac3) into ac2
*	lda 0,,2	# load value from (ac2) into ac0

# offset 12
+	lda 2,50	# load value from ZP 50 into ac2
+	lda 0,12,2	# load value from (ac2+12) into ac0
or
*	lda 2,,3	# load value from (ac3) into ac2
*	lda 0,12,2	# load value from 12(ac2) into ac0

# offset 517
+	lda %2,50	# load value from ZP 50 into ac2
+	lda %0,.L42-.,%1	# load offset from .L42 PC-indexed
+	addz %0,%2,skp	# add offset to ac2 and skip
+.L42:	.word 517	# offset value
+	lda %0,,%2	# load value from (ac2) into ac0
or

The prolog/epilog; they are implemented as subroutines.
Both can be omitted if the function do not need it.


	.word 012	# total words that needs to be saved
func:
	mov 3,0		# avoid trashing return address
	jsr @prolog	# go to prolog
	...
	jmp @epilog	# jump to epilog

#ifdef prolog
	lda 0,sp
	sta 3,@sp
	lda 1,fp
	sta 1,@sp
	sta 0,fp
	lda 1,[Css]
	sub 1,0
	sta 0,sp
#endif

...

	lda 2,fp
	lda 3,-1,2
	lda 0,-2,2
	sta 0,fp
	sta 2,sp
	jmp 0,3


#
# decrement from stack, and save permanent registers.
#	push retreg
#	push fp
#	mov sp,fp
#	sub $w,sp
#	
# prolog: return in ac3, fun in ac0.
prolog:	lda 1,sp
	sta 0,@sp
	lda 0,fp
	sta 0,@sp
	sta 1,fp
	lda 0,-3,3
	sub 0,1
	sta 1,sp
	jmp 0,3

epilog:	lda 3,fp
	sta 3,sp
	lda 3,@fp
	lda 2,@fp
	sta 2,fp
	jmp 0,3

	





prolog:
	lda 2,sp	# sp points to the first argument
	sta 2,30	# store at auto-dec location
	sta 0,@30	# store fun return address
	lda 0,fp	# fetch old fp
	sta 0,@30	# store saved fp
	sta 2,fp	# save frame pointer

	lda 0,-3,3	# stack size to subtract
	neg 0,0,snr	# Any words?
	jmp 1f		# no, get away
	lda 1,$51	# fetch zp offset
	sub 0,1		# get highest word
	sta 1,31	# at auto-dec location

2:	lda 1,@31	# fetch word to copy
	sta 1,@30	# on stack
	inc 0,0,szr	# count words
	jmp 1b		# more to go

1:	lda 0,30	# finished, get stackptr
	sta 0,sp	#
	jmp 0,3		# get back!

# epilog, need save frame pointer in ac3
epilog:
	lda 0,-3,3	# get words to save
	neg 0,0,snr	# any words to save?
	jmp 1f		# No, get out

	lda 1,$51	# get zp offset
	sub 0,1		# Highest word
	sta 1,31	# auto-dec loc

	lda 2,fp	# get fp
	adczl 1,1	# -2
	add 1,2		# 2 now offset
	sta 2,30	# auto-dec loc

2:	lda 1,@30
	sta 1,@31
	inc 0,0,szr
	jmp 2b

1:	lda 2,fp	# fetch current fp
	lda 3,-1,2	# return pc
	lda 0,-2,2	# fetch old fp
	sta 0,fp	# restore fp
	sta 2,sp	# stack pointer restored
	jmp 0,3		# Done!

#if 0
Assembler syntax and functions.

The assembler syntax mimics the DG assembler but uses AT&T syntax.
Load and store to addresses is written "lda 0,foo" to load from address foo.
If foo is not in zero page then the assembler will put the lda in the
text area close to the instruction and do an indirect pc-relative load.

Arithmetic instruction: 	
	subsl#	%0,%1,snr		skip code may be omitted
	subsl#	%0,%1

Load/store/jmp/jsr/isz/dsz:
	lda %1,@disp,2		or
	mov *disp(%2),%1
		index may be omitted if 0 (ZP)
		disp can only be +-127 words.

	It's allowed to write "mov $32,%0" which will be converted
	to an indirect load by the assembler.

	Example of AT&T arguments:
		01234	- Zero-page
		L11	- Relative.  Will be converted to
			  indirect + addr if distance too long
		(%2)	- indexed
		012(%2)	- indexed with offset
		* in front of any of these will generate indirection
#endif

lbyte:  movr 2,2        # get byte ID into C bit
        lda 0,,2        # word into ac0
        mov 2,2,snc     # skip if right byte
        movs 0,0        # swap bytes
        jmp 0,3         # get back

sbyte:  sta 3,@sp

        movr 2,2        # get byte ID into C bit
        lda 1,,2        # get word
        lda 3,[377]     # get mask
        and 3,0,snc     # clear left input + skip if right byte
        movs 1,1        # swap bytes
        and 3,1         # clear old bits
        add 0,1,snc     # swap back if necessary
        movs 1,1        # swap
        sta 1,2

        lda 3,sp
        isz sp
        jmp @0,3

Indexes created Thu Jun 20 12:38:36 MDT 2024