ether.c revision 53733 
1/*-
2 * Copyright (c) 1999 Brian Somers <brian@Awfulhak.org>
3 * All rights reserved.
4 *
5 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
6 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
7 * are met:
8 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
9 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
10 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
11 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
12 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
13 *
14 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
15 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
16 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
17 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
18 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
19 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
20 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
21 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
22 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
23 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
24 * SUCH DAMAGE.
25 *
26 * $FreeBSD: head/usr.sbin/ppp/ether.c 53733 1999-11-26 22:44:33Z brian $
27 */
28
29#include <sys/param.h>
30#include <sys/socket.h>
31#include <sys/un.h>
32#include <netinet/in.h>
33#include <arpa/inet.h>
34#include <netdb.h>
35#include <netgraph.h>
36#include <net/ethernet.h>
37#include <netinet/in_systm.h>
38#include <netinet/ip.h>
39#include <netgraph/ng_ether.h>
40#include <netgraph/ng_message.h>
41#include <netgraph/ng_pppoe.h>
42#include <netgraph/ng_socket.h>
43
44#include <errno.h>
45#include <stdio.h>
46#include <stdlib.h>
47#include <string.h>
48#include <sysexits.h>
49#include <sys/fcntl.h>
50#if defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(NOKLDLOAD)
51#include <sys/linker.h>
52#include <sys/module.h>
53#endif
54#include <sys/uio.h>
55#include <termios.h>
56#include <sys/time.h>
57#include <unistd.h>
58
59#include "layer.h"
60#include "defs.h"
61#include "mbuf.h"
62#include "log.h"
63#include "timer.h"
64#include "lqr.h"
65#include "hdlc.h"
66#include "throughput.h"
67#include "fsm.h"
68#include "lcp.h"
69#include "ccp.h"
70#include "link.h"
71#include "async.h"
72#include "descriptor.h"
73#include "physical.h"
74#include "main.h"
75#include "mp.h"
76#include "chat.h"
77#include "auth.h"
78#include "chap.h"
79#include "cbcp.h"
80#include "datalink.h"
81#include "slcompress.h"
82#include "iplist.h"
83#include "ipcp.h"
84#include "filter.h"
85#ifndef NORADIUS
86#include "radius.h"
87#endif
88#include "bundle.h"
89#include "id.h"
90#include "ether.h"
91
92
93#define PPPOE_NODE_TYPE_LEN (sizeof NG_PPPOE_NODE_TYPE - 1) /* "PPPoE" */
94
95struct etherdevice {
96  struct device dev;			/* What struct physical knows about */
97  int cs;				/* Control socket */
98  int connected;			/* Are we connected yet ? */
99  int timeout;				/* Seconds attempting to connect */
100  char hook[sizeof TUN_NAME + 11];	/* Our socket node hook */
101};
102
103#define device2ether(d) \
104  ((d)->type == ETHER_DEVICE ? (struct etherdevice *)d : NULL)
105
106int
107ether_DeviceSize(void)
108{
109  return sizeof(struct etherdevice);
110}
111
112static ssize_t
113ether_Write(struct physical *p, const void *v, size_t n)
114{
115  struct etherdevice *dev = device2ether(p->handler);
116
