1GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 2006-05-31 2 3Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 4 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 5See the end of the file for license conditions. 6 7 8This file is about changes in emacs version 21. 9 10 11 12* Emacs 21.4 is a bug-fix release with no user-visible changes. 13 14 15 16* Installation changes in Emacs 21.3 17 18** Support for GNU/Linux on little-endian MIPS and on IBM S390 has 19been added. 20 21 22* Changes in Emacs 21.3 23 24** The obsolete C mode (c-mode.el) has been removed to avoid problems 25with Custom. 26 27** UTF-16 coding systems are available, encoding the same characters 28as mule-utf-8. 29 30** There is a new language environment for UTF-8 (set up automatically 31in UTF-8 locales). 32 33** Translation tables are available between equivalent characters in 34different Emacs charsets -- for instance `e with acute' coming from the 35Latin-1 and Latin-2 charsets. User options `unify-8859-on-encoding-mode' 36and `unify-8859-on-decoding-mode' respectively turn on translation 37between ISO 8859 character sets (`unification') on encoding 38(e.g. writing a file) and decoding (e.g. reading a file). Note that 39`unify-8859-on-encoding-mode' is useful and safe, but 40`unify-8859-on-decoding-mode' can cause text to change when you read 41it and write it out again without edits, so it is not generally advisable. 42By default `unify-8859-on-encoding-mode' is turned on. 43 44** In Emacs running on the X window system, the default value of 45`selection-coding-system' is now `compound-text-with-extensions'. 46 47If you want the old behavior, set selection-coding-system to 48compound-text, which may be significantly more efficient. Using 49compound-text-with-extensions seems to be necessary only for decoding 50text from applications under XFree86 4.2, whose behavior is actually 51contrary to the compound text specification. 52 53 54 55* Installation changes in Emacs 21.2 56 57** Support for BSD/OS 5.0 has been added. 58 59** Support for AIX 5.1 was added. 60 61 62* Changes in Emacs 21.2 63 64** Emacs now supports compound-text extended segments in X selections. 65 66X applications can use `extended segments' to encode characters in 67compound text that belong to character sets which are not part of the 68list of approved standard encodings for X, e.g. Big5. To paste 69selections with such characters into Emacs, use the new coding system 70compound-text-with-extensions as the value of selection-coding-system. 71 72** The default values of `tooltip-delay' and `tooltip-hide-delay' 73were changed. 74 75** On terminals whose erase-char is ^H (Backspace), Emacs 76now uses normal-erase-is-backspace-mode. 77 78** When the *scratch* buffer is recreated, its mode is set from 79initial-major-mode, which normally is lisp-interaction-mode, 80instead of using default-major-mode. 81 82** The new option `Info-scroll-prefer-subnodes' causes Info to behave 83like the stand-alone Info reader (from the GNU Texinfo package) as far 84as motion between nodes and their subnodes is concerned. If it is t 85(the default), Emacs behaves as before when you type SPC in a menu: it 86visits the subnode pointed to by the first menu entry. If this option 87is nil, SPC scrolls to the end of the current node, and only then goes 88to the first menu item, like the stand-alone reader does. 89 90This change was already in Emacs 21.1, but wasn't advertised in the 91NEWS. 92 93 94* Lisp Changes in Emacs 21.2 95 96** The meanings of scroll-up-aggressively and scroll-down-aggressively 97have been interchanged, so that the former now controls scrolling up, 98and the latter now controls scrolling down. 99 100** The variable `compilation-parse-errors-filename-function' can 101be used to transform filenames found in compilation output. 102 103 104 105* Installation Changes in Emacs 21.1 106 107See the INSTALL file for information on installing extra libraries and 108fonts to take advantage of the new graphical features and extra 109charsets in this release. 110 111** Support for GNU/Linux on IA64 machines has been added. 112 113** Support for LynxOS has been added. 114 115** There are new configure options associated with the support for 116images and toolkit scrollbars. Use the --help option in `configure' 117to list them. 118 119** You can build a 64-bit Emacs for SPARC/Solaris systems which 120support 64-bit executables and also on Irix 6.5. This increases the 121maximum buffer size. See etc/MACHINES for instructions. Changes to 122build on other 64-bit systems should be straightforward modulo any 123necessary changes to unexec. 124 125** There is a new configure option `--disable-largefile' to omit 126Unix-98-style support for large files if that is available. 127 128** There is a new configure option `--without-xim' that instructs 129Emacs to not use X Input Methods (XIM), if these are available. 130 131** `movemail' defaults to supporting POP. You can turn this off using 132the --without-pop configure option, should that be necessary. 133 134** This version can be built for the Macintosh, but does not implement 135all of the new display features described below. The port currently 136lacks unexec, asynchronous processes, and networking support. See the 137"Emacs and the Mac OS" appendix in the Emacs manual, for the 138description of aspects specific to the Mac. 139 140** Note that the MS-Windows port does not yet implement various of the 141new display features described below. 142 143 144* Changes in Emacs 21.1 145 146** Emacs has a new redisplay engine. 147 148The new redisplay handles characters of variable width and height. 149Italic text can be used without redisplay problems. Fonts containing 150oversized characters, i.e. characters larger than the logical height 151of a font can be used. Images of various formats can be displayed in 152the text. 153 154** Emacs has a new face implementation. 155 156The new faces no longer fundamentally use X font names to specify the 157font. Instead, each face has several independent attributes--family, 158height, width, weight and slant--that it may or may not specify. 159These attributes can be merged from various faces, and then together 160specify a font. 161 162Faces are supported on terminals that can display color or fonts. 163These terminal capabilities are auto-detected. Details can be found 164under Lisp changes, below. 165 166** Emacs can display faces on TTY frames. 167 168Emacs automatically detects terminals that are able to display colors. 169Faces with a weight greater than normal are displayed extra-bright, if 170the terminal supports it. Faces with a weight less than normal and 171italic faces are displayed dimmed, if the terminal supports it. 172Underlined faces are displayed underlined if possible. Other face 173attributes such as `overline', `strike-through', and `box' are ignored 174on terminals. 175 176The command-line options `-fg COLOR', `-bg COLOR', and `-rv' are now 177supported on character terminals. 178 179Emacs automatically remaps all X-style color specifications to one of 180the colors supported by the terminal. This means you could have the 181same color customizations that work both on a windowed display and on 182a TTY or when Emacs is invoked with the -nw option. 183 184** New default font is Courier 12pt under X. 185 186** Sound support 187 188Emacs supports playing sound files on GNU/Linux and FreeBSD (Voxware 189driver and native BSD driver, a.k.a. Luigi's driver). Currently 190supported file formats are RIFF-WAVE (*.wav) and Sun Audio (*.au). 191You must configure Emacs with the option `--with-sound=yes' to enable 192sound support. 193 194** Emacs now resizes mini-windows if appropriate. 195 196If a message is longer than one line, or minibuffer contents are 197longer than one line, Emacs can resize the minibuffer window unless it 198is on a frame of its own. You can control resizing and the maximum 199minibuffer window size by setting the following variables: 200 201- User option: max-mini-window-height 202 203Maximum height for resizing mini-windows. If a float, it specifies a 204fraction of the mini-window frame's height. If an integer, it 205specifies a number of lines. 206 207Default is 0.25. 208 209- User option: resize-mini-windows 210 211How to resize mini-windows. If nil, don't resize. If t, always 212resize to fit the size of the text. If `grow-only', let mini-windows 213grow only, until they become empty, at which point they are shrunk 214again. 215 216Default is `grow-only'. 217 218** LessTif support. 219 220Emacs now runs with the LessTif toolkit (see 221<http://www.lesstif.org>). You will need version 0.92.26, or later. 222 223** LessTif/Motif file selection dialog. 224 225When Emacs is configured to use LessTif or Motif, reading a file name 226from a menu will pop up a file selection dialog if `use-dialog-box' is 227non-nil. 228 229** File selection dialog on MS-Windows is supported. 230 231When a file is visited by clicking File->Open, the MS-Windows version 232now pops up a standard file selection dialog where you can select a 233file to visit. File->Save As also pops up that dialog. 234 235** Toolkit scroll bars. 236 237Emacs now uses toolkit scroll bars if available. When configured for 238LessTif/Motif, it will use that toolkit's scroll bar. Otherwise, when 239configured for Lucid and Athena widgets, it will use the Xaw3d scroll 240bar if Xaw3d is available. You can turn off the use of toolkit scroll 241bars by specifying `--with-toolkit-scroll-bars=no' when configuring 242Emacs. 243 244When you encounter problems with the Xaw3d scroll bar, watch out how 245Xaw3d is compiled on your system. If the Makefile generated from 246Xaw3d's Imakefile contains a `-DNARROWPROTO' compiler option, and your 247Emacs system configuration file `s/your-system.h' does not contain a 248define for NARROWPROTO, you might consider adding it. Take 249`s/freebsd.h' as an example. 250 251Alternatively, if you don't have access to the Xaw3d source code, take 252a look at your system's imake configuration file, for example in the 253directory `/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/config' (paths are different on 254different systems). You will find files `*.cf' there. If your 255system's cf-file contains a line like `#define NeedWidePrototypes NO', 256add a `#define NARROWPROTO' to your Emacs system configuration file. 257 258The reason for this is that one Xaw3d function uses `double' or 259`float' function parameters depending on the setting of NARROWPROTO. 260This is not a problem when Imakefiles are used because each system's 261imake configuration file contains the necessary information. Since 262Emacs doesn't use imake, this has do be done manually. 263 264** Tool bar support. 265 266Emacs supports a tool bar at the top of a frame under X. For details 267of how to define a tool bar, see the page describing Lisp-level 268changes. Tool-bar global minor mode controls whether or not it is 269displayed and is on by default. The appearance of the bar is improved 270if Emacs has been built with XPM image support. Otherwise monochrome 271icons will be used. 272 273To make the tool bar more useful, we need contributions of extra icons 274for specific modes (with copyright assignments). 275 276** Tooltips. 277 278Tooltips are small X windows displaying a help string at the current 279mouse position. The Lisp package `tooltip' implements them. You can 280turn them off via the user option `tooltip-mode'. 281 282Tooltips also provides support for GUD debugging. If activated, 283variable values can be displayed in tooltips by pointing at them with 284the mouse in source buffers. You can customize various aspects of the 285tooltip display in the group `tooltip'. 286 287** Automatic Hscrolling 288 289Horizontal scrolling now happens automatically if 290`automatic-hscrolling' is set (the default). This setting can be 291customized. 292 293If a window is scrolled horizontally with set-window-hscroll, or 294scroll-left/scroll-right (C-x <, C-x >), this serves as a lower bound 295for automatic horizontal scrolling. Automatic scrolling will scroll 296the text more to the left if necessary, but won't scroll the text more 297to the right than the column set with set-window-hscroll etc. 298 299** When using a windowing terminal, each Emacs window now has a cursor 300of its own. By default, when a window is selected, the cursor is 301solid; otherwise, it is hollow. The user-option 302`cursor-in-non-selected-windows' controls how to display the 303cursor in non-selected windows. If nil, no cursor is shown, if 304non-nil a hollow box cursor is shown. 305 306** Fringes to the left and right of windows are used to display 307truncation marks, continuation marks, overlay arrows and alike. The 308foreground, background, and stipple of these areas can be changed by 309customizing face `fringe'. 310 311** The mode line under X is now drawn with shadows by default. 312You can change its appearance by modifying the face `mode-line'. 313In particular, setting the `:box' attribute to nil turns off the 3D 314appearance of the mode line. (The 3D appearance makes the mode line 315occupy more space, and thus might cause the first or the last line of 316the window to be partially obscured.) 317 318The variable `mode-line-inverse-video', which was used in older 319versions of emacs to make the mode-line stand out, is now deprecated. 320However, setting it to nil will cause the `mode-line' face to be 321ignored, and mode-lines to be drawn using the default text face. 322 323** Mouse-sensitive mode line. 324 325Different parts of the mode line have been made mouse-sensitive on all 326systems which support the mouse. Moving the mouse to a 327mouse-sensitive part in the mode line changes the appearance of the 328mouse pointer to an arrow, and help about available mouse actions is 329displayed either in the echo area, or in the tooltip window if you 330have enabled one. 331 332Currently, the following actions have been defined: 333 334- Mouse-1 on the buffer name in the mode line goes to the next buffer. 335 336- Mouse-3 on the buffer-name goes to the previous buffer. 337 338- Mouse-2 on the read-only or modified status in the mode line (`%' or 339`*') toggles the status. 340 341- Mouse-3 on the major mode name displays a major mode menu. 342 343- Mouse-3 on the mode name displays a minor-mode menu. 344 345** Hourglass pointer 346 347Emacs can optionally display an hourglass pointer under X. You can 348turn the display on or off by customizing group `cursor'. 349 350** Blinking cursor 351 352M-x blink-cursor-mode toggles a blinking cursor under X and on 353terminals having terminal capabilities `vi', `vs', and `ve'. Blinking 354and related parameters like frequency and delay can be customized in 355the group `cursor'. 356 357** New font-lock support mode `jit-lock-mode'. 358 359This support mode is roughly equivalent to `lazy-lock' but is 360generally faster. It supports stealth and deferred fontification. 361See the documentation of the function `jit-lock-mode' for more 362details. 363 364Font-lock uses jit-lock-mode as default support mode, so you don't 365have to do anything to activate it. 366 367** The default binding of the Delete key has changed. 368 369The new user-option `normal-erase-is-backspace' can be set to 370determine the effect of the Delete and Backspace function keys. 371 372On window systems, the default value of this option is chosen 373according to the keyboard used. If the keyboard has both a Backspace 374key and a Delete key, and both are mapped to their usual meanings, the 375option's default value is set to t, so that Backspace can be used to 376delete backward, and Delete can be used to delete forward. On 377keyboards which either have only one key (usually labeled DEL), or two 378keys DEL and BS which produce the same effect, the option's value is 379set to nil, and these keys delete backward. 380 381If not running under a window system, setting this option accomplishes 382a similar effect by mapping C-h, which is usually generated by the 383Backspace key, to DEL, and by mapping DEL to C-d via 384`keyboard-translate'. The former functionality of C-h is available on 385the F1 key. You should probably not use this setting on a text-only 386terminal if you don't have both Backspace, Delete and F1 keys. 387 388Programmatically, you can call function normal-erase-is-backspace-mode 389to toggle the behavior of the Delete and Backspace keys. 390 391** The default for user-option `next-line-add-newlines' has been 392changed to nil, i.e. C-n will no longer add newlines at the end of a 393buffer by default. 394 395** The <home> and <end> keys now move to the beginning or end of the 396current line, respectively. C-<home> and C-<end> move to the 397beginning and end of the buffer. 398 399** Emacs now checks for recursive loads of Lisp files. If the 400recursion depth exceeds `recursive-load-depth-limit', an error is 401signaled. 402 403** When an error is signaled during the loading of the user's init 404file, Emacs now pops up the *Messages* buffer. 405 406** Emacs now refuses to load compiled Lisp files which weren't 407compiled with Emacs. Set `load-dangerous-libraries' to t to change 408this behavior. 409 410The reason for this change is an incompatible change in XEmacs's byte 411compiler. Files compiled with XEmacs can contain byte codes that let 412Emacs dump core. 413 414** Toggle buttons and radio buttons in menus. 415 416When compiled with LessTif (or Motif) support, Emacs uses toolkit 417widgets for radio and toggle buttons in menus. When configured for 418Lucid, Emacs draws radio buttons and toggle buttons similar to Motif. 419 420** The menu bar configuration has changed. The new configuration is 421more CUA-compliant. The most significant change is that Options is 422now a separate menu-bar item, with Mule and Customize as its submenus. 423 424** Item Save Options on the Options menu allows saving options set 425using that menu. 426 427** Highlighting of trailing whitespace. 428 429When `show-trailing-whitespace' is non-nil, Emacs displays trailing 430whitespace in the face `trailing-whitespace'. Trailing whitespace is 431defined as spaces or tabs at the end of a line. To avoid busy 432highlighting when entering new text, trailing whitespace is not 433displayed if point is at the end of the line containing the 434whitespace. 435 436** C-x 5 1 runs the new command delete-other-frames which deletes 437all frames except the selected one. 438 439** The new user-option `confirm-kill-emacs' can be customized to 440let Emacs ask for confirmation before exiting. 441 442** The header line in an Info buffer is now displayed as an emacs 443header-line (which is like a mode-line, but at the top of the window), 444so that it remains visible even when the buffer has been scrolled. 445This behavior may be disabled by customizing the option 446`Info-use-header-line'. 447 448** Polish, Czech, German, and French translations of Emacs' reference card 449have been added. They are named `pl-refcard.tex', `cs-refcard.tex', 450`de-refcard.tex' and `fr-refcard.tex'. Postscript files are included. 451 452** An `Emacs Survival Guide', etc/survival.tex, is available. 453 454** A reference card for Dired has been added. Its name is 455`dired-ref.tex'. A French translation is available in 456`fr-drdref.tex'. 457 458** C-down-mouse-3 is bound differently. Now if the menu bar is not 459displayed it pops up a menu containing the items which would be on the 460menu bar. If the menu bar is displayed, it pops up the major mode 461menu or the Edit menu if there is no major mode menu. 462 463** Variable `load-path' is no longer customizable through Customize. 464 465You can no longer use `M-x customize-variable' to customize `load-path' 466because it now contains a version-dependent component. You can still 467use `add-to-list' and `setq' to customize this variable in your 468`~/.emacs' init file or to modify it from any Lisp program in general. 469 470** C-u C-x = provides detailed information about the character at 471point in a pop-up window. 472 473** Emacs can now support 'wheeled' mice (such as the MS IntelliMouse) 474under XFree86. To enable this, use the `mouse-wheel-mode' command, or 475customize the variable `mouse-wheel-mode'. 476 477The variables `mouse-wheel-follow-mouse' and `mouse-wheel-scroll-amount' 478determine where and by how much buffers are scrolled. 479 480** Emacs' auto-save list files are now by default stored in a 481sub-directory `.emacs.d/auto-save-list/' of the user's home directory. 482(On MS-DOS, this subdirectory's name is `_emacs.d/auto-save.list/'.) 483You can customize `auto-save-list-file-prefix' to change this location. 484 485** The function `getenv' is now callable interactively. 486 487** The new user-option `even-window-heights' can be set to nil 488to prevent `display-buffer' from evening out window heights. 489 490** The new command M-x delete-trailing-whitespace RET will delete the 491trailing whitespace within the current restriction. You can also add 492this function to `write-file-hooks' or `local-write-file-hooks'. 493 494** When visiting a file with M-x find-file-literally, no newlines will 495be added to the end of the buffer even if `require-final-newline' is 496non-nil. 497 498** The new user-option `find-file-suppress-same-file-warnings' can be 499set to suppress warnings ``X and Y are the same file'' when visiting a 500file that is already visited under a different name. 501 502** The new user-option `electric-help-shrink-window' can be set to 503nil to prevent adjusting the help window size to the buffer size. 504 505** New command M-x describe-character-set reads a character set name 506and displays information about that. 507 508** The new variable `auto-mode-interpreter-regexp' contains a regular 509expression matching interpreters, for file mode determination. 510 511This regular expression is matched against the first line of a file to 512determine the file's mode in `set-auto-mode' when Emacs can't deduce a 513mode from the file's name. If it matches, the file is assumed to be 514interpreted by the interpreter matched by the second group of the 515regular expression. The mode is then determined as the mode 516associated with that interpreter in `interpreter-mode-alist'. 517 518** New function executable-make-buffer-file-executable-if-script-p is 519suitable as an after-save-hook as an alternative to `executable-chmod'. 520 521** The most preferred coding-system is now used to save a buffer if 522buffer-file-coding-system is `undecided' and it is safe for the buffer 523contents. (The most preferred is set by set-language-environment or 524by M-x prefer-coding-system.) Thus if you visit an ASCII file and 525insert a non-ASCII character from your current language environment, 526the file will be saved silently with the appropriate coding. 527Previously you would be prompted for a safe coding system. 528 529** The many obsolete language `setup-...-environment' commands have 530been removed -- use `set-language-environment'. 531 532** The new Custom option `keyboard-coding-system' specifies a coding 533system for keyboard input. 534 535** New variable `inhibit-iso-escape-detection' determines if Emacs' 536coding system detection algorithm should pay attention to ISO2022's 537escape sequences. If this variable is non-nil, the algorithm ignores 538such escape sequences. The default value is nil, and it is 539recommended not to change it except for the special case that you 540always want to read any escape code verbatim. If you just want to 541read a specific file without decoding escape codes, use C-x RET c 542(`universal-coding-system-argument'). For instance, C-x RET c latin-1 543RET C-x C-f filename RET. 544 545** Variable `default-korean-keyboard' is initialized properly from the 546environment variable `HANGUL_KEYBOARD_TYPE'. 547 548** New command M-x list-charset-chars reads a character set name and 549displays all characters in that character set. 550 551** M-x set-terminal-coding-system (C-x RET t) now allows CCL-based 552coding systems such as cpXXX and cyrillic-koi8. 553 554** Emacs now attempts to determine the initial language environment 555and preferred and locale coding systems systematically from the 556LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, and LANG environment variables during startup. 557 558** New language environments `Polish', `Latin-8' and `Latin-9'. 559Latin-8 and Latin-9 correspond respectively to the ISO character sets 5608859-14 (Celtic) and 8859-15 (updated Latin-1, with the Euro sign). 561GNU Intlfonts doesn't support these yet but recent X releases have 5628859-15. See etc/INSTALL for information on obtaining extra fonts. 563There are new Leim input methods for Latin-8 and Latin-9 prefix (only) 564and Polish `slash'. 565 566** New language environments `Dutch' and `Spanish'. 567These new environments mainly select appropriate translations 568of the tutorial. 569 570** In Ethiopic language environment, special key bindings for 571function keys are changed as follows. This is to conform to "Emacs 572Lisp Coding Convention". 573 574 new command old-binding 575 --- ------- ----------- 576 f3 ethio-fidel-to-sera-buffer f5 577 S-f3 ethio-fidel-to-sera-region f5 578 C-f3 ethio-fidel-to-sera-mail-or-marker f5 579 580 f4 ethio-sera-to-fidel-buffer unchanged 581 S-f4 ethio-sera-to-fidel-region unchanged 582 C-f4 ethio-sera-to-fidel-mail-or-marker unchanged 583 584 S-f5 ethio-toggle-punctuation f3 585 S-f6 ethio-modify-vowel f6 586 S-f7 ethio-replace-space f7 587 S-f8 ethio-input-special-character f8 588 S-f9 ethio-replace-space unchanged 589 C-f9 ethio-toggle-space f2 590 591** There are new Leim input methods. 592New input methods "turkish-postfix", "turkish-alt-postfix", 593"greek-mizuochi", "TeX", and "greek-babel" are now part of the Leim 594package. 