europe revision 43543
1# @(#)europe 7.58 2 3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 6 7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22): 8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition), 10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995). 11# 12# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source 13# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport 14# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 15# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 16# of the IATA's data after 1990. 17# 18# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990, 19# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990. 20# 21# Other sources occasionally used include: 22# 23# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 24# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), 25# which I found in the UCLA library. 26# 27# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH), 28# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm"> 29# History of Summer Time 30# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese) 31 32# 33# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 34# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 35# Corrections are welcome! 36# std dst 37# LMT Local Mean Time 38# -4:00 AST Atlantic 39# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland* 40# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland* 41# 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer 42# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer 43# 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe 44# 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe 45# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe 46# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow 47# 48# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, 49# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude, 50# Oxford University Press (1980). 51 52# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04), 53# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, 54# Luxembourg, the Netherlands. 55# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. 56# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. 57# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. 58# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for 59# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% 60# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous 61# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. 62# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) 63# ... 64# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. 65# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. 66# ... 67# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. 68# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact 69# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the 70# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed 71# in the Directive. 72 73 74############################################################################### 75 76# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire) 77# The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14. 78 79# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06): 80# 81# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about 82# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo 83# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph 84# of the text said: 85# 86# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands 87# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude 88# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed 89# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They 90# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, 91# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking 92# along the towpath within a few yards of it.' 93# 94# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's 95# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should 96# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. 97# 98# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] 99 100# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18): 101# 102# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. 103# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, 104# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. 105# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828); 106# it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844), 107# famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude. 108# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway 109# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most 110# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the 111# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be 112# adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major 113# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public 114# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock 115# in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, 116# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal 117# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading 118# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. 119# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition 120# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2. 121# 122# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single 123# transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much 124# about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time. 125 126# From Paul Eggert (1999-01-30): 127# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915), 128# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society 129# who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907) 130# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, 131# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. 132# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, 133# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. 134# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. 135 136# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): 137# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving'' 138# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this 139# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the 140# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''. 141 142# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19): 143# 144# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's 145# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. 146 147# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) 148# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john> 149# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. 150# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in 151# politics making a fortune, not computing. 152 153# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14): 154# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the 155# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published 156# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and 157# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T." 158 159# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19): 160# The following list attempts to show the complete history of Summer Time 161# legislation in the United Kingdom, and has quite a bit to say about 162# the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well. 163# 164# Things that I have not personally seen are marked (???). Things that 165# I haven't seen but Joseph Myers has are marked (jsm). The problem 166# with finding old Orders (rather than Acts) is that nobody seems to 167# keep the actual documents themselves, not even the Government. They 168# get bound into annual volumes, which are published, but by the time 169# this happens the Orders are mainly spent as the years they refer 170# to have come and gone, so they don't get included in the annual 171# volumes. 172# 173# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out 174# the dusty old statutes, to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence, 175# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining 176# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter), 177# and to Joseph Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk>, who tracked down the Orders 178# up to 1945, some of the old Acts, and the first five EC Directives. 179# 180# Some definitions: 181# 182# Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales 183# United Kingdom: Great Britain plus Ireland (up to 1922) or Northern 184# Ireland (since 1922) 185# S.I.: Statutory Instrument, the modern name for secondary legislation 186# S.R.&O.: Statutory Rules and Orders, the older name for secondary legislation 187# 188# Unless otherwise specified, Acts and secondary legislation are assumed 189# to apply throughout the United Kingdom, but not to the Isle of Man 190# or the Channel Islands. 191# 192# Some of the Acts and Orders I found in various libraries, and I don't 193# have copies. When I looked at them I was looking for dates and not things 194# like whether they applied to the Bailiwick of Jersey. I will try to 195# check these documents again. 196# 197# --- 198# 199# - The Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 (43 & 44 Vict. c. 9) 200# 201# Defined Greenwich mean time to be the standard time in Great Britain 202# and Dublin mean time to be the standard time in Ireland, superseding 203# various forms of local mean time. 204# 205# - The Statutory Time Act, 1883 (???) 206# 207# An Act of Tynwald, the Isle of Man Parliament. It appears to have 208# defined the standard time on the Isle of Man as GMT but as I haven't 209# seen it I don't know if it used Greenwich mean time, some other definition, 210# or just said that Isle of Man time would be the same as in Great Britain. 211# 212# - The Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 62) 213# 214# Gives the power, by Order in Council, to extend wartime legislation 215# to the Isle of Man. 216# 217# - The Summer Time Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 14) 218# 219# Introduced Summer Time for the first time, in Great Britain and Ireland. 220# Specified a one hour offset from GMT (DMT in Ireland), dates of 221# Sunday 21 May and Sunday 1 October and times of 02:00 (GMT/DMT). 222# Gave a power to make Orders in subsequent years, for the duration 223# of the then current war. 224# 225# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 45) 226# 227# This abolished Dublin mean time at 02:00 DMT on Sunday 1 October 1916, 228# bringing the whole of the United Kingdom onto GMT. As Ireland was behind 229# GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct Great Britain had already put the clocks back. 230# Using Paul Eggert's suggestion of IST for Irish Summer Time and the figure 231# derived from Whitman for the offset of IST from GMT (00:34:39) the sequence 232# would have been: 233# Dublin London 234# 02:34:38 IST 02:59:59 BST 235# 02:34:39 IST 02:00:00 GMT 236# 02:59:59 IST 02:25:20 GMT 237# 02:25:21 GMT 02:25:21 GMT 238# with the transition 03:00:00 IST -> 02:00:00 DMT -> 02:25:21 GMT all at once. 239# 240# - S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 241# 242# An Order made under the Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914 243# extending the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man. Dated 244# 23 May 1916, two days after the start of Summer Time, but it says that 245# the Act is deemed to have taken effect in the Isle of Man at the same 246# time as it took effect in the United Kingdom. 247# 248# - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 362 249# 250# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates 251# for Summer Time in 1917 of Sunday 8 April to Monday 17 September, 252# both at 02:00 GMT. Note that Summer Time ends on a Monday. 253# 254# - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358 255# 256# An Order made under the Summer Time (Isle of Man) Act, 1916 257# (the thing created by S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382) specifying the same 258# dates of 8 April to 17 September, at 02:00 GMT for the Isle of Man. 259# 260# - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274 261# 262# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates 263# for Summer Time in 1918 of Sunday 24 March to Monday 30 September, 264# both at 02:00 GMT. 265# 266# - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 429 267# 268# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1918 with the same dates and times. 269# 270# - The Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918 271# (8 & 9 Geo. 5. c. 59) 272# 273# This gave power to specify a legal end date for the war just ended, 274# which would affect things like the Summer Time Act, 1916, which applied 275# only in wartime. This date was to be close to the date of formal 276# ratification of the treaty or treaties of peace. 277# 278# - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297 279# 280# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates 281# for Summer Time in 1919 of Sunday 30 March to Monday 29 September, 282# both at 02:00 GMT. 283# 284# - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 366 285# 286# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1919 with the same dates and times. 287# 288# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 289# 290# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates 291# for Summer Time in 1920 of Sunday 28 March to Monday 27 September, 292# both at 02:00 GMT. 293# 294# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573 295# 296# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1920 with the same dates and times. 297# 298# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844 299# 300# An Order modifying both S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 and S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573 to 301# change the end date for Summer Time from Monday 27 September to 302# Monday 25 October (the time remaining 02:00 GMT). The 1989 Green 303# Paper (Cm 722) says this was done because of a coal strike. 304# 305# - The War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 (10 Geo. 5. c. 5) 306# 307# This extends the power to make Orders under the Summer Time Act, 1916 308# for a period of 12 months after the termination of the war. 309# Came into force on 31 March 1920. Although the war had been over for more 310# than 12 months by then the legal end date had not yet been set. 311# 312# - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363 313# 314# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War 315# Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time 316# in 1921 of Sunday 3 April to Monday 3 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 317# 318# - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 364 319# 320# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1921 with the same dates and times. 321# 322# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 323# 324# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War 325# Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time 326# in 1921 of Sunday 26 March to Sunday 8 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 327# It also mentions the arrangements for defining the legal end date 328# for the late war. An Order was made on 10 August 1921, under the 329# Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918, setting 330# a date of 31 August 1921. This means the powers of the Summer Time 331# Act, 1916 would finally expire on 31 August 1922. 