117  return NgSendData(p->fd, dev->hook, v, n) == -1 ? -1 : n;
118}
119
120static ssize_t
121ether_Read(struct physical *p, void *v, size_t n)
122{
123  char hook[sizeof TUN_NAME + 11];
124
125  return NgRecvData(p->fd, v, n, hook);
126}
127
128static int
129ether_RemoveFromSet(struct physical *p, fd_set *r, fd_set *w, fd_set *e)
130{
131  struct etherdevice *dev = device2ether(p->handler);
132  int result;
133
134  if (r && dev->cs >= 0 && FD_ISSET(dev->cs, r)) {
135    FD_CLR(dev->cs, r);
136    log_Printf(LogTIMER, "%s: fdunset(ctrl) %d\n", p->link.name, dev->cs);
137    result = 1;
138  } else
139    result = 0;
140
141  /* Careful... physical_RemoveFromSet() called us ! */
142
143  p->handler->removefromset = NULL;
144  result += physical_RemoveFromSet(p, r, w, e);
145  p->handler->removefromset = ether_RemoveFromSet;
146
147  return result;
148}
149
150static void
151ether_Free(struct physical *p)
152{
153  struct etherdevice *dev = device2ether(p->handler);
154
155  physical_SetDescriptor(p);
156  if (dev->cs != -1)
157    close(dev->cs);
158  free(dev);
159}
160
161static const char *
162ether_OpenInfo(struct physical *p)
163{
164  struct etherdevice *dev = device2ether(p->handler);
165
166  switch (dev->connected) {
167    case CARRIER_PENDING:
168      return "negotiating";
169    case CARRIER_OK:
170      return "established";
171  }
172
173  return "disconnected";
174}
175
176static void
177ether_device2iov(struct device *d, struct iovec *iov, int *niov,
178                 int maxiov, int *auxfd, int *nauxfd)
179{
180  struct etherdevice *dev = device2ether(d);
181  int sz = physical_MaxDeviceSize();
182
183  iov[*niov].iov_base = realloc(d, sz);
184  if (iov[*niov].iov_base == NULL) {
185    log_Printf(LogALERT, "Failed to allocate memory: %d\n", sz);
186    AbortProgram(EX_OSERR);
187  }
188  iov[*niov].iov_len = sz;
189  (*niov)++;
190
191  if (dev->cs >= 0) {
192    *auxfd = dev->cs;
193    (*nauxfd)++;
194  }
195}
196
197static void
198ether_MessageIn(struct etherdevice *dev)
199{
200  char msgbuf[sizeof(struct ng_mesg) + sizeof(struct ngpppoe_sts)];
201  struct ng_mesg *rep = (struct ng_mesg *)msgbuf;
202  struct ngpppoe_sts *sts = (struct ngpppoe_sts *)(msgbuf + sizeof *rep);
203  char unknown[14];
204  const char *msg;
205  struct timeval t;
206  fd_set r;
207
208  if (dev->cs < 0)
209    return;
210
211  FD_ZERO(&r);
212  FD_SET(dev->cs, &r);
213  t.tv_sec = t.tv_usec = 0;
214  if (select(dev->cs + 1, &r, NULL, NULL, &t) <= 0)
215    return;
216
217  if (NgRecvMsg(dev->cs, rep, sizeof msgbuf, NULL) < 0)
218    return;
219
220  if (rep->header.version != NG_VERSION) {
221    log_Printf(LogWARN, "%ld: Unexpected netgraph version, expected %ld\n",
222               (long)rep->header.version, (long)NG_VERSION);
223    return;
224  }
225
226  if (rep->header.typecookie != NGM_PPPOE_COOKIE) {
227    log_Printf(LogWARN, "%ld: Unexpected netgraph cookie, expected %ld\n",
228               (long)rep->header.typecookie, (long)NGM_PPPOE_COOKIE);
229    return;
230  }
231
232  switch (rep->header.cmd) {
233    case NGM_PPPOE_SET_FLAG:	msg = "SET_FLAG";	break;
234    case NGM_PPPOE_CONNECT:	msg = "CONNECT";	break;
235    case NGM_PPPOE_LISTEN:	msg = "LISTEN";		break;
236    case NGM_PPPOE_OFFER:	msg = "OFFER";		break;
237    case NGM_PPPOE_SUCCESS:	msg = "SUCCESS";	break;
238    case NGM_PPPOE_FAIL:	msg = "FAIL";		break;