595 596** The rule of input method "slovak" is slightly changed. Now the 597rules for translating "q" and "Q" to "`" (backquote) are deleted, thus 598typing them inserts "q" and "Q" respectively. Rules for translating 599"=q", "+q", "=Q", and "+Q" to "`" are also deleted. Now, to input 600"`", you must type "=q". 601 602** When your terminal can't display characters from some of the ISO 6038859 character sets but can display Latin-1, you can display 604more-or-less mnemonic sequences of ASCII/Latin-1 characters instead of 605empty boxes (under a window system) or question marks (not under a 606window system). Customize the option `latin1-display' to turn this 607on. 608 609** M-; now calls comment-dwim which tries to do something clever based 610on the context. M-x kill-comment is now an alias to comment-kill, 611defined in newcomment.el. You can choose different styles of region 612commenting with the variable `comment-style'. 613 614** New user options `display-time-mail-face' and 615`display-time-use-mail-icon' control the appearance of mode-line mail 616indicator used by the display-time package. On a suitable display the 617indicator can be an icon and is mouse-sensitive. 618 619** On window-systems, additional space can be put between text lines 620on the display using several methods 621 622- By setting frame parameter `line-spacing' to PIXELS. PIXELS must be 623a positive integer, and specifies that PIXELS number of pixels should 624be put below text lines on the affected frame or frames. 625 626- By setting X resource `lineSpacing', class `LineSpacing'. This is 627equivalent to specifying the frame parameter. 628 629- By specifying `--line-spacing=N' or `-lsp N' on the command line. 630 631- By setting buffer-local variable `line-spacing'. The meaning is 632the same, but applies to the a particular buffer only. 633 634** The new command `clone-indirect-buffer' can be used to create 635an indirect buffer that is a twin copy of the current buffer. The 636command `clone-indirect-buffer-other-window', bound to C-x 4 c, 637does the same but displays the indirect buffer in another window. 638 639** New user options `backup-directory-alist' and 640`make-backup-file-name-function' control the placement of backups, 641typically in a single directory or in an invisible sub-directory. 642 643** New commands iso-iso2sgml and iso-sgml2iso convert between Latin-1 644characters and the corresponding SGML (HTML) entities. 645 646** New X resources recognized 647 648*** The X resource `synchronous', class `Synchronous', specifies 649whether Emacs should run in synchronous mode. Synchronous mode 650is useful for debugging X problems. 651 652Example: 653 654 emacs.synchronous: true 655 656*** The X resource `visualClass, class `VisualClass', specifies the 657visual Emacs should use. The resource's value should be a string of 658the form `CLASS-DEPTH', where CLASS is the name of the visual class, 659and DEPTH is the requested color depth as a decimal number. Valid 660visual class names are 661 662 TrueColor 663 PseudoColor 664 DirectColor 665 StaticColor 666 GrayScale 667 StaticGray 668 669Visual class names specified as X resource are case-insensitive, i.e. 670`pseudocolor', `Pseudocolor' and `PseudoColor' all have the same 671meaning. 672 673The program `xdpyinfo' can be used to list the visual classes 674supported on your display, and which depths they have. If 675`visualClass' is not specified, Emacs uses the display's default 676visual. 677 678Example: 679 680 emacs.visualClass: TrueColor-8 681 682*** The X resource `privateColormap', class `PrivateColormap', 683specifies that Emacs should use a private colormap if it is using the 684default visual, and that visual is of class PseudoColor. Recognized 685resource values are `true' or `on'. 686 687Example: 688 689 emacs.privateColormap: true 690 691** Faces and frame parameters. 692 693There are four new faces `scroll-bar', `border', `cursor' and `mouse'. 694Setting the frame parameters `scroll-bar-foreground' and 695`scroll-bar-background' sets foreground and background color of face 696`scroll-bar' and vice versa. Setting frame parameter `border-color' 697sets the background color of face `border' and vice versa. Likewise 698for frame parameters `cursor-color' and face `cursor', and frame 699parameter `mouse-color' and face `mouse'. 700 701Changing frame parameter `font' sets font-related attributes of the 702`default' face and vice versa. Setting frame parameters 703`foreground-color' or `background-color' sets the colors of the 704`default' face and vice versa. 705 706** New face `menu'. 707 708The face `menu' can be used to change colors and font of Emacs' menus. 709 710** New frame parameter `screen-gamma' for gamma correction. 711 712The new frame parameter `screen-gamma' specifies gamma-correction for 713colors. Its value may be nil, the default, in which case no gamma 714correction occurs, or a number > 0, usually a float, that specifies 715the screen gamma of a frame's display. 716 717PC monitors usually have a screen gamma of 2.2. smaller values result 718in darker colors. You might want to try a screen gamma of 1.5 for LCD 719color displays. The viewing gamma Emacs uses is 0.4545. (1/2.2). 720 721The X resource name of this parameter is `screenGamma', class 722`ScreenGamma'. 723 724** Tabs and variable-width text. 725 726Tabs are now displayed with stretch properties; the width of a tab is 727defined as a multiple of the normal character width of a frame, and is 728independent of the fonts used in the text where the tab appears. 729Thus, tabs can be used to line up text in different fonts. 730 731** Enhancements of the Lucid menu bar 732 733*** The Lucid menu bar now supports the resource "margin". 734 735 emacs.pane.menubar.margin: 5 736 737The default margin is 4 which makes the menu bar appear like the 738LessTif/Motif one. 739 740*** Arrows that indicate sub-menus are now drawn with shadows, as in 741LessTif and Motif. 742 743** A block cursor can be drawn as wide as the glyph under it under X. 744 745As an example: if a block cursor is over a tab character, it will be 746drawn as wide as that tab on the display. To do this, set 747`x-stretch-cursor' to a non-nil value. 748 749** Empty display lines at the end of a buffer may be marked with a 750bitmap (this is similar to the tilde displayed by vi and Less). 751 752This behavior is activated by setting the buffer-local variable 753`indicate-empty-lines' to a non-nil value. The default value of this 754variable is found in `default-indicate-empty-lines'. 755 756** There is a new "aggressive" scrolling method. 757 758When scrolling up because point is above the window start, if the 759value of the buffer-local variable `scroll-up-aggressively' is a 760number, Emacs chooses a new window start so that point ends up that 761fraction of the window's height from the top of the window. 762 763When scrolling down because point is below the window end, if the 764value of the buffer-local variable `scroll-down-aggressively' is a 765number, Emacs chooses a new window start so that point ends up that 766fraction of the window's height from the bottom of the window. 767 768** You can now easily create new *Info* buffers using either 769M-x clone-buffer, C-u m <entry> RET or C-u g <entry> RET. 770M-x clone-buffer can also be used on *Help* and several other special 771buffers. 772 773** The command `Info-search' now uses a search history. 774 775** Listing buffers with M-x list-buffers (C-x C-b) now shows 776abbreviated file names. Abbreviations can be customized by changing 777`directory-abbrev-alist'. 778 779** A new variable, backup-by-copying-when-privileged-mismatch, gives 780the highest file uid for which backup-by-copying-when-mismatch will be 781forced on. The assumption is that uids less than or equal to this 782value are special uids (root, bin, daemon, etc.--not real system 783users) and that files owned by these users should not change ownership, 784even if your system policy allows users other than root to edit them. 785 786The default is 200; set the variable to nil to disable the feature. 787 788** The rectangle commands now avoid inserting undesirable spaces, 789notably at the end of lines. 790 791All these functions have been rewritten to avoid inserting unwanted 792spaces, and an optional prefix now allows them to behave the old way. 793 794** The function `replace-rectangle' is an alias for `string-rectangle'. 795 796** The new command M-x string-insert-rectangle is like `string-rectangle', 797but inserts text instead of replacing it. 798 799** The new command M-x query-replace-regexp-eval acts like 800query-replace-regexp, but takes a Lisp expression which is evaluated 801after each match to get the replacement text. 802 803** M-x query-replace recognizes a new command `e' (or `E') that lets 804you edit the replacement string. 805 806** The new command mail-abbrev-complete-alias, bound to `M-TAB' 807(if you load the library `mailabbrev'), lets you complete mail aliases 808in the text, analogous to lisp-complete-symbol. 809 810** The variable `echo-keystrokes' may now have a floating point value. 811 812** If your init file is compiled (.emacs.elc), `user-init-file' is set 813to the source name (.emacs.el), if that exists, after loading it. 814 815** The help string specified for a menu-item whose definition contains 816the property `:help HELP' is now displayed under X, on MS-Windows, and 817MS-DOS, either in the echo area or with tooltips. Many standard menus 818displayed by Emacs now have help strings. 819 820-- 821** New user option `read-mail-command' specifies a command to use to 822read mail from the menu etc. 823 824** The environment variable `EMACSLOCKDIR' is no longer used on MS-Windows. 825This environment variable was used when creating lock files. Emacs on 826MS-Windows does not use this variable anymore. This change was made 827before Emacs 21.1, but wasn't documented until now. 828 829** Highlighting of mouse-sensitive regions is now supported in the 830MS-DOS version of Emacs. 831 832** The new command `msdos-set-mouse-buttons' forces the MS-DOS version 833of Emacs to behave as if the mouse had a specified number of buttons. 834This comes handy with mice that don't report their number of buttons 835correctly. One example is the wheeled mice, which report 3 buttons, 836but clicks on the middle button are not passed to the MS-DOS version 837of Emacs. 838 839** Customize changes 840 841*** Customize now supports comments about customized items. Use the 842`State' menu to add comments, or give a prefix argument to 843M-x customize-set-variable or M-x customize-set-value. Note that 844customization comments will cause the customizations to fail in 845earlier versions of Emacs. 846 847*** The new option `custom-buffer-done-function' says whether to kill 848Custom buffers when you've done with them or just bury them (the 849default). 850 851*** If Emacs was invoked with the `-q' or `--no-init-file' options, it 852does not allow you to save customizations in your `~/.emacs' init 853file. This is because saving customizations from such a session would 854wipe out all the other customizationss you might have on your init 855file. 856 857** If Emacs was invoked with the `-q' or `--no-init-file' options, it 858does not save disabled and enabled commands for future sessions, to 859avoid overwriting existing customizations of this kind that are 860already in your init file. 861 862** New features in evaluation commands 863 864*** The commands to evaluate Lisp expressions, such as C-M-x in Lisp 865modes, C-j in Lisp Interaction mode, and M-:, now bind the variables 866print-level, print-length, and debug-on-error based on the new 867customizable variables eval-expression-print-level, 868eval-expression-print-length, and eval-expression-debug-on-error. 869 870The default values for the first two of these variables are 12 and 4 871respectively, which means that `eval-expression' now prints at most 872the first 12 members of a list and at most 4 nesting levels deep (if 873the list is longer or deeper than that, an ellipsis `...' is 874printed). 875 876<RET> or <mouse-2> on the printed text toggles between an abbreviated 877printed representation and an unabbreviated one. 878 879The default value of eval-expression-debug-on-error is t, so any error 880during evaluation produces a backtrace. 881 882*** The function `eval-defun' (C-M-x) now loads Edebug and instruments 883code when called with a prefix argument. 884 885** CC mode changes. 886 887Note: This release contains changes that might not be compatible with 888current user setups (although it's believed that these 889incompatibilities will only show in very uncommon circumstances). 890However, since the impact is uncertain, these changes may be rolled 891back depending on user feedback. Therefore there's no forward 892compatibility guarantee wrt the new features introduced in this 893release. 894 895*** The hardcoded switch to "java" style in Java mode is gone. 896CC Mode used to automatically set the style to "java" when Java mode 897is entered. This has now been removed since it caused too much 898confusion. 899 900However, to keep backward compatibility to a certain extent, the 901default value for c-default-style now specifies the "java" style for 902java-mode, but "gnu" for all other modes (as before). So you won't 903notice the change if you haven't touched that variable. 904 905*** New cleanups, space-before-funcall and compact-empty-funcall. 906Two new cleanups have been added to c-cleanup-list: 907 908space-before-funcall causes a space to be inserted before the opening 909parenthesis of a function call, which gives the style "foo (bar)". 910 911compact-empty-funcall causes any space before a function call opening 912parenthesis to be removed if there are no arguments to the function. 913It's typically useful together with space-before-funcall to get the 914style "foo (bar)" and "foo()". 915 916*** Some keywords now automatically trigger reindentation. 917Keywords like "else", "while", "catch" and "finally" have been made 918"electric" to make them reindent automatically when they continue an 919earlier statement. An example: 920 921for (i = 0; i < 17; i++) 922 if (a[i]) 923 res += a[i]->offset; 924else 925 926Here, the "else" should be indented like the preceding "if", since it 927continues that statement. CC Mode will automatically reindent it after 928the "else" has been typed in full, since it's not until then it's 929possible to decide whether it's a new statement or a continuation of 930the preceding "if". 931 932CC Mode uses Abbrev mode to achieve this, which is therefore turned on 933by default. 934 935*** M-a and M-e now moves by sentence in multiline strings. 936Previously these two keys only moved by sentence in comments, which 937meant that sentence movement didn't work in strings containing 938documentation or other natural language text. 939 940The reason it's only activated in multiline strings (i.e. strings that 941contain a newline, even when escaped by a '\') is to avoid stopping in 942the short strings that often reside inside statements. Multiline 943strings almost always contain text in a natural language, as opposed 944to other strings that typically contain format specifications, 945commands, etc. Also, it's not that bothersome that M-a and M-e misses 946sentences in single line strings, since they're short anyway. 947 948*** Support for autodoc comments in Pike mode. 949Autodoc comments for Pike are used to extract documentation from the 950source, like Javadoc in Java. Pike mode now recognize this markup in 951comment prefixes and paragraph starts. 952 953*** The comment prefix regexps on c-comment-prefix may be mode specific. 954When c-comment-prefix is an association list, it specifies the comment 955line prefix on a per-mode basis, like c-default-style does. This 956change came about to support the special autodoc comment prefix in 957Pike mode only. 958 959*** Better handling of syntactic errors. 960The recovery after unbalanced parens earlier in the buffer has been 961improved; CC Mode now reports them by dinging and giving a message 962stating the offending line, but still recovers and indent the 963following lines in a sane way (most of the time). An "else" with no 964matching "if" is handled similarly. If an error is discovered while 965indenting a region, the whole region is still indented and the error 966is reported afterwards. 967 968*** Lineup functions may now return absolute columns. 969A lineup function can give an absolute column to indent the line to by 970returning a vector with the desired column as the first element. 971 972*** More robust and warning-free byte compilation. 973Although this is strictly not a user visible change (well, depending 974on the view of a user), it's still worth mentioning that CC Mode now 975can be compiled in the standard ways without causing trouble. Some 976code have also been moved between the subpackages to enhance the 977modularity somewhat. Thanks to Martin Buchholz for doing the 978groundwork. 979 980*** c-style-variables-are-local-p now defaults to t. 981This is an incompatible change that has been made to make the behavior 982of the style system wrt global variable settings less confusing for 983non-advanced users. If you know what this variable does you might 984want to set it to nil in your .emacs, otherwise you probably don't 985have to bother. 986 987Defaulting c-style-variables-are-local-p to t avoids the confusing 988situation that occurs when a user sets some style variables globally 989and edits both a Java and a non-Java file in the same Emacs session. 990If the style variables aren't buffer local in this case, loading of 991the second file will cause the default style (either "gnu" or "java" 992by default) to override the global settings made by the user. 993 994*** New initialization procedure for the style system. 995When the initial style for a buffer is determined by CC Mode (from the 996variable c-default-style), the global values of style variables now 997take precedence over the values specified by the chosen style. This 998is different than the old behavior: previously, the style-specific 999settings would override the global settings. This change makes it 1000possible to do simple configuration in the intuitive way with 1001Customize or with setq lines in one's .emacs file. 1002 1003By default, the global value of every style variable is the new 1004special symbol set-from-style, which causes the value to be taken from 1005the style system. This means that in effect, only an explicit setting 1006of a style variable will cause the "overriding" behavior described 1007above. 1008 1009Also note that global settings override style-specific settings *only* 1010when the initial style of a buffer is chosen by a CC Mode major mode 1011function. When a style is chosen in other ways --- for example, by a 1012call like (c-set-style "gnu") in a hook, or via M-x c-set-style --- 1013then the style-specific values take precedence over any global style 1014values. In Lisp terms, global values override style-specific values 1015only when the new second argument to c-set-style is non-nil; see the 1016function documentation for more info. 1017 1018The purpose of these changes is to make it easier for users, 1019especially novice users, to do simple customizations with Customize or 1020with setq in their .emacs files. On the other hand, the new system is 1021intended to be compatible with advanced users' customizations as well, 1022such as those that choose styles in hooks or whatnot. This new system 1023is believed to be almost entirely compatible with current 1024configurations, in spite of the changed precedence between style and 1025global variable settings when a buffer's default style is set. 1026 1027(Thanks to Eric Eide for clarifying this explanation a bit.) 1028 1029**** c-offsets-alist is now a customizable variable. 1030This became possible as a result of the new initialization behavior. 1031 1032This variable is treated slightly differently from the other style 1033variables; instead of using the symbol set-from-style, it will be 1034completed with the syntactic symbols it doesn't already contain when 1035the style is first initialized. This means it now defaults to the 1036empty list to make all syntactic elements get their values from the 1037style system. 1038 1039**** Compatibility variable to restore the old behavior. 1040In case your configuration doesn't work with this change, you can set 1041c-old-style-variable-behavior to non-nil to get the old behavior back 1042as far as possible. 1043 1044*** Improvements to line breaking and text filling. 1045CC Mode now handles this more intelligently and seamlessly wrt the 1046surrounding code, especially inside comments. For details see the new 1047chapter about this in the manual. 1048 1049**** New variable to recognize comment line prefix decorations. 1050The variable c-comment-prefix-regexp has been added to properly 1051recognize the line prefix in both block and line comments. It's 1052primarily used to initialize the various paragraph recognition and 1053adaptive filling variables that the text handling functions uses. 1054 1055**** New variable c-block-comment-prefix. 1056This is a generalization of the now obsolete variable 1057c-comment-continuation-stars to handle arbitrary strings. 1058 1059**** CC Mode now uses adaptive fill mode. 1060This to make it adapt better to the paragraph style inside comments. 1061 1062It's also possible to use other adaptive filling packages inside CC 1063Mode, notably Kyle E. Jones' Filladapt mode (http://wonderworks.com/). 1064A new convenience function c-setup-filladapt sets up Filladapt for use 1065inside CC Mode. 1066 1067Note though that the 2.12 version of Filladapt lacks a feature that 1068causes it to work suboptimally when c-comment-prefix-regexp can match 1069the empty string (which it commonly does). A patch for that is 1070available from the CC Mode web site (http://www.python.org/emacs/ 1071cc-mode/). 1072 1073**** The variables `c-hanging-comment-starter-p' and 1074`c-hanging-comment-ender-p', which controlled how comment starters and 1075enders were filled, are not used anymore. The new version of the 1076function `c-fill-paragraph' keeps the comment starters and enders as 1077they were before the filling. 1078 1079**** It's now possible to selectively turn off auto filling. 1080The variable c-ignore-auto-fill is used to ignore auto fill mode in 1081specific contexts, e.g. in preprocessor directives and in string 1082literals. 1083 1084**** New context sensitive line break function c-context-line-break. 1085It works like newline-and-indent in normal code, and adapts the line 1086prefix according to the comment style when used inside comments. If 1087you're normally using newline-and-indent, you might want to switch to 1088this function. 1089 1090*** Fixes to IDL mode. 1091It now does a better job in recognizing only the constructs relevant 1092to IDL. E.g. it no longer matches "class" as the beginning of a 1093struct block, but it does match the CORBA 2.3 "valuetype" keyword. 1094Thanks to Eric Eide. 1095 1096*** Improvements to the Whitesmith style. 1097It now keeps the style consistently on all levels and both when 1098opening braces hangs and when they don't. 1099 1100**** New lineup function c-lineup-whitesmith-in-block. 1101 1102*** New lineup functions c-lineup-template-args and c-indent-multi-line-block. 1103See their docstrings for details. c-lineup-template-args does a 1104better job of tracking the brackets used as parens in C++ templates, 1105and is used by default to line up continued template arguments. 1106 1107*** c-lineup-comment now preserves alignment with a comment on the 1108previous line. It used to instead preserve comments that started in 1109the column specified by comment-column. 1110 1111*** c-lineup-C-comments handles "free form" text comments. 1112In comments with a long delimiter line at the start, the indentation 1113is kept unchanged for lines that start with an empty comment line 1114prefix. This is intended for the type of large block comments that 1115contain documentation with its own formatting. In these you normally 1116don't want CC Mode to change the indentation. 1117 1118*** The `c' syntactic symbol is now relative to the comment start 1119instead of the previous line, to make integers usable as lineup 1120arguments. 1121 1122*** All lineup functions have gotten docstrings. 1123 1124*** More preprocessor directive movement functions. 1125c-down-conditional does the reverse of c-up-conditional. 1126c-up-conditional-with-else and c-down-conditional-with-else are 1127variants of these that also stops at "#else" lines (suggested by Don 1128Provan). 1129 1130*** Minor improvements to many movement functions in tricky situations. 1131 1132** Dired changes 1133 1134*** New variable `dired-recursive-deletes' determines if the delete 1135command will delete non-empty directories recursively. The default 1136is, delete only empty directories. 1137 1138*** New variable `dired-recursive-copies' determines if the copy 1139command will copy directories recursively. The default is, do not 1140copy directories recursively. 1141 1142*** In command `dired-do-shell-command' (usually bound to `!') a `?' 1143in the shell command has a special meaning similar to `*', but with 1144the difference that the command will be run on each file individually. 1145 1146*** The new command `dired-find-alternate-file' (usually bound to `a') 1147replaces the Dired buffer with the buffer for an alternate file or 1148directory. 