europe revision 43014
143014Swollman# @(#)europe 7.57 22742Swollman 32742Swollman# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 42742Swollman# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 52742Swollman# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 62742Swollman 720094Swollman# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22): 82742Swollman# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 943014Swollman# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition), 1043014Swollman# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995). 112742Swollman# 1220094Swollman# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source 1320094Swollman# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport 1420094Swollman# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 1520094Swollman# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 1620094Swollman# of the IATA's data after 1990. 1720094Swollman# 1820094Swollman# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990, 1920094Swollman# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990. 2020094Swollman# 212742Swollman# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 222742Swollman# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which 232742Swollman# I found in the UCLA library. 242742Swollman# 252742Swollman# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 262742Swollman# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 2719878Swollman# Corrections are welcome! 282742Swollman# std dst 292742Swollman# LMT Local Mean Time 302742Swollman# -4:00 AST Atlantic 3119878Swollman# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland* 3219878Swollman# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland* 332742Swollman# 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer 3419878Swollman# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer 3519878Swollman# 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe 3619878Swollman# 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe 3719878Swollman# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe 3820094Swollman# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow 392742Swollman# 402742Swollman# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, 412742Swollman# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude, 422742Swollman# Oxford University Press (1980). 432742Swollman 4419878Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04), 4514343Swollman# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, 469908Swollman# Luxembourg, the Netherlands. 479908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. 489908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. 499908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. 509908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for 519908Swollman# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% 529908Swollman# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous 539908Swollman# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. 549908Swollman# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) 559908Swollman# ... 5614343Swollman# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. 5714343Swollman# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. 589908Swollman# ... 599908Swollman# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. 609908Swollman# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact 619908Swollman# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the 629908Swollman# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed 639908Swollman# in the Directive. 649908Swollman 6519878Swollman 662742Swollman############################################################################### 672742Swollman 6843014Swollman# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire) 6919878Swollman# The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14. 702742Swollman 7119878Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06): 722742Swollman# 732742Swollman# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about 742742Swollman# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo 752742Swollman# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph 762742Swollman# of the text said: 772742Swollman# 782742Swollman# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands 7921217Swollman# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude 802742Swollman# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed 812742Swollman# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They 822742Swollman# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, 832742Swollman# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking 842742Swollman# along the towpath within a few yards of it.' 852742Swollman# 862742Swollman# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's 8721217Swollman# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should 882742Swollman# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. 892742Swollman# 902742Swollman# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] 912742Swollman 9219878Swollman# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18): 932742Swollman# 942742Swollman# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. 952742Swollman# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, 962742Swollman# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. 972742Swollman# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828); 982742Swollman# it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844), 992742Swollman# famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude. 1002742Swollman# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway 1012742Swollman# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most 1022742Swollman# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the 1032742Swollman# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be 1042742Swollman# adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major 1052742Swollman# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public 1062742Swollman# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock 1072742Swollman# in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, 1082742Swollman# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal 1092742Swollman# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading 1102742Swollman# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. 1112742Swollman# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition 1122742Swollman# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2. 1132742Swollman# 1142742Swollman# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single 1152742Swollman# transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much 1162742Swollman# about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time. 1172742Swollman 11817200Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12): 11917200Swollman# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915), 12017200Swollman# a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907) 12117200Swollman# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, 12217200Swollman# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. 12317200Swollman# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, 12417200Swollman# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. 12517200Swollman# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. 12617200Swollman 12719878Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): 12819878Swollman# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving'' 12919878Swollman# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this 13019878Swollman# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the 13119878Swollman# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''. 13219878Swollman 13319878Swollman# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19): 1342742Swollman# 1352742Swollman# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's 1362742Swollman# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. 1372742Swollman 1382742Swollman# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) 1392742Swollman# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john> 1402742Swollman# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. 1412742Swollman# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in 1422742Swollman# politics making a fortune, not computing. 