332# 333# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 290 (???) 334# 335# This is probably the matching Isle of Man Order. 336# 337# - The Summer Time Act, 1922 (12 & 13 Geo. 5. c. 22) 338# 339# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third 340# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after 341# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September. 342# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament 343# so approved. It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well. 344# Came into Force on 20 July 1920. Note the reversion to ending on a Sunday. 345# 346# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 1205 347# 348# An Order made under the War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 349# dated 13 October 1922. It revokes (among other things) the Order extending 350# the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man. 351# 352# - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1923 (13 & 14 Geo. 5. c. 37) 353# 354# This extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until 355# 31 December 1924. 356# 357# - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1924 (15 Geo. 5. c. 1) (jsm) 358# 359# This further extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until 360# 31 December 1925. 361# 362# - The Time Act (Northern Ireland), 1924 (14 & 15 Geo. 5. c. 24 (N.I.)) 363# 364# This Act says that while it remains in force, any Act or Order relating 365# to the time for general purposes in Great Britain shall also apply 366# in Northern Ireland, and the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 shall have effect 367# accordingly. 368# 369# - The Summer Time Act, 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5. c. 64) 370# 371# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the 372# day after the first Saturday in October. Came into force on 7 August 1925. 373# 374# - The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939 (2 & 3 Geo. 6. c. 62) (???) 375# 376# I haven't seen this one. It presumably gave the Government powers to 377# do all manner of things during the newly started war. 378# 379# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379 380# 381# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939. 382# They change the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November. 383# 384# - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 385# 386# An Order in Council amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 387# It changed the start date to the day after the fourth Saturday in February 388# (ie. 25 Feb 1940). 389# 390# - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 1883 391# 392# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 393# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940. 394# 395# - S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476 396# 397# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 398# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after 399# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the 400# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time, 401# which continues throughout the rest of the year. 402# 403# - S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506 404# 405# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 406# This changes the start date of Double Summer Time to the day after the first 407# Saturday in April, bringing it forward from May. 408# 409# - S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932 410# 411# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 412# This changed the end date of Double Summer Time to the day after the 413# third Saturday in September (ie. 17 September 1944). 414# 415# - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 416# 417# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 418# This changes the start and end dates of Double Summer Time to the 419# day after the first Sunday in April and the day after the second Saturday 420# in July (ie. Mon 2 April to Sun 15 July). 421# 422# I have this quote from Hansard (the official record of the United Kingdom 423# Parliament), Oral Answers, 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60, explaining the 424# unusual start on a Monday: 425# 426# `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home 427# Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals 428# regarding double summer time. 429# 430# [two other similar questions omitted] 431# 432# Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have 433# considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of 434# double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the 435# maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday, 436# when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that 437# double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter 438# Sunday, but in the night of Sunday-Monday so that it will operate from 439# Monday, 2nd April.' 440# 441# - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208 442# 443# An Order under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Acts, 1939 and 1940 revoking 444# a long list of things, including the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 445# This meant that Summer Time reverted to being set by the 1922 and 1925 Acts. 446# It was made on 28 September, early enough to end Summer Time on the 447# date defined by the 1925 Act: 7 October. 448# 449# - The Summer Time Act, 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 16) 450# 451# Came into force on 11 March 1947. Amended the Summer Time Acts, 1922 and 452# 1925 to change the dates of Summer Time and to introduce Double Summer Time 453# (although it doesn't give this, or any, name for this period of 2 hour 454# offset from GMT). Dates are given for 1947 only and are: 02:00 GMT Sunday 455# 16 March, 01:00 GMT Sunday 13 April, 01:00 GMT Sunday 10 August, and 02:00 456# Sunday 2 November. It gave a power to make Orders for subsequent years, 457# both to vary the dates and to continue Double Summer Time. It applied 458# to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. 459# 460# - Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) 461# 462# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1948 of 463# 14 March and 31 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 464# 465# Although the 1947 Act had legislated for Double Summer Time, this was 466# not continued after 1947. 467# 468# - Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) 469# 470# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1949 471# of 3 April and 30 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 472# 473# - Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) 474# 475# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1950 476# of 16 April and 22 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 477# 478# - Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) 479# 480# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1951 481# of 15 April and 21 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 482# 483# - Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) 484# 485# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1952 486# of 20 April and 26 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 487# 488# This is the last of this run of Orders, so for 1953 things reverted 489# to the 1922 and 1925 Acts. 490# 491# - The Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland), 1954 (1954 c. 33 (N.I.)) (???) 492# 493# I presume that section 39 of this Act is similar to section 9 of the 494# Interpretation Act, 1978 (listed below) in specifying GMT as the 495# legal time in Northern Ireland, replacing the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916. 496# 497# - Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71) 498# 499# Specified dates of 26 March and 29 October (02:00 GMT) for 1961 500# 501# - Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465) 502# 503# Specified dates of 25 March to 28 October (02:00 GMT) for 1962. 504# 505# - Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81) 506# 507# Specified dates of 31 March to 27 October (02:00 GMT) for 1963. 508# 509# - Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101) 510# 511# Specified dates of 22 March to 25 October (02:00 GMT) for 1964. 512# 513# - Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201) 514# 515# Specified dates for three years (all 02:00 GMT): 516# 1965: 21 March to 24 October 517# 1966: 20 March to 23 October 518# 1967: 19 March to 29 October 519# 520# - Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148) 521# - Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117) 522# 523# The first of these specifies dates for 1968 of 18 February for the United 524# Kingdom but 7 April for the Isle of Man, both ending on 27 October, 525# all at 02:00 GMT. The second Order changes the Isle of Man start date 526# to 18 February to match the United Kingdom. 527# 528# - The British Standard Time Act 1968 (1968 c. 45) 529# 530# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout 531# the year. It expired at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971, as specified in the 532# Act, as Parliament did not move to make this experment permanent. 533# It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. 534# 535# Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on 536# 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely 537# stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom 538# (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in 539# advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could 540# possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27, 541# especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto, 542# thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying 543# summer time in 1968. 544# 545# - The Manx Time Act 1968 546# 547# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that 548# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain. 549# 550# - The Summer Time Act 1972 (1972 c. 6) 551# 552# This specified a reversion to normal Summer Time behaviour with a start 553# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter, 554# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day 555# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is 556# 1 hour. It gives the power to make Orders to vary these dates and 557# times. This Act is still in force and is the legal authority for 558# implementing the EC Directives in the United Kingdom. 559# 560# - The Interpretation Act 1978 (1978 c. 30) 561# 562# Section 9 of this Act replaces section 1 of the Statutes (Definition of 563# Time) Act, 1880 with very similar wording maintaining GMT as the legal 564# time in Great Britain. This does not apply in Northern Ireland (it 565# has its own Interpretation Act listed above). 566# 567# - Council Directive of 22 July 1980 on summertime arrangements (80/737/EEC) 568# 569# The first of the European Directives on Summer Time. It specified start 570# dates for 1981 and 1982. No agreement had been reached on end dates. 571# Only dates were given, there was no rule like `last Sunday in March'. 572# The main change for the United Kingdom was a move to a 01:00 GMT change 573# time. The dates: 574# 1981: 29 March 575# 1982: 28 March 576# 577# - Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089) 578# 579# Specified dates for 1981 and 1982, with the start dates as in the 580# EC Directive and all times 01:00 GMT: 581# 1981: 29 March to 25 October 582# 1982: 28 March to 24 October 583# 584# - Second Council Directive of 10 June 1982 on summertime arrangements 585# (82/399/EEC) 586# 587# The next European Directive. Specified dates for three years, 1983 to 1985. 588# Agreement still hadn't been reached on a common end date, and wouldn't 589# be until 1994 with the appeareance of the seventh Directive with a common 590# date for 1996 and beyond, but this time the Directive gave two sets of 591# end dates. The start date was specified by rule: the last Sunday in March. 592# All times were 01:00 GMT. The end dates were given without rule, as: 593# 1983: 25 September or 23 October 594# 1984: 30 September or 28 october 595# 1985: 29 September or 27 October 596# 597# - Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673) 598# 599# Implemented the second EC Directive, using the October end dates. 600# 1983: 27 March to 23 October 601# 1984: 25 March to 28 october 602# 1985: 31 March to 27 October 603# 604# - Third Council Directive of 12 December 1984 on summertime arrangements 605# (84/634/EEC) 606# 607# Specified start dates of the last Sunday in March and two sets of end 608# dates, last Sunday in September and fourth Sunday in October, all at 609# 01:00 GMT. The end dates were also specified as dates: 610# 1986: 28 September or 26 October 611# 1987: 27 September or 25 October 612# 1988: 25 September or 23 October 613# 614# - Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223) 615# 616# Implemented the third EC Directive, using the October end dates. 617# 1986: 30 March to 26 October 618# 1987: 29 March to 25 October 619# 1988: 27 March to 23 October 620# 621# - Council Directive of 20 December 1985 amending Directive 84/634/EEC 622# on summertime arrangements (85/582/EEC) 623# 624# This was to do with the accession of Spain and Portugal to the EEC. 625# The previous directve had used wording like `Member States belonging 626# to the zero (Greenwich) time zone' when refering to the different 627# sets of end dates. Portugal was in that time zone but was not going 628# to follow the United Kingdom and Ireland dates, so the text was reworded 629# without any change to the dates themselves. 630# 631# - Fourth Council Directive of 22 December 1987 on summertime arrangements 632# (88/14/EEC) 633# 634# This Directive covered only a single year: 1989. My guess is that 635# this was because 1989 was one of the years when the historic United Kingdom 636# end date of the Sunday after the fourth Saturday in October differed from 637# the rule in the previous Directive of the fourth Sunday in October. 638# All times are 01:00 GMT. No rule was specified, specific dates were given: 639# 1989: 26 March to 24 September or 29 October 640# 641# - Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931) 642# 643# Implemented the dates of 26 March to 29 October for 1989. 644# 645# - Fifth Council Directive of 21 December 1988 on summertime arrangements 646# (89/47/EEC) 647# 648# Covered the three years 1990 to 1992. All times are 01:00 GMT. Gave both 649# rules (last Sunday in March, last Sunday in September or fourth Sunday 650# in October) and specific dates: 651# 1990: 25 March to 30 September or 28 October 652# 1991: 31 March to 29 September or 27 October 653# 1992: 29 March to 27 September or 25 October 654# 655# - Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985) 656# 657# Implemented the fifth Directive using the October end dates. 658# 659# - Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC of 26 March 1992 on summertime 660# arrangements 661# 662# Covered the two years 1993 and 1994. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specified 663# both rules (same as the fifth Directive) and specific dates: 664# 1993: 28 March to 26 September or 24 October 665# 1994: 27 March to 25 September or 23 October 666# 667# - Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729) 668# 669# Implemented the sixth Directive using the October end dates. 