1149 1150*** The new command `dired-show-file-type' (usually bound to `y') shows 1151a message in the echo area describing what type of file the point is on. 1152This command invokes the external program `file' do its work, and so 1153will only work on systems with that program, and will be only as 1154accurate or inaccurate as it is. 1155 1156*** Dired now properly handles undo changes of adding/removing `-R' 1157from ls switches. 1158 1159*** Dired commands that prompt for a destination file now allow the use 1160of the `M-n' command in the minibuffer to insert the source filename, 1161which the user can then edit. This only works if there is a single 1162source file, not when operating on multiple marked files. 1163 1164** Gnus changes. 1165 1166The Gnus NEWS entries are short, but they reflect sweeping changes in 1167four areas: Article display treatment, MIME treatment, 1168internationalization and mail-fetching. 1169 1170*** The mail-fetching functions have changed. See the manual for the 1171many details. In particular, all procmail fetching variables are gone. 1172 1173If you used procmail like in 1174 1175(setq nnmail-use-procmail t) 1176(setq nnmail-spool-file 'procmail) 1177(setq nnmail-procmail-directory "~/mail/incoming/") 1178(setq nnmail-procmail-suffix "\\.in") 1179 1180this now has changed to 1181 1182(setq mail-sources 1183 '((directory :path "~/mail/incoming/" 1184 :suffix ".in"))) 1185 1186More information is available in the info doc at Select Methods -> 1187Getting Mail -> Mail Sources 1188 1189*** Gnus is now a MIME-capable reader. This affects many parts of 1190Gnus, and adds a slew of new commands. See the manual for details. 1191Separate MIME packages like RMIME, mime-compose etc., will probably no 1192longer work; remove them and use the native facilities. 1193 1194The FLIM/SEMI package still works with Emacs 21, but if you want to 1195use the native facilities, you must remove any mailcap.el[c] that was 1196installed by FLIM/SEMI version 1.13 or earlier. 1197 1198*** Gnus has also been multilingualized. This also affects too many 1199parts of Gnus to summarize here, and adds many new variables. There 1200are built-in facilities equivalent to those of gnus-mule.el, which is 1201now just a compatibility layer. 1202 1203*** gnus-mule.el is now just a compatibility layer over the built-in 1204Gnus facilities. 1205 1206*** gnus-auto-select-first can now be a function to be 1207called to position point. 1208 1209*** The user can now decide which extra headers should be included in 1210summary buffers and NOV files. 1211 1212*** `gnus-article-display-hook' has been removed. Instead, a number 1213of variables starting with `gnus-treat-' have been added. 1214 1215*** The Gnus posting styles have been redone again and now work in a 1216subtly different manner. 1217 1218*** New web-based backends have been added: nnslashdot, nnwarchive 1219and nnultimate. nnweb has been revamped, again, to keep up with 1220ever-changing layouts. 1221 1222*** Gnus can now read IMAP mail via nnimap. 1223 1224*** There is image support of various kinds and some sound support. 1225 1226** Changes in Texinfo mode. 1227 1228*** A couple of new key bindings have been added for inserting Texinfo 1229macros 1230 1231 Key binding Macro 1232 ------------------------- 1233 C-c C-c C-s @strong 1234 C-c C-c C-e @emph 1235 C-c C-c u @uref 1236 C-c C-c q @quotation 1237 C-c C-c m @email 1238 C-c C-o @<block> ... @end <block> 1239 M-RET @item 1240 1241*** The " key now inserts either " or `` or '' depending on context. 1242 1243** Changes in Outline mode. 1244 1245There is now support for Imenu to index headings. A new command 1246`outline-headers-as-kill' copies the visible headings in the region to 1247the kill ring, e.g. to produce a table of contents. 1248 1249** Changes to Emacs Server 1250 1251*** The new option `server-kill-new-buffers' specifies what to do 1252with buffers when done with them. If non-nil, the default, buffers 1253are killed, unless they were already present before visiting them with 1254Emacs Server. If nil, `server-temp-file-regexp' specifies which 1255buffers to kill, as before. 1256 1257Please note that only buffers are killed that still have a client, 1258i.e. buffers visited with `emacsclient --no-wait' are never killed in 1259this way. 1260 1261** Both emacsclient and Emacs itself now accept command line options 1262of the form +LINE:COLUMN in addition to +LINE. 1263 1264** Changes to Show Paren mode. 1265 1266*** Overlays used by Show Paren mode now use a priority property. 1267The new user option show-paren-priority specifies the priority to 1268use. Default is 1000. 1269 1270** New command M-x check-parens can be used to find unbalanced paren 1271groups and strings in buffers in Lisp mode (or other modes). 1272 1273** Changes to hideshow.el 1274 1275*** Generalized block selection and traversal 1276 1277A block is now recognized by its start and end regexps (both strings), 1278and an integer specifying which sub-expression in the start regexp 1279serves as the place where a `forward-sexp'-like function can operate. 1280See the documentation of variable `hs-special-modes-alist'. 1281 1282*** During incremental search, if Hideshow minor mode is active, 1283hidden blocks are temporarily shown. The variable `hs-headline' can 1284be used in the mode line format to show the line at the beginning of 1285the open block. 1286 1287*** User option `hs-hide-all-non-comment-function' specifies a 1288function to be called at each top-level block beginning, instead of 1289the normal block-hiding function. 1290 1291*** The command `hs-show-region' has been removed. 1292 1293*** The key bindings have changed to fit the Emacs conventions, 1294roughly imitating those of Outline minor mode. Notably, the prefix 1295for all bindings is now `C-c @'. For details, see the documentation 1296for `hs-minor-mode'. 1297 1298*** The variable `hs-show-hidden-short-form' has been removed, and 1299hideshow.el now always behaves as if this variable were set to t. 1300 1301** Changes to Change Log mode and Add-Log functions 1302 1303*** If you invoke `add-change-log-entry' from a backup file, it makes 1304an entry appropriate for the file's parent. This is useful for making 1305log entries by comparing a version with deleted functions. 1306 1307**** New command M-x change-log-merge merges another log into the 1308current buffer. 1309 1310*** New command M-x change-log-redate fixes any old-style date entries 1311in a log file. 1312 1313*** Change Log mode now adds a file's version number to change log 1314entries if user-option `change-log-version-info-enabled' is non-nil. 1315Unless the file is under version control the search for a file's 1316version number is performed based on regular expressions from 1317`change-log-version-number-regexp-list' which can be customized. 1318Version numbers are only found in the first 10 percent of a file. 1319 1320*** Change Log mode now defines its own faces for font-lock highlighting. 1321 1322** Changes to cmuscheme 1323 1324*** The user-option `scheme-program-name' has been renamed 1325`cmuscheme-program-name' due to conflicts with xscheme.el. 1326 1327** Changes in Font Lock 1328 1329*** The new function `font-lock-remove-keywords' can be used to remove 1330font-lock keywords from the current buffer or from a specific major mode. 1331 1332*** Multi-line patterns are now supported. Modes using this, should 1333set font-lock-multiline to t in their font-lock-defaults. 1334 1335*** `font-lock-syntactic-face-function' allows major-modes to choose 1336the face used for each string/comment. 1337 1338*** A new standard face `font-lock-doc-face'. 1339Meant for Lisp docstrings, Javadoc comments and other "documentation in code". 1340 1341** Changes to Shell mode 1342 1343*** The `shell' command now accepts an optional argument to specify the buffer 1344to use, which defaults to "*shell*". When used interactively, a 1345non-default buffer may be specified by giving the `shell' command a 1346prefix argument (causing it to prompt for the buffer name). 1347 1348** Comint (subshell) changes 1349 1350These changes generally affect all modes derived from comint mode, which 1351include shell-mode, gdb-mode, scheme-interaction-mode, etc. 1352 1353*** Comint now by default interprets some carriage-control characters. 1354Comint now removes CRs from CR LF sequences, and treats single CRs and 1355BSs in the output in a way similar to a terminal (by deleting to the 1356beginning of the line, or deleting the previous character, 1357respectively). This is achieved by adding `comint-carriage-motion' to 1358the `comint-output-filter-functions' hook by default. 1359 1360*** By default, comint no longer uses the variable `comint-prompt-regexp' 1361to distinguish prompts from user-input. Instead, it notices which 1362parts of the text were output by the process, and which entered by the 1363user, and attaches `field' properties to allow emacs commands to use 1364this information. Common movement commands, notably beginning-of-line, 1365respect field boundaries in a fairly natural manner. To disable this 1366feature, and use the old behavior, customize the user option 1367`comint-use-prompt-regexp-instead-of-fields'. 1368 1369*** Comint now includes new features to send commands to running processes 1370and redirect the output to a designated buffer or buffers. 1371 1372*** The command M-x comint-redirect-send-command reads a command and 1373buffer name from the mini-buffer. The command is sent to the current 1374buffer's process, and its output is inserted into the specified buffer. 1375 1376The command M-x comint-redirect-send-command-to-process acts like 1377M-x comint-redirect-send-command but additionally reads the name of 1378the buffer whose process should be used from the mini-buffer. 1379 1380*** Packages based on comint now highlight user input and program prompts, 1381and support choosing previous input with mouse-2. To control these features, 1382see the user-options `comint-highlight-input' and `comint-highlight-prompt'. 1383 1384*** The new command `comint-write-output' (usually bound to `C-c C-s') 1385saves the output from the most recent command to a file. With a prefix 1386argument, it appends to the file. 1387 1388*** The command `comint-kill-output' has been renamed `comint-delete-output' 1389(usually bound to `C-c C-o'); the old name is aliased to it for 1390compatibility. 1391 1392*** The new function `comint-add-to-input-history' adds commands to the input 1393ring (history). 1394 1395*** The new variable `comint-input-history-ignore' is a regexp for 1396identifying history lines that should be ignored, like tcsh time-stamp 1397strings, starting with a `#'. The default value of this variable is "^#". 1398 1399** Changes to Rmail mode 1400 1401*** The new user-option rmail-user-mail-address-regexp can be 1402set to fine tune the identification of the correspondent when 1403receiving new mail. If it matches the address of the sender, the 1404recipient is taken as correspondent of a mail. If nil, the default, 1405`user-login-name' and `user-mail-address' are used to exclude yourself 1406as correspondent. 1407 1408Usually you don't have to set this variable, except if you collect 1409mails sent by you under different user names. Then it should be a 1410regexp matching your mail addresses. 1411 1412*** The new user-option rmail-confirm-expunge controls whether and how 1413to ask for confirmation before expunging deleted messages from an 1414Rmail file. You can choose between no confirmation, confirmation 1415with y-or-n-p, or confirmation with yes-or-no-p. Default is to ask 1416for confirmation with yes-or-no-p. 1417 1418*** RET is now bound in the Rmail summary to rmail-summary-goto-msg, 1419like `j'. 1420 1421*** There is a new user option `rmail-digest-end-regexps' that 1422specifies the regular expressions to detect the line that ends a 1423digest message. 1424 1425*** The new user option `rmail-automatic-folder-directives' specifies 1426in which folder to put messages automatically. 1427 1428*** The new function `rmail-redecode-body' allows to fix a message 1429with non-ASCII characters if Emacs happens to decode it incorrectly 1430due to missing or malformed "charset=" header. 1431 1432** The new user-option `mail-envelope-from' can be used to specify 1433an envelope-from address different from user-mail-address. 1434 1435** The variable mail-specify-envelope-from controls whether to 1436use the -f option when sending mail. 1437 1438** The Rmail command `o' (`rmail-output-to-rmail-file') now writes the 1439current message in the internal `emacs-mule' encoding, rather than in 1440the encoding taken from the variable `buffer-file-coding-system'. 1441This allows to save messages whose characters cannot be safely encoded 1442by the buffer's coding system, and makes sure the message will be 1443displayed correctly when you later visit the target Rmail file. 1444 1445If you want your Rmail files be encoded in a specific coding system 1446other than `emacs-mule', you can customize the variable 1447`rmail-file-coding-system' to set its value to that coding system. 1448 1449** Changes to TeX mode 1450 1451*** The default mode has been changed from `plain-tex-mode' to 1452`latex-mode'. 1453 1454*** latex-mode now has a simple indentation algorithm. 1455 1456*** M-f and M-p jump around \begin...\end pairs. 1457 1458*** Added support for outline-minor-mode. 1459 1460** Changes to RefTeX mode 1461 1462*** RefTeX has new support for index generation. Index entries can be 1463 created with `C-c <', with completion available on index keys. 1464 Pressing `C-c /' indexes the word at the cursor with a default 1465 macro. `C-c >' compiles all index entries into an alphabetically 1466 sorted *Index* buffer which looks like the final index. Entries 1467 can be edited from that buffer. 1468 1469*** Label and citation key selection now allow to select several 1470 items and reference them together (use `m' to mark items, `a' or 1471 `A' to use all marked entries). 1472 1473*** reftex.el has been split into a number of smaller files to reduce 1474 memory use when only a part of RefTeX is being used. 1475 1476*** a new command `reftex-view-crossref-from-bibtex' (bound to `C-c &' 1477 in BibTeX-mode) can be called in a BibTeX database buffer in order 1478 to show locations in LaTeX documents where a particular entry has 1479 been cited. 1480 1481** Emacs Lisp mode now allows multiple levels of outline headings. 1482The level of a heading is determined from the number of leading 1483semicolons in a heading line. Toplevel forms starting with a `(' 1484in column 1 are always made leaves. 1485 1486** The M-x time-stamp command (most commonly used on write-file-hooks) 1487has the following new features: 1488 1489*** The patterns for finding the time stamp and for updating a pattern 1490may match text spanning multiple lines. For example, some people like 1491to have the filename and date on separate lines. The new variable 1492time-stamp-inserts-lines controls the matching for multi-line patterns. 1493 1494*** More than one time stamp can be updated in the same file. This 1495feature is useful if you need separate time stamps in a program source 1496file to both include in formatted documentation and insert in the 1497compiled binary. The same time-stamp will be written at each matching 1498pattern. The variable time-stamp-count enables this new feature; it 1499defaults to 1. 1500 1501** Partial Completion mode now completes environment variables in 1502file names. 1503 1504** Ispell changes 1505 1506*** The command `ispell' now spell-checks a region if 1507transient-mark-mode is on, and the mark is active. Otherwise it 1508spell-checks the current buffer. 1509 1510*** Support for synchronous subprocesses - DOS/Windoze - has been 1511added. 1512 1513*** An "alignment error" bug was fixed when a manual spelling 1514correction is made and re-checked. 1515 1516*** Italian, Portuguese, and Slovak dictionary definitions have been added. 1517 1518*** Region skipping performance has been vastly improved in some 1519cases. 1520 1521*** Spell checking HTML buffers has been improved and isn't so strict 1522on syntax errors. 1523 1524*** The buffer-local words are now always placed on a new line at the 1525end of the buffer. 1526 1527*** Spell checking now works in the MS-DOS version of Emacs. 1528 1529*** The variable `ispell-format-word' has been renamed to 1530`ispell-format-word-function'. The old name is still available as 1531alias. 1532 1533** Makefile mode changes 1534 1535*** The mode now uses the abbrev table `makefile-mode-abbrev-table'. 1536 1537*** Conditionals and include statements are now highlighted when 1538Fontlock mode is active. 1539 1540** Isearch changes 1541 1542*** Isearch now puts a call to `isearch-resume' in the command history, 1543so that searches can be resumed. 1544 1545*** In Isearch mode, C-M-s and C-M-r are now bound like C-s and C-r, 1546respectively, i.e. you can repeat a regexp isearch with the same keys 1547that started the search. 1548 1549*** In Isearch mode, mouse-2 in the echo area now yanks the current 1550selection into the search string rather than giving an error. 1551 1552*** There is a new lazy highlighting feature in incremental search. 1553 1554Lazy highlighting is switched on/off by customizing variable 1555`isearch-lazy-highlight'. When active, all matches for the current 1556search string are highlighted. The current match is highlighted as 1557before using face `isearch' or `region'. All other matches are 1558highlighted using face `isearch-lazy-highlight-face' which defaults to 1559`secondary-selection'. 1560 1561The extra highlighting makes it easier to anticipate where the cursor 1562will end up each time you press C-s or C-r to repeat a pending search. 1563Highlighting of these additional matches happens in a deferred fashion 1564using "idle timers," so the cycles needed do not rob isearch of its 1565usual snappy response. 1566 1567If `isearch-lazy-highlight-cleanup' is set to t, highlights for 1568matches are automatically cleared when you end the search. If it is 1569set to nil, you can remove the highlights manually with `M-x 1570isearch-lazy-highlight-cleanup'. 1571 1572** VC Changes 1573 1574VC has been overhauled internally. It is now modular, making it 1575easier to plug-in arbitrary version control backends. (See Lisp 1576Changes for details on the new structure.) As a result, the mechanism 1577to enable and disable support for particular version systems has 1578changed: everything is now controlled by the new variable 1579`vc-handled-backends'. Its value is a list of symbols that identify 1580version systems; the default is '(RCS CVS SCCS). When finding a file, 1581each of the backends in that list is tried in order to see whether the 1582file is registered in that backend. 1583 1584When registering a new file, VC first tries each of the listed 1585backends to see if any of them considers itself "responsible" for the 1586directory of the file (e.g. because a corresponding subdirectory for 1587master files exists). If none of the backends is responsible, then 1588the first backend in the list that could register the file is chosen. 1589As a consequence, the variable `vc-default-back-end' is now obsolete. 1590 1591The old variable `vc-master-templates' is also obsolete, although VC 1592still supports it for backward compatibility. To define templates for 1593RCS or SCCS, you should rather use the new variables 1594vc-{rcs,sccs}-master-templates. (There is no such feature under CVS 1595where it doesn't make sense.) 1596 1597The variables `vc-ignore-vc-files' and `vc-handle-cvs' are also 1598obsolete now, you must set `vc-handled-backends' to nil or exclude 1599`CVS' from the list, respectively, to achieve their effect now. 1600 1601*** General Changes 1602 1603The variable `vc-checkout-carefully' is obsolete: the corresponding 1604checks are always done now. 1605 1606VC Dired buffers are now kept up-to-date during all version control 1607operations. 1608 1609`vc-diff' output is now displayed in `diff-mode'. 1610`vc-print-log' uses `log-view-mode'. 1611`vc-log-mode' (used for *VC-Log*) has been replaced by `log-edit-mode'. 1612 1613The command C-x v m (vc-merge) now accepts an empty argument as the 1614first revision number. This means that any recent changes on the 1615current branch should be picked up from the repository and merged into 1616the working file (``merge news''). 1617 1618The commands C-x v s (vc-create-snapshot) and C-x v r 1619(vc-retrieve-snapshot) now ask for a directory name from which to work 1620downwards. 1621 1622*** Multiple Backends 1623 1624VC now lets you register files in more than one backend. This is 1625useful, for example, if you are working with a slow remote CVS 1626repository. You can then use RCS for local editing, and occasionally 1627commit your changes back to CVS, or pick up changes from CVS into your 1628local RCS archives. 1629 1630To make this work, the ``more local'' backend (RCS in our example) 1631should come first in `vc-handled-backends', and the ``more remote'' 1632backend (CVS) should come later. (The default value of 1633`vc-handled-backends' already has it that way.) 1634 1635You can then commit changes to another backend (say, RCS), by typing 1636C-u C-x v v RCS RET (i.e. vc-next-action now accepts a backend name as 1637a revision number). VC registers the file in the more local backend 1638if that hasn't already happened, and commits to a branch based on the 1639current revision number from the more remote backend. 1640 1641If a file is registered in multiple backends, you can switch to 1642another one using C-x v b (vc-switch-backend). This does not change 1643any files, it only changes VC's perspective on the file. Use this to 1644pick up changes from CVS while working under RCS locally. 1645 1646After you are done with your local RCS editing, you can commit your 1647changes back to CVS using C-u C-x v v CVS RET. In this case, the 1648local RCS archive is removed after the commit, and the log entry 1649buffer is initialized to contain the entire RCS change log of the file. 1650 1651*** Changes for CVS 1652 1653There is a new user option, `vc-cvs-stay-local'. If it is `t' (the 1654default), then VC avoids network queries for files registered in 1655remote repositories. The state of such files is then only determined 1656by heuristics and past information. `vc-cvs-stay-local' can also be a 1657regexp to match against repository hostnames; only files from hosts 1658that match it are treated locally. If the variable is nil, then VC 1659queries the repository just as often as it does for local files. 1660 1661If `vc-cvs-stay-local' is on, then VC also makes local backups of 1662repository versions. This means that ordinary diffs (C-x v =) and 1663revert operations (C-x v u) can be done completely locally, without 1664any repository interactions at all. The name of a local version 1665backup of FILE is FILE.~REV.~, where REV is the repository version 1666number. This format is similar to that used by C-x v ~ 1667(vc-version-other-window), except for the trailing dot. As a matter 1668of fact, the two features can each use the files created by the other, 1669the only difference being that files with a trailing `.' are deleted 1670automatically after commit. (This feature doesn't work on MS-DOS, 1671since DOS disallows more than a single dot in the trunk of a file 1672name.) 1673 1674If `vc-cvs-stay-local' is on, and there have been changes in the 1675repository, VC notifies you about it when you actually try to commit. 1676If you want to check for updates from the repository without trying to 1677commit, you can either use C-x v m RET to perform an update on the 1678current file, or you can use C-x v r RET to get an update for an 1679entire directory tree. 1680 1681The new user option `vc-cvs-use-edit' indicates whether VC should call 1682"cvs edit" to make files writeable; it defaults to `t'. (This option 1683is only meaningful if the CVSREAD variable is set, or if files are 1684"watched" by other developers.) 1685 1686The commands C-x v s (vc-create-snapshot) and C-x v r 1687(vc-retrieve-snapshot) are now also implemented for CVS. If you give 1688an empty snapshot name to the latter, that performs a `cvs update', 1689starting at the given directory. 1690 1691*** Lisp Changes in VC 1692 1693VC has been restructured internally to make it modular. You can now 1694add support for arbitrary version control backends by writing a 1695library that provides a certain set of backend-specific functions, and 1696then telling VC to use that library. For example, to add support for 1697a version system named SYS, you write a library named vc-sys.el, which 1698provides a number of functions vc-sys-... (see commentary at the top 1699of vc.el for a detailed list of them). To make VC use that library, 1700you need to put it somewhere into Emacs' load path and add the symbol 1701`SYS' to the list `vc-handled-backends'. 1702 1703** The customizable EDT emulation package now supports the EDT 1704SUBS command and EDT scroll margins. It also works with more 1705terminal/keyboard configurations and it now works under XEmacs. 1706See etc/edt-user.doc for more information. 1707 1708** New modes and packages 1709 1710*** The new global minor mode `minibuffer-electric-default-mode' 1711automatically hides the `(default ...)' part of minibuffer prompts when 1712the default is not applicable. 1713 1714*** Artist is an Emacs lisp package that allows you to draw lines, 1715rectangles and ellipses by using your mouse and/or keyboard. The 1716shapes are made up with the ascii characters |, -, / and \. 1717 1718Features are: 1719 1720- Intersecting: When a `|' intersects with a `-', a `+' is 1721 drawn, like this: | \ / 1722 --+-- X 1723 | / \ 1724 1725- Rubber-banding: When drawing lines you can interactively see the 1726 result while holding the mouse button down and moving the mouse. If 1727 your machine is not fast enough (a 386 is a bit too slow, but a 1728 pentium is well enough), you can turn this feature off. You will 1729 then see 1's and 2's which mark the 1st and 2nd endpoint of the line 1730 you are drawing. 