1/*- 2 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause 3 * 4 * Copyright (c) 2005-2008 David Schultz <das@FreeBSD.ORG> 5 * All rights reserved. 6 * 7 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 8 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 9 * are met: 10 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 11 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 12 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 13 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 14 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 15 * 16 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 17 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 18 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 19 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 20 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 21 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 22 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 23 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 24 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 25 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 26 * SUCH DAMAGE. 27 */ 28 29#include <float.h> 30#include <stdint.h> 31 32#ifdef __i386__ 33#include <ieeefp.h> 34#endif 35 36#include "fpmath.h" 37#include "math.h" 38#include "math_private.h" 39 40#define TBLBITS 7 41#define TBLSIZE (1 << TBLBITS) 42 43#define BIAS (LDBL_MAX_EXP - 1) 44 45static volatile long double 46 huge = 0x1p10000L, 47 twom10000 = 0x1p-10000L; 48 49static const union IEEEl2bits 50P1 = LD80C(0xb17217f7d1cf79ac, -1, 6.93147180559945309429e-1L); 51 52static const double 53redux = 0x1.8p63 / TBLSIZE, 54/* 55 * Domain [-0.00390625, 0.00390625], range ~[-1.7079e-23, 1.7079e-23] 56 * |exp(x) - p(x)| < 2**-75.6 57 */ 58P2 = 2.4022650695910072e-1, /* 0x1ebfbdff82c58f.0p-55 */ 59P3 = 5.5504108664816879e-2, /* 0x1c6b08d7049e1a.0p-57 */ 60P4 = 9.6181291055695180e-3, /* 0x13b2ab6fa8321a.0p-59 */ 61P5 = 1.3333563089183052e-3, /* 0x15d8806f67f251.0p-62 */ 62P6 = 1.5413361552277414e-4; /* 0x1433ddacff3441.0p-65 */ 63 64static const double tbl[TBLSIZE * 2] = { 65 0x1.6a09e667f3bcdp-1, -0x1.bdd3413b2648p-55, 66 0x1.6c012750bdabfp-1, -0x1.2895667ff0cp-57, 67 0x1.6dfb23c651a2fp-1, -0x1.bbe3a683c88p-58, 68 0x1.6ff7df9519484p-1, -0x1.83c0f25860fp-56, 69 0x1.71f75e8ec5f74p-1, -0x1.16e4786887bp-56, 70 0x1.73f9a48a58174p-1, -0x1.0a8d96c65d5p-55, 71 0x1.75feb564267c9p-1, -0x1.0245957316ep-55, 72 0x1.780694fde5d3fp-1, 0x1.866b80a0216p-55, 73 0x1.7a11473eb0187p-1, -0x1.41577ee0499p-56, 74 0x1.7c1ed0130c132p-1, 0x1.f124cd1164ep-55, 75 0x1.7e2f336cf4e62p-1, 0x1.05d02ba157ap-57, 76 0x1.80427543e1a12p-1, -0x1.27c86626d97p-55, 77 0x1.82589994cce13p-1, -0x1.d4c1dd41533p-55, 78 0x1.8471a4623c7adp-1, -0x1.8d684a341cep-56, 