1*digraph.txt* For Vim version 7.3. Last change: 2010 Apr 11 2 3 4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar 5 6 7Digraphs *digraph* *digraphs* *Digraphs* 8 9Digraphs are used to enter characters that normally cannot be entered by 10an ordinary keyboard. These are mostly printable non-ASCII characters. The 11digraphs are easier to remember than the decimal number that can be entered 12with CTRL-V (see |i_CTRL-V|). 13 14There is a brief introduction on digraphs in the user manual: |24.9| 15An alternative is using the 'keymap' option. 16 171. Defining digraphs |digraphs-define| 182. Using digraphs |digraphs-use| 193. Default digraphs |digraphs-default| 20 21{Vi does not have any of these commands} 22 23============================================================================== 241. Defining digraphs *digraphs-define* 25 26 *:dig* *:digraphs* 27:dig[raphs] show currently defined digraphs. 28 *E104* *E39* 29:dig[raphs] {char1}{char2} {number} ... 30 Add digraph {char1}{char2} to the list. {number} is 31 the decimal representation of the character. Normally 32 it is the Unicode character, see |digraph-encoding|. 33 Example: > 34 :digr e: 235 a: 228 35< Avoid defining a digraph with '_' (underscore) as the 36 first character, it has a special meaning in the 37 future. 38 39Vim is normally compiled with the |+digraphs| feature. If the feature is 40disabled, the ":digraph" command will display an error message. 41 42Example of the output of ":digraphs": > 43 TH � 222 ss � 223 a! � 224 a' � 225 a> � 226 a? � 227 a: � 228 44 45The first two characters in each column are the characters you have to type to 46enter the digraph. 47 48In the middle of each column is the resulting character. This may be mangled 49if you look at it on a system that does not support digraphs or if you print 50this file. 51 52 *digraph-encoding* 53The decimal number normally is the Unicode number of the character. Note that 54the meaning doesn't change when 'encoding' changes. The character will be 55converted from Unicode to 'encoding' when needed. This does require the 56conversion to be available, it might fail. For the NUL character you will see 57"10". That's because NUL characters are internally represented with a NL 58character. When you write the file it will become a NUL character. 59 60When Vim was compiled without the |+multi_byte| feature, you need to specify 61the character in the encoding given with 'encoding'. You might want to use 62something like this: > 63 64 if has("multi_byte") 65 digraph oe 339 66 elseif &encoding == "iso-8859-15" 67 digraph oe 189 68 endif 69 70This defines the "oe" digraph for a character that is number 339 in Unicode 71and 189 in latin9 (iso-8859-15). 72 73============================================================================== 742. Using digraphs *digraphs-use* 75 76There are two methods to enter digraphs: *i_digraph* 77 CTRL-K {char1} {char2} or 78 {char1} <BS> {char2} 79The first is always available; the second only when the 'digraph' option is 80set. 81 82If a digraph with {char1}{char2} does not exist, Vim searches for a digraph 83{char2}{char1}. This helps when you don't remember which character comes 84first. 85 86Note that when you enter CTRL-K {char1}, where {char1} is a special key, Vim 87enters the code for that special key. This is not a digraph. 88 89Once you have entered the digraph, Vim treats the character like a normal 90character that occupies only one character in the file and on the screen. 91Example: > 92 'B' <BS> 'B' will enter the broken '|' character (166) 93 'a' <BS> '>' will enter an 'a' with a circumflex (226) 94 CTRL-K '-' '-' will enter a soft hyphen (173) 95 96The current digraphs are listed with the ":digraphs" command. Some of the 97default ones are listed below |digraph-table|. 98 99For CTRL-K, there is one general digraph: CTRL-K <Space> {char} will enter 100{char} with the highest bit set. You can use this to enter meta-characters. 