1731 1732- Arrows: After having drawn a (straight) line or a (straight) 1733 poly-line, you can set arrows on the line-ends by typing < or >. 1734 1735- Flood-filling: You can fill any area with a certain character by 1736 flood-filling. 1737 1738- Cut copy and paste: You can cut, copy and paste rectangular 1739 regions. Artist also interfaces with the rect package (this can be 1740 turned off if it causes you any trouble) so anything you cut in 1741 artist can be yanked with C-x r y and vice versa. 1742 1743- Drawing with keys: Everything you can do with the mouse, you can 1744 also do without the mouse. 1745 1746- Aspect-ratio: You can set the variable artist-aspect-ratio to 1747 reflect the height-width ratio for the font you are using. Squares 1748 and circles are then drawn square/round. Note, that once your 1749 ascii-file is shown with font with a different height-width ratio, 1750 the squares won't be square and the circles won't be round. 1751 1752- Drawing operations: The following drawing operations are implemented: 1753 1754 lines straight-lines 1755 rectangles squares 1756 poly-lines straight poly-lines 1757 ellipses circles 1758 text (see-thru) text (overwrite) 1759 spray-can setting size for spraying 1760 vaporize line vaporize lines 1761 erase characters erase rectangles 1762 1763 Straight lines are lines that go horizontally, vertically or 1764 diagonally. Plain lines go in any direction. The operations in 1765 the right column are accessed by holding down the shift key while 1766 drawing. 1767 1768 It is possible to vaporize (erase) entire lines and connected lines 1769 (rectangles for example) as long as the lines being vaporized are 1770 straight and connected at their endpoints. Vaporizing is inspired 1771 by the drawrect package by Jari Aalto <jari.aalto@poboxes.com>. 1772 1773- Picture mode compatibility: Artist is picture mode compatible (this 1774 can be turned off). 1775 1776*** The new package Eshell is an operating system command shell 1777implemented entirely in Emacs Lisp. Use `M-x eshell' to invoke it. 1778It functions similarly to bash and zsh, and allows running of Lisp 1779functions and external commands using the same syntax. It supports 1780history lists, aliases, extended globbing, smart scrolling, etc. It 1781will work on any platform Emacs has been ported to. And since most of 1782the basic commands -- ls, rm, mv, cp, ln, du, cat, etc. -- have been 1783rewritten in Lisp, it offers an operating-system independent shell, 1784all within the scope of your Emacs process. 1785 1786*** The new package timeclock.el is a mode is for keeping track of time 1787intervals. You can use it for whatever purpose you like, but the 1788typical scenario is to keep track of how much time you spend working 1789on certain projects. 1790 1791*** The new package hi-lock.el provides commands to highlight matches 1792of interactively entered regexps. For example, 1793 1794 M-x highlight-regexp RET clearly RET RET 1795 1796will highlight all occurrences of `clearly' using a yellow background 1797face. New occurrences of `clearly' will be highlighted as they are 1798typed. `M-x unhighlight-regexp RET' will remove the highlighting. 1799Any existing face can be used for highlighting and a set of 1800appropriate faces is provided. The regexps can be written into the 1801current buffer in a form that will be recognized the next time the 1802corresponding file is read. There are commands to highlight matches 1803to phrases and to highlight entire lines containing a match. 1804 1805*** The new package zone.el plays games with Emacs' display when 1806Emacs is idle. 1807 1808*** The new package tildify.el allows to add hard spaces or other text 1809fragments in accordance with the current major mode. 1810 1811*** The new package xml.el provides a simple but generic XML 1812parser. It doesn't parse the DTDs however. 1813 1814*** The comment operations are now provided by the newcomment.el 1815package which allows different styles of comment-region and should 1816be more robust while offering the same functionality. 1817`comment-region' now doesn't always comment a-line-at-a-time, but only 1818comments the region, breaking the line at point if necessary. 1819 1820*** The Ebrowse package implements a C++ class browser and tags 1821facilities tailored for use with C++. It is documented in a 1822separate Texinfo file. 1823 1824*** The PCL-CVS package available by either running M-x cvs-examine or 1825by visiting a CVS administrative directory (with a prefix argument) 1826provides an alternative interface to VC-dired for CVS. It comes with 1827`log-view-mode' to view RCS and SCCS logs and `log-edit-mode' used to 1828enter check-in log messages. 1829 1830*** The new package called `woman' allows to browse Unix man pages 1831without invoking external programs. 1832 1833The command `M-x woman' formats manual pages entirely in Emacs Lisp 1834and then displays them, like `M-x manual-entry' does. Unlike 1835`manual-entry', `woman' does not invoke any external programs, so it 1836is useful on systems such as MS-DOS/MS-Windows where the `man' and 1837Groff or `troff' commands are not readily available. 1838 1839The command `M-x woman-find-file' asks for the file name of a man 1840page, then formats and displays it like `M-x woman' does. 1841 1842*** The new command M-x re-builder offers a convenient interface for 1843authoring regular expressions with immediate visual feedback. 1844 1845The buffer from which the command was called becomes the target for 1846the regexp editor popping up in a separate window. Matching text in 1847the target buffer is immediately color marked during the editing. 1848Each sub-expression of the regexp will show up in a different face so 1849even complex regexps can be edited and verified on target data in a 1850single step. 1851 1852On displays not supporting faces the matches instead blink like 1853matching parens to make them stand out. On such a setup you will 1854probably also want to use the sub-expression mode when the regexp 1855contains such to get feedback about their respective limits. 1856 1857*** glasses-mode is a minor mode that makes 1858unreadableIdentifiersLikeThis readable. It works as glasses, without 1859actually modifying content of a buffer. 1860 1861*** The package ebnf2ps translates an EBNF to a syntactic chart in 1862PostScript. 1863 1864Currently accepts ad-hoc EBNF, ISO EBNF and Bison/Yacc. 1865 1866The ad-hoc default EBNF syntax has the following elements: 1867 1868 ; comment (until end of line) 1869 A non-terminal 1870 "C" terminal 1871 ?C? special 1872 $A default non-terminal 1873 $"C" default terminal 1874 $?C? default special 1875 A = B. production (A is the header and B the body) 1876 C D sequence (C occurs before D) 1877 C | D alternative (C or D occurs) 1878 A - B exception (A excluding B, B without any non-terminal) 1879 n * A repetition (A repeats n (integer) times) 1880 (C) group (expression C is grouped together) 1881 [C] optional (C may or not occurs) 1882 C+ one or more occurrences of C 1883 {C}+ one or more occurrences of C 1884 {C}* zero or more occurrences of C 1885 {C} zero or more occurrences of C 1886 C / D equivalent to: C {D C}* 1887 {C || D}+ equivalent to: C {D C}* 1888 {C || D}* equivalent to: [C {D C}*] 1889 {C || D} equivalent to: [C {D C}*] 1890 1891Please, see ebnf2ps documentation for EBNF syntax and how to use it. 1892 1893*** The package align.el will align columns within a region, using M-x 1894align. Its mode-specific rules, based on regular expressions, 1895determine where the columns should be split. In C and C++, for 1896example, it will align variable names in declaration lists, or the 1897equal signs of assignments. 1898 1899*** `paragraph-indent-minor-mode' is a new minor mode supporting 1900paragraphs in the same style as `paragraph-indent-text-mode'. 1901 1902*** bs.el is a new package for buffer selection similar to 1903list-buffers or electric-buffer-list. Use M-x bs-show to display a 1904buffer menu with this package. See the Custom group `bs'. 1905 1906*** find-lisp.el is a package emulating the Unix find command in Lisp. 1907 1908*** calculator.el is a small calculator package that is intended to 1909replace desktop calculators such as xcalc and calc.exe. Actually, it 1910is not too small - it has more features than most desktop calculators, 1911and can be customized easily to get many more functions. It should 1912not be confused with "calc" which is a much bigger mathematical tool 1913which answers different needs. 1914 1915*** The minor modes cwarn-mode and global-cwarn-mode highlights 1916suspicious C and C++ constructions. Currently, assignments inside 1917expressions, semicolon following `if', `for' and `while' (except, of 1918course, after a `do .. while' statement), and C++ functions with 1919reference parameters are recognized. The modes require font-lock mode 1920to be enabled. 1921 1922*** smerge-mode.el provides `smerge-mode', a simple minor-mode for files 1923containing diff3-style conflict markers, such as generated by RCS. 1924 1925*** 5x5.el is a simple puzzle game. 1926 1927*** hl-line.el provides `hl-line-mode', a minor mode to highlight the 1928current line in the current buffer. It also provides 1929`global-hl-line-mode' to provide the same behavior in all buffers. 1930 1931*** ansi-color.el translates ANSI terminal escapes into text-properties. 1932 1933Please note: if `ansi-color-for-comint-mode' and 1934`global-font-lock-mode' are non-nil, loading ansi-color.el will 1935disable font-lock and add `ansi-color-apply' to 1936`comint-preoutput-filter-functions' for all shell-mode buffers. This 1937displays the output of "ls --color=yes" using the correct foreground 1938and background colors. 1939 1940*** delphi.el provides a major mode for editing the Delphi (Object 1941Pascal) language. 1942 1943*** quickurl.el provides a simple method of inserting a URL based on 1944the text at point. 1945 1946*** sql.el provides an interface to SQL data bases. 1947 1948*** fortune.el uses the fortune program to create mail/news signatures. 1949 1950*** whitespace.el is a package for warning about and cleaning bogus 1951whitespace in a file. 1952 1953*** PostScript mode (ps-mode) is a new major mode for editing PostScript 1954files. It offers: interaction with a PostScript interpreter, including 1955(very basic) error handling; fontification, easily customizable for 1956interpreter messages; auto-indentation; insertion of EPSF templates and 1957often used code snippets; viewing of BoundingBox; commenting out / 1958uncommenting regions; conversion of 8bit characters to PostScript octal 1959codes. All functionality is accessible through a menu. 1960 1961*** delim-col helps to prettify columns in a text region or rectangle. 1962 1963Here is an example of columns: 1964 1965horse apple bus 1966dog pineapple car EXTRA 1967porcupine strawberry airplane 1968 1969Doing the following settings: 1970 1971 (setq delimit-columns-str-before "[ ") 1972 (setq delimit-columns-str-after " ]") 1973 (setq delimit-columns-str-separator ", ") 1974 (setq delimit-columns-separator "\t") 1975 1976 1977Selecting the lines above and typing: 1978 1979 M-x delimit-columns-region 1980 1981It results: 1982 1983[ horse , apple , bus , ] 1984[ dog , pineapple , car , EXTRA ] 1985[ porcupine, strawberry, airplane, ] 1986 1987delim-col has the following options: 1988 1989 delimit-columns-str-before Specify a string to be inserted 1990 before all columns. 1991 1992 delimit-columns-str-separator Specify a string to be inserted 1993 between each column. 1994 1995 delimit-columns-str-after Specify a string to be inserted 1996 after all columns. 1997 1998 delimit-columns-separator Specify a regexp which separates 1999 each column. 2000 2001delim-col has the following commands: 2002 2003 delimit-columns-region Prettify all columns in a text region. 2004 delimit-columns-rectangle Prettify all columns in a text rectangle. 2005 2006*** Recentf mode maintains a menu for visiting files that were 2007operated on recently. User option recentf-menu-filter specifies a 2008menu filter function to change the menu appearance. For example, the 2009recent file list can be displayed: 2010 2011- organized by major modes, directories or user defined rules. 2012- sorted by file paths, file names, ascending or descending. 2013- showing paths relative to the current default-directory 2014 2015The `recentf-filter-changer' menu filter function allows to 2016dynamically change the menu appearance. 2017 2018*** elide-head.el provides a mechanism for eliding boilerplate header 2019text. 2020 2021*** footnote.el provides `footnote-mode', a minor mode supporting use 2022of footnotes. It is intended for use with Message mode, but isn't 2023specific to Message mode. 2024 2025*** diff-mode.el provides `diff-mode', a major mode for 2026viewing/editing context diffs (patches). It is selected for files 2027with extension `.diff', `.diffs', `.patch' and `.rej'. 2028 2029*** EUDC, the Emacs Unified Directory Client, provides a common user 2030interface to access directory servers using different directory 2031protocols. It has a separate manual. 2032 2033*** autoconf.el provides a major mode for editing configure.in files 2034for Autoconf, selected automatically. 2035 2036*** windmove.el provides moving between windows. 2037 2038*** crm.el provides a facility to read multiple strings from the 2039minibuffer with completion. 2040 2041*** todo-mode.el provides management of TODO lists and integration 2042with the diary features. 2043 2044*** autoarg.el provides a feature reported from Twenex Emacs whereby 2045numeric keys supply prefix args rather than self inserting. 2046 2047*** The function `turn-off-auto-fill' unconditionally turns off Auto 2048Fill mode. 2049 2050*** pcomplete.el is a library that provides programmable completion 2051facilities for Emacs, similar to what zsh and tcsh offer. The main 2052difference is that completion functions are written in Lisp, meaning 2053they can be profiled, debugged, etc. 2054 2055*** antlr-mode is a new major mode for editing ANTLR grammar files. 2056It is automatically turned on for files whose names have the extension 2057`.g'. 2058 2059** Changes in sort.el 2060 2061The function sort-numeric-fields interprets numbers starting with `0' 2062as octal and numbers starting with `0x' or `0X' as hexadecimal. The 2063new user-option sort-numeric-base can be used to specify a default 2064numeric base. 2065 2066** Changes to Ange-ftp 2067 2068*** Ange-ftp allows you to specify of a port number in remote file 2069names cleanly. It is appended to the host name, separated by a hash 2070sign, e.g. `/foo@bar.org#666:mumble'. (This syntax comes from EFS.) 2071 2072*** If the new user-option `ange-ftp-try-passive-mode' is set, passive 2073ftp mode will be used if the ftp client supports that. 2074 2075*** Ange-ftp handles the output of the w32-style clients which 2076output ^M at the end of lines. 2077 2078** The recommended way of using Iswitchb is via the new global minor 2079mode `iswitchb-mode'. 2080 2081** Just loading the msb package doesn't switch on Msb mode anymore. 2082If you have `(require 'msb)' in your .emacs, please replace it with 2083`(msb-mode 1)'. 2084 2085** Changes in Flyspell mode 2086 2087*** Flyspell mode has various new options. See the `flyspell' Custom 2088group. 2089 2090*** The variable `flyspell-generic-check-word-p' has been renamed 2091to `flyspell-generic-check-word-predicate'. The old name is still 2092available as alias. 2093 2094** The user option `backward-delete-char-untabify-method' controls the 2095behavior of `backward-delete-char-untabify'. The following values 2096are recognized: 2097 2098`untabify' -- turn a tab to many spaces, then delete one space; 2099`hungry' -- delete all whitespace, both tabs and spaces; 2100`all' -- delete all whitespace, including tabs, spaces and newlines; 2101nil -- just delete one character. 2102 2103Default value is `untabify'. 2104 2105[This change was made in Emacs 20.3 but not mentioned then.] 2106 2107** In Cperl mode `cperl-invalid-face' should now be a normal face 2108symbol, not double-quoted. 2109 2110** Some packages are declared obsolete, to be removed in a future 2111version. They are: auto-show, c-mode, hilit19, hscroll, ooutline, 2112profile, rnews, rnewspost, and sc. Their implementations have been 2113moved to lisp/obsolete. 2114 2115** auto-compression mode is no longer enabled just by loading jka-compr.el. 2116To control it, set `auto-compression-mode' via Custom or use the 2117`auto-compression-mode' command. 2118 2119** `browse-url-gnome-moz' is a new option for 2120`browse-url-browser-function', invoking Mozilla in GNOME, and 2121`browse-url-kde' can be chosen for invoking the KDE browser. 2122 2123** The user-option `browse-url-new-window-p' has been renamed to 2124`browse-url-new-window-flag'. 2125 2126** The functions `keep-lines', `flush-lines' and `how-many' now 2127operate on the active region in Transient Mark mode. 2128 2129** `gnus-user-agent' is a new possibility for `mail-user-agent'. It 2130is like `message-user-agent', but with all the Gnus paraphernalia. 2131 2132** The Strokes package has been updated. If your Emacs has XPM 2133support, you can use it for pictographic editing. In Strokes mode, 2134use C-mouse-2 to compose a complex stoke and insert it into the 2135buffer. You can encode or decode a strokes buffer with new commands 2136M-x strokes-encode-buffer and M-x strokes-decode-buffer. There is a 2137new command M-x strokes-list-strokes. 2138 2139** Hexl contains a new command `hexl-insert-hex-string' which inserts 2140a string of hexadecimal numbers read from the mini-buffer. 2141 2142** Hexl mode allows to insert non-ASCII characters. 2143 2144The non-ASCII characters are encoded using the same encoding as the 2145file you are visiting in Hexl mode. 2146 2147** Shell script mode changes. 2148 2149Shell script mode (sh-script) can now indent scripts for shells 2150derived from sh and rc. The indentation style is customizable, and 2151sh-script can attempt to "learn" the current buffer's style. 2152 2153** Etags changes. 2154 2155*** In DOS, etags looks for file.cgz if it cannot find file.c. 2156 2157*** New option --ignore-case-regex is an alternative to --regex. It is now 2158possible to bind a regexp to a language, by prepending the regexp with 2159{lang}, where lang is one of the languages that `etags --help' prints out. 2160This feature is useful especially for regex files, where each line contains 2161a regular expression. The manual contains details. 2162 2163*** In C and derived languages, etags creates tags for function 2164declarations when given the --declarations option. 2165 2166*** In C++, tags are created for "operator". The tags have the form 2167"operator+", without spaces between the keyword and the operator. 2168 2169*** You shouldn't generally need any more the -C or -c++ option: etags 2170automatically switches to C++ parsing when it meets the `class' or 2171`template' keywords. 2172 2173*** Etags now is able to delve at arbitrary deeps into nested structures in 2174C-like languages. Previously, it was limited to one or two brace levels. 2175 2176*** New language Ada: tags are functions, procedures, packages, tasks, and 2177types. 2178 2179*** In Fortran, `procedure' is not tagged. 2180 2181*** In Java, tags are created for "interface". 2182 2183*** In Lisp, "(defstruct (foo", "(defun (operator" and similar constructs 2184are now tagged. 2185 2186*** In makefiles, tags the targets. 2187 2188*** In Perl, the --globals option tags global variables. my and local 2189variables are tagged. 2190 2191*** New language Python: def and class at the beginning of a line are tags. 2192 2193*** .ss files are Scheme files, .pdb is Postscript with C syntax, .psw is 2194for PSWrap. 2195 2196** Changes in etags.el 2197 2198*** The new user-option tags-case-fold-search can be used to make 2199tags operations case-sensitive or case-insensitive. The default 2200is to use the same setting as case-fold-search. 2201 2202*** You can display additional output with M-x tags-apropos by setting 2203the new variable tags-apropos-additional-actions. 2204 2205If non-nil, the variable's value should be a list of triples (TITLE 2206FUNCTION TO-SEARCH). For each triple, M-x tags-apropos processes 2207TO-SEARCH and lists tags from it. TO-SEARCH should be an alist, 2208obarray, or symbol. If it is a symbol, the symbol's value is used. 2209 2210TITLE is a string to use to label the list of tags from TO-SEARCH. 2211 2212FUNCTION is a function to call when an entry is selected in the Tags 2213List buffer. It is called with one argument, the selected symbol. 2214 2215A useful example value for this variable might be something like: 2216 2217 '(("Emacs Lisp" Info-goto-emacs-command-node obarray) 2218 ("Common Lisp" common-lisp-hyperspec common-lisp-hyperspec-obarray) 2219 ("SCWM" scwm-documentation scwm-obarray)) 2220 2221*** The face tags-tag-face can be used to customize the appearance 2222of tags in the output of M-x tags-apropos. 2223 2224*** Setting tags-apropos-verbose to a non-nil value displays the 2225names of tags files in the *Tags List* buffer. 2226 2227*** You can now search for tags that are part of the filename itself. 2228If you have tagged the files topfile.c subdir/subfile.c 2229/tmp/tempfile.c, you can now search for tags "topfile.c", "subfile.c", 2230"dir/sub", "tempfile", "tempfile.c". If the tag matches the file name, 2231point will go to the beginning of the file. 2232 2233*** Compressed files are now transparently supported if 2234auto-compression-mode is active. You can tag (with Etags) and search 2235(with find-tag) both compressed and uncompressed files. 2236 2237*** Tags commands like M-x tags-search no longer change point 2238in buffers where no match is found. In buffers where a match is 2239found, the original value of point is pushed on the marker ring. 2240 2241** Fortran mode has a new command `fortran-strip-sequence-nos' to 2242remove text past column 72. The syntax class of `\' in Fortran is now 2243appropriate for C-style escape sequences in strings. 2244 2245** SGML mode's default `sgml-validate-command' is now `nsgmls'. 2246 2247** A new command `view-emacs-problems' (C-h P) displays the PROBLEMS file. 2248 2249** The Dabbrev package has a new user-option `dabbrev-ignored-regexps' 2250containing a list of regular expressions. Buffers matching a regular 2251expression from that list, are not checked. 2252 2253** Emacs can now figure out modification times of remote files. 2254When you do C-x C-f /user@host:/path/file RET and edit the file, 2255and someone else modifies the file, you will be prompted to revert 2256the buffer, just like for the local files. 2257 2258** The buffer menu (C-x C-b) no longer lists the *Buffer List* buffer. 2259 2260** When invoked with a prefix argument, the command `list-abbrevs' now 2261displays local abbrevs, only. 2262 2263** Refill minor mode provides preliminary support for keeping 2264paragraphs filled as you modify them. 2265 2266** The variable `double-click-fuzz' specifies how much the mouse 2267may be moved between clicks that are recognized as a pair. Its value 2268is measured in pixels. 2269 2270** The new global minor mode `auto-image-file-mode' allows image files 2271to be visited as images. 2272 2273** Two new user-options `grep-command' and `grep-find-command' 2274were added to compile.el. 2275 2276** Withdrawn packages 2277 2278*** mldrag.el has been removed. mouse.el provides the same 2279functionality with aliases for the mldrag functions. 2280 2281*** eval-reg.el has been obsoleted by changes to edebug.el and removed. 2282 2283*** ph.el has been obsoleted by EUDC and removed. 2284 2285 2286* Incompatible Lisp changes in 21.1 2287 2288There are a few Lisp changes which are not backwards-compatible and 2289may require changes to existing code. Here is a list for reference. 2290See the sections below for details. 2291 2292** Since `format' preserves text properties, the idiom 2293`(format "%s" foo)' no longer works to copy and remove properties. 2294Use `copy-sequence' to copy the string, then use `set-text-properties' 2295to remove the properties of the copy. 2296 2297** Since the `keymap' text property now has significance, some code 2298which uses both `local-map' and `keymap' properties (for portability) 2299may, for instance, give rise to duplicate menus when the keymaps from 2300these properties are active. 2301 2302** The change in the treatment of non-ASCII characters in search 2303ranges may affect some code. 2304 2305** A non-nil value for the LOCAL arg of add-hook makes the hook 2306buffer-local even if `make-local-hook' hasn't been called, which might 2307make a difference to some code. 2308 2309** The new treatment of the minibuffer prompt might affect code which 2310operates on the minibuffer. 2311 2312** The new character sets `eight-bit-control' and `eight-bit-graphic' 2313cause `no-conversion' and `emacs-mule-unix' coding systems to produce 2314different results when reading files with non-ASCII characters 2315(previously, both coding systems would produce the same results). 2316Specifically, `no-conversion' interprets each 8-bit byte as a separate 2317character. This makes `no-conversion' inappropriate for reading 2318multibyte text, e.g. buffers written to disk in their internal MULE 2319encoding (auto-saving does that, for example). If a Lisp program 2320reads such files with `no-conversion', each byte of the multibyte 2321sequence, including the MULE leading codes such as \201, is treated as 2322a separate character, which prevents them from being interpreted in 2323the buffer as multibyte characters. 