239    case NGM_PPPOE_CLOSE:	msg = "CLOSE";		break;
240    case NGM_PPPOE_GET_STATUS:	msg = "GET_STATUS";	break;
241    default:
242      snprintf(unknown, sizeof unknown, "<%d>", (int)rep->header.cmd);
243      msg = unknown;
244      break;
245  }
246
247  log_Printf(LogPHASE, "Received NGM_PPPOE_%s (hook \"%s\")\n", msg, sts->hook);
248
249  switch (rep->header.cmd) {
250    case NGM_PPPOE_SUCCESS:
251      dev->connected = CARRIER_OK;
252      break;
253    case NGM_PPPOE_FAIL:
254    case NGM_PPPOE_CLOSE:
255      dev->connected = CARRIER_LOST;
256      break;
257  }
258}
259
260static int
261ether_AwaitCarrier(struct physical *p)
262{
263  struct etherdevice *dev = device2ether(p->handler);
264
265  if (dev->connected != CARRIER_OK && !dev->timeout--)
266    dev->connected = CARRIER_LOST;
267  else if (dev->connected == CARRIER_PENDING)
268    ether_MessageIn(dev);
269
270  return dev->connected;
271}
272
273static const struct device baseetherdevice = {
274  ETHER_DEVICE,
275  "ether",
276  { CD_REQUIRED, DEF_ETHERCDDELAY },
277  ether_AwaitCarrier,
278  ether_RemoveFromSet,
279  NULL,
280  NULL,
281  NULL,
282  NULL,
283  ether_Free,
284  ether_Read,
285  ether_Write,
286  ether_device2iov,
287  NULL,
288  ether_OpenInfo
289};
290
291struct device *
292ether_iov2device(int type, struct physical *p, struct iovec *iov, int *niov,
293                 int maxiov, int *auxfd, int *nauxfd)
294{
295  if (type == ETHER_DEVICE) {
296    struct etherdevice *dev = (struct etherdevice *)iov[(*niov)++].iov_base;
297
298    dev = realloc(dev, sizeof *dev);	/* Reduce to the correct size */
299    if (dev == NULL) {
300      log_Printf(LogALERT, "Failed to allocate memory: %d\n",
301                 (int)(sizeof *dev));
302      AbortProgram(EX_OSERR);
303    }
304
305    if (*nauxfd) {
306      dev->cs = *auxfd;
307      (*nauxfd)--;
308    } else
309      dev->cs = -1;
310
311    /* Refresh function pointers etc */
312    memcpy(&dev->dev, &baseetherdevice, sizeof dev->dev);
313
314    physical_SetupStack(p, dev->dev.name, PHYSICAL_FORCE_SYNCNOACF);
315    return &dev->dev;
316  }
317
318  return NULL;
319}
320
321static int
322ether_UpdateSet(struct descriptor *d, fd_set *r, fd_set *w, fd_set *e, int *n)
323{
324  struct physical *p = descriptor2physical(d);
325  struct etherdevice *dev = device2ether(p->handler);
326  int result;
327
328  if (r && dev->cs >= 0) {
329    FD_SET(dev->cs, r);
330    log_Printf(LogTIMER, "%s(ctrl): fdset(r) %d\n", p->link.name, dev->cs);
331    result = 1;
332  } else
333    result = 0;
334
335  result += physical_doUpdateSet(d, r, w, e, n, 0);
336
337  return result;
338}
339
340static int
341ether_IsSet(struct descriptor *d, const fd_set *fdset)
342{
343  struct physical *p = descriptor2physical(d);
344  struct etherdevice *dev = device2ether(p->handler);
345  int result;
346
347  result = dev->cs >= 0 && FD_ISSET(dev->cs, fdset);
348  result += physical_IsSet(d, fdset);
349
350  return result;
351}
352
353static void
354ether_DescriptorRead(struct descriptor *d, struct bundle *bundle,
355                     const fd_set *fdset)
356{
357  struct physical *p = descriptor2physical(d);
358  struct etherdevice *dev = device2ether(p->handler);
359
360  if (dev->cs >= 0 && FD_ISSET(dev->cs, fdset)) {
361    ether_MessageIn(dev);
362    if (dev->connected == CARRIER_LOST) {