101 102The <Esc> character cannot be part of a digraph. When hitting <Esc>, Vim 103stops digraph entry and ends Insert mode or Command-line mode, just like 104hitting an <Esc> out of digraph context. Use CTRL-V 155 to enter meta-ESC 105(CSI). 106 107If you accidentally typed an 'a' that should be an 'e', you will type 'a' <BS> 108'e'. But that is a digraph, so you will not get what you want. To correct 109this, you will have to type <BS> e again. To avoid this don't set the 110'digraph' option and use CTRL-K to enter digraphs. 111 112You may have problems using Vim with characters which have a value above 128. 113For example: You insert ue (u-umlaut) and the editor echoes \334 in Insert 114mode. After leaving the Insert mode everything is fine. Note that fmt 115removes all characters with a value above 128 from the text being formatted. 116On some Unix systems this means you have to define the environment-variable 117LC_CTYPE. If you are using csh, then put the following line in your .cshrc: > 118 setenv LC_CTYPE iso_8859_1 119 120============================================================================== 1213. Default digraphs *digraphs-default* 122 123Vim comes with a set of default digraphs. Check the output of ":digraphs" to 124see them. 125 126On most systems Vim uses the same digraphs. They work for the Unicode and 127ISO-8859-1 character sets. These default digraphs are taken from the RFC1345 128mnemonics. To make it easy to remember the mnemonic, the second character has 129a standard meaning: 130 131 char name char meaning ~ 132 Exclamation mark ! Grave 133 Apostrophe ' Acute accent 134 Greater-Than sign > Circumflex accent 135 Question mark ? Tilde 136 Hyphen-Minus - Macron 137 Left parenthesis ( Breve 138 Full stop . Dot above 139 Colon : Diaeresis 140 Comma , Cedilla 141 Underline _ Underline 142 Solidus / Stroke 143 Quotation mark " Double acute accent 144 Semicolon ; Ogonek 145 Less-Than sign < Caron 146 Zero 0 Ring above 147 Two 2 Hook 148 Nine 9 Horn 149 150 Equals = Cyrillic 151 Asterisk * Greek 152 Percent sign % Greek/Cyrillic special 153 Plus + smalls: Arabic, capitals: Hebrew 154 Three 3 some Latin/Greek/Cyrillic letters 155 Four 4 Bopomofo 156 Five 5 Hiragana 157 Six 6 Katakana 158 159Example: a: is � and o: is � 160 161These are the RFC1345 digraphs for the one-byte characters. See the output of 162":digraphs" for the others. The characters above 255 are only available when 163Vim was compiled with the |+multi_byte| feature. 164 165EURO 166 167Exception: RFC1345 doesn't specify the euro sign. In Vim the digraph =e was 168added for this. Note the difference between latin1, where the digraph Cu is 169used for the currency sign, and latin9 (iso-8859-15), where the digraph =e is 170used for the euro sign, while both of them are the character 164, 0xa4. For 171compatibility with zsh Eu can also be used for the euro sign. 172 173 *digraph-table* 174char digraph hex dec official name ~ 175^@ NU 0x00 0 NULL (NUL) 176^A SH 0x01 1 START OF HEADING (SOH) 177^B SX 0x02 2 START OF TEXT (STX) 178^C EX 0x03 3 END OF TEXT (ETX) 179^D ET 0x04 4 END OF TRANSMISSION (EOT) 180^E EQ 0x05 5 ENQUIRY (ENQ) 181^F AK 0x06 6 ACKNOWLEDGE (ACK) 182^G BL 0x07 7 BELL (BEL) 183^H BS 0x08 8 BACKSPACE (BS) 184^I HT 0x09 9 CHARACTER TABULATION (HT) 185^@ LF 0x0a 10 LINE FEED (LF) 186^K VT 0x0b 11 LINE TABULATION (VT) 187^L FF 0x0c 12 FORM FEED (FF) 188^M CR 0x0d 13 CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) 189^N SO 0x0e 14 SHIFT OUT (SO) 190^O SI 0x0f 15 SHIFT IN (SI) 191^P DL 0x10 16 DATALINK ESCAPE (DLE) 192^Q D1 0x11 17 DEVICE CONTROL ONE (DC1) 193^R D2 0x12 18 DEVICE CONTROL TWO (DC2) 194^S D3 0x13 19 DEVICE CONTROL THREE (DC3) 195^T D4 0x14 20 DEVICE CONTROL FOUR (DC4) 196^U NK 0x15 21 NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE (NAK) 197^V SY 0x16 22 SYNCHRONOUS IDLE (SYN) 198^W EB 0x17 23 END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK (ETB) 199^X CN 0x18 24 CANCEL (CAN) 200^Y EM 0x19 25 END OF MEDIUM (EM) 201^Z SB 0x1a 26 SUBSTITUTE (SUB) 202^[ EC 0x1b 27 ESCAPE (ESC) 203^\ FS 0x1c 28 FILE SEPARATOR (IS4) 204^] GS 0x1d 29 GROUP SEPARATOR (IS3) 205^^ RS 0x1e 30 RECORD SEPARATOR (IS2) 206^_ US 0x1f 31 UNIT SEPARATOR (IS1) 207 SP 0x20 32 SPACE 208# Nb 0x23 35 NUMBER SIGN 209$ DO 0x24 36 DOLLAR SIGN 210@ At 0x40 64 COMMERCIAL AT 211[ <( 0x5b 91 LEFT SQUARE BRACKET 212\ // 0x5c 92 REVERSE SOLIDUS 213] )> 0x5d 93 RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET 214^ '> 0x5e 94 CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT 215` '! 