2324 2325Therefore, Lisp programs that read files which contain the internal 2326MULE encoding should use `emacs-mule-unix'. `no-conversion' is only 2327appropriate for reading truly binary files. 2328 2329** Code that relies on the obsolete `before-change-function' and 2330`after-change-function' to detect buffer changes will now fail. Use 2331`before-change-functions' and `after-change-functions' instead. 2332 2333** Code that uses `concat' with integer args now gets an error, as 2334long promised. So does any code that uses derivatives of `concat', 2335such as `mapconcat'. 2336 2337** The function base64-decode-string now always returns a unibyte 2338string. 2339 2340** Not a Lisp incompatibility as such but, with the introduction of 2341extra private charsets, there is now only one slot free for a new 2342dimension-2 private charset. User code which tries to add more than 2343one extra will fail unless you rebuild Emacs with some standard 2344charset(s) removed; that is probably inadvisable because it changes 2345the emacs-mule encoding. Also, files stored in the emacs-mule 2346encoding using Emacs 20 with additional private charsets defined will 2347probably not be read correctly by Emacs 21. 2348 2349** The variable `directory-sep-char' is slated for removal. 2350Not really a change (yet), but a projected one that you should be 2351aware of: The variable `directory-sep-char' is deprecated, and should 2352not be used. It was always ignored on GNU/Linux and Unix systems and 2353on MS-DOS, but the MS-Windows port tried to support it by adapting the 2354behavior of certain primitives to the value of this variable. It 2355turned out that such support cannot be reliable, so it was decided to 2356remove this variable in the near future. Lisp programs are well 2357advised not to set it to anything but '/', because any different value 2358will not have any effect when support for this variable is removed. 2359 2360 2361* Lisp changes made after edition 2.6 of the Emacs Lisp Manual, 2362(Display-related features are described in a page of their own below.) 2363 2364** Function assq-delete-all replaces function assoc-delete-all. 2365 2366** The new function animate-string, from lisp/play/animate.el 2367allows the animated display of strings. 2368 2369** The new function `interactive-form' can be used to obtain the 2370interactive form of a function. 2371 2372** The keyword :set-after in defcustom allows to specify dependencies 2373between custom options. Example: 2374 2375 (defcustom default-input-method nil 2376 "*Default input method for multilingual text (a string). 2377 This is the input method activated automatically by the command 2378 `toggle-input-method' (\\[toggle-input-method])." 2379 :group 'mule 2380 :type '(choice (const nil) string) 2381 :set-after '(current-language-environment)) 2382 2383This specifies that default-input-method should be set after 2384current-language-environment even if default-input-method appears 2385first in a custom-set-variables statement. 2386 2387** The new hook `kbd-macro-termination-hook' is run at the end of 2388function execute-kbd-macro. Functions on this hook are called with no 2389args. The hook is run independent of how the macro was terminated 2390(signal or normal termination). 2391 2392** Functions `butlast' and `nbutlast' for removing trailing elements 2393from a list are now available without requiring the CL package. 2394 2395** The new user-option `even-window-heights' can be set to nil 2396to prevent `display-buffer' from evening out window heights. 2397 2398** The user-option `face-font-registry-alternatives' specifies 2399alternative font registry names to try when looking for a font. 2400 2401** Function `md5' calculates the MD5 "message digest"/"checksum". 2402 2403** Function `delete-frame' runs `delete-frame-hook' before actually 2404deleting the frame. The hook is called with one arg, the frame 2405being deleted. 2406 2407** `add-hook' now makes the hook local if called with a non-nil LOCAL arg. 2408 2409** The treatment of non-ASCII characters in search ranges has changed. 2410If a range in a regular expression or the arg of 2411skip-chars-forward/backward starts with a unibyte character C and ends 2412with a multibyte character C2, the range is divided into two: one is 2413C..?\377, the other is C1..C2, where C1 is the first character of C2's 2414charset. 2415 2416** The new function `display-message-or-buffer' displays a message in 2417the echo area or pops up a buffer, depending on the length of the 2418message. 2419 2420** The new macro `with-auto-compression-mode' allows evaluating an 2421expression with auto-compression-mode enabled. 2422 2423** In image specifications, `:heuristic-mask' has been replaced 2424with the more general `:mask' property. 2425 2426** Image specifications accept more `:conversion's. 2427 2428** A `?' can be used in a symbol name without escaping it with a 2429backslash. 2430 2431** Reading from the mini-buffer now reads from standard input if Emacs 2432is running in batch mode. For example, 2433 2434 (message "%s" (read t)) 2435 2436will read a Lisp expression from standard input and print the result 2437to standard output. 2438 2439** The argument of `down-list', `backward-up-list', `up-list', 2440`kill-sexp', `backward-kill-sexp' and `mark-sexp' is now optional. 2441 2442** If `display-buffer-reuse-frames' is set, function `display-buffer' 2443will raise frames displaying a buffer, instead of creating a new 2444frame or window. 2445 2446** Two new functions for removing elements from lists/sequences 2447were added 2448 2449- Function: remove ELT SEQ 2450 2451Return a copy of SEQ with all occurrences of ELT removed. SEQ must be 2452a list, vector, or string. The comparison is done with `equal'. 2453 2454- Function: remq ELT LIST 2455 2456Return a copy of LIST with all occurrences of ELT removed. The 2457comparison is done with `eq'. 2458 2459** The function `delete' now also works with vectors and strings. 2460 2461** The meaning of the `:weakness WEAK' argument of make-hash-table 2462has been changed: WEAK can now have new values `key-or-value' and 2463`key-and-value', in addition to `nil', `key', `value', and `t'. 2464 2465** Function `aset' stores any multibyte character in any string 2466without signaling "Attempt to change char length of a string". It may 2467convert a unibyte string to multibyte if necessary. 2468 2469** The value of the `help-echo' text property is called as a function 2470or evaluated, if it is not a string already, to obtain a help string. 2471 2472** Function `make-obsolete' now has an optional arg to say when the 2473function was declared obsolete. 2474 2475** Function `plist-member' is renamed from `widget-plist-member' (which is 2476retained as an alias). 2477 2478** Easy-menu's :filter now takes the unconverted form of the menu and 2479the result is automatically converted to Emacs' form. 2480 2481** The new function `window-list' has been defined 2482 2483- Function: window-list &optional FRAME WINDOW MINIBUF 2484 2485Return a list of windows on FRAME, starting with WINDOW. FRAME nil or 2486omitted means use the selected frame. WINDOW nil or omitted means use 2487the selected window. MINIBUF t means include the minibuffer window, 2488even if it isn't active. MINIBUF nil or omitted means include the 2489minibuffer window only if it's active. MINIBUF neither nil nor t 2490means never include the minibuffer window. 2491 2492** There's a new function `get-window-with-predicate' defined as follows 2493 2494- Function: get-window-with-predicate PREDICATE &optional MINIBUF ALL-FRAMES DEFAULT 2495 2496Return a window satisfying PREDICATE. 2497 2498This function cycles through all visible windows using `walk-windows', 2499calling PREDICATE on each one. PREDICATE is called with a window as 2500argument. The first window for which PREDICATE returns a non-nil 2501value is returned. If no window satisfies PREDICATE, DEFAULT is 2502returned. 2503 2504Optional second arg MINIBUF t means count the minibuffer window even 2505if not active. MINIBUF nil or omitted means count the minibuffer iff 2506it is active. MINIBUF neither t nor nil means not to count the 2507minibuffer even if it is active. 2508 2509Several frames may share a single minibuffer; if the minibuffer 2510counts, all windows on all frames that share that minibuffer count 2511too. Therefore, if you are using a separate minibuffer frame 2512and the minibuffer is active and MINIBUF says it counts, 2513`walk-windows' includes the windows in the frame from which you 2514entered the minibuffer, as well as the minibuffer window. 2515 2516ALL-FRAMES is the optional third argument. 2517ALL-FRAMES nil or omitted means cycle within the frames as specified above. 2518ALL-FRAMES = `visible' means include windows on all visible frames. 2519ALL-FRAMES = 0 means include windows on all visible and iconified frames. 2520ALL-FRAMES = t means include windows on all frames including invisible frames. 2521If ALL-FRAMES is a frame, it means include windows on that frame. 2522Anything else means restrict to the selected frame. 2523 2524** The function `single-key-description' now encloses function key and 2525event names in angle brackets. When called with a second optional 2526argument non-nil, angle brackets won't be printed. 2527 2528** If the variable `message-truncate-lines' is bound to t around a 2529call to `message', the echo area will not be resized to display that 2530message; it will be truncated instead, as it was done in 20.x. 2531Default value is nil. 2532 2533** The user option `line-number-display-limit' can now be set to nil, 2534meaning no limit. 2535 2536** The new user option `line-number-display-limit-width' controls 2537the maximum width of lines in a buffer for which Emacs displays line 2538numbers in the mode line. The default is 200. 2539 2540** `select-safe-coding-system' now also checks the most preferred 2541coding-system if buffer-file-coding-system is `undecided' and 2542DEFAULT-CODING-SYSTEM is not specified, 2543 2544** The function `subr-arity' provides information about the argument 2545list of a primitive. 2546 2547** `where-is-internal' now also accepts a list of keymaps. 2548 2549** The text property `keymap' specifies a key map which overrides the 2550buffer's local map and the map specified by the `local-map' property. 2551This is probably what most current uses of `local-map' want, rather 2552than replacing the local map. 2553 2554** The obsolete variables `before-change-function' and 2555`after-change-function' are no longer acted upon and have been 2556removed. Use `before-change-functions' and `after-change-functions' 2557instead. 2558 2559** The function `apropos-mode' runs the hook `apropos-mode-hook'. 2560 2561** `concat' no longer accepts individual integer arguments, 2562as promised long ago. 2563 2564** The new function `float-time' returns the current time as a float. 2565 2566** The new variable auto-coding-regexp-alist specifies coding systems 2567for reading specific files, analogous to auto-coding-alist, but 2568patterns are checked against file contents instead of file names. 2569 2570 2571* Lisp changes in Emacs 21.1 (see following page for display-related features) 2572 2573** The new package rx.el provides an alternative sexp notation for 2574regular expressions. 2575 2576- Function: rx-to-string SEXP 2577 2578Translate SEXP into a regular expression in string notation. 2579 2580- Macro: rx SEXP 2581 2582Translate SEXP into a regular expression in string notation. 2583 2584The following are valid subforms of regular expressions in sexp 2585notation. 2586 2587STRING 2588 matches string STRING literally. 2589 2590CHAR 2591 matches character CHAR literally. 2592 2593`not-newline' 2594 matches any character except a newline. 2595 . 2596`anything' 2597 matches any character 2598 2599`(any SET)' 2600 matches any character in SET. SET may be a character or string. 2601 Ranges of characters can be specified as `A-Z' in strings. 2602 2603'(in SET)' 2604 like `any'. 2605 2606`(not (any SET))' 2607 matches any character not in SET 2608 2609`line-start' 2610 matches the empty string, but only at the beginning of a line 2611 in the text being matched 2612 2613`line-end' 2614 is similar to `line-start' but matches only at the end of a line 2615 2616`string-start' 2617 matches the empty string, but only at the beginning of the 2618 string being matched against. 2619 2620`string-end' 2621 matches the empty string, but only at the end of the 2622 string being matched against. 2623 2624`buffer-start' 2625 matches the empty string, but only at the beginning of the 2626 buffer being matched against. 2627 2628`buffer-end' 2629 matches the empty string, but only at the end of the 2630 buffer being matched against. 2631 2632`point' 2633 matches the empty string, but only at point. 2634 2635`word-start' 2636 matches the empty string, but only at the beginning or end of a 2637 word. 2638 2639`word-end' 2640 matches the empty string, but only at the end of a word. 2641 2642`word-boundary' 2643 matches the empty string, but only at the beginning or end of a 2644 word. 2645 2646`(not word-boundary)' 2647 matches the empty string, but not at the beginning or end of a 2648 word. 2649 2650`digit' 2651 matches 0 through 9. 2652 2653`control' 2654 matches ASCII control characters. 2655 2656`hex-digit' 2657 matches 0 through 9, a through f and A through F. 2658 2659`blank' 2660 matches space and tab only. 2661 2662`graphic' 2663 matches graphic characters--everything except ASCII control chars, 2664 space, and DEL. 2665 2666`printing' 2667 matches printing characters--everything except ASCII control chars 2668 and DEL. 2669 2670`alphanumeric' 2671 matches letters and digits. (But at present, for multibyte characters, 2672 it matches anything that has word syntax.) 2673 2674`letter' 2675 matches letters. (But at present, for multibyte characters, 2676 it matches anything that has word syntax.) 2677 2678`ascii' 2679 matches ASCII (unibyte) characters. 2680 2681`nonascii' 2682 matches non-ASCII (multibyte) characters. 2683 2684`lower' 2685 matches anything lower-case. 2686 2687`upper' 2688 matches anything upper-case. 2689 2690`punctuation' 2691 matches punctuation. (But at present, for multibyte characters, 2692 it matches anything that has non-word syntax.) 2693 2694`space' 2695 matches anything that has whitespace syntax. 2696 2697`word' 2698 matches anything that has word syntax. 2699 2700`(syntax SYNTAX)' 2701 matches a character with syntax SYNTAX. SYNTAX must be one 2702 of the following symbols. 2703 2704 `whitespace' (\\s- in string notation) 2705 `punctuation' (\\s.) 2706 `word' (\\sw) 2707 `symbol' (\\s_) 2708 `open-parenthesis' (\\s() 2709 `close-parenthesis' (\\s)) 2710 `expression-prefix' (\\s') 2711 `string-quote' (\\s\") 2712 `paired-delimiter' (\\s$) 2713 `escape' (\\s\\) 2714 `character-quote' (\\s/) 2715 `comment-start' (\\s<) 2716 `comment-end' (\\s>) 2717 2718`(not (syntax SYNTAX))' 2719 matches a character that has not syntax SYNTAX. 2720 2721`(category CATEGORY)' 2722 matches a character with category CATEGORY. CATEGORY must be 2723 either a character to use for C, or one of the following symbols. 2724 2725 `consonant' (\\c0 in string notation) 2726 `base-vowel' (\\c1) 2727 `upper-diacritical-mark' (\\c2) 2728 `lower-diacritical-mark' (\\c3) 2729 `tone-mark' (\\c4) 2730 `symbol' (\\c5) 2731 `digit' (\\c6) 2732 `vowel-modifying-diacritical-mark' (\\c7) 2733 `vowel-sign' (\\c8) 2734 `semivowel-lower' (\\c9) 2735 `not-at-end-of-line' (\\c<) 2736 `not-at-beginning-of-line' (\\c>) 2737 `alpha-numeric-two-byte' (\\cA) 2738 `chinse-two-byte' (\\cC) 2739 `greek-two-byte' (\\cG) 2740 `japanese-hiragana-two-byte' (\\cH) 2741 `indian-two-byte' (\\cI) 2742 `japanese-katakana-two-byte' (\\cK) 2743 `korean-hangul-two-byte' (\\cN) 2744 `cyrillic-two-byte' (\\cY) 2745 `ascii' (\\ca) 2746 `arabic' (\\cb) 2747 `chinese' (\\cc) 2748 `ethiopic' (\\ce) 2749 `greek' (\\cg) 2750 `korean' (\\ch) 2751 `indian' (\\ci) 2752 `japanese' (\\cj) 2753 `japanese-katakana' (\\ck) 2754 `latin' (\\cl) 2755 `lao' (\\co) 2756 `tibetan' (\\cq) 2757 `japanese-roman' (\\cr) 2758 `thai' (\\ct) 2759 `vietnamese' (\\cv) 2760 `hebrew' (\\cw) 2761 `cyrillic' (\\cy) 2762 `can-break' (\\c|) 2763 2764`(not (category CATEGORY))' 2765 matches a character that has not category CATEGORY. 2766 2767`(and SEXP1 SEXP2 ...)' 2768 matches what SEXP1 matches, followed by what SEXP2 matches, etc. 2769 2770`(submatch SEXP1 SEXP2 ...)' 2771 like `and', but makes the match accessible with `match-end', 2772 `match-beginning', and `match-string'. 2773 2774`(group SEXP1 SEXP2 ...)' 2775 another name for `submatch'. 2776 2777`(or SEXP1 SEXP2 ...)' 2778 matches anything that matches SEXP1 or SEXP2, etc. If all 2779 args are strings, use `regexp-opt' to optimize the resulting 2780 regular expression. 2781 2782`(minimal-match SEXP)' 2783 produce a non-greedy regexp for SEXP. Normally, regexps matching 2784 zero or more occurrences of something are \"greedy\" in that they 2785 match as much as they can, as long as the overall regexp can 2786 still match. A non-greedy regexp matches as little as possible. 2787 2788`(maximal-match SEXP)' 2789 produce a greedy regexp for SEXP. This is the default. 2790 2791`(zero-or-more SEXP)' 2792 matches zero or more occurrences of what SEXP matches. 2793 2794`(0+ SEXP)' 2795 like `zero-or-more'. 2796 2797`(* SEXP)' 2798 like `zero-or-more', but always produces a greedy regexp. 2799 2800`(*? SEXP)' 2801 like `zero-or-more', but always produces a non-greedy regexp. 2802 2803`(one-or-more SEXP)' 2804 matches one or more occurrences of A. 2805 2806`(1+ SEXP)' 2807 like `one-or-more'. 2808 2809`(+ SEXP)' 2810 like `one-or-more', but always produces a greedy regexp. 2811 2812`(+? SEXP)' 2813 like `one-or-more', but always produces a non-greedy regexp. 2814 2815`(zero-or-one SEXP)' 2816 matches zero or one occurrences of A. 2817 2818`(optional SEXP)' 2819 like `zero-or-one'. 2820 2821`(? SEXP)' 2822 like `zero-or-one', but always produces a greedy regexp. 2823 2824`(?? SEXP)' 2825 like `zero-or-one', but always produces a non-greedy regexp. 2826 2827`(repeat N SEXP)' 2828 matches N occurrences of what SEXP matches. 2829 2830`(repeat N M SEXP)' 2831 matches N to M occurrences of what SEXP matches. 2832 2833`(eval FORM)' 2834 evaluate FORM and insert result. If result is a string, 2835 `regexp-quote' it. 2836 2837`(regexp REGEXP)' 2838 include REGEXP in string notation in the result. 2839 2840*** The features `md5' and `overlay' are now provided by default. 2841 2842*** The special form `save-restriction' now works correctly even if the 2843buffer is widened inside the save-restriction and changes made outside 2844the original restriction. Previously, doing this would cause the saved 2845restriction to be restored incorrectly. 2846 2847*** The functions `find-charset-region' and `find-charset-string' include 2848`eight-bit-control' and/or `eight-bit-graphic' in the returned list 2849when they find 8-bit characters. Previously, they included `ascii' in a 2850multibyte buffer and `unknown' in a unibyte buffer. 2851 2852*** The functions `set-buffer-multibyte', `string-as-multibyte' and 2853`string-as-unibyte' change the byte sequence of a buffer or a string 2854if it contains a character from the `eight-bit-control' character set. 2855 2856*** The handling of multibyte sequences in a multibyte buffer is 2857changed. Previously, a byte sequence matching the pattern 2858[\200-\237][\240-\377]+ was interpreted as a single character 2859regardless of the length of the trailing bytes [\240-\377]+. Thus, if 2860the sequence was longer than what the leading byte indicated, the 2861extra trailing bytes were ignored by Lisp functions. Now such extra 2862bytes are independent 8-bit characters belonging to the charset 2863eight-bit-graphic. 2864 2865** Fontsets are now implemented using char-tables. 2866 2867A fontset can now be specified for each independent character, for 2868a group of characters or for a character set rather than just for a 2869character set as previously. 2870 2871*** The arguments of the function `set-fontset-font' are changed. 2872They are NAME, CHARACTER, FONTNAME, and optional FRAME. The function 2873modifies fontset NAME to use FONTNAME for CHARACTER. 2874 2875CHARACTER may be a cons (FROM . TO), where FROM and TO are non-generic 2876characters. In that case FONTNAME is used for all characters in the 2877range FROM and TO (inclusive). CHARACTER may be a charset. In that 2878case FONTNAME is used for all character in the charset. 2879 2880FONTNAME may be a cons (FAMILY . REGISTRY), where FAMILY is the family 2881name of a font and REGISTRY is a registry name of a font. 2882 2883*** Variable x-charset-registry has been deleted. The default charset 2884registries of character sets are set in the default fontset 2885"fontset-default". 2886 2887*** The function `create-fontset-from-fontset-spec' ignores the second 2888argument STYLE-VARIANT. It never creates style-variant fontsets. 2889 2890** The method of composing characters is changed. Now character 2891composition is done by a special text property `composition' in 2892buffers and strings. 2893 2894*** Charset composition is deleted. Emacs never creates a `composite 2895character' which is an independent character with a unique character 2896code. Thus the following functions handling `composite characters' 2897have been deleted: composite-char-component, 2898composite-char-component-count, composite-char-composition-rule, 2899composite-char-composition-rule and decompose-composite-char delete. 2900The variables leading-code-composition and min-composite-char have 2901also been deleted. 2902 2903*** Three more glyph reference points are added. They can be used to 2904specify a composition rule. See the documentation of the variable 2905`reference-point-alist' for more detail. 2906 2907*** The function `compose-region' takes new arguments COMPONENTS and 2908MODIFICATION-FUNC. With COMPONENTS, you can specify not only a 2909composition rule but also characters to be composed. Such characters 2910may differ between buffer and string text. 2911 2912*** The function `compose-string' takes new arguments START, END, 2913COMPONENTS, and MODIFICATION-FUNC. 2914 2915*** The function `compose-string' puts text property `composition' 2916directly on the argument STRING instead of returning a new string. 2917Likewise, the function `decompose-string' just removes text property 2918`composition' from STRING. 2919 2920*** The new function `find-composition' returns information about 2921a composition at a specified position in a buffer or a string. 2922 2923*** The function `decompose-composite-char' is now labeled as 2924obsolete. 2925 2926** The new coding system `mac-roman' is primarily intended for use on 2927the Macintosh but may be used generally for Macintosh-encoded text. 2928 2929** The new character sets `mule-unicode-0100-24ff', 2930`mule-unicode-2500-33ff', and `mule-unicode-e000-ffff' have been 2931introduced for Unicode characters in the range U+0100..U+24FF, 2932U+2500..U+33FF, U+E000..U+FFFF respectively. 2933 2934Note that the character sets are not yet unified in Emacs, so 2935characters which belong to charsets such as Latin-2, Greek, Hebrew, 2936etc. and the same characters in the `mule-unicode-*' charsets are 2937different characters, as far as Emacs is concerned. For example, text 2938which includes Unicode characters from the Latin-2 locale cannot be 2939encoded by Emacs with ISO 8859-2 coding system. 2940 2941** The new coding system `mule-utf-8' has been added. 2942It provides limited support for decoding/encoding UTF-8 text. For 2943details, please see the documentation string of this coding system. 2944 2945** The new character sets `japanese-jisx0213-1' and 2946`japanese-jisx0213-2' have been introduced for the new Japanese 2947standard JIS X 0213 Plane 1 and Plane 2. 2948 2949** The new character sets `latin-iso8859-14' and `latin-iso8859-15' 2950have been introduced. 2951 2952** The new character sets `eight-bit-control' and `eight-bit-graphic' 2953have been introduced for 8-bit characters in the ranges 0x80..0x9F and 29540xA0..0xFF respectively. Note that the multibyte representation of 2955eight-bit-control is never exposed; this leads to an exception in the 2956emacs-mule coding system, which encodes everything else to the 2957buffer/string internal representation. Note that to search for 2958eight-bit-graphic characters in a multibyte buffer, the search string 2959must be multibyte, otherwise such characters will be converted to 2960their multibyte equivalent. 2961 2962** If the APPEND argument of `write-region' is an integer, it seeks to 2963that offset in the file before writing. 2964 2965** The function `add-minor-mode' has been added for convenience and 2966compatibility with XEmacs (and is used internally by define-minor-mode). 2967 2968** The function `shell-command' now sets the default directory of the 2969`*Shell Command Output*' buffer to the default directory of the buffer 2970from which the command was issued. 2971 2972** The functions `query-replace', `query-replace-regexp', 2973`query-replace-regexp-eval' `map-query-replace-regexp', 2974`replace-string', `replace-regexp', and `perform-replace' take two 2975additional optional arguments START and END that specify the region to 2976operate on. 2977 2978** The new function `count-screen-lines' is a more flexible alternative 2979to `window-buffer-height'. 2980 2981- Function: count-screen-lines &optional BEG END COUNT-FINAL-NEWLINE WINDOW 2982 2983Return the number of screen lines in the region between BEG and END. 2984The number of screen lines may be different from the number of actual 2985lines, due to line breaking, display table, etc. 2986 2987Optional arguments BEG and END default to `point-min' and `point-max' 2988respectively. 