363      log_Printf(LogPHASE, "%s: Device disconnected\n", p->link.name);
364      datalink_Down(p->dl, CLOSE_NORMAL);
365      return;
366    }
367  }
368
369  if (physical_IsSet(d, fdset))
370    physical_DescriptorRead(d, bundle, fdset);
371}
372
373static struct device *
374ether_Abandon(struct etherdevice *dev, struct physical *p)
375{
376  /* Abandon our node construction */
377  close(dev->cs);
378  close(p->fd);
379  p->fd = -2;	/* Nobody else need try.. */
380  free(dev);
381
382  return NULL;
383}
384
385struct device *
386ether_Create(struct physical *p)
387{
388  u_char rbuf[2048];
389  struct etherdevice *dev;
390  struct ng_mesg *resp;
391  const struct hooklist *hlist;
392  const struct nodeinfo *ninfo;
393  int f;
394
395  dev = NULL;
396  if (p->fd < 0 && !strncasecmp(p->name.full, NG_PPPOE_NODE_TYPE,
397                                PPPOE_NODE_TYPE_LEN) &&
398      p->name.full[PPPOE_NODE_TYPE_LEN] == ':') {
399    const struct linkinfo *nlink;
400    struct ngpppoe_init_data *data;
401    struct ngm_mkpeer mkp;
402    struct ngm_connect ngc;
403    const char *iface, *provider;
404    char *path, etherid[12];
405    int ifacelen, providerlen;
406    char connectpath[sizeof dev->hook + 2];	/* .:<hook> */
407
408    p->fd--;				/* We own the device - change fd */
409
410#if defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(NOKLDLOAD)
411    if (modfind("netgraph") == -1) {
412      log_Printf(LogWARN, "Netgraph is not built into the kernel\n");
413      return NULL;
414    }
415
416    if (modfind("ng_socket") == -1 &&
417        ID0kldload("ng_socket") == -1) {
418      log_Printf(LogWARN, "kldload: ng_socket: %s\n", strerror(errno));
419      return NULL;
420    }
421#endif
422
423    if ((dev = malloc(sizeof *dev)) == NULL)
424      return NULL;
425
426    iface = p->name.full + PPPOE_NODE_TYPE_LEN + 1;
427
428    provider = strchr(iface, ':');
429    if (provider) {
430      ifacelen = provider - iface;
431      provider++;
432      providerlen = strlen(provider);
433    } else {
434      ifacelen = strlen(iface);
435      provider = "";
436      providerlen = 0;
437    }
438
439    /*
440     * We're going to do this (where tunN is our tunnel device):
441     *
442     * .---------.
443     * |  ether  |
444     * | <iface> |                         dev->cs
445     * `---------'                           |
446     *  (orphan)                     p->fd   |
447     *     |                           |     |
448     *     |                           |     |
449     * (ethernet)                      |     |
450     * .---------.                  .-----------.
451     * |  pppoe  |                  |  socket   |
452     * | <iface> |(tunN)<---->(tunN)| <unnamed> |
453     * `---------                   `-----------'
454     *   (tunX)
455     *     ^
456     *     |
457     *     `--->(tunX)
458     */
459
460    /* Create a socket node */
461    if (ID0NgMkSockNode(NULL, &dev->cs, &p->fd) == -1) {
462      log_Printf(LogWARN, "Cannot create netgraph socket node: %s\n",
463                 strerror(errno));
464      free(dev);
465      return NULL;
466    }
467
468    /*
469     * Ask for a list of hooks attached to the "ether" node.  This node should
470     * magically exist as a way of hooking stuff onto an ethernet device
471     */
472    path = (char *)alloca(ifacelen + 2);
473    sprintf(path, "%.*s:", ifacelen, iface);