79 0x1.868d99b4492edp-1, -0x1.fc6f89bd4f68p-55, 80 0x1.88ac7d98a6699p-1, 0x1.994c2f37cb5p-55, 81 0x1.8ace5422aa0dbp-1, 0x1.6e9f156864bp-55, 82 0x1.8cf3216b5448cp-1, -0x1.0d55e32e9e4p-57, 83 0x1.8f1ae99157736p-1, 0x1.5cc13a2e397p-56, 84 0x1.9145b0b91ffc6p-1, -0x1.dd6792e5825p-55, 85 0x1.93737b0cdc5e5p-1, -0x1.75fc781b58p-58, 86 0x1.95a44cbc8520fp-1, -0x1.64b7c96a5fp-57, 87 0x1.97d829fde4e5p-1, -0x1.d185b7c1b86p-55, 88 0x1.9a0f170ca07bap-1, -0x1.173bd91cee6p-55, 89 0x1.9c49182a3f09p-1, 0x1.c7c46b071f2p-57, 90 0x1.9e86319e32323p-1, 0x1.824ca78e64cp-57, 91 0x1.a0c667b5de565p-1, -0x1.359495d1cd5p-55, 92 0x1.a309bec4a2d33p-1, 0x1.6305c7ddc368p-55, 93 0x1.a5503b23e255dp-1, -0x1.d2f6edb8d42p-55, 94 0x1.a799e1330b358p-1, 0x1.bcb7ecac564p-55, 95 0x1.a9e6b5579fdbfp-1, 0x1.0fac90ef7fdp-55, 96 0x1.ac36bbfd3f37ap-1, -0x1.f9234cae76dp-56, 97 0x1.ae89f995ad3adp-1, 0x1.7a1cd345dcc8p-55, 98 0x1.b0e07298db666p-1, -0x1.bdef54c80e4p-55, 99 0x1.b33a2b84f15fbp-1, -0x1.2805e3084d8p-58, 100 0x1.b59728de5593ap-1, -0x1.c71dfbbba6ep-55, 101 0x1.b7f76f2fb5e47p-1, -0x1.5584f7e54acp-57, 102 0x1.ba5b030a1064ap-1, -0x1.efcd30e5429p-55, 103 0x1.bcc1e904bc1d2p-1, 0x1.23dd07a2d9fp-56, 104 0x1.bf2c25bd71e09p-1, -0x1.efdca3f6b9c8p-55, 105 0x1.c199bdd85529cp-1, 0x1.11065895049p-56, 106 0x1.c40ab5fffd07ap-1, 0x1.b4537e083c6p-55, 107 0x1.c67f12e57d14bp-1, 0x1.2884dff483c8p-55, 108 0x1.c8f6d9406e7b5p-1, 0x1.1acbc48805cp-57, 109 0x1.cb720dcef9069p-1, 0x1.503cbd1e94ap-57, 110 0x1.cdf0b555dc3fap-1, -0x1.dd83b53829dp-56, 111 0x1.d072d4a07897cp-1, -0x1.cbc3743797a8p-55, 112 0x1.d2f87080d89f2p-1, -0x1.d487b719d858p-55, 113 0x1.d5818dcfba487p-1, 0x1.2ed02d75b37p-56, 114 0x1.d80e316c98398p-1, -0x1.11ec18bedep-55, 115 0x1.da9e603db3285p-1, 0x1.c2300696db5p-55, 116 0x1.dd321f301b46p-1, 0x1.2da5778f019p-55, 117 0x1.dfc97337b9b5fp-1, -0x1.1a5cd4f184b8p-55, 118 0x1.e264614f5a129p-1, -0x1.7b627817a148p-55, 119 0x1.e502ee78b3ff6p-1, 0x1.39e8980a9cdp-56, 120 0x1.e7a51fbc74c83p-1, 0x1.2d522ca0c8ep-55, 121 0x1.ea4afa2a490dap-1, -0x1.e9c23179c288p-55, 122 0x1.ecf482d8e67f1p-1, -0x1.c93f3b411ad8p-55, 123 0x1.efa1bee615a27p-1, 0x1.dc7f486a4b68p-55, 124 0x1.f252b376bba97p-1, 0x1.3a1a5bf0d8e8p-55, 125 0x1.f50765b6e454p-1, 0x1.9d3e12dd8a18p-55, 126 0x1.f7bfdad9cbe14p-1, -0x1.dbb12d00635p-55, 127 0x1.fa7c1819e90d8p-1, 0x1.74853f3a593p-56, 128 0x1.fd3c22b8f71f1p-1, 0x1.2eb74966578p-58, 129 0x1p+0, 0x0p+0, 130 0x1.0163da9fb3335p+0, 0x1.b61299ab8cd8p-54, 131 0x1.02c9a3e778061p+0, -0x1.19083535b08p-56, 132 0x1.04315e86e7f85p+0, -0x1.0a31c1977c98p-54, 133 0x1.059b0d3158574p+0, 0x1.d73e2a475b4p-55, 134 0x1.0706b29ddf6dep+0, -0x1.c91dfe2b13cp-55, 135 0x1.0874518759bc8p+0, 0x1.186be4bb284p-57, 136 0x1.09e3ecac6f383p+0, 0x1.14878183161p-54, 137 0x1.0b5586cf9890fp+0, 0x1.8a62e4adc61p-54, 