2989 2990If region ends with a newline, ignore it unless optional third argument 2991COUNT-FINAL-NEWLINE is non-nil. 2992 2993The optional fourth argument WINDOW specifies the window used for 2994obtaining parameters such as width, horizontal scrolling, and so 2995on. The default is to use the selected window's parameters. 2996 2997Like `vertical-motion', `count-screen-lines' always uses the current 2998buffer, regardless of which buffer is displayed in WINDOW. This makes 2999possible to use `count-screen-lines' in any buffer, whether or not it 3000is currently displayed in some window. 3001 3002** The new function `mapc' is like `mapcar' but doesn't collect the 3003argument function's results. 3004 3005** The functions base64-decode-region and base64-decode-string now 3006signal an error instead of returning nil if decoding fails. Also, 3007`base64-decode-string' now always returns a unibyte string (in Emacs 300820, it returned a multibyte string when the result was a valid multibyte 3009sequence). 3010 3011** The function sendmail-user-agent-compose now recognizes a `body' 3012header in the list of headers passed to it. 3013 3014** The new function member-ignore-case works like `member', but 3015ignores differences in case and text representation. 3016 3017** The buffer-local variable cursor-type can be used to specify the 3018cursor to use in windows displaying a buffer. Values are interpreted 3019as follows: 3020 3021 t use the cursor specified for the frame (default) 3022 nil don't display a cursor 3023 `bar' display a bar cursor with default width 3024 (bar . WIDTH) display a bar cursor with width WIDTH 3025 others display a box cursor. 3026 3027** The variable open-paren-in-column-0-is-defun-start controls whether 3028an open parenthesis in column 0 is considered to be the start of a 3029defun. If set, the default, it is considered a defun start. If not 3030set, an open parenthesis in column 0 has no special meaning. 3031 3032** The new function `string-to-syntax' can be used to translate syntax 3033specifications in string form as accepted by `modify-syntax-entry' to 3034the cons-cell form that is used for the values of the `syntax-table' 3035text property, and in `font-lock-syntactic-keywords'. 3036 3037Example: 3038 3039 (string-to-syntax "()") 3040 => (4 . 41) 3041 3042** Emacs' reader supports CL read syntax for integers in bases 3043other than 10. 3044 3045*** `#BINTEGER' or `#bINTEGER' reads INTEGER in binary (radix 2). 3046INTEGER optionally contains a sign. 3047 3048 #b1111 3049 => 15 3050 #b-1111 3051 => -15 3052 3053*** `#OINTEGER' or `#oINTEGER' reads INTEGER in octal (radix 8). 3054 3055 #o666 3056 => 438 3057 3058*** `#XINTEGER' or `#xINTEGER' reads INTEGER in hexadecimal (radix 16). 3059 3060 #xbeef 3061 => 48815 3062 3063*** `#RADIXrINTEGER' reads INTEGER in radix RADIX, 2 <= RADIX <= 36. 3064 3065 #2R-111 3066 => -7 3067 #25rah 3068 => 267 3069 3070** The function `documentation-property' now evaluates the value of 3071the given property to obtain a string if it doesn't refer to etc/DOC 3072and isn't a string. 3073 3074** If called for a symbol, the function `documentation' now looks for 3075a `function-documentation' property of that symbol. If it has a non-nil 3076value, the documentation is taken from that value. If the value is 3077not a string, it is evaluated to obtain a string. 3078 3079** The last argument of `define-key-after' defaults to t for convenience. 3080 3081** The new function `replace-regexp-in-string' replaces all matches 3082for a regexp in a string. 3083 3084** `mouse-position' now runs the abnormal hook 3085`mouse-position-function'. 3086 3087** The function string-to-number now returns a float for numbers 3088that don't fit into a Lisp integer. 3089 3090** The variable keyword-symbols-constants-flag has been removed. 3091Keywords are now always considered constants. 3092 3093** The new function `delete-and-extract-region' deletes text and 3094returns it. 3095 3096** The function `clear-this-command-keys' now also clears the vector 3097returned by function `recent-keys'. 3098 3099** Variables `beginning-of-defun-function' and `end-of-defun-function' 3100can be used to define handlers for the functions that find defuns. 3101Major modes can define these locally instead of rebinding C-M-a 3102etc. if the normal conventions for defuns are not appropriate for the 3103mode. 3104 3105** easy-mmode-define-minor-mode now takes an additional BODY argument 3106and is renamed `define-minor-mode'. 3107 3108** If an abbrev has a hook function which is a symbol, and that symbol 3109has a non-nil `no-self-insert' property, the return value of the hook 3110function specifies whether an expansion has been done or not. If it 3111returns nil, abbrev-expand also returns nil, meaning "no expansion has 3112been performed." 3113 3114When abbrev expansion is done by typing a self-inserting character, 3115and the abbrev has a hook with the `no-self-insert' property, and the 3116hook function returns non-nil meaning expansion has been done, 3117then the self-inserting character is not inserted. 3118 3119** The function `intern-soft' now accepts a symbol as first argument. 3120In this case, that exact symbol is looked up in the specified obarray, 3121and the function's value is nil if it is not found. 3122 3123** The new macro `with-syntax-table' can be used to evaluate forms 3124with the syntax table of the current buffer temporarily set to a 3125specified table. 3126 3127 (with-syntax-table TABLE &rest BODY) 3128 3129Evaluate BODY with syntax table of current buffer set to a copy of 3130TABLE. The current syntax table is saved, BODY is evaluated, and the 3131saved table is restored, even in case of an abnormal exit. Value is 3132what BODY returns. 3133 3134** Regular expressions now support intervals \{n,m\} as well as 3135Perl's shy-groups \(?:...\) and non-greedy *? +? and ?? operators. 3136Also back-references like \2 are now considered as an error if the 3137corresponding subgroup does not exist (or is not closed yet). 3138Previously it would have been silently turned into `2' (ignoring the `\'). 3139 3140** The optional argument BUFFER of function file-local-copy has been 3141removed since it wasn't used by anything. 3142 3143** The file name argument of function `file-locked-p' is now required 3144instead of being optional. 3145 3146** The new built-in error `text-read-only' is signaled when trying to 3147modify read-only text. 3148 3149** New functions and variables for locales. 3150 3151The new variable `locale-coding-system' specifies how to encode and 3152decode strings passed to low-level message functions like strerror and 3153time functions like strftime. The new variables 3154`system-messages-locale' and `system-time-locale' give the system 3155locales to be used when invoking these two types of functions. 3156 3157The new function `set-locale-environment' sets the language 3158environment, preferred coding system, and locale coding system from 3159the system locale as specified by the LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, and LANG 3160environment variables. Normally, it is invoked during startup and need 3161not be invoked thereafter. It uses the new variables 3162`locale-language-names', `locale-charset-language-names', and 3163`locale-preferred-coding-systems' to make its decisions. 3164 3165** syntax tables now understand nested comments. 3166To declare a comment syntax as allowing nesting, just add an `n' 3167modifier to either of the characters of the comment end and the comment 3168start sequences. 3169 3170** The function `pixmap-spec-p' has been renamed `bitmap-spec-p' 3171because `bitmap' is more in line with the usual X terminology. 3172 3173** New function `propertize' 3174 3175The new function `propertize' can be used to conveniently construct 3176strings with text properties. 3177 3178- Function: propertize STRING &rest PROPERTIES 3179 3180Value is a copy of STRING with text properties assigned as specified 3181by PROPERTIES. PROPERTIES is a sequence of pairs PROPERTY VALUE, with 3182PROPERTY being the name of a text property and VALUE being the 3183specified value of that property. Example: 3184 3185 (propertize "foo" 'face 'bold 'read-only t) 3186 3187** push and pop macros. 3188 3189Simple versions of the push and pop macros of Common Lisp 3190are now defined in Emacs Lisp. These macros allow only symbols 3191as the place that holds the list to be changed. 3192 3193(push NEWELT LISTNAME) add NEWELT to the front of LISTNAME's value. 3194(pop LISTNAME) return first elt of LISTNAME, and remove it 3195 (thus altering the value of LISTNAME). 3196 3197** New dolist and dotimes macros. 3198 3199Simple versions of the dolist and dotimes macros of Common Lisp 3200are now defined in Emacs Lisp. 3201 3202(dolist (VAR LIST [RESULT]) BODY...) 3203 Execute body once for each element of LIST, 3204 using the variable VAR to hold the current element. 3205 Then return the value of RESULT, or nil if RESULT is omitted. 3206 3207(dotimes (VAR COUNT [RESULT]) BODY...) 3208 Execute BODY with VAR bound to successive integers running from 0, 3209 inclusive, to COUNT, exclusive. 3210 Then return the value of RESULT, or nil if RESULT is omitted. 3211 3212** Regular expressions now support Posix character classes such as 3213[:alpha:], [:space:] and so on. These must be used within a character 3214class--for instance, [-[:digit:].+] matches digits or a period 3215or a sign. 3216 3217[:digit:] matches 0 through 9 3218[:cntrl:] matches ASCII control characters 3219[:xdigit:] matches 0 through 9, a through f and A through F. 3220[:blank:] matches space and tab only 3221[:graph:] matches graphic characters--everything except ASCII control chars, 3222 space, and DEL. 3223[:print:] matches printing characters--everything except ASCII control chars 3224 and DEL. 3225[:alnum:] matches letters and digits. 3226 (But at present, for multibyte characters, 3227 it matches anything that has word syntax.) 3228[:alpha:] matches letters. 3229 (But at present, for multibyte characters, 3230 it matches anything that has word syntax.) 3231[:ascii:] matches ASCII (unibyte) characters. 3232[:nonascii:] matches non-ASCII (multibyte) characters. 3233[:lower:] matches anything lower-case. 3234[:punct:] matches punctuation. 3235 (But at present, for multibyte characters, 3236 it matches anything that has non-word syntax.) 3237[:space:] matches anything that has whitespace syntax. 3238[:upper:] matches anything upper-case. 3239[:word:] matches anything that has word syntax. 3240 3241** Emacs now has built-in hash tables. 3242 3243The following functions are defined for hash tables: 3244 3245- Function: make-hash-table ARGS 3246 3247The argument list ARGS consists of keyword/argument pairs. All arguments 3248are optional. The following arguments are defined: 3249 3250:test TEST 3251 3252TEST must be a symbol specifying how to compare keys. Default is `eql'. 3253Predefined are `eq', `eql' and `equal'. If TEST is not predefined, 3254it must have been defined with `define-hash-table-test'. 3255 3256:size SIZE 3257 3258SIZE must be an integer > 0 giving a hint to the implementation how 3259many elements will be put in the hash table. Default size is 65. 3260 3261:rehash-size REHASH-SIZE 3262 3263REHASH-SIZE specifies by how much to grow a hash table once it becomes 3264full. If REHASH-SIZE is an integer, add that to the hash table's old 3265size to get the new size. Otherwise, REHASH-SIZE must be a float > 32661.0, and the new size is computed by multiplying REHASH-SIZE with the 3267old size. Default rehash size is 1.5. 3268 3269:rehash-threshold THRESHOLD 3270 3271THRESHOLD must be a float > 0 and <= 1.0 specifying when to resize the 3272hash table. It is resized when the ratio of (number of entries) / 3273(size of hash table) is >= THRESHOLD. Default threshold is 0.8. 3274 3275:weakness WEAK 3276 3277WEAK must be either nil, one of the symbols `key, `value', 3278`key-or-value', `key-and-value', or t, meaning the same as 3279`key-and-value'. Entries are removed from weak tables during garbage 3280collection if their key and/or value are not referenced elsewhere 3281outside of the hash table. Default are non-weak hash tables. 3282 3283- Function: makehash &optional TEST 3284 3285Similar to make-hash-table, but only TEST can be specified. 3286 3287- Function: hash-table-p TABLE 3288 3289Returns non-nil if TABLE is a hash table object. 3290 3291- Function: copy-hash-table TABLE 3292 3293Returns a copy of TABLE. Only the table itself is copied, keys and 3294values are shared. 3295 3296- Function: hash-table-count TABLE 3297 3298Returns the number of entries in TABLE. 3299 3300- Function: hash-table-rehash-size TABLE 3301 3302Returns the rehash size of TABLE. 3303 3304- Function: hash-table-rehash-threshold TABLE 3305 3306Returns the rehash threshold of TABLE. 3307 3308- Function: hash-table-rehash-size TABLE 3309 3310Returns the size of TABLE. 3311 3312- Function: hash-table-test TABLE 3313 3314Returns the test TABLE uses to compare keys. 3315 3316- Function: hash-table-weakness TABLE 3317 3318Returns the weakness specified for TABLE. 3319 3320- Function: clrhash TABLE 3321 3322Clear TABLE. 3323 3324- Function: gethash KEY TABLE &optional DEFAULT 3325 3326Look up KEY in TABLE and return its associated VALUE or DEFAULT if 3327not found. 3328 3329- Function: puthash KEY VALUE TABLE 3330 3331Associate KEY with VALUE in TABLE. If KEY is already associated with 3332another value, replace the old value with VALUE. 3333 3334- Function: remhash KEY TABLE 3335 3336Remove KEY from TABLE if it is there. 3337 3338- Function: maphash FUNCTION TABLE 3339 3340Call FUNCTION for all elements in TABLE. FUNCTION must take two 3341arguments KEY and VALUE. 3342 3343- Function: sxhash OBJ 3344 3345Return a hash code for Lisp object OBJ. 3346 3347- Function: define-hash-table-test NAME TEST-FN HASH-FN 3348 3349Define a new hash table test named NAME. If NAME is specified as 3350a test in `make-hash-table', the table created will use TEST-FN for 3351comparing keys, and HASH-FN to compute hash codes for keys. Test 3352and hash function are stored as symbol property `hash-table-test' 3353of NAME with a value of (TEST-FN HASH-FN). 3354 3355TEST-FN must take two arguments and return non-nil if they are the same. 3356 3357HASH-FN must take one argument and return an integer that is the hash 3358code of the argument. The function should use the whole range of 3359integer values for hash code computation, including negative integers. 3360 3361Example: The following creates a hash table whose keys are supposed to 3362be strings that are compared case-insensitively. 3363 3364 (defun case-fold-string= (a b) 3365 (compare-strings a nil nil b nil nil t)) 3366 3367 (defun case-fold-string-hash (a) 3368 (sxhash (upcase a))) 3369 3370 (define-hash-table-test 'case-fold 'case-fold-string= 3371 'case-fold-string-hash)) 3372 3373 (make-hash-table :test 'case-fold) 3374 3375** The Lisp reader handles circular structure. 3376 3377It now works to use the #N= and #N# constructs to represent 3378circular structures. For example, #1=(a . #1#) represents 3379a cons cell which is its own cdr. 3380 3381** The Lisp printer handles circular structure. 3382 3383If you bind print-circle to a non-nil value, the Lisp printer outputs 3384#N= and #N# constructs to represent circular and shared structure. 3385 3386** If the second argument to `move-to-column' is anything but nil or 3387t, that means replace a tab with spaces if necessary to reach the 3388specified column, but do not add spaces at the end of the line if it 3389is too short to reach that column. 3390 3391** perform-replace has a new feature: the REPLACEMENTS argument may 3392now be a cons cell (FUNCTION . DATA). This means to call FUNCTION 3393after each match to get the replacement text. FUNCTION is called with 3394two arguments: DATA, and the number of replacements already made. 3395 3396If the FROM-STRING contains any upper-case letters, 3397perform-replace also turns off `case-fold-search' temporarily 3398and inserts the replacement text without altering case in it. 3399 3400** The function buffer-size now accepts an optional argument 3401to specify which buffer to return the size of. 3402 3403** The calendar motion commands now run the normal hook 3404calendar-move-hook after moving point. 3405 3406** The new variable small-temporary-file-directory specifies a 3407directory to use for creating temporary files that are likely to be 3408small. (Certain Emacs features use this directory.) If 3409small-temporary-file-directory is nil, they use 3410temporary-file-directory instead. 3411 3412** The variable `inhibit-modification-hooks', if non-nil, inhibits all 3413the hooks that track changes in the buffer. This affects 3414`before-change-functions' and `after-change-functions', as well as 3415hooks attached to text properties and overlay properties. 3416 3417** assq-delete-all is a new function that deletes all the 3418elements of an alist which have a car `eq' to a particular value. 3419 3420** make-temp-file provides a more reliable way to create a temporary file. 3421 3422make-temp-file is used like make-temp-name, except that it actually 3423creates the file before it returns. This prevents a timing error, 3424ensuring that no other job can use the same name for a temporary file. 3425 3426** New exclusive-open feature in `write-region' 3427 3428The optional seventh arg is now called MUSTBENEW. If non-nil, it insists 3429on a check for an existing file with the same name. If MUSTBENEW 3430is `excl', that means to get an error if the file already exists; 3431never overwrite. If MUSTBENEW is neither nil nor `excl', that means 3432ask for confirmation before overwriting, but do go ahead and 3433overwrite the file if the user gives confirmation. 3434 3435If the MUSTBENEW argument in `write-region' is `excl', 3436that means to use a special feature in the `open' system call 3437to get an error if the file exists at that time. 3438The error reported is `file-already-exists'. 3439 3440** Function `format' now handles text properties. 3441 3442Text properties of the format string are applied to the result string. 3443If the result string is longer than the format string, text properties 3444ending at the end of the format string are extended to the end of the 3445result string. 3446 3447Text properties from string arguments are applied to the result 3448string where arguments appear in the result string. 3449 3450Example: 3451 3452 (let ((s1 "hello, %s") 3453 (s2 "world")) 3454 (put-text-property 0 (length s1) 'face 'bold s1) 3455 (put-text-property 0 (length s2) 'face 'italic s2) 3456 (format s1 s2)) 3457 3458results in a bold-face string with an italic `world' at the end. 3459 3460** Messages can now be displayed with text properties. 3461 3462Text properties are handled as described above for function `format'. 3463The following example displays a bold-face message with an italic 3464argument in it. 3465 3466 (let ((msg "hello, %s!") 3467 (arg "world")) 3468 (put-text-property 0 (length msg) 'face 'bold msg) 3469 (put-text-property 0 (length arg) 'face 'italic arg) 3470 (message msg arg)) 3471 3472** Sound support 3473 3474Emacs supports playing sound files on GNU/Linux and the free BSDs 3475(Voxware driver and native BSD driver, aka as Luigi's driver). 3476 3477Currently supported file formats are RIFF-WAVE (*.wav) and Sun Audio 3478(*.au). You must configure Emacs with the option `--with-sound=yes' 3479to enable sound support. 3480 3481Sound files can be played by calling (play-sound SOUND). SOUND is a 3482list of the form `(sound PROPERTY...)'. The function is only defined 3483when sound support is present for the system on which Emacs runs. The 3484functions runs `play-sound-functions' with one argument which is the 3485sound to play, before playing the sound. 3486 3487The following sound properties are supported: 3488 3489- `:file FILE' 3490 3491FILE is a file name. If FILE isn't an absolute name, it will be 3492searched relative to `data-directory'. 3493 3494- `:data DATA' 3495 3496DATA is a string containing sound data. Either :file or :data 3497may be present, but not both. 3498 3499- `:volume VOLUME' 3500 3501VOLUME must be an integer in the range 0..100 or a float in the range 35020..1. This property is optional. 3503 3504- `:device DEVICE' 3505 3506DEVICE is a string specifying the system device on which to play the 3507sound. The default device is system-dependent. 3508 3509Other properties are ignored. 3510 3511An alternative interface is called as 3512(play-sound-file FILE &optional VOLUME DEVICE). 3513 3514** `multimedia' is a new Finder keyword and Custom group. 3515 3516** keywordp is a new predicate to test efficiently for an object being 3517a keyword symbol. 3518 3519** Changes to garbage collection 3520 3521*** The function garbage-collect now additionally returns the number 3522of live and free strings. 3523 3524*** There is a new variable `strings-consed' holding the number of 3525strings that have been consed so far. 3526 3527 3528* Lisp-level Display features added after release 2.6 of the Emacs 3529Lisp Manual 3530 3531** The user-option `resize-mini-windows' controls how Emacs resizes 3532mini-windows. 3533 3534** The function `pos-visible-in-window-p' now has a third optional 3535argument, PARTIALLY. If a character is only partially visible, nil is 3536returned, unless PARTIALLY is non-nil. 3537 3538** On window systems, `glyph-table' is no longer used. 3539 3540** Help strings in menu items are now used to provide `help-echo' text. 3541 3542** The function `image-size' can be used to determine the size of an 3543image. 3544 3545- Function: image-size SPEC &optional PIXELS FRAME 3546 3547Return the size of an image as a pair (WIDTH . HEIGHT). 3548 3549SPEC is an image specification. PIXELS non-nil means return sizes 3550measured in pixels, otherwise return sizes measured in canonical 3551character units (fractions of the width/height of the frame's default 3552font). FRAME is the frame on which the image will be displayed. 3553FRAME nil or omitted means use the selected frame. 3554 3555** The function `image-mask-p' can be used to determine if an image 3556has a mask bitmap. 3557 3558- Function: image-mask-p SPEC &optional FRAME 3559 3560Return t if image SPEC has a mask bitmap. 3561FRAME is the frame on which the image will be displayed. FRAME nil 3562or omitted means use the selected frame. 3563 3564** The function `find-image' can be used to find a usable image 3565satisfying one of a list of specifications. 3566 3567** The STRING argument of `put-image' and `insert-image' is now 3568optional. 3569 3570** Image specifications may contain the property `:ascent center' (see 3571below). 3572 3573 3574* New Lisp-level Display features in Emacs 21.1 3575 3576** The function tty-suppress-bold-inverse-default-colors can be used 3577to make Emacs avoid displaying text with bold black foreground on TTYs. 3578 3579Some terminals, notably PC consoles, emulate bold text by displaying 3580text in brighter colors. On such a console, a bold black foreground 3581is displayed in a gray color. If this turns out to be hard to read on 3582your monitor---the problem occurred with the mode line on 3583laptops---you can instruct Emacs to ignore the text's boldness, and to 3584just display it black instead. 3585 3586This situation can't be detected automatically. You will have to put 3587a line like 3588 3589 (tty-suppress-bold-inverse-default-colors t) 3590 3591in your `.emacs'. 3592 3593** New face implementation. 3594 3595Emacs faces have been reimplemented from scratch. They don't use XLFD 3596font names anymore and face merging now works as expected. 3597 3598*** New faces. 3599 3600Each face can specify the following display attributes: 3601 3602 1. Font family or fontset alias name. 3603 3604 2. Relative proportionate width, aka character set width or set 3605 width (swidth), e.g. `semi-compressed'. 3606 3607 3. Font height in 1/10pt 3608 3609 4. Font weight, e.g. `bold'. 3610 3611 5. Font slant, e.g. `italic'. 3612 3613 6. Foreground color. 3614 3615 7. Background color. 3616 3617 8. Whether or not characters should be underlined, and in what color. 3618 3619 9. Whether or not characters should be displayed in inverse video. 3620 3621 10. A background stipple, a bitmap. 3622 3623 11. Whether or not characters should be overlined, and in what color. 3624 3625 12. Whether or not characters should be strike-through, and in what 3626 color. 3627 3628 13. Whether or not a box should be drawn around characters, its 3629 color, the width of the box lines, and 3D appearance. 3630 3631Faces are frame-local by nature because Emacs allows to define the 3632same named face (face names are symbols) differently for different 3633frames. Each frame has an alist of face definitions for all named 3634faces. The value of a named face in such an alist is a Lisp vector 3635with the symbol `face' in slot 0, and a slot for each of the face 3636attributes mentioned above. 3637 3638There is also a global face alist `face-new-frame-defaults'. Face 3639definitions from this list are used to initialize faces of newly 3640created frames. 3641 3642A face doesn't have to specify all attributes. Those not specified 3643have a nil value. Faces specifying all attributes are called 3644`fully-specified'. 3645 3646*** Face merging. 3647 3648The display style of a given character in the text is determined by 3649combining several faces. This process is called `face merging'. Any 3650aspect of the display style that isn't specified by overlays or text 3651properties is taken from the `default' face. Since it is made sure 3652that the default face is always fully-specified, face merging always 3653results in a fully-specified face. 3654 3655*** Face realization. 