670# 671# - Seventh Directive 94/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 672# of 30 May 1994 on summer-time arrangements 673# 674# Covered the three years 1995 to 1997. Agreement had finally been reached 675# on a common end date, to start in 1996. Both rules and dates were given. 676# The rules were the same last Sunday in March to last Sunday in September 677# or fourth Sunday in October for 1995, with the end rule changing to the 678# last Sunday in October for 1996 and 1997. The year 1995 was another of 679# the tricky ones where the EC and traditional United Kingdom rules differed 680# but this time the UK changed on the fourth Sunday, 22 October, earlier 681# than usual. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specific dates were also given: 682# 1995: 26 March to 24 September or 22 October 683# 1996: 31 March to 27 October 684# 1997: 30 March to 26 October 685# 686# - Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798) 687# 688# Implements the seventh Directive using the October end date in 1995. 689# Applies also to the Bailiwick of Guernsey but not to the Bailiwick of 690# Jersey or the Isle of Man, which have their own (unspecified) legislation 691# on the subject. 692# 693# - Eighth Directive 97/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 694# of 22 July 1997 on summer-time arrangements 695# 696# Covers four years: 1998 to 2001. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specifies both 697# rules, last Sunday in March and last Sunday in October, and specific dates: 698# 1998: 29 March to 25 October 699# 1999: 28 March to 31 October 700# 2000: 26 March to 29 October 701# 2001: 25 March to 28 October 702# 703# <a href="http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1997/97298201.htm"> 704# - Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982) 705# </a> 706# 707# Implements the eighth Directive. Has the same text about the Isle of Man, 708# Guernsey and Jersey as the 1994 Order. 709 710# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@hermes.cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06): 711# 712# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC; 713# see Lord Tanlaw's speech 714# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0"> 715# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976) 716# </a>. 717 718# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12): 719# 720# The date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A 721# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error; 722# 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date. 723# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules 724# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925. 725# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition; 726# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other 727# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now. 728# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948. 729# 730# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect: 731# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until 732# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. 733# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. 734# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. 735# It actually just had one transition. 736# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II. 737# Actually, it conformed to Britain. 738# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. 739# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. 740# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). 741# 742# The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful; 743# we'll ignore them for now. 744# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT 745# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to 746# conform with Great Britain. 747# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. 748# 749# 750# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks. 751 752# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): 753# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, 754# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC. 755# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate 756# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of 757# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is 758# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". 759 760# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 761# Summer Time Act, 1916 762Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST 763Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT 764# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358 765Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST 766Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT 767# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274 768Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST 769Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT 770# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297 771Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST 772Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT 773# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 774Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST 775# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844 776Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT 777# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363 778Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 779Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT 780# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 781Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST 782# The Summer Time Act, 1922 783Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT 784Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 785Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 786Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 787Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 788# The Summer Time Act, 1925 789Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 790Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 791Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 792Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 793Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 794Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 795Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 796Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 797Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 798Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 799Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 800# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379 801Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 802# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883 803Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST 804# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476 805Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 806Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 807# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506 808Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 809# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932 810Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST 811# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 812Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 813Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 814# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208 815Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 816Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 817# The Summer Time Act, 1947 818Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST 819Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST 820Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST 821Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT 822# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) 823Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 824Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT 825# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) 826Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 827Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT 828# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) 829# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) 830# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) 831Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST 832Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT 833# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925 834Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 835Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 836Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 837Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 838Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 839Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 840Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 841# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71) 842# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465) 843# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81) 844Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST 845Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 846# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101) 847# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201) 848# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148) 849Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST 850# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117) 851Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST 852# The British Standard Time Act, 1968 853# (no summer time) 854# The Summer Time Act, 1972 855Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 856Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 857# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089) 858# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673) 859# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223) 860# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931) 861Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST 862Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT 863# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985) 864# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729) 865# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798) 866Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT 867# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982) 868# See EU for rules starting in 1996. 869 870# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 871Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22 872 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 873 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 874 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 875 0:00 EU GMT/BST 876Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 877 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT 878 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time 879 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 880 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 881 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 882 0:00 EU GMT/BST 883Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 884 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT 885 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s 886 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 887 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 888 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 889 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 890 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 891 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 892 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 893 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 894 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 895 0:00 EU GMT/IST 896 897############################################################################### 898 899# Continental Europe 900 901# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, 902# Common Market, etc. 903 904# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 905Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S 906Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 907Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - 908Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 909Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S 910Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - 911 912# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. 913Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 914Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 915Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - 916Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 917Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 918Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 919 920# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. 921# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time. 922Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 923Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 924Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 925Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 926Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S 927Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 928Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S 929Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 930Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 931# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 932Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - 933Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 934Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 935Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 936Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 937Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 938Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 939 940# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time. 941Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 942Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 943Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 944Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 945Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S 946Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 947 948# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 949Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time 950Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time 951Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time 952Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 MST 953Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST 954Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S 955Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - 956Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 957# Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition. 958# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12): 959# My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21. 960Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 961Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S 962Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 963# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24): 964Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 965Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 966# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in 967# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14): 968Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 969Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 970# 971Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S 972Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 - 973Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 974Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 975Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 976 977# These are for backward compatibility with older versions. 978 979# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 980Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT 981Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 982Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 983Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT 984 985# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST 986# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage. 987 988# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12): 989# The official German names ... are 990# 991# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00 992# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00 993# 994# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG), 995# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111).... 996# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution 997# 998# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) 999# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit" 1000# Postfach 3345 1001# D-38023 Braunschweig 1002# phone: +49 531 592-0 1003# 1004# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB 1005# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the 1006# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as 1007# 1008# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00 1009# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00 1010 1011 1012# Albania 1013# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1014Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S 1015Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 1016Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S 1017Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - 1018Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 1019Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 1020Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 1021Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 1022Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 1023Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1024Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S 1025Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 1026Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S 1027Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1028Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S 1029Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 1030Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S 1031Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 1032Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S 1033Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - 1034Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 1035Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1036Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 1037Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1038Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 1039# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1040Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 1041 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 1042# The following transition is from Shanks's 4th edition (1995). 1043 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul 1044 1:00 EU CE%sT 1045 1046# Andorra 1047# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1048Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 1049 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 1050 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 1051 1:00 EU CE%sT 1052 1053# Austria 1054# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1055Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S 1056Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - 1057Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1058Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 1059Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 1060Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1061Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 1062Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 1063# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1064Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr 1065 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00 1066 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00 1067 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1068 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 1069 1:00 EU CE%sT 1070 1071# Belarus 1072# Transitions before 1991 are from Shanks (1995). 1073# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1074Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 1075 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time 1076 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 1077 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28 1078 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3 1079 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1080 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1081 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 2:00s 1082 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 2:00s 1083 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1084 1085# Belgium 1086# 1087# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02): 1088# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from: 1089# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique, 1090# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991 1091# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC), 1092# pp 8-9. 1093# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium: 1094# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121. 1095# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references. 1096# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium. 1097# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect. 1098# 1099# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1100Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S 1101Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1102Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 1103Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1104Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 1105Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1106Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 1107Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 1108Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1109Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S 1110Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 1111Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 1112# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd 1113# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier), 1114# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15 1115# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT. 1116Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1117Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1118Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1119Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 1120Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S 1121Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S 1122Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 1123Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 1124Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S 1125Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 1126Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 1127Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 1128Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S 1129Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S 1130Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S 1131Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - 1132Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S 1133Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - 1134Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1135Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1136Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S 1137Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 1138# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1139Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880 1140 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT 1141 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8 1142 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00 1143 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u 1144 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s 1145 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3 1146 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 1147 1:00 EU CE%sT 1148 1149# Bosnia and Herzegovina 1150# see Yugoslavia 1151 1152# Bulgaria 1153# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1154Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S 1155Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1156Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S 1157Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - 1158Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - 1159# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1160Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 1161 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? 1162 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 1163 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00 1164 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 1165 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00 1166 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 1167 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1168 1169# Croatia 1170# see Yugosloavia 1171 1172# Czech Republic 1173# Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17. 1174# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1175Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 1176Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 1177Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S 1178Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1179Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S 1180Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 1181Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S 1182# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1183Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 1184 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 1185 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 1186 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 1187 1:00 EU CE%sT 1188 1189# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland 1190# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01. 1191# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1192Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 1193Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - 1194Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 1195Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1196Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - 1197Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S 1198Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - 1199Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 1200Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - 1201Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S 1202Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - 1203# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways 1204# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks. 1205# 1206# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman. 1207# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1208Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 1209 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time 1210 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1211 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1212 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 1213 1:00 EU CE%sT 1214Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 1215 0:00 - WET 1981 1216 0:00 EU WE%sT 1217# 1218# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 1219# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, 1220# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU 1221# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab 1222# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU 1223# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980. 1224 1225# 1226# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1227Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 1228Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S 1229# 1230# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1231Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit 1232 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 1233 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29 1234 -1:00 EU EG%sT 1235Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk 1236 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 1237 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1238Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik 1239 -4:00 Thule A%sT 1240 1241# Estonia 1242# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15): 1243# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards 1244# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, 1245# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... 1246# 1247# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28): 1248# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s, 1249# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:] 1250# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different 1251# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules 1252# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia.... 1253# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on 1254# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to 1255# summer time next spring.'' 1256 1257# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited: 1258# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390"> 1259# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law 1260# </a> 1261# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between 1262# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120). 1263# 1264# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation 1265# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg" 1266# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time). 