138 0x1.0cc922b7247f7p+0, 0x1.01edc16e24f8p-54, 139 0x1.0e3ec32d3d1a2p+0, 0x1.03a1727c58p-59, 140 0x1.0fb66affed31bp+0, -0x1.b9bedc44ebcp-57, 141 0x1.11301d0125b51p+0, -0x1.6c51039449bp-54, 142 0x1.12abdc06c31ccp+0, -0x1.1b514b36ca8p-58, 143 0x1.1429aaea92dep+0, -0x1.32fbf9af1368p-54, 144 0x1.15a98c8a58e51p+0, 0x1.2406ab9eeabp-55, 145 0x1.172b83c7d517bp+0, -0x1.19041b9d78ap-55, 146 0x1.18af9388c8deap+0, -0x1.11023d1970f8p-54, 147 0x1.1a35beb6fcb75p+0, 0x1.e5b4c7b4969p-55, 148 0x1.1bbe084045cd4p+0, -0x1.95386352ef6p-54, 149 0x1.1d4873168b9aap+0, 0x1.e016e00a264p-54, 150 0x1.1ed5022fcd91dp+0, -0x1.1df98027bb78p-54, 151 0x1.2063b88628cd6p+0, 0x1.dc775814a85p-55, 152 0x1.21f49917ddc96p+0, 0x1.2a97e9494a6p-55, 153 0x1.2387a6e756238p+0, 0x1.9b07eb6c7058p-54, 154 0x1.251ce4fb2a63fp+0, 0x1.ac155bef4f5p-55, 155 0x1.26b4565e27cddp+0, 0x1.2bd339940eap-55, 156 0x1.284dfe1f56381p+0, -0x1.a4c3a8c3f0d8p-54, 157 0x1.29e9df51fdee1p+0, 0x1.612e8afad12p-55, 158 0x1.2b87fd0dad99p+0, -0x1.10adcd6382p-59, 159 0x1.2d285a6e4030bp+0, 0x1.0024754db42p-54, 160 0x1.2ecafa93e2f56p+0, 0x1.1ca0f45d524p-56, 161 0x1.306fe0a31b715p+0, 0x1.6f46ad23183p-55, 162 0x1.32170fc4cd831p+0, 0x1.a9ce78e1804p-55, 163 0x1.33c08b26416ffp+0, 0x1.327218436598p-54, 164 0x1.356c55f929ff1p+0, -0x1.b5cee5c4e46p-55, 165 0x1.371a7373aa9cbp+0, -0x1.63aeabf42ebp-54, 166 0x1.38cae6d05d866p+0, -0x1.e958d3c99048p-54, 167 0x1.3a7db34e59ff7p+0, -0x1.5e436d661f6p-56, 168 0x1.3c32dc313a8e5p+0, -0x1.efff8375d2ap-54, 169 0x1.3dea64c123422p+0, 0x1.ada0911f09fp-55, 170 0x1.3fa4504ac801cp+0, -0x1.7d023f956fap-54, 171 0x1.4160a21f72e2ap+0, -0x1.ef3691c309p-58, 172 0x1.431f5d950a897p+0, -0x1.1c7dde35f7ap-55, 173 0x1.44e086061892dp+0, 0x1.89b7a04ef8p-59, 174 0x1.46a41ed1d0057p+0, 0x1.c944bd1648a8p-54, 175 0x1.486a2b5c13cdp+0, 0x1.3c1a3b69062p-56, 176 0x1.4a32af0d7d3dep+0, 0x1.9cb62f3d1be8p-54, 177 0x1.4bfdad5362a27p+0, 0x1.d4397afec42p-56, 178 0x1.4dcb299fddd0dp+0, 0x1.8ecdbbc6a78p-54, 179 0x1.4f9b2769d2ca7p+0, -0x1.4b309d25958p-54, 180 0x1.516daa2cf6642p+0, -0x1.f768569bd94p-55, 181 0x1.5342b569d4f82p+0, -0x1.07abe1db13dp-55, 182 0x1.551a4ca5d920fp+0, -0x1.d689cefede6p-55, 183 0x1.56f4736b527dap+0, 0x1.9bb2c011d938p-54, 184 0x1.58d12d497c7fdp+0, 0x1.295e15b9a1ep-55, 185 0x1.5ab07dd485429p+0, 0x1.6324c0546478p-54, 186 0x1.5c9268a5946b7p+0, 0x1.c4b1b81698p-60, 187 0x1.5e76f15ad2148p+0, 0x1.ba6f93080e68p-54, 188 0x1.605e1b976dc09p+0, -0x1.3e2429b56de8p-54, 189 0x1.6247eb03a5585p+0, -0x1.383c17e40b48p-54, 190 0x1.6434634ccc32p+0, -0x1.c483c759d89p-55, 191 0x1.6623882552225p+0, -0x1.bb60987591cp-54, 192 0x1.68155d44ca973p+0, 0x1.038ae44f74p-57, 193}; 194 195/** 196 * Compute the base 2 exponential of x for Intel 80-bit format. 