3656 3657After all face attributes for a character have been determined by 3658merging faces of that character, that face is `realized'. The 3659realization process maps face attributes to what is physically 3660available on the system where Emacs runs. The result is a `realized 3661face' in form of an internal structure which is stored in the face 3662cache of the frame on which it was realized. 3663 3664Face realization is done in the context of the charset of the 3665character to display because different fonts and encodings are used 3666for different charsets. In other words, for characters of different 3667charsets, different realized faces are needed to display them. 3668 3669Except for composite characters, faces are always realized for a 3670specific character set and contain a specific font, even if the face 3671being realized specifies a fontset. The reason is that the result of 3672the new font selection stage is better than what can be done with 3673statically defined font name patterns in fontsets. 3674 3675In unibyte text, Emacs' charsets aren't applicable; function 3676`char-charset' reports ASCII for all characters, including those > 36770x7f. The X registry and encoding of fonts to use is determined from 3678the variable `face-default-registry' in this case. The variable is 3679initialized at Emacs startup time from the font the user specified for 3680Emacs. 3681 3682Currently all unibyte text, i.e. all buffers with 3683`enable-multibyte-characters' nil are displayed with fonts of the same 3684registry and encoding `face-default-registry'. This is consistent 3685with the fact that languages can also be set globally, only. 3686 3687**** Clearing face caches. 3688 3689The Lisp function `clear-face-cache' can be called to clear face caches 3690on all frames. If called with a non-nil argument, it will also unload 3691unused fonts. 3692 3693*** Font selection. 3694 3695Font selection tries to find the best available matching font for a 3696given (charset, face) combination. This is done slightly differently 3697for faces specifying a fontset, or a font family name. 3698 3699If the face specifies a fontset name, that fontset determines a 3700pattern for fonts of the given charset. If the face specifies a font 3701family, a font pattern is constructed. Charset symbols have a 3702property `x-charset-registry' for that purpose that maps a charset to 3703an XLFD registry and encoding in the font pattern constructed. 3704 3705Available fonts on the system on which Emacs runs are then matched 3706against the font pattern. The result of font selection is the best 3707match for the given face attributes in this font list. 3708 3709Font selection can be influenced by the user. 3710 3711The user can specify the relative importance he gives the face 3712attributes width, height, weight, and slant by setting 3713face-font-selection-order (faces.el) to a list of face attribute 3714names. The default is (:width :height :weight :slant), and means 3715that font selection first tries to find a good match for the font 3716width specified by a face, then---within fonts with that width---tries 3717to find a best match for the specified font height, etc. 3718 3719Setting `face-font-family-alternatives' allows the user to specify 3720alternative font families to try if a family specified by a face 3721doesn't exist. 3722 3723Setting `face-font-registry-alternatives' allows the user to specify 3724all alternative font registry names to try for a face specifying a 3725registry. 3726 3727Please note that the interpretations of the above two variables are 3728slightly different. 3729 3730Setting face-ignored-fonts allows the user to ignore specific fonts. 3731 3732 3733**** Scalable fonts 3734 3735Emacs can make use of scalable fonts but doesn't do so by default, 3736since the use of too many or too big scalable fonts may crash XFree86 3737servers. 3738 3739To enable scalable font use, set the variable 3740`scalable-fonts-allowed'. A value of nil, the default, means never use 3741scalable fonts. A value of t means any scalable font may be used. 3742Otherwise, the value must be a list of regular expressions. A 3743scalable font may then be used if it matches a regular expression from 3744that list. Example: 3745 3746 (setq scalable-fonts-allowed '("muleindian-2$")) 3747 3748allows the use of scalable fonts with registry `muleindian-2'. 3749 3750*** Functions and variables related to font selection. 3751 3752- Function: x-family-fonts &optional FAMILY FRAME 3753 3754Return a list of available fonts of family FAMILY on FRAME. If FAMILY 3755is omitted or nil, list all families. Otherwise, FAMILY must be a 3756string, possibly containing wildcards `?' and `*'. 3757 3758If FRAME is omitted or nil, use the selected frame. Each element of 3759the result is a vector [FAMILY WIDTH POINT-SIZE WEIGHT SLANT FIXED-P 3760FULL REGISTRY-AND-ENCODING]. FAMILY is the font family name. 3761POINT-SIZE is the size of the font in 1/10 pt. WIDTH, WEIGHT, and 3762SLANT are symbols describing the width, weight and slant of the font. 3763These symbols are the same as for face attributes. FIXED-P is non-nil 3764if the font is fixed-pitch. FULL is the full name of the font, and 3765REGISTRY-AND-ENCODING is a string giving the registry and encoding of 3766the font. The result list is sorted according to the current setting 3767of the face font sort order. 3768 3769- Function: x-font-family-list 3770 3771Return a list of available font families on FRAME. If FRAME is 3772omitted or nil, use the selected frame. Value is a list of conses 3773(FAMILY . FIXED-P) where FAMILY is a font family, and FIXED-P is 3774non-nil if fonts of that family are fixed-pitch. 3775 3776- Variable: font-list-limit 3777 3778Limit for font matching. If an integer > 0, font matching functions 3779won't load more than that number of fonts when searching for a 3780matching font. The default is currently 100. 3781 3782*** Setting face attributes. 3783 3784For the most part, the new face implementation is interface-compatible 3785with the old one. Old face attribute related functions are now 3786implemented in terms of the new functions `set-face-attribute' and 3787`face-attribute'. 3788 3789Face attributes are identified by their names which are keyword 3790symbols. All attributes can be set to `unspecified'. 3791 3792The following attributes are recognized: 3793 3794`:family' 3795 3796VALUE must be a string specifying the font family, e.g. ``courier'', 3797or a fontset alias name. If a font family is specified, wild-cards `*' 3798and `?' are allowed. 3799 3800`:width' 3801 3802VALUE specifies the relative proportionate width of the font to use. 3803It must be one of the symbols `ultra-condensed', `extra-condensed', 3804`condensed', `semi-condensed', `normal', `semi-expanded', `expanded', 3805`extra-expanded', or `ultra-expanded'. 3806 3807`:height' 3808 3809VALUE must be either an integer specifying the height of the font to use 3810in 1/10 pt, a floating point number specifying the amount by which to 3811scale any underlying face, or a function, which is called with the old 3812height (from the underlying face), and should return the new height. 3813 3814`:weight' 3815 3816VALUE specifies the weight of the font to use. It must be one of the 3817symbols `ultra-bold', `extra-bold', `bold', `semi-bold', `normal', 3818`semi-light', `light', `extra-light', `ultra-light'. 3819 3820`:slant' 3821 3822VALUE specifies the slant of the font to use. It must be one of the 3823symbols `italic', `oblique', `normal', `reverse-italic', or 3824`reverse-oblique'. 3825 3826`:foreground', `:background' 3827 3828VALUE must be a color name, a string. 3829 3830`:underline' 3831 3832VALUE specifies whether characters in FACE should be underlined. If 3833VALUE is t, underline with foreground color of the face. If VALUE is 3834a string, underline with that color. If VALUE is nil, explicitly 3835don't underline. 3836 3837`:overline' 3838 3839VALUE specifies whether characters in FACE should be overlined. If 3840VALUE is t, overline with foreground color of the face. If VALUE is a 3841string, overline with that color. If VALUE is nil, explicitly don't 3842overline. 3843 3844`:strike-through' 3845 3846VALUE specifies whether characters in FACE should be drawn with a line 3847striking through them. If VALUE is t, use the foreground color of the 3848face. If VALUE is a string, strike-through with that color. If VALUE 3849is nil, explicitly don't strike through. 3850 3851`:box' 3852 3853VALUE specifies whether characters in FACE should have a box drawn 3854around them. If VALUE is nil, explicitly don't draw boxes. If 3855VALUE is t, draw a box with lines of width 1 in the foreground color 3856of the face. If VALUE is a string, the string must be a color name, 3857and the box is drawn in that color with a line width of 1. Otherwise, 3858VALUE must be a property list of the form `(:line-width WIDTH 3859:color COLOR :style STYLE)'. If a keyword/value pair is missing from 3860the property list, a default value will be used for the value, as 3861specified below. WIDTH specifies the width of the lines to draw; it 3862defaults to 1. COLOR is the name of the color to draw in, default is 3863the foreground color of the face for simple boxes, and the background 3864color of the face for 3D boxes. STYLE specifies whether a 3D box 3865should be draw. If STYLE is `released-button', draw a box looking 3866like a released 3D button. If STYLE is `pressed-button' draw a box 3867that appears like a pressed button. If STYLE is nil, the default if 3868the property list doesn't contain a style specification, draw a 2D 3869box. 3870 3871`:inverse-video' 3872 3873VALUE specifies whether characters in FACE should be displayed in 3874inverse video. VALUE must be one of t or nil. 3875 3876`:stipple' 3877 3878If VALUE is a string, it must be the name of a file of pixmap data. 3879The directories listed in the `x-bitmap-file-path' variable are 3880searched. Alternatively, VALUE may be a list of the form (WIDTH 3881HEIGHT DATA) where WIDTH and HEIGHT are the size in pixels, and DATA 3882is a string containing the raw bits of the bitmap. VALUE nil means 3883explicitly don't use a stipple pattern. 3884 3885For convenience, attributes `:family', `:width', `:height', `:weight', 3886and `:slant' may also be set in one step from an X font name: 3887 3888`:font' 3889 3890Set font-related face attributes from VALUE. VALUE must be a valid 3891XLFD font name. If it is a font name pattern, the first matching font 3892is used--this is for compatibility with the behavior of previous 3893versions of Emacs. 3894 3895For compatibility with Emacs 20, keywords `:bold' and `:italic' can 3896be used to specify that a bold or italic font should be used. VALUE 3897must be t or nil in that case. A value of `unspecified' is not allowed." 3898 3899Please see also the documentation of `set-face-attribute' and 3900`defface'. 3901 3902`:inherit' 3903 3904VALUE is the name of a face from which to inherit attributes, or a list 3905of face names. Attributes from inherited faces are merged into the face 3906like an underlying face would be, with higher priority than underlying faces. 3907 3908*** Face attributes and X resources 3909 3910The following X resource names can be used to set face attributes 3911from X resources: 3912 3913 Face attribute X resource class 3914----------------------------------------------------------------------- 3915 :family attributeFamily . Face.AttributeFamily 3916 :width attributeWidth Face.AttributeWidth 3917 :height attributeHeight Face.AttributeHeight 3918 :weight attributeWeight Face.AttributeWeight 3919 :slant attributeSlant Face.AttributeSlant 3920 foreground attributeForeground Face.AttributeForeground 3921 :background attributeBackground . Face.AttributeBackground 3922 :overline attributeOverline Face.AttributeOverline 3923 :strike-through attributeStrikeThrough Face.AttributeStrikeThrough 3924 :box attributeBox Face.AttributeBox 3925 :underline attributeUnderline Face.AttributeUnderline 3926 :inverse-video attributeInverse Face.AttributeInverse 3927 :stipple attributeStipple Face.AttributeStipple 3928 or attributeBackgroundPixmap 3929 Face.AttributeBackgroundPixmap 3930 :font attributeFont Face.AttributeFont 3931 :bold attributeBold Face.AttributeBold 3932 :italic attributeItalic . Face.AttributeItalic 3933 :font attributeFont Face.AttributeFont 3934 3935*** Text property `face'. 3936 3937The value of the `face' text property can now be a single face 3938specification or a list of such specifications. Each face 3939specification can be 3940 39411. A symbol or string naming a Lisp face. 3942 39432. A property list of the form (KEYWORD VALUE ...) where each 3944 KEYWORD is a face attribute name, and VALUE is an appropriate value 3945 for that attribute. Please see the doc string of `set-face-attribute' 3946 for face attribute names. 3947 39483. Conses of the form (FOREGROUND-COLOR . COLOR) or 3949 (BACKGROUND-COLOR . COLOR) where COLOR is a color name. This is 3950 for compatibility with previous Emacs versions. 3951 3952** Support functions for colors on text-only terminals. 3953 3954The function `tty-color-define' can be used to define colors for use 3955on TTY and MSDOS frames. It maps a color name to a color number on 3956the terminal. Emacs defines a couple of common color mappings by 3957default. You can get defined colors with a call to 3958`defined-colors'. The function `tty-color-clear' can be 3959used to clear the mapping table. 3960 3961** Unified support for colors independent of frame type. 3962 3963The new functions `defined-colors', `color-defined-p', `color-values', 3964and `display-color-p' work for any type of frame. On frames whose 3965type is neither x nor w32, these functions transparently map X-style 3966color specifications to the closest colors supported by the frame 3967display. Lisp programs should use these new functions instead of the 3968old `x-defined-colors', `x-color-defined-p', `x-color-values', and 3969`x-display-color-p'. (The old function names are still available for 3970compatibility; they are now aliases of the new names.) Lisp programs 3971should no more look at the value of the variable window-system to 3972modify their color-related behavior. 3973 3974The primitives `color-gray-p' and `color-supported-p' also work for 3975any frame type. 3976 3977** Platform-independent functions to describe display capabilities. 3978 3979The new functions `display-mouse-p', `display-popup-menus-p', 3980`display-graphic-p', `display-selections-p', `display-screens', 3981`display-pixel-width', `display-pixel-height', `display-mm-width', 3982`display-mm-height', `display-backing-store', `display-save-under', 3983`display-planes', `display-color-cells', `display-visual-class', and 3984`display-grayscale-p' describe the basic capabilities of a particular 3985display. Lisp programs should call these functions instead of testing 3986the value of the variables `window-system' or `system-type', or calling 3987platform-specific functions such as `x-display-pixel-width'. 3988 3989The new function `display-images-p' returns non-nil if a particular 3990display can display image files. 3991 3992** The minibuffer prompt is now actually inserted in the minibuffer. 3993 3994This makes it possible to scroll through the prompt, if you want to. 3995To disallow this completely (like previous versions of emacs), customize 3996the variable `minibuffer-prompt-properties', and turn on the 3997`Inviolable' option. 3998 3999The function `minibuffer-prompt-end' returns the current position of the 4000end of the minibuffer prompt, if the minibuffer is current. 4001Otherwise, it returns `(point-min)'. 4002 4003** New `field' abstraction in buffers. 4004 4005There is now code to support an abstraction called `fields' in emacs 4006buffers. A field is a contiguous region of text with the same `field' 4007property (which can be a text property or an overlay). 4008 4009Many emacs functions, such as forward-word, forward-sentence, 4010forward-paragraph, beginning-of-line, etc., stop moving when they come 4011to the boundary between fields; beginning-of-line and end-of-line will 4012not let the point move past the field boundary, but other movement 4013commands continue into the next field if repeated. Stopping at field 4014boundaries can be suppressed programmatically by binding 4015`inhibit-field-text-motion' to a non-nil value around calls to these 4016functions. 4017 4018Now that the minibuffer prompt is inserted into the minibuffer, it is in 4019a separate field from the user-input part of the buffer, so that common 4020editing commands treat the user's text separately from the prompt. 4021 4022The following functions are defined for operating on fields: 4023 4024- Function: constrain-to-field NEW-POS OLD-POS &optional ESCAPE-FROM-EDGE ONLY-IN-LINE INHIBIT-CAPTURE-PROPERTY 4025 4026Return the position closest to NEW-POS that is in the same field as OLD-POS. 4027 4028A field is a region of text with the same `field' property. 4029If NEW-POS is nil, then the current point is used instead, and set to the 4030constrained position if that is different. 4031 4032If OLD-POS is at the boundary of two fields, then the allowable 4033positions for NEW-POS depends on the value of the optional argument 4034ESCAPE-FROM-EDGE: If ESCAPE-FROM-EDGE is nil, then NEW-POS is 4035constrained to the field that has the same `field' char-property 4036as any new characters inserted at OLD-POS, whereas if ESCAPE-FROM-EDGE 4037is non-nil, NEW-POS is constrained to the union of the two adjacent 4038fields. Additionally, if two fields are separated by another field with 4039the special value `boundary', then any point within this special field is 4040also considered to be `on the boundary'. 4041 4042If the optional argument ONLY-IN-LINE is non-nil and constraining 4043NEW-POS would move it to a different line, NEW-POS is returned 4044unconstrained. This useful for commands that move by line, like 4045C-n or C-a, which should generally respect field boundaries 4046only in the case where they can still move to the right line. 4047 4048If the optional argument INHIBIT-CAPTURE-PROPERTY is non-nil, and OLD-POS has 4049a non-nil property of that name, then any field boundaries are ignored. 4050 4051Field boundaries are not noticed if `inhibit-field-text-motion' is non-nil. 4052 4053- Function: delete-field &optional POS 4054 4055Delete the field surrounding POS. 4056A field is a region of text with the same `field' property. 4057If POS is nil, the value of point is used for POS. 4058 4059- Function: field-beginning &optional POS ESCAPE-FROM-EDGE 4060 4061Return the beginning of the field surrounding POS. 4062A field is a region of text with the same `field' property. 4063If POS is nil, the value of point is used for POS. 4064If ESCAPE-FROM-EDGE is non-nil and POS is at the beginning of its 4065field, then the beginning of the *previous* field is returned. 4066 4067- Function: field-end &optional POS ESCAPE-FROM-EDGE 4068 4069Return the end of the field surrounding POS. 4070A field is a region of text with the same `field' property. 4071If POS is nil, the value of point is used for POS. 4072If ESCAPE-FROM-EDGE is non-nil and POS is at the end of its field, 4073then the end of the *following* field is returned. 4074 4075- Function: field-string &optional POS 4076 4077Return the contents of the field surrounding POS as a string. 4078A field is a region of text with the same `field' property. 4079If POS is nil, the value of point is used for POS. 4080 4081- Function: field-string-no-properties &optional POS 4082 4083Return the contents of the field around POS, without text-properties. 4084A field is a region of text with the same `field' property. 4085If POS is nil, the value of point is used for POS. 4086 4087** Image support. 4088 4089Emacs can now display images. Images are inserted into text by giving 4090strings or buffer text a `display' text property containing one of 4091(AREA IMAGE) or IMAGE. The display of the `display' property value 4092replaces the display of the characters having that property. 4093 4094If the property value has the form (AREA IMAGE), AREA must be one of 4095`(margin left-margin)', `(margin right-margin)' or `(margin nil)'. If 4096AREA is `(margin nil)', IMAGE will be displayed in the text area of a 4097window, otherwise it will be displayed in the left or right marginal 4098area. 4099 4100IMAGE is an image specification. 4101 4102*** Image specifications 4103 4104Image specifications are lists of the form `(image PROPS)' where PROPS 4105is a property list whose keys are keyword symbols. Each 4106specifications must contain a property `:type TYPE' with TYPE being a 4107symbol specifying the image type, e.g. `xbm'. Properties not 4108described below are ignored. 4109 4110The following is a list of properties all image types share. 4111 4112`:ascent ASCENT' 4113 4114ASCENT must be a number in the range 0..100, or the symbol `center'. 4115If it is a number, it specifies the percentage of the image's height 4116to use for its ascent. 4117 4118If not specified, ASCENT defaults to the value 50 which means that the 4119image will be centered with the base line of the row it appears in. 4120 4121If ASCENT is `center' the image is vertically centered around a 4122centerline which is the vertical center of text drawn at the position 4123of the image, in the manner specified by the text properties and 4124overlays that apply to the image. 4125 4126`:margin MARGIN' 4127 4128MARGIN must be either a number >= 0 specifying how many pixels to put 4129as margin around the image, or a pair (X . Y) with X specifying the 4130horizontal margin and Y specifying the vertical margin. Default is 0. 4131 4132`:relief RELIEF' 4133 4134RELIEF is analogous to the `:relief' attribute of faces. Puts a relief 4135around an image. 4136 4137`:conversion ALGO' 4138 4139Apply an image algorithm to the image before displaying it. 4140 4141ALGO `laplace' or `emboss' means apply a Laplace or ``emboss'' 4142edge-detection algorithm to the image. 4143 4144ALGO `(edge-detection :matrix MATRIX :color-adjust ADJUST)' means 4145apply a general edge-detection algorithm. MATRIX must be either a 4146nine-element list or a nine-element vector of numbers. A pixel at 4147position x/y in the transformed image is computed from original pixels 4148around that position. MATRIX specifies, for each pixel in the 4149neighborhood of x/y, a factor with which that pixel will influence the 4150transformed pixel; element 0 specifies the factor for the pixel at 4151x-1/y-1, element 1 the factor for the pixel at x/y-1 etc. as shown 4152below. 4153 4154 (x-1/y-1 x/y-1 x+1/y-1 4155 x-1/y x/y x+1/y 4156 x-1/y+1 x/y+1 x+1/y+1) 4157 4158The resulting pixel is computed from the color intensity of the color 4159resulting from summing up the RGB values of surrounding pixels, 4160multiplied by the specified factors, and dividing that sum by the sum 4161of the factors' absolute values. 4162 4163Laplace edge-detection currently uses a matrix of 4164 4165 (1 0 0 4166 0 0 0 4167 9 9 -1) 4168 4169Emboss edge-detection uses a matrix of 4170 4171 ( 2 -1 0 4172 -1 0 1 4173 0 1 -2) 4174 4175ALGO `disabled' means transform the image so that it looks 4176``disabled''. 4177 4178`:mask MASK' 4179 4180If MASK is `heuristic' or `(heuristic BG)', build a clipping mask for 4181the image, so that the background of a frame is visible behind the 4182image. If BG is not specified, or if BG is t, determine the 4183background color of the image by looking at the 4 corners of the 4184image, assuming the most frequently occurring color from the corners is 4185the background color of the image. Otherwise, BG must be a list `(RED 4186GREEN BLUE)' specifying the color to assume for the background of the 4187image. 4188 4189If MASK is nil, remove a mask from the image, if it has one. Images 4190in some formats include a mask which can be removed by specifying 4191`:mask nil'. 4192 4193`:file FILE' 4194 4195Load image from FILE. If FILE is not absolute after expanding it, 4196search for the image in `data-directory'. Some image types support 4197building images from data. When this is done, no `:file' property 4198may be present in the image specification. 4199 4200`:data DATA' 4201 4202Get image data from DATA. (As of this writing, this is not yet 4203supported for image type `postscript'). Either :file or :data may be 4204present in an image specification, but not both. All image types 4205support strings as DATA, some types allow additional types of DATA. 4206 4207*** Supported image types 4208 4209**** XBM, image type `xbm'. 4210 4211XBM images don't require an external library. Additional image 4212properties supported are: 4213 4214`:foreground FG' 4215 4216FG must be a string specifying the image foreground color, or nil 4217meaning to use the default. Default is the frame's foreground color. 4218 4219`:background BG' 4220 4221BG must be a string specifying the image background color, or nil 4222meaning to use the default. Default is the frame's background color. 4223 4224XBM images can be constructed from data instead of file. In this 4225case, the image specification must contain the following properties 4226instead of a `:file' property. 4227 4228`:width WIDTH' 4229 4230WIDTH specifies the width of the image in pixels. 4231 4232`:height HEIGHT' 4233 4234HEIGHT specifies the height of the image in pixels. 4235 4236`:data DATA' 4237 4238DATA must be either 4239 4240 1. a string large enough to hold the bitmap data, i.e. it must 4241 have a size >= (WIDTH + 7) / 8 * HEIGHT 4242 4243 2. a bool-vector of size >= WIDTH * HEIGHT 4244 4245 3. a vector of strings or bool-vectors, one for each line of the 4246 bitmap. 