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3  Appendices
4</th><td width="20%" align="right">��<a accesskey="n" href="../bk02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="appendix.gfdl-1.3"></a>GNU Free Documentation License</h1></div></div></div><p>Version 1.3, 3 November 2008</p><p>
5    Copyright �� 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008
6    <a class="link" href="http://www.fsf.org/" target="_top">Free Software Foundation, Inc.</a>
7  </p><p>
8    Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
9    license document, but changing it is not allowed.
10  </p><h3><a id="fdl-1-section0"></a>
11    0. PREAMBLE
12  </h3><p>
13    The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
14    functional and useful document ���free��� in the sense of freedom:
15    to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with
16    or without modifying it, either commercially or
17    noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and
18    publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered
19    responsible for modifications made by others.
20  </p><p>
21    This License is a kind of ���copyleft���, which means that
22    derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same
23    sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
24    license designed for free software.
25  </p><p>
26    We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
27    software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program
28    should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software
29    does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used
30    for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is
31    published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for
32    works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
33  </p><h3><a id="fdl-1-section1"></a>
34    1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
35  </h3><p>
36    This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
37    contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
38    distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
39    world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work
40    under the conditions stated herein. The ���Document���, below,
41    refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee,
42    and is addressed as ���you���. You accept the license if you copy,
43    modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under
44    copyright law.
45  </p><p>
46    A ���Modified Version��� of the Document means any work containing
47    the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
48    modifications and/or translated into another language.
49  </p><p>
50    A ���Secondary Section��� is a named appendix or a front-matter
51    section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of
52    the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document���s overall
53    subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
54    directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a
55    textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
56    mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection
57    with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial,
58    philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
59  </p><p>
60    The ���Invariant Sections��� are certain Secondary Sections whose
61    titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
62    that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section
63    does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to
64    be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant
65    Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then
66    there are none.
67  </p><p>
68    The ���Cover Texts��� are certain short passages of text that are
69    listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says
70    that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
71    be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
72  </p><p>
73    A ���Transparent��� copy of the Document means a machine-readable
74    copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the
75    general public, that is suitable for revising the document
76    straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
77    pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
78    drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for
79    automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text
80    formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose
81    markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage
82    subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is
83    not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is
84    not ���Transparent��� is called ���Opaque���.
85  </p><p>
86    Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII
87    without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML
88    using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML,
89    PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent
90    image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary
91    formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors,
92    SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
93    available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by
94    some word processors for output purposes only.
95  </p><p>
96    The ���Title Page��� means, for a printed book, the title page
97    itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
98    material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
99    formats which do not have any title page as such, ���Title Page���
100    means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work���s
101    title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
102  </p><p>
103    The ���publisher��� means any person or entity that distributes
104    copies of the Document to the public.
105  </p><p>
106    A section ���Entitled XYZ��� means a named subunit of the Document
107    whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
108    following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands
109    for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
110    ���Acknowledgements���, ���Dedications���,
111    ���Endorsements���, or ���History���.) To ���Preserve
112    the Title��� of such a section when you modify the Document means that
113    it remains a section ���Entitled XYZ��� according to this
114    definition.
115  </p><p>
116    The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
117    states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
118    Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License,
119    but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that
120    these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the
121    meaning of this License.
122  </p><h3><a id="fdl-1-section2"></a>
123    2. VERBATIM COPYING
124  </h3><p>
125    You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
126    commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright
127    notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the
128    Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
129    conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical
130    measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the
131    copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in
132    exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you
133    must also follow the conditions in section 3.
134  </p><p>
135    You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you
136    may publicly display copies.
137  </p><h3><a id="fdl-1-section3"></a>
138    3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
139  </h3><p>
140    If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
141    printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
142    Document���s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose
143    the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
144    Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the
145    back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the
146    publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title
147    with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add
148    other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to
149    the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy
150    these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
151  </p><p>
152    If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly,
153    you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the
154    actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
155  </p><p>
156    If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more
157    than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy
158    along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a
159    computer-network location from which the general network-using public has
160    access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete
161    Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the
162    latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
163    distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent
164    copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
165    year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
166    through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
167  </p><p>
168    It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
169    Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
170    them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
171  </p><h3><a id="fdl-1-section4"></a>
172    4. MODIFICATIONS
173  </h3><p>
174    You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the
175    conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the
176    Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version
177    filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and
178    modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In
179    addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
180  </p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="A"><li class="listitem">
181        Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
182        from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which
183        should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the
184        Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the
185        original publisher of that version gives permission.
186      </li><li class="listitem">
187        List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
188        responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
189        Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
190        Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
191        unless they release you from this requirement.
192      </li><li class="listitem">
193        State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified
194        Version, as the publisher.
195      </li><li class="listitem">
196        Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
197      </li><li class="listitem">
198        Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to
199        the other copyright notices.
200      </li><li class="listitem">
201        Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
202        giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
203        terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
204      </li><li class="listitem">
205        Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
206        and required Cover Texts given in the Document���s license
207        notice.
208      </li><li class="listitem">
209        Include an unaltered copy of this License.
210      </li><li class="listitem">
211        Preserve the section Entitled ���History���, Preserve its
212        Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
213        authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title
214        Page. If there is no section Entitled ���History��� in the
215        Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher
216        of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item
217        describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
218      </li><li class="listitem">
219        Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
220        public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the
221        network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was
222        based on.  These may be placed in the ���History���
223        section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published
224        at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
225        publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
226      </li><li class="listitem">
227        For any section Entitled ���Acknowledgements��� or
228        ���Dedications���, Preserve the Title of the section, and
229        preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the
230        contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
231      </li><li class="listitem">
232        Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in
233        their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are
234        not considered part of the section titles.