197 * 198 * Accuracy: Peak error < 0.511 ulp. 199 * 200 * Method: (equally-spaced tables) 201 * 202 * Reduce x: 203 * x = 2**k + y, for integer k and |y| <= 1/2. 204 * Thus we have exp2l(x) = 2**k * exp2(y). 205 * 206 * Reduce y: 207 * y = i/TBLSIZE + z for integer i near y * TBLSIZE. 208 * Thus we have exp2(y) = exp2(i/TBLSIZE) * exp2(z), 209 * with |z| <= 2**-(TBLBITS+1). 210 * 211 * We compute exp2(i/TBLSIZE) via table lookup and exp2(z) via a 212 * degree-6 minimax polynomial with maximum error under 2**-75.6. 213 * The table entries each have 104 bits of accuracy, encoded as 214 * a pair of double precision values. 215 */ 216long double 217exp2l(long double x) 218{ 219 union IEEEl2bits u, v; 220 long double r, twopk, twopkp10000, z; 221 uint32_t hx, ix, i0; 222 int k; 223 224 /* Filter out exceptional cases. */ 225 u.e = x; 226 hx = u.xbits.expsign; 227 ix = hx & 0x7fff; 228 if (ix >= BIAS + 14) { /* |x| >= 16384 or x is NaN */ 229 if (ix == BIAS + LDBL_MAX_EXP) { 230 if (hx & 0x8000 && u.xbits.man == 1ULL << 63) 231 return (0.0L); /* x is -Inf */ 232 return (x + x); /* x is +Inf, NaN or unsupported */ 233 } 234 if (x >= 16384) 235 return (huge * huge); /* overflow */ 236 if (x <= -16446) 237 return (twom10000 * twom10000); /* underflow */ 238 } else if (ix <= BIAS - 66) { /* |x| < 0x1p-65 (includes pseudos) */ 239 return (1.0L + x); /* 1 with inexact */ 240 } 241 242 ENTERI(); 243 244 /* 245 * Reduce x, computing z, i0, and k. The low bits of x + redux 246 * contain the 16-bit integer part of the exponent (k) followed by 247 * TBLBITS fractional bits (i0). We use bit tricks to extract these 248 * as integers, then set z to the remainder. 249 * 250 * Example: Suppose x is 0xabc.123456p0 and TBLBITS is 8. 251 * Then the low-order word of x + redux is 0x000abc12, 252 * We split this into k = 0xabc and i0 = 0x12 (adjusted to 253 * index into the table), then we compute z = 0x0.003456p0. 254 * 255 * XXX If the exponent is negative, the computation of k depends on 256 * '>>' doing sign extension. 257 */ 258 u.e = x + redux; 259 i0 = u.bits.manl + TBLSIZE / 2; 260 k = (int)i0 >> TBLBITS; 261 i0 = (i0 & (TBLSIZE - 1)) << 1; 262 u.e -= redux; 263 z = x - u.e; 264 v.xbits.man = 1ULL << 63; 265 if (k >= LDBL_MIN_EXP) { 266 v.xbits.expsign = BIAS + k; 267 twopk = v.e; 268 } else { 269 v.xbits.expsign = BIAS + k + 10000; 270 twopkp10000 = v.e; 271 } 272 273 /* Compute r = exp2l(y) = exp2lt[i0] * p(z). */ 274 long double t_hi = tbl[i0]; 275 long double t_lo = tbl[i0 + 1]; 276 r = t_lo + (t_hi + t_lo) * z * (P1.e + z * (P2 + z * (P3 + z * (P4 277 + z * (P5 + z * P6))))) + t_hi; 278 279 /* Scale by 2**k. */ 280 if (k >= LDBL_MIN_EXP) { 281 if (k == LDBL_MAX_EXP) 282 RETURNI(r * 2.0 * 0x1p16383L); 283 RETURNI(r * twopk); 284 } else { 285 RETURNI(r * twopkp10000 * twom10000); 286 } 287} 288