1267 1268# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1269Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 1270 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 1271 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 1272 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May 1273 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 1274 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 1275 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 1276 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 1277 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 1278 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22 1279 2:00 EU EE%sT 1280 1281# Finland 1282# See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted. 1283# 1284# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC): 1285# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, 1286# and it's supposed to change at 4am... 1287# 1288# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994): 1289# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981. 1290# Go with Strang instead. 1291# 1292# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1293Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 1294Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1295# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1296Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 1297 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 1298 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00 1299 2:00 EU EE%sT 1300 1301# France 1302# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20. 1303# French Revolutionary calendar used 1793-11-24 through 1805-12-31, 1304# and (in Paris only) 1871-05-06 through 1871-05-23. 1305# 1306# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman. 1307# From Shanks (1991): 1308# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1309Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1310Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 - 1311Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S 1312Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1313Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 1314Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1315Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 1316Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1317Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 1318Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 1319# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st 1320# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions 1321# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks. 1322Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1323Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1324Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 1325Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 1326Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1327Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1328Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1329Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 1330Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S 1331Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1332Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 1333Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 1334Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 1335Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 1336Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1337Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 1338Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1339Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1340Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1341Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 1342# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, 1343# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco). 1344Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1345# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00, 1346# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12), 1347# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes 1348# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT. 1349Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S 1350Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M 1351Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S 1352Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M 1353Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S 1354Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M 1355Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S 1356Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M 1357Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 1358# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00; 1359# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT. 1360Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S 1361Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 - 1362# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05, 1363# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. 1364# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based 1365# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. 1366# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1367Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 1368 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 1369# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier's 14/6/40 22hUT. 1370 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00 1371 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 1372 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1373 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1374 1:00 EU CE%sT 1375 1376# Germany 1377 1378# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29): 1379# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische 1380# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916. 1381# 1382# <a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm"> 1383# Realisation of Legal Time in Germany 1384# </a> 1385 1386# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1387Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1388# Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes 1389# the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem) 1390# (1961-11-25), which gives dates only. Guess 3:00 transition times. 1391Rule Germany 1945 only - May 31 3:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1392Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 23 3:00 1:00 S 1393Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 1394Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 1395# Shanks gives 1946-10-06; go with the PTB. 1396Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 1397Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1398Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 1399# The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times; 1400# go with Shanks. 1401Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M 1402Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S 1403Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 1404Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 1405# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1406Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 1407 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1408 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 1409 1:00 EU CE%sT 1410 1411# Gibraltar 1412# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1413Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 1414 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 1415 1:00 - CET 1982 1416 1:00 EU CE%sT 1417 1418# Greece 1419# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1420# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks. 1421Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S 1422Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 1423# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks. 1424Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S 1425# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks. 1426Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 1427Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 1428Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 1429# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks. 1430Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 1431Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - 1432Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S 1433Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - 1434Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S 1435Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - 1436Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1437Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - 1438Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - 1439Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S 1440Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - 1441Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 1442Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 1443# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1444Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 1445 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 1446 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 1447 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 1448 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 1449 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981; 1450 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 1451 2:00 EU EE%sT 1452 1453# Hungary 1454# Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01. 1455# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1456Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S 1457Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 - 1458Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S 1459Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - 1460Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S 1461Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - 1462Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S 1463Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - 1464Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 1465Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1466Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S 1467Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1468Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - 1469Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S 1470Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1471Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 1472Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1473Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S 1474Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 1475Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S 1476# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1477Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 1478 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 1479 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00 1480 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00 1481 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 1482 1:00 EU CE%sT 1483 1484# Iceland 1485# 1486# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06): 1487# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. 1488# 1489# (1993-12-05): 1490# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of 1491# Iceland Almanak. 1492# 1493# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour 1494# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts 1495# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which 1496# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. 1497# 1498# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks 1499# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the 1500# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always 1501# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. 1502# 1503# (1993-12-10): 1504# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the 1505# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus 1506# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. 1507# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day 1508# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. 1509# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" 1510# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it 1511# might mean something else (???). 1512# 1513# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-12-09): 1514# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points. 1515# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that 1516# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. 1517# 1518# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1519Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S 1520Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 - 1521Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 - 1522Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S 1523Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 - 1524Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 1525Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 - 1526Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1527Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 - 1528Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S 1529Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 - 1530# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter 1531Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1532Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1533# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter 1534Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1535# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week 1536Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 - 1537Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1538Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 - 1539# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1540Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 1541 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time? 1542 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 1543 0:00 - GMT 1544 1545# Italy 1546# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15. 