4247 4248 4. a string that's an in-memory XBM file. Neither width nor 4249 height may be specified in this case because these are defined 4250 in the file. 4251 4252**** XPM, image type `xpm' 4253 4254XPM images require the external library `libXpm', package 4255`xpm-3.4k.tar.gz', version 3.4k or later. Make sure the library is 4256found when Emacs is configured by supplying appropriate paths via 4257`--x-includes' and `--x-libraries'. 4258 4259Additional image properties supported are: 4260 4261`:color-symbols SYMBOLS' 4262 4263SYMBOLS must be a list of pairs (NAME . COLOR), with NAME being the 4264name of color as it appears in an XPM file, and COLOR being an X color 4265name. 4266 4267XPM images can be built from memory instead of files. In that case, 4268add a `:data' property instead of a `:file' property. 4269 4270The XPM library uses libz in its implementation so that it is able 4271to display compressed images. 4272 4273**** PBM, image type `pbm' 4274 4275PBM images don't require an external library. Color, gray-scale and 4276mono images are supported. Additional image properties supported for 4277mono images are: 4278 4279`:foreground FG' 4280 4281FG must be a string specifying the image foreground color, or nil 4282meaning to use the default. Default is the frame's foreground color. 4283 4284`:background FG' 4285 4286BG must be a string specifying the image background color, or nil 4287meaning to use the default. Default is the frame's background color. 4288 4289**** JPEG, image type `jpeg' 4290 4291Support for JPEG images requires the external library `libjpeg', 4292package `jpegsrc.v6a.tar.gz', or later. There are no additional image 4293properties defined. 4294 4295**** TIFF, image type `tiff' 4296 4297Support for TIFF images requires the external library `libtiff', 4298package `tiff-v3.4-tar.gz', or later. There are no additional image 4299properties defined. 4300 4301**** GIF, image type `gif' 4302 4303Support for GIF images requires the external library `libungif', package 4304`libungif-4.1.0', or later. 4305 4306Additional image properties supported are: 4307 4308`:index INDEX' 4309 4310INDEX must be an integer >= 0. Load image number INDEX from a 4311multi-image GIF file. If INDEX is too large, the image displays 4312as a hollow box. 4313 4314This could be used to implement limited support for animated GIFs. 4315For example, the following function displays a multi-image GIF file 4316at point-min in the current buffer, switching between sub-images 4317every 0.1 seconds. 4318 4319(defun show-anim (file max) 4320 "Display multi-image GIF file FILE which contains MAX subimages." 4321 (display-anim (current-buffer) file 0 max t)) 4322 4323(defun display-anim (buffer file idx max first-time) 4324 (when (= idx max) 4325 (setq idx 0)) 4326 (let ((img (create-image file nil nil :index idx))) 4327 (save-excursion 4328 (set-buffer buffer) 4329 (goto-char (point-min)) 4330 (unless first-time (delete-char 1)) 4331 (insert-image img "x")) 4332 (run-with-timer 0.1 nil 'display-anim buffer file (1+ idx) max nil))) 4333 4334**** PNG, image type `png' 4335 4336Support for PNG images requires the external library `libpng', 4337package `libpng-1.0.2.tar.gz', or later. There are no additional image 4338properties defined. 4339 4340**** Ghostscript, image type `postscript'. 4341 4342Additional image properties supported are: 4343 4344`:pt-width WIDTH' 4345 4346WIDTH is width of the image in pt (1/72 inch). WIDTH must be an 4347integer. This is a required property. 4348 4349`:pt-height HEIGHT' 4350 4351HEIGHT specifies the height of the image in pt (1/72 inch). HEIGHT 4352must be a integer. This is an required property. 4353 4354`:bounding-box BOX' 4355 4356BOX must be a list or vector of 4 integers giving the bounding box of 4357the PS image, analogous to the `BoundingBox' comment found in PS 4358files. This is an required property. 4359 4360Part of the Ghostscript interface is implemented in Lisp. See 4361lisp/gs.el. 4362 4363*** Lisp interface. 4364 4365The variable `image-types' contains a list of those image types 4366which are supported in the current configuration. 4367 4368Images are stored in an image cache and removed from the cache when 4369they haven't been displayed for `image-cache-eviction-delay seconds. 4370The function `clear-image-cache' can be used to clear the image cache 4371manually. Images in the cache are compared with `equal', i.e. all 4372images with `equal' specifications share the same image. 4373 4374*** Simplified image API, image.el 4375 4376The new Lisp package image.el contains functions that simplify image 4377creation and putting images into text. The function `create-image' 4378can be used to create images. The macro `defimage' can be used to 4379define an image based on available image types. The functions 4380`put-image' and `insert-image' can be used to insert an image into a 4381buffer. 4382 4383** Display margins. 4384 4385Windows can now have margins which are used for special text 4386and images. 4387 4388To give a window margins, either set the buffer-local variables 4389`left-margin-width' and `right-margin-width', or call 4390`set-window-margins'. The function `window-margins' can be used to 4391obtain the current settings. To make `left-margin-width' and 4392`right-margin-width' take effect, you must set them before displaying 4393the buffer in a window, or use `set-window-buffer' to force an update 4394of the display margins. 4395 4396You can put text in margins by giving it a `display' text property 4397containing a pair of the form `(LOCATION . VALUE)', where LOCATION is 4398one of `left-margin' or `right-margin' or nil. VALUE can be either a 4399string, an image specification or a stretch specification (see later 4400in this file). 4401 4402** Help display 4403 4404Emacs displays short help messages in the echo area, when the mouse 4405moves over a tool-bar item or a piece of text that has a text property 4406`help-echo'. This feature also applies to strings in the mode line 4407that have a `help-echo' property. 4408 4409If the value of the `help-echo' property is a function, that function 4410is called with three arguments WINDOW, OBJECT and POSITION. WINDOW is 4411the window in which the help was found. 4412 4413If OBJECT is a buffer, POS is the position in the buffer where the 4414`help-echo' text property was found. 4415 4416If OBJECT is an overlay, that overlay has a `help-echo' property, and 4417POS is the position in the overlay's buffer under the mouse. 4418 4419If OBJECT is a string (an overlay string or a string displayed with 4420the `display' property), POS is the position in that string under the 4421mouse. 4422 4423If the value of the `help-echo' property is neither a function nor a 4424string, it is evaluated to obtain a help string. 4425 4426For tool-bar and menu-bar items, their key definition is used to 4427determine the help to display. If their definition contains a 4428property `:help FORM', FORM is evaluated to determine the help string. 4429For tool-bar items without a help form, the caption of the item is 4430used as help string. 4431 4432The hook `show-help-function' can be set to a function that displays 4433the help string differently. For example, enabling a tooltip window 4434causes the help display to appear there instead of in the echo area. 4435 4436** Vertical fractional scrolling. 4437 4438The display of text in windows can be scrolled smoothly in pixels. 4439This is useful, for example, for making parts of large images visible. 4440 4441The function `window-vscroll' returns the current value of vertical 4442scrolling, a non-negative fraction of the canonical character height. 4443The function `set-window-vscroll' can be used to set the vertical 4444scrolling value. Here is an example of how these function might be 4445used. 4446 4447 (global-set-key [A-down] 4448 #'(lambda () 4449 (interactive) 4450 (set-window-vscroll (selected-window) 4451 (+ 0.5 (window-vscroll))))) 4452 (global-set-key [A-up] 4453 #'(lambda () 4454 (interactive) 4455 (set-window-vscroll (selected-window) 4456 (- (window-vscroll) 0.5))))) 4457 4458** New hook `fontification-functions'. 4459 4460Functions from `fontification-functions' are called from redisplay 4461when it encounters a region of text that is not yet fontified. This 4462variable automatically becomes buffer-local when set. Each function 4463is called with one argument, POS. 4464 4465At least one of the hook functions should fontify one or more 4466characters starting at POS in the current buffer. It should mark them 4467as fontified by giving them a non-nil value of the `fontified' text 4468property. It may be reasonable for these functions to check for the 4469`fontified' property and not put it back on, but they do not have to. 4470 4471** Tool bar support. 4472 4473Emacs supports a tool bar at the top of a frame under X. The frame 4474parameter `tool-bar-lines' (X resource "toolBar", class "ToolBar") 4475controls how may lines to reserve for the tool bar. A zero value 4476suppresses the tool bar. If the value is non-zero and 4477`auto-resize-tool-bars' is non-nil the tool bar's size will be changed 4478automatically so that all tool bar items are visible. 4479 4480*** Tool bar item definitions 4481 4482Tool bar items are defined using `define-key' with a prefix-key 4483`tool-bar'. For example `(define-key global-map [tool-bar item1] ITEM)' 4484where ITEM is a list `(menu-item CAPTION BINDING PROPS...)'. 4485 4486CAPTION is the caption of the item, If it's not a string, it is 4487evaluated to get a string. The caption is currently not displayed in 4488the tool bar, but it is displayed if the item doesn't have a `:help' 4489property (see below). 4490 4491BINDING is the tool bar item's binding. Tool bar items with keymaps as 4492binding are currently ignored. 4493 4494The following properties are recognized: 4495 4496`:enable FORM'. 4497 4498FORM is evaluated and specifies whether the tool bar item is enabled 4499or disabled. 4500 4501`:visible FORM' 4502 4503FORM is evaluated and specifies whether the tool bar item is displayed. 4504 4505`:filter FUNCTION' 4506 4507FUNCTION is called with one parameter, the same list BINDING in which 4508FUNCTION is specified as the filter. The value FUNCTION returns is 4509used instead of BINDING to display this item. 4510 4511`:button (TYPE SELECTED)' 4512 4513TYPE must be one of `:radio' or `:toggle'. SELECTED is evaluated 4514and specifies whether the button is selected (pressed) or not. 4515 4516`:image IMAGES' 4517 4518IMAGES is either a single image specification or a vector of four 4519image specifications. If it is a vector, this table lists the 4520meaning of each of the four elements: 4521 4522 Index Use when item is 4523 ---------------------------------------- 4524 0 enabled and selected 4525 1 enabled and deselected 4526 2 disabled and selected 4527 3 disabled and deselected 4528 4529If IMAGE is a single image specification, a Laplace edge-detection 4530algorithm is used on that image to draw the image in disabled state. 4531 4532`:help HELP-STRING'. 4533 4534Gives a help string to display for the tool bar item. This help 4535is displayed when the mouse is moved over the item. 4536 4537The function `toolbar-add-item' is a convenience function for adding 4538toolbar items generally, and `tool-bar-add-item-from-menu' can be used 4539to define a toolbar item with a binding copied from an item on the 4540menu bar. 4541 4542The default bindings use a menu-item :filter to derive the tool-bar 4543dynamically from variable `tool-bar-map' which may be set 4544buffer-locally to override the global map. 4545 4546*** Tool-bar-related variables. 4547 4548If `auto-resize-tool-bar' is non-nil, the tool bar will automatically 4549resize to show all defined tool bar items. It will never grow larger 4550than 1/4 of the frame's size. 4551 4552If `auto-raise-tool-bar-buttons' is non-nil, tool bar buttons will be 4553raised when the mouse moves over them. 4554 4555You can add extra space between tool bar items by setting 4556`tool-bar-button-margin' to a positive integer specifying a number of 4557pixels, or a pair of integers (X . Y) specifying horizontal and 4558vertical margins . Default is 1. 4559 4560You can change the shadow thickness of tool bar buttons by setting 4561`tool-bar-button-relief' to an integer. Default is 3. 4562 4563*** Tool-bar clicks with modifiers. 4564 4565You can bind commands to clicks with control, shift, meta etc. on 4566a tool bar item. If 4567 4568 (define-key global-map [tool-bar shell] 4569 '(menu-item "Shell" shell 4570 :image (image :type xpm :file "shell.xpm"))) 4571 4572is the original tool bar item definition, then 4573 4574 (define-key global-map [tool-bar S-shell] 'some-command) 4575 4576makes a binding to run `some-command' for a shifted click on the same 4577item. 4578 4579** Mode line changes. 4580 4581*** Mouse-sensitive mode line. 4582 4583The mode line can be made mouse-sensitive by displaying strings there 4584that have a `local-map' text property. There are three ways to display 4585a string with a `local-map' property in the mode line. 4586 45871. The mode line spec contains a variable whose string value has 4588a `local-map' text property. 4589 45902. The mode line spec contains a format specifier (e.g. `%12b'), and 4591that format specifier has a `local-map' property. 4592 45933. The mode line spec contains a list containing `:eval FORM'. FORM 4594is evaluated. If the result is a string, and that string has a 4595`local-map' property. 4596 4597The same mechanism is used to determine the `face' and `help-echo' 4598properties of strings in the mode line. See `bindings.el' for an 4599example. 4600 4601*** If a mode line element has the form `(:eval FORM)', FORM is 4602evaluated and the result is used as mode line element. 4603 4604*** You can suppress mode-line display by setting the buffer-local 4605variable mode-line-format to nil. 4606 4607*** A headerline can now be displayed at the top of a window. 4608 4609This mode line's contents are controlled by the new variable 4610`header-line-format' and `default-header-line-format' which are 4611completely analogous to `mode-line-format' and 4612`default-mode-line-format'. A value of nil means don't display a top 4613line. 4614 4615The appearance of top mode lines is controlled by the face 4616`header-line'. 4617 4618The function `coordinates-in-window-p' returns `header-line' for a 4619position in the header-line. 4620 4621** Text property `display' 4622 4623The `display' text property is used to insert images into text, 4624replace text with other text, display text in marginal area, and it is 4625also used to control other aspects of how text displays. The value of 4626the `display' property should be a display specification, as described 4627below, or a list or vector containing display specifications. 4628 4629*** Replacing text, displaying text in marginal areas 4630 4631To replace the text having the `display' property with some other 4632text, use a display specification of the form `(LOCATION STRING)'. 4633 4634If LOCATION is `(margin left-margin)', STRING is displayed in the left 4635marginal area, if it is `(margin right-margin)', it is displayed in 4636the right marginal area, and if LOCATION is `(margin nil)' STRING 4637is displayed in the text. In the latter case you can also use the 4638simpler form STRING as property value. 4639 4640*** Variable width and height spaces 4641 4642To display a space of fractional width or height, use a display 4643specification of the form `(LOCATION STRECH)'. If LOCATION is 4644`(margin left-margin)', the space is displayed in the left marginal 4645area, if it is `(margin right-margin)', it is displayed in the right 4646marginal area, and if LOCATION is `(margin nil)' the space is 4647displayed in the text. In the latter case you can also use the 4648simpler form STRETCH as property value. 4649 4650The stretch specification STRETCH itself is a list of the form `(space 4651PROPS)', where PROPS is a property list which can contain the 4652properties described below. 4653 4654The display of the fractional space replaces the display of the 4655characters having the `display' property. 4656 4657- :width WIDTH 4658 4659Specifies that the space width should be WIDTH times the normal 4660character width. WIDTH can be an integer or floating point number. 4661 4662- :relative-width FACTOR 4663 4664Specifies that the width of the stretch should be computed from the 4665first character in a group of consecutive characters that have the 4666same `display' property. The computation is done by multiplying the 4667width of that character by FACTOR. 4668 4669- :align-to HPOS 4670 4671Specifies that the space should be wide enough to reach HPOS. The 4672value HPOS is measured in units of the normal character width. 4673 4674Exactly one of the above properties should be used. 4675 4676- :height HEIGHT 4677 4678Specifies the height of the space, as HEIGHT, measured in terms of the 4679normal line height. 4680 4681- :relative-height FACTOR 4682 4683The height of the space is computed as the product of the height 4684of the text having the `display' property and FACTOR. 4685 4686- :ascent ASCENT 4687 4688Specifies that ASCENT percent of the height of the stretch should be 4689used for the ascent of the stretch, i.e. for the part above the 4690baseline. The value of ASCENT must be a non-negative number less or 4691equal to 100. 4692 4693You should not use both `:height' and `:relative-height' together. 4694 4695*** Images 4696 4697A display specification for an image has the form `(LOCATION 4698. IMAGE)', where IMAGE is an image specification. The image replaces, 4699in the display, the characters having this display specification in 4700their `display' text property. If LOCATION is `(margin left-margin)', 4701the image will be displayed in the left marginal area, if it is 4702`(margin right-margin)' it will be displayed in the right marginal 4703area, and if LOCATION is `(margin nil)' the image will be displayed in 4704the text. In the latter case you can also use the simpler form IMAGE 4705as display specification. 4706 4707*** Other display properties 4708 4709- (space-width FACTOR) 4710 4711Specifies that space characters in the text having that property 4712should be displayed FACTOR times as wide as normal; FACTOR must be an 4713integer or float. 4714 4715- (height HEIGHT) 4716 4717Display text having this property in a font that is smaller or larger. 4718 4719If HEIGHT is a list of the form `(+ N)', where N is an integer, that 4720means to use a font that is N steps larger. If HEIGHT is a list of 4721the form `(- N)', that means to use a font that is N steps smaller. A 4722``step'' is defined by the set of available fonts; each size for which 4723a font is available counts as a step. 4724 4725If HEIGHT is a number, that means to use a font that is HEIGHT times 4726as tall as the frame's default font. 4727 4728If HEIGHT is a symbol, it is called as a function with the current 4729height as argument. The function should return the new height to use. 4730 4731Otherwise, HEIGHT is evaluated to get the new height, with the symbol 4732`height' bound to the current specified font height. 4733 4734- (raise FACTOR) 4735 4736FACTOR must be a number, specifying a multiple of the current 4737font's height. If it is positive, that means to display the characters 4738raised. If it is negative, that means to display them lower down. The 4739amount of raising or lowering is computed without taking account of the 4740`height' subproperty. 4741 4742*** Conditional display properties 4743 4744All display specifications can be conditionalized. If a specification 4745has the form `(when CONDITION . SPEC)', the specification SPEC applies 4746only when CONDITION yields a non-nil value when evaluated. During the 4747evaluation, `object' is bound to the string or buffer having the 4748conditional display property; `position' and `buffer-position' are 4749bound to the position within `object' and the buffer position where 4750the display property was found, respectively. Both positions can be 4751different when object is a string. 4752 4753The normal specification consisting of SPEC only is equivalent to 4754`(when t . SPEC)'. 4755 4756** New menu separator types. 4757 4758Emacs now supports more than one menu separator type. Menu items with 4759item names consisting of dashes only (including zero dashes) are 4760treated like before. In addition, the following item names are used 4761to specify other menu separator types. 4762 4763- `--no-line' or `--space', or `--:space', or `--:noLine' 4764 4765No separator lines are drawn, but a small space is inserted where the 4766separator occurs. 4767 4768- `--single-line' or `--:singleLine' 4769 4770A single line in the menu's foreground color. 4771 4772- `--double-line' or `--:doubleLine' 4773 4774A double line in the menu's foreground color. 4775 4776- `--single-dashed-line' or `--:singleDashedLine' 4777 4778A single dashed line in the menu's foreground color. 4779 4780- `--double-dashed-line' or `--:doubleDashedLine' 4781 4782A double dashed line in the menu's foreground color. 4783 4784- `--shadow-etched-in' or `--:shadowEtchedIn' 4785 4786A single line with 3D sunken appearance. This is the form 4787displayed for item names consisting of dashes only. 4788 4789- `--shadow-etched-out' or `--:shadowEtchedOut' 4790 4791A single line with 3D raised appearance. 4792 4793- `--shadow-etched-in-dash' or `--:shadowEtchedInDash' 4794 4795A single dashed line with 3D sunken appearance. 4796 4797- `--shadow-etched-out-dash' or `--:shadowEtchedOutDash' 4798 4799A single dashed line with 3D raise appearance. 4800 4801- `--shadow-double-etched-in' or `--:shadowDoubleEtchedIn' 4802 4803Two lines with 3D sunken appearance. 4804 4805- `--shadow-double-etched-out' or `--:shadowDoubleEtchedOut' 4806 4807Two lines with 3D raised appearance. 4808 4809- `--shadow-double-etched-in-dash' or `--:shadowDoubleEtchedInDash' 4810 4811Two dashed lines with 3D sunken appearance. 4812 4813- `--shadow-double-etched-out-dash' or `--:shadowDoubleEtchedOutDash' 4814 4815Two dashed lines with 3D raised appearance. 4816 4817Under LessTif/Motif, the last four separator types are displayed like 4818the corresponding single-line separators. 4819 4820** New frame parameters for scroll bar colors. 4821 4822The new frame parameters `scroll-bar-foreground' and 4823`scroll-bar-background' can be used to change scroll bar colors. 4824Their value must be either a color name, a string, or nil to specify 4825that scroll bars should use a default color. For toolkit scroll bars, 4826default colors are toolkit specific. For non-toolkit scroll bars, the 4827default background is the background color of the frame, and the 4828default foreground is black. 4829 4830The X resource name of these parameters are `scrollBarForeground' 4831(class ScrollBarForeground) and `scrollBarBackground' (class 4832`ScrollBarBackground'). 4833 4834Setting these parameters overrides toolkit specific X resource 4835settings for scroll bar colors. 4836 4837** You can set `redisplay-dont-pause' to a non-nil value to prevent 4838display updates from being interrupted when input is pending. 4839 4840** Changing a window's width may now change its window start if it 4841starts on a continuation line. The new window start is computed based 4842on the window's new width, starting from the start of the continued 4843line as the start of the screen line with the minimum distance from 4844the original window start. 4845 4846** The variable `hscroll-step' and the functions 4847`hscroll-point-visible' and `hscroll-window-column' have been removed 4848now that proper horizontal scrolling is implemented. 4849 4850** Windows can now be made fixed-width and/or fixed-height. 4851 4852A window is fixed-size if its buffer has a buffer-local variable 4853`window-size-fixed' whose value is not nil. A value of `height' makes 4854windows fixed-height, a value of `width' makes them fixed-width, any 4855other non-nil value makes them both fixed-width and fixed-height. 4856 4857The following code makes all windows displaying the current buffer 4858fixed-width and fixed-height. 4859 4860 (set (make-local-variable 'window-size-fixed) t) 4861 4862A call to enlarge-window on a window gives an error if that window is 4863fixed-width and it is tried to change the window's width, or if the 4864window is fixed-height, and it is tried to change its height. To 4865change the size of a fixed-size window, bind `window-size-fixed' 4866temporarily to nil, for example 4867 4868 (let ((window-size-fixed nil)) 4869 (enlarge-window 10)) 4870 4871Likewise, an attempt to split a fixed-height window vertically, 4872or a fixed-width window horizontally results in a error. 4873 4874** The cursor-type frame parameter is now supported on MS-DOS 4875terminals. When Emacs starts, it by default changes the cursor shape 4876to a solid box, as it does on Unix. The `cursor-type' frame parameter 4877overrides this as it does on Unix, except that the bar cursor is 4878horizontal rather than vertical (since the MS-DOS display doesn't 4879support a vertical-bar cursor). 4880 4881 4882 4883---------------------------------------------------------------------- 4884This file is part of GNU Emacs. 4885 4886GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify 4887it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 4888the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) 4889any later version. 4890 4891GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 4892but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 4893MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 4894GNU General Public License for more details. 4895 4896You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 4897along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the 4898Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, 4899Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. 4900 4901 4902Local variables: 4903mode: outline 4904paragraph-separate: "[ ]*$" 4905end: 4906