474    if (NgSendMsg(dev->cs, path, NGM_GENERIC_COOKIE, NGM_LISTHOOKS,
475                  NULL, 0) < 0) {
476      log_Printf(LogWARN, "%s Cannot send a netgraph message: %s\n",
477                 path, strerror(errno));
478      return ether_Abandon(dev, p);
479    }
480
481    /* Get our list back */
482    resp = (struct ng_mesg *)rbuf;
483    if (NgRecvMsg(dev->cs, resp, sizeof rbuf, NULL) < 0) {
484      log_Printf(LogWARN, "Cannot get netgraph response: %s\n",
485                 strerror(errno));
486      return ether_Abandon(dev, p);
487    }
488
489    hlist = (const struct hooklist *)resp->data;
490    ninfo = &hlist->nodeinfo;
491
492    /* Make sure we've got the right type of node */
493    if (strncmp(ninfo->type, NG_ETHER_NODE_TYPE,
494                sizeof NG_ETHER_NODE_TYPE - 1)) {
495      log_Printf(LogWARN, "%s Unexpected node type ``%s'' (wanted ``"
496                 NG_ETHER_NODE_TYPE "'')\n", path, ninfo->type);
497      return ether_Abandon(dev, p);
498    }
499
500    log_Printf(LogDEBUG, "List of netgraph node ``%s'' (id %x) hooks:\n",
501               path, ninfo->id);
502
503    /* look for a hook already attached.  */
504    for (f = 0; f < ninfo->hooks; f++) {
505      nlink = &hlist->link[f];
506
507      log_Printf(LogDEBUG, "  Found %s -> %s\n", nlink->ourhook,
508                 nlink->peerhook);
509
510      if (!strcmp(nlink->ourhook, NG_ETHER_HOOK_ORPHAN) ||
511          !strcmp(nlink->ourhook, NG_ETHER_HOOK_DIVERT)) {
512        /*
513         * Something is using the data coming out of this ``ether'' node.
514         * If it's a PPPoE node, we use that node, otherwise we complain that
515         * someone else is using the node.
516         */
517        if (!strcmp(nlink->nodeinfo.type, NG_PPPOE_NODE_TYPE))
518          /* Use this PPPoE node ! */
519          snprintf(ngc.path, sizeof ngc.path, "[%x]:", nlink->nodeinfo.id);
520        else {
521          log_Printf(LogWARN, "%s Node type ``%s'' is currently active\n",
522                     path, nlink->nodeinfo.type);
523          return ether_Abandon(dev, p);
524        }
525        break;
526      }
527    }
528
529    if (f == ninfo->hooks) {
530      /*
531       * Create a new ``PPPoE'' node connected to the ``ether'' node using
532       * the magic ``orphan'' and ``ethernet'' hooks
533       */
534      snprintf(mkp.type, sizeof mkp.type, "%s", NG_PPPOE_NODE_TYPE);
535      snprintf(mkp.ourhook, sizeof mkp.ourhook, "%s", NG_ETHER_HOOK_ORPHAN);
536      snprintf(mkp.peerhook, sizeof mkp.peerhook, "%s", NG_PPPOE_HOOK_ETHERNET);
537      snprintf(etherid, sizeof etherid, "[%x]:", ninfo->id);
538
539      log_Printf(LogDEBUG, "Creating PPPoE netgraph node %s%s -> %s\n",
540                 etherid, mkp.ourhook, mkp.peerhook);
541
542      if (NgSendMsg(dev->cs, etherid, NGM_GENERIC_COOKIE,
543                    NGM_MKPEER, &mkp, sizeof mkp) < 0) {
544        log_Printf(LogWARN, "%s Cannot create PPPoE netgraph node: %s\n",
545                   etherid, strerror(errno));
546        return ether_Abandon(dev, p);
547      }
548
549      snprintf(ngc.path, sizeof ngc.path, "%s%s", path, NG_ETHER_HOOK_ORPHAN);
550    }
551
552    snprintf(dev->hook, sizeof dev->hook, "%s%d",
553             TUN_NAME, p->dl->bundle->unit);
554
555    /*
556     * Connect the PPPoE node to our socket node.