1547# 1548# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06): 1549# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri 1550# <a href="http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html"> 1551# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14) 1552# </a> 1553# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute 1554# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: 1555# 1556# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with: 1557# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W 1558# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1559# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S 1560# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W 1561# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S 1562# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W 1563# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S 1564# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1565# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S 1566# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1567# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur) 1568# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1569# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1570# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S 1571# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S 1572# 1573# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1574Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S 1575Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1576Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1577Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1578Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S 1579Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1580Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S 1581Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1582Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - 1583Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S 1584Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - 1585Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S 1586Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - 1587Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1588Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - 1589Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S 1590Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - 1591Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S 1592Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - 1593Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1594Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - 1595Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 1596Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S 1597Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1598Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1599Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1600Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1601Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S 1602Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1603Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S 1604Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1605Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1606Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S 1607Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S 1608Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1609Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1610# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1611Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 1612 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time 1613 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1614 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 1615 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 1616 1:00 EU CE%sT 1617 1618Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican 1619Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino 1620 1621# Latvia 1622 1623# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17): 1624 1625# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy 1626# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the 1627# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about 1628# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981.... 1629# 1630# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ... 1631# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24 1632# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1633# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00) 1634# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00). 1635# 1636# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ... 1637# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13 1638# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1639# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1640# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of 1641# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day). 1642# 1643# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ... 1644# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14 1645# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, 1646# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the 1647# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia 1648# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1649# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of 1650# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00 1651# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is 1652# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock.... 1653# 1654# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of 1655# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of 1656# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union. 1657 1658# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1659Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 1660Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 1661# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1662Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 1663 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time 1664 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer 1665 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 1666 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 1667 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11 1668 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 1669 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 1670 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13 1671 # Shanks says 1944-08-08, but 1672 # Riga fell to the Red Army on 1944-10-13. 1673 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s 1674 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s 1675 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21 1676 2:00 EU EE%sT 1677 1678# Liechtenstein 1679# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1680Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 1681 1:00 - CET 1981 1682 1:00 EU CE%sT 1683 1684# Lithuania 1685# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1686Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 1687 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 1688 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 1689 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 1690 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 1691 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 1692 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 1693 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 1694 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1695 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1696 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 1697 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u 1698 1:00 EU CE%sT 1699# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 1700# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is 1701# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too. 1702 1703# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07): 1704# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone 1705# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed. 1706 1707# Luxembourg 1708# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks. 1709# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1710Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 1711Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1712Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S 1713Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - 1714Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1715Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 1716Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S 1717Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - 1718Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 1719Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - 1720Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S 1721Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - 1722Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S 1723Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1724Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S 1725Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - 1726Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S 1727Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1728Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 1729Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S 1730Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S 1731Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S 1732Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S 1733# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1734Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 1735 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 1736 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 1737 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 1738 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 1739 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 1740 1:00 EU CE%sT 1741 1742# Macedonia 1743# see Yugoslavia 1744 1745# Malta 1746# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1747Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S 1748Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - 1749Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1750Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - 1751Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S 1752Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 1753Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 1754# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1755Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta 1756 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1757 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1758 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 1759 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 1760 1:00 EU CE%sT 1761 1762# Moldova 1763# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1764Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2 1765 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 1766 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1767 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1768 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1769 1770# Monaco 1771# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21. 1772# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1773Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 1774 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 1775 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1776 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1777 1:00 EU CE%sT 1778 1779# Netherlands 1780# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, 1781# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. 1782# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1783# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman. 1784Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time 1785Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time 1786Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST 1787Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT 1788# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks. 1789Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1790Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT 1791Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST 1792# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 1793Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT 1794Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1795Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST 1796# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks. 1797Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST 1798# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks. 1799Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1800Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1801Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1802Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1803Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 1804Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 1805# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks. 1806Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1807Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1808Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 - 1809# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure. 1810# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1811Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May 1812 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1813 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:40 1814 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1815 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 1816 1:00 EU CE%sT 1817 1818# Norway 1819# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01. 1820# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1821# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks. 1822Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S 1823Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 1824# Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04, 1825# 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks. 1826Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1827Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 1828Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1829Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 1830Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S 1831# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1832Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 1833 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 1834 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1835 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 1836 1:00 EU CE%sT 1837 1838# Svalbard & Jan Mayen 1839Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen 1840# From Whitman: 1841# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1842Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT 1843 1844# Poland 1845# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1846Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1847Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1848# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks. 1849Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - 1850# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks. 1851Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S 1852Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 1853Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S 1854Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 - 1855Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 1856Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 1857Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 1858# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 1859Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1860Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1861Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S 1862Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S 1863Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - 1864Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S 1865Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S 1866Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1867# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1868Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 1869 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 1870 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 1871 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 1872 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 1873 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 1874 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00 1875 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1876# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_ 1877# <a href="http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml"> 1878# http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24) 1879# </a> 1880# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00. 