235      </li><li class="listitem">
236        Delete any section Entitled ���Endorsements���. Such a section
237        may not be included in the Modified Version.
238      </li><li class="listitem">
239        Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
240        ���Endorsements��� or to conflict in title with any Invariant
241        Section.
242      </li><li class="listitem">
243        Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
244      </li></ol></div><p>
245    If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices
246    that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the
247    Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections
248    as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant
249    Sections in the Modified Version���s license notice. These titles
250    must be distinct from any other section titles.
251  </p><p>
252    You may add a section Entitled ���Endorsements���, provided it
253    contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
254    parties ��� for example, statements of peer review or that the text
255    has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
256    standard.
257  </p><p>
258    You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
259    passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of
260    Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text
261    and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made
262    by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the
263    same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same
264    entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
265    replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher
266    that added the old one.
267  </p><p>
268    The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give
269    permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply
270    endorsement of any Modified Version.
271  </p><h3><a id="fdl-1-section5"></a>
272    5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
273  </h3><p>
274    You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
275    License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions,
276    provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections
277    of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as
278    Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that
279    you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
280  </p><p>
281    The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple
282    identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there
283    are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents,
284    make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in
285    parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section
286    if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section
287    titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
288    combined work.
289  </p><p>
290    In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
291    ���History��� in the various original documents, forming one
292    section Entitled ���History���; likewise combine any sections
293    Entitled ���Acknowledgements���, and any sections Entitled
294    ���Dedications���. You must delete all sections Entitled
295    ���Endorsements���.
296  </p><h3><a id="fdl-1-section6"></a>
297    6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
298  </h3><p>
299    You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
300    released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
301    License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
302    the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
303    verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
304  </p><p>
305    You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
306    it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
307    License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other
308    respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
309  </p><h3><a id="fdl-1-section7"></a>
310    7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
311  </h3><p>
312    A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and
313    independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
314    distribution medium, is called an ���aggregate��� if the copyright
315    resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of
316    the compilation���s users beyond what the individual works
317    permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does
318    not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
319    derivative works of the Document.
320  </p><p>
321    If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies
322    of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire
323    aggregate, the Document���s Cover Texts may be placed on covers that
324    bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of
325    covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear
326    on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
327  </p><h3><a id="fdl-1-section8"></a>
328    8. TRANSLATION
329  </h3><p>
330    Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute
331    translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing
332    Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from
333    their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all
334    Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant
335    Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the
336    license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided
337    that you also include the original English version of this License and the
338    original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
339    disagreement between the translation and the original version of this
340    License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
341  </p><p>
342    If a section in the Document is Entitled ���Acknowledgements���,
343    ���Dedications���, or ���History���, the requirement
344    (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require
345    changing the actual title.
346  </p><h3><a id="fdl-1-section9"></a>
347    9. TERMINATION
348  </h3><p>
349    You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as
350    expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy,
351    modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically
352    terminate your rights under this License.
353  </p><p>
354    However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
355    from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless
356    and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your
357    license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you
358    of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the
359    cessation.
360  </p><p>
361    Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated
362    permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some
363    reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of
364    violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and
365    you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
366  </p><p>
367    Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
368    licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this
369    License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
370    reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not
371    give you any rights to use it.
372  </p><h3><a id="fdl-1-section10"></a>
373    10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
374  </h3><p>
375    The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU
376    Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be
377    similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
378    address new problems or concerns. See
379    <a class="link" href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/" target="_top">Copyleft</a>.
380  </p><p>
381    Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If
382    the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License
383    ���or any later version��� applies to it, you have the option of
384    following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of
385    any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free
386    Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of
387    this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft)
388    by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy
389    can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
390    proxy���s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
391    authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
392  </p><h3><a id="fdl-1-section11"></a>
393    11. RELICENSING
394  </h3><p>
395    ���Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site��� (or ���MMC
396    Site���) means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable
397    works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those
398    works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a
399    server. A ���Massive Multiauthor Collaboration��� (or
400    ���MMC���) contained in the site means any set of copyrightable
401    works thus published on the MMC site.
402  </p><p>
403    ���CC-BY-SA��� means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike
404    3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
405    corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
406    California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published
407    by that same organization.
408  </p><p>
409    ���Incorporate��� means to publish or republish a Document, in
410    whole or in part, as part of another Document.
411  </p><p>
412    An MMC is ���eligible for relicensing��� if it is licensed under
413    this License, and if all works that were first published under this
414    License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in
415    whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant
416    sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
417  </p><p>
418    The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
419    under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
420    provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
421  </p><h3><a id="fdl-1-addendum"></a>
422    ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
423  </h3><p>
424    To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the
425    License in the document and put the following copyright and license
426    notices just after the title page:
427  </p><pre class="screen">Copyright �� YEAR YOUR NAME
428
429Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the
430terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version
431published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no
432Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in
433the section entitled ���GNU Free Documentation License���.</pre><p>
434    If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
435    replace the ���with��� Texts.��� line with this:
436  </p><pre class="screen">with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts
437being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.</pre><p>
438    If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
439    combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
440    situation.
441  </p><p>
442    If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
443    recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
444    software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their
445    use in free software.
446  </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_gpl.html">Prev</a>��</td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="appendix.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right">��<a accesskey="n" href="../bk02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Appendix��D.��
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