0x60 96 GRAVE ACCENT 216{ (! 0x7b 123 LEFT CURLY BRACKET 217| !! 0x7c 124 VERTICAL LINE 218} !) 0x7d 125 RIGHT CURLY BRACKET 219~ '? 0x7e 126 TILDE 220^? DT 0x7f 127 DELETE (DEL) 221~@ PA 0x80 128 PADDING CHARACTER (PAD) 222~A HO 0x81 129 HIGH OCTET PRESET (HOP) 223~B BH 0x82 130 BREAK PERMITTED HERE (BPH) 224~C NH 0x83 131 NO BREAK HERE (NBH) 225~D IN 0x84 132 INDEX (IND) 226~E NL 0x85 133 NEXT LINE (NEL) 227~F SA 0x86 134 START OF SELECTED AREA (SSA) 228~G ES 0x87 135 END OF SELECTED AREA (ESA) 229~H HS 0x88 136 CHARACTER TABULATION SET (HTS) 230~I HJ 0x89 137 CHARACTER TABULATION WITH JUSTIFICATION (HTJ) 231~J VS 0x8a 138 LINE TABULATION SET (VTS) 232~K PD 0x8b 139 PARTIAL LINE FORWARD (PLD) 233~L PU 0x8c 140 PARTIAL LINE BACKWARD (PLU) 234~M RI 0x8d 141 REVERSE LINE FEED (RI) 235~N S2 0x8e 142 SINGLE-SHIFT TWO (SS2) 236~O S3 0x8f 143 SINGLE-SHIFT THREE (SS3) 237~P DC 0x90 144 DEVICE CONTROL STRING (DCS) 238~Q P1 0x91 145 PRIVATE USE ONE (PU1) 239~R P2 0x92 146 PRIVATE USE TWO (PU2) 240~S TS 0x93 147 SET TRANSMIT STATE (STS) 241~T CC 0x94 148 CANCEL CHARACTER (CCH) 242~U MW 0x95 149 MESSAGE WAITING (MW) 243~V SG 0x96 150 START OF GUARDED AREA (SPA) 244~W EG 0x97 151 END OF GUARDED AREA (EPA) 245~X SS 0x98 152 START OF STRING (SOS) 246~Y GC 0x99 153 SINGLE GRAPHIC CHARACTER INTRODUCER (SGCI) 247~Z SC 0x9a 154 SINGLE CHARACTER INTRODUCER (SCI) 248~[ CI 0x9b 155 CONTROL SEQUENCE INTRODUCER (CSI) 249~\ ST 0x9c 156 STRING TERMINATOR (ST) 250~] OC 0x9d 157 OPERATING SYSTEM COMMAND (OSC) 251~^ PM 0x9e 158 PRIVACY MESSAGE (PM) 252~_ AC 0x9f 159 APPLICATION PROGRAM COMMAND (APC) 253| NS 0xa0 160 NO-BREAK SPACE 254� !I 0xa1 161 INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK 255� Ct 0xa2 162 CENT SIGN 256� Pd 0xa3 163 POUND SIGN 257� Cu 0xa4 164 CURRENCY SIGN 258� Ye 0xa5 165 YEN SIGN 259� BB 0xa6 166 BROKEN BAR 260� SE 0xa7 167 SECTION SIGN 261� ': 0xa8 168 DIAERESIS 262� Co 0xa9 169 COPYRIGHT SIGN 263� -a 0xaa 170 FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR 264� << 0xab 171 LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK 265� NO 0xac 172 NOT SIGN 266� -- 0xad 173 SOFT HYPHEN 267� Rg 0xae 174 REGISTERED SIGN 268� 'm 0xaf 175 MACRON 269� DG 0xb0 176 DEGREE SIGN 270� +- 0xb1 177 PLUS-MINUS SIGN 271� 2S 0xb2 178 SUPERSCRIPT TWO 272� 3S 0xb3 179 SUPERSCRIPT THREE 273� '' 0xb4 180 ACUTE ACCENT 274� My 0xb5 181 MICRO SIGN 275� PI 0xb6 182 PILCROW SIGN 276� .M 0xb7 183 MIDDLE DOT 277� ', 0xb8 184 CEDILLA 278� 1S 0xb9 185 SUPERSCRIPT ONE 279� -o 0xba 186 MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR 280� >> 0xbb 187 RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK 281� 14 0xbc 188 VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER 282� 12 0xbd 189 VULGAR FRACTION ONE HALF 283� 34 0xbe 190 VULGAR FRACTION THREE QUARTERS 284� ?I 0xbf 191 INVERTED QUESTION MARK 285� A! 0xc0 192 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE 286� A' 0xc1 193 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE 287� A> 0xc2 194 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX 288� A? 0xc3 195 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE 289� A: 0xc4 196 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS 290� AA 0xc5 197 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE 291� AE 0xc6 198 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE 292� C, 0xc7 199 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA 293� E! 0xc8 200 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH GRAVE 294� E' 0xc9 201 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE 295� E> 0xca 202 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX 296� E: 0xcb 203 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS 297� I! 0xcc 204 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE 298� I' 0xcd 205 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE 299� I> 0xce 206 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX 300� I: 0xcf 207 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS 301� D- 0xd0 208 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ETH (Icelandic) 302� N? 0xd1 209 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDE 303� O! 0xd2 210 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH GRAVE 304� O' 0xd3 211 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE 305� O> 0xd4 212 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX 306� O? 0xd5 213 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE 307� O: 0xd6 214 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS 308� *X 0xd7 215 MULTIPLICATION SIGN 309� O/ 0xd8 216 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE 310� U! 0xd9 217 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH GRAVE 311� U' 0xda 218 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE 312� U> 0xdb 219 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX 313� U: 0xdc 220 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS 314� Y' 0xdd 221 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE 315� TH 0xde 222 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN (Icelandic) 316� ss 0xdf 223 LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S (German) 317� a! 0xe0 224 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE 318� a' 0xe1 225 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE 319� a> 0xe2 226 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX 320� a? 0xe3 227 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE 321� a: 0xe4 228 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS 322� aa 0xe5 229 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE 323� ae 0xe6 230 LATIN SMALL LETTER AE 324� c, 0xe7 231 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA 325� e! 0xe8 232 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE 326� e' 0xe9 233 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE 327� e> 0xea 234 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX 328� e: 0xeb 235 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS 329� i! 0xec 236 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE 330� i' 0xed 237 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE 331� i> 0xee 238 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX 332� i: 0xef 239 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS 333� d- 0xf0 240 LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH (Icelandic) 334� n? 0xf1 241 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE 335� o! 0xf2 242 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE 336� o' 0xf3 243 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE 337� o> 0xf4 244 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX 338� o? 0xf5 245 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE 339� o: 0xf6 246 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS 340� -: 0xf7 247 DIVISION SIGN 341� o/ 0xf8 248 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE 342� u! 0xf9 249 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE 343� u' 0xfa 250 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE 344� u> 0xfb 251 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX 345� u: 0xfc 252 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS 346� y' 0xfd 253 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE 347� th 0xfe 254 LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN (Icelandic) 348� y: 0xff 255 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS 349 350 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: 351