1881# Stick with W-Eur for now. 1882 1883# Portugal 1884# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15. 1885# 1886# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12): 1887# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone 1888# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 1889# 1890# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve 1891# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. 1892# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 1893# 1894# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12): 1895# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions 1896# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos. 1897# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00. 1898# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00. 1899# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal 1900# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter. 1901# 1902# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1903# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not 1904# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules. 1905# Go with Shanks. 1906Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S 1907# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks. 1908Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 1909Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1910Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1911Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 1912Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1913Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S 1914Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1915Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 1916Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1917Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1918Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1919Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1920Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1921Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 1922Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1923# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks. 1924Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1925Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 1926# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman. 1927Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 1928# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks. 1929Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1930# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. 1931Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 1932Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1933# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks. 1934Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 1935Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1936Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1937# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 1938Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1939Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S 1940# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. 1941Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - 1942Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 1943Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S 1944Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 1945Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S 1946Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - 1947Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M 1948Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S 1949Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M 1950Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S 1951Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1952Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1953Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1954# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. 1955# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks. 1956Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1957Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1958Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S 1959Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - 1960Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S 1961Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1962Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1963Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 1964Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 1965Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 1966# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1967Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 1968 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time 1969 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1970 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 1971 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1972 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1973 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 1974 0:00 EU WE%sT 1975Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada 1976 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time 1977 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time 1978 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1979 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1980 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u 1981 -1:00 EU AZO%sT 1982Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal 1983 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time 1984 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time 1985 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1986 0:00 EU WE%sT 1987 1988# Romania 1989# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1990Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1991Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1992Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S 1993Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S 1994Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1995Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 1996Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1997Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 1998Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1999# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2000Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 2001 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 2002 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 2003 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 2004 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994 2005 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 2006 2007# Russia 2008 2009# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-12-02): 2010# On 1929-10-01 the Soviet Union instituted an ``Eternal Calendar'' 2011# with 30-day months plus 5 holidays, with a 5-day week. 2012# On 1931-12-01 it changed to a 6-day week; in 1934 it reverted to the 2013# Gregorian calendar while retaining the 6-day week; on 1940-06-27 it 2014# reverted to the 7-day week. With the 6-day week the usual days 2015# off were the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month. 2016# (Source: Evitiar Zerubavel, _The Seven Day Circle_) 2017# 2018# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22): 2019# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations, 2020# and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991. 2021# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, 2022# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks and the IATA. 2023# 2024# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04): 2025# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with 2026# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... 2027# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor 2028# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there. 2029# 2030# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30): 2031# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from 2032# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... 2033# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. 2034# 2035# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2036Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 2037 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 2038 2:00 Poland CET 1946 2039 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2040 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2041 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2042 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1994 2043# IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change. 2044 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2045Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 2046 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 2047 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 2048 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2049 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2050 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2051 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2052 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2053Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 2054 3:00 - KUYT 1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time 2055 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2056 3:00 1:00 KUYST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2057 3:00 - SAMT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time 2058 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2059Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2 2060 4:00 - SSK 1957 Mar 2061 5:00 Russia SS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2062 4:00 1:00 SSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2063 4:00 - SSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2064 5:00 Russia ES%s # name change from Sverdlovsk 2065Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 2066 5:00 - OSK 1957 Mar 2067 6:00 Russia OS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2068 5:00 1:00 OSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2069 5:00 - OSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2070 6:00 Russia OS%s 2071# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29): 2072# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! 2073# I do not know why they have decided to make this change; 2074# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching 2075# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. 2076Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 2077 6:00 - NSK 1957 Mar 2078 7:00 Russia NS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2079 6:00 1:00 NSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2080 6:00 - NSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2081 7:00 Russia NS%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s 2082 6:00 1:00 NSD 1994 Sep 25 2:00s 2083 6:00 Russia NS%s 2084Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2 2085 6:00 - KRSK 1957 Mar 2086 7:00 Russia KRS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2087 6:00 1:00 KRSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2088 6:00 - KRSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2089 7:00 Russia KRS%s 2090Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 2091 6:57 - LST 1924 May 2 2092 7:00 - ISK 1957 Mar 2093 8:00 Russia IS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2094 7:00 1:00 ISD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2095 7:00 - ISK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2096 8:00 Russia IS%s 2097Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 2098 8:00 - YSK 1957 Mar 2099 9:00 Russia YS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2100 8:00 1:00 YSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2101 8:00 - YSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2102 9:00 Russia YS%s 2103Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880 2104 8:48 - LST 1924 May 2 2105 9:00 - VSK 1957 Mar 2106 10:00 Russia VS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2107 9:00 1:00 VSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2108 9:00 - VSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2109 10:00 Russia VS%s 2110Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 2111 10:00 - MGK 1957 Mar 2112 11:00 Russia MG%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2113 10:00 1:00 MGD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2114 10:00 - MGK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2115 11:00 Russia MG%s 2116# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. 2117Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 2118 11:00 - PSK 1957 Mar 2119 12:00 Russia PS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2120 11:00 1:00 PSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2121 11:00 - PSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2122 12:00 Russia PS%s 2123Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 2124 12:00 - ASK 1957 Mar 2125 13:00 Russia AS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2126 12:00 1:00 ASD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2127 12:00 - ASK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2128 13:00 Russia AS%s 2129 2130# Slovakia 2131Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava 2132 2133# Slovenia 2134# see Yugoslavia 2135 2136# Spain 2137# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15. 2138# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2139# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks. 2140Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S 2141Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - 2142Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 2143Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 2144# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks. 2145Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 2146# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks. 2147Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 2148Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 2149# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks. 2150Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2151Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 2152Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 2153Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 2154# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks. 2155Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S 2156Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2157Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S 2158Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 2159Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S 2160# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks. 2161Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 2162Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S 2163Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M 2164Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S 2165Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S 2166Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S 2167Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 2168Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 2169Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - 2170Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S 2171Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 2172Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S 2173Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 2174Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S 2175Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 2176# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978. 