557     * ngc.path has already been set up
558     */
559    snprintf(ngc.ourhook, sizeof ngc.ourhook, "%s", dev->hook);
560    memcpy(ngc.peerhook, ngc.ourhook, sizeof ngc.peerhook);
561
562    log_Printf(LogDEBUG, "Connecting netgraph socket .:%s -> %s:%s\n",
563               ngc.ourhook, ngc.path, ngc.peerhook);
564    if (NgSendMsg(dev->cs, ".:", NGM_GENERIC_COOKIE,
565                  NGM_CONNECT, &ngc, sizeof ngc) < 0) {
566      log_Printf(LogWARN, "Cannot connect PPPoE and socket netgraph "
567                 "nodes: %s\n", strerror(errno));
568      return ether_Abandon(dev, p);
569    }
570
571    /* And finally, request a connection to the given provider */
572
573    data = (struct ngpppoe_init_data *)alloca(sizeof *data + providerlen + 1);
574
575    snprintf(data->hook, sizeof data->hook, "%s", dev->hook);
576    strcpy(data->data, provider);
577    data->data_len = providerlen;
578
579    snprintf(connectpath, sizeof connectpath, ".:%s", dev->hook);
580    log_Printf(LogDEBUG, "Sending PPPOE_CONNECT to %s\n", connectpath);
581    if (NgSendMsg(dev->cs, connectpath, NGM_PPPOE_COOKIE,
582                  NGM_PPPOE_CONNECT, data, sizeof *data + providerlen) == -1) {
583      log_Printf(LogWARN, "``%s'': Cannot start netgraph node: %s\n",
584                 connectpath, strerror(errno));
585      return ether_Abandon(dev, p);
586    }
587
588    /* Hook things up so that we monitor dev->cs */
589    p->desc.UpdateSet = ether_UpdateSet;
590    p->desc.IsSet = ether_IsSet;
591    p->desc.Read = ether_DescriptorRead;
592
593    memcpy(&dev->dev, &baseetherdevice, sizeof dev->dev);
594    switch (p->cfg.cd.necessity) {
595      case CD_VARIABLE:
596        dev->dev.cd.delay = p->cfg.cd.delay;
597        break;
598      case CD_REQUIRED:
599        dev->dev.cd = p->cfg.cd;
600        break;
601      case CD_NOTREQUIRED:
602        log_Printf(LogWARN, "%s: Carrier must be set, using ``set cd %d!''\n",
603                   p->link.name, dev->dev.cd.delay);
604      case CD_DEFAULT:
605        break;
606    }
607
608    dev->timeout = dev->dev.cd.delay;
609    dev->connected = CARRIER_PENDING;
610
611  } else {
612    /* See if we're a netgraph socket */
613    struct sockaddr_ng ngsock;
614    struct sockaddr *sock = (struct sockaddr *)&ngsock;
615    int sz;
616
617    sz = sizeof ngsock;
618    if (getsockname(p->fd, sock, &sz) != -1 && sock->sa_family == AF_NETGRAPH) {
619      /*
620       * It's a netgraph node... We can't determine hook names etc, so we
621       * stay pretty impartial....
622       */
623      log_Printf(LogPHASE, "%s: Link is a netgraph node\n", p->link.name);
624
625      if ((dev = malloc(sizeof *dev)) == NULL) {
626        log_Printf(LogWARN, "%s: Cannot allocate an ether device: %s\n",
627                   p->link.name, strerror(errno));
628        return NULL;
629      }
630
631      memcpy(&dev->dev, &baseetherdevice, sizeof dev->dev);
632      dev->cs = -1;
633      dev->timeout = 0;
634      dev->connected = CARRIER_OK;
635      *dev->hook = '\0';
636    }
637  }
638
639  if (dev) {
640    physical_SetupStack(p, dev->dev.name, PHYSICAL_FORCE_SYNCNOACF);
641
642    /* Moan about (and fix) invalid LCP configurations */
643    if (p->link.lcp.cfg.mru > 1492) {
644      log_Printf(LogWARN, "%s: Reducing MRU to 1492\n", p->link.name);
645      p->link.lcp.cfg.mru = 1492;
646    }
647    if (p->dl->bundle->cfg.mtu > 1492) {
648      log_Printf(LogWARN, "%s: Reducing MTU to 1492\n", p->link.name);
649      p->dl->bundle->cfg.mtu = 1492;
650    }
651
652    return &dev->dev;
653  }
654
655  return NULL;
656}
657