2177Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S 2178Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2179Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S 2180Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 2181Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2182Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - 2183Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 2184Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2185Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 - 2186# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2187Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 2188 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30 2189 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 2190 1:00 EU CE%sT 2191Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 2192 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 2193 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 2194 0:00 - WET 1924 2195 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 2196 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 2197 1:00 - CET 1986 2198 1:00 EU CE%sT 2199Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. 2200 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time 2201 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 2202 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 2203 0:00 EU WE%sT 2204# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u. 2205# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU. 2206 2207# Sweden 2208 2209# From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader) 2210# <a href="news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com"> 2211# Subject: Re: Gregorian reform -- a part of locale? 2212# </a> 2213# Date: 1996-07-06 2214# 2215# In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian. Sweden 2216# decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of 2217# those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap 2218# year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar 2219# different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years. 2220# 2221# However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through; 2222# they did, after all, have a leap year that year. And one in 1708. In 1712 2223# they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that 2224# year!... 2225# 2226# Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner, 2227# getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule. 2228# 2229# (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers 2230# produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia" 2231# by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och 2232# kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).) 2233 2234# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2235Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31 2236 1:12:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT 2237 1:00 - CET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s 2238 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Sep 30 23:00s 2239 1:00 - CET 1980 2240 1:00 EU CE%sT 2241 2242# Switzerland 2243# The Gregorian calendar was introduced gradually in Switzerland, 2244# by omitting leap years during 1583-1812. 2245# From Howse (1988), p 82: 2246# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace 2247# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep 2248# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... 2249# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2250# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''): 2251Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S 2252Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - 2253# From Shanks (1991): 2254Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 2255Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 2256# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2257Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12 2258 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 2259 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 2260 1:00 EU CE%sT 2261 2262# Turkey 2263# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2264Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2265Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2266Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S 2267Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - 2268Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 2269Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 2270Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S 2271Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2272# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks. 2273Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S 2274Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2275Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2276# Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman. 2277Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S 2278Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 - 2279Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S 2280Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - 2281Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 2282# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 2283Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 2284Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S 2285Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2286Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2287Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2288Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S 2289Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 2290Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S 2291Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S 2292Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S 2293Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2294Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S 2295Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2296Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 2297Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2298Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S 2299Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 2300Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S 2301Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 - 2302Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 2303Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 - 2304Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 2305Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 2306Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2307Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 2308Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 - 2309Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S 2310Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 - 2311Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S 2312Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S 2313Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 2314Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S 2315Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 2316# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2317Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 2318 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time? 2319 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15 2320 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time 2321 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986 2322 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 2323 2:00 EU EE%sT 2324Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. 2325 2326# Ukraine 2327# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2328Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 UST # Ukrainian Summer Time 2329Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean Time 2330Rule Ukraine 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 UDST # Ukrainian Double Summer Time 2331Rule Ukraine 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 UST 2332Rule Ukraine 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 UDST 2333Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 UST 2334Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 KMT 2335Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 UST 2336Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 UDST 2337Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 UST 2338Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 KMT 2339Rule Crimea 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 CST # Crimean Summer Time 2340Rule Crimea 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 NMT # Nikolayev Mean Time 2341Rule Crimea 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 CDST # Crimean Double Summer Time 2342Rule Crimea 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 CST 2343Rule Crimea 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 CDST 2344Rule Crimea 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 CST 2345Rule Crimea 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 NMT 2346Rule Crimea 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 CST 2347Rule Crimea 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 CDST 2348Rule Crimea 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 CST 2349Rule Crimea 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 NMT 2350Rule Crimea 1996 only - Mar lastSun 0:00u 1:00 - 2351Rule Crimea 1996 only - Oct lastSun 0:00u 0 - 2352# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2353Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 2354 2:02:04 Ukraine %s 1924 May 2 2355 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2356 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 17 2357 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1996 2358 2:00 EU EE%sT 2359Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 2360 2:08:00 Crimea %s 1924 May 2 2361 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2362 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2363 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2364# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-10-21): 2365# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched 2366# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections. 2367# For now, guess it changed Feb 1. 2368 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Feb 2369# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev. 2370 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 2371# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST. 2372# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks. 2373 3:00 Crimea MSK/MSD 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u 2374 2:00 EU EE%sT 2375 2376# Yugoslavia 2377# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2378Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 2379 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 2380 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 2381 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 2382# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of 2383# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time. 2384# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj. 2385 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 2386 1:00 EU CE%sT 2387Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia 2388Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina 2389Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia 2390Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia 2391 2392############################################################################### 2393 2394# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from 2395# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986. 2396# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else. 2397# 2398# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but 2399# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules. 2400# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at 2401# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey 2402# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time 2403# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST) 2404 2405# ... 2406# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100 2407# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann) 2408# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp> 2409# ... 2410# 2411# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when 2412# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only 2413# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according 2414# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on 2415# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following 2416# years... 2417# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions 2418# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST 2419# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep 2420# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now. 2421# 2422# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the 2423# Soviet Union (as far as I know). 2424# 2425# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG, 2426# 4002 Basle, Switzerland 2427# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho 2428 2429# ... 2430# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100 2431# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter) 2432# ... 2433# 2434# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct. 2435# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information 2436# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969. 2437# 2438# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on 2439# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September... 2440# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that 2441# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982 2442# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in 2443# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch 2444# dates... 2445# 2446# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g. 2447# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST... 2448# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not 2449# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations 2450# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always 2451# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the 2452# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours 2453# in advance of normal time. 2454# 2455# ... 2456# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland 2457# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl 2458# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax 2459 2460# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): 2461# ... 2462# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates). 2463# Since 1978. Change at midnight. 2464# ... 2465# Monaco: has same DST as France. 2466# ... 2467