1432742Swollman 14443014Swollman# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14): 14543014Swollman# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the 14643014Swollman# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published 14743014Swollman# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and 14843014Swollman# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T." 14943014Swollman 15043014Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19): 15143014Swollman# The following list attempts to show the complete history of Summer Time 15243014Swollman# legislation in the United Kingdom, and has quite a bit to say about 15343014Swollman# the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well. 1542742Swollman# 15543014Swollman# Things that I have not personally seen are marked (???). Things that 15643014Swollman# I haven't seen but Joseph Myers has are marked (jsm). The problem 15743014Swollman# with finding old Orders (rather than Acts) is that nobody seems to 15843014Swollman# keep the actual documents themselves, not even the Government. They 15943014Swollman# get bound into annual volumes, which are published, but by the time 16043014Swollman# this happens the Orders are mainly spent as the years they refer 16143014Swollman# to have come and gone, so they don't get included in the annual 16243014Swollman# volumes. 1632742Swollman# 16443014Swollman# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out 16543014Swollman# the dusty old statutes, to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence, 16643014Swollman# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining 16743014Swollman# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter), 16843014Swollman# and to Joseph Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk>, who tracked down the Orders 16943014Swollman# up to 1945, some of the old Acts, and the first five EC Directives. 1702742Swollman# 17143014Swollman# Some definitions: 1722742Swollman# 17343014Swollman# Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales 17443014Swollman# United Kingdom: Great Britain plus Ireland (up to 1922) or Northern 17543014Swollman# Ireland (since 1922) 17643014Swollman# S.I.: Statutory Instrument, the modern name for secondary legislation 17743014Swollman# S.R.&O.: Statutory Rules and Orders, the older name for secondary legislation 1782742Swollman# 17943014Swollman# Unless otherwise specified, Acts and secondary legislation are assumed 18043014Swollman# to apply throughout the United Kingdom, but not to the Isle of Man 18143014Swollman# or the Channel Islands. 1822742Swollman# 18343014Swollman# Some of the Acts and Orders I found in various libraries, and I don't 18443014Swollman# have copies. When I looked at them I was looking for dates and not things 18543014Swollman# like whether they applied to the Bailiwick of Jersey. I will try to 18643014Swollman# check these documents again. 1872742Swollman# 18843014Swollman# --- 1892742Swollman# 19043014Swollman# - The Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 (43 & 44 Vict. c. 9) 1912742Swollman# 19243014Swollman# Defined Greenwich mean time to be the standard time in Great Britain 19343014Swollman# and Dublin mean time to be the standard time in Ireland, superseding 19443014Swollman# various forms of local mean time. 1952742Swollman# 19643014Swollman# - The Statutory Time Act, 1883 (???) 1972742Swollman# 19843014Swollman# An Act of Tynwald, the Isle of Man Parliament. It appears to have 19943014Swollman# defined the standard time on the Isle of Man as GMT but as I haven't 20043014Swollman# seen it I don't know if it used Greenwich mean time, some other definition, 20143014Swollman# or just said that Isle of Man time would be the same as in Great Britain. 2022742Swollman# 20343014Swollman# - The Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 62) 2042742Swollman# 20543014Swollman# Gives the power, by Order in Council, to extend wartime legislation 20643014Swollman# to the Isle of Man. 2072742Swollman# 20843014Swollman# - The Summer Time Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 14) 2092742Swollman# 21043014Swollman# Introduced Summer Time for the first time, in Great Britain and Ireland. 21143014Swollman# Specified a one hour offset from GMT (DMT in Ireland), dates of 21243014Swollman# Sunday 21 May and Sunday 1 October and times of 02:00 (GMT/DMT). 21343014Swollman# Gave a power to make Orders in subsequent years, for the duration 21443014Swollman# of the then current war. 2152742Swollman# 21643014Swollman# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 45) 2172742Swollman# 21843014Swollman# This abolished Dublin mean time at 02:00 DMT on Sunday 1 October 1916, 21943014Swollman# bringing the whole of the United Kingdom onto GMT. As Ireland was behind 22043014Swollman# GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct Great Britain had already put the clocks back. 22143014Swollman# Using Paul Eggert's suggestion of IST for Irish Summer Time and the figure 22243014Swollman# derived from Whitman for the offset of IST from GMT (00:34:39) the sequence 22343014Swollman# would have been: 22443014Swollman# Dublin London 22543014Swollman# 02:34:38 IST 02:59:59 BST 22643014Swollman# 02:34:39 IST 02:00:00 GMT 22743014Swollman# 02:59:59 IST 02:25:20 GMT 22843014Swollman# 02:25:21 GMT 02:25:21 GMT 22943014Swollman# with the transition 03:00:00 IST -> 02:00:00 DMT -> 02:25:21 GMT all at once. 2302742Swollman# 23143014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 2322742Swollman# 23343014Swollman# An Order made under the Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914 23443014Swollman# extending the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man. Dated 23543014Swollman# 23 May 1916, two days after the start of Summer Time, but it says that 23643014Swollman# the Act is deemed to have taken effect in the Isle of Man at the same 23743014Swollman# time as it took effect in the United Kingdom. 2382742Swollman# 23943014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 362 2402742Swollman# 24143014Swollman# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates 24243014Swollman# for Summer Time in 1917 of Sunday 8 April to Monday 17 September, 24343014Swollman# both at 02:00 GMT. Note that Summer Time ends on a Monday. 2442742Swollman# 24543014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358 2462742Swollman# 24743014Swollman# An Order made under the Summer Time (Isle of Man) Act, 1916 24843014Swollman# (the thing created by S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382) specifying the same 24943014Swollman# dates of 8 April to 17 September, at 02:00 GMT for the Isle of Man. 2502742Swollman# 25143014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274 2522742Swollman# 25343014Swollman# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates 25443014Swollman# for Summer Time in 1918 of Sunday 24 March to Monday 30 September, 25543014Swollman# both at 02:00 GMT. 2562742Swollman# 25743014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 429 2582742Swollman# 25943014Swollman# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1918 with the same dates and times. 2602742Swollman# 26143014Swollman# - The Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918 26243014Swollman# (8 & 9 Geo. 5. c. 59) 2632742Swollman# 26443014Swollman# This gave power to specify a legal end date for the war just ended, 26543014Swollman# which would affect things like the Summer Time Act, 1916, which applied 26643014Swollman# only in wartime. This date was to be close to the date of formal 26743014Swollman# ratification of the treaty or treaties of peace. 2682742Swollman# 26943014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297 2702742Swollman# 27143014Swollman# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates 27243014Swollman# for Summer Time in 1919 of Sunday 30 March to Monday 29 September, 27343014Swollman# both at 02:00 GMT. 27443014Swollman# 27543014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 366 27643014Swollman# 27743014Swollman# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1919 with the same dates and times. 27843014Swollman# 27943014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 28043014Swollman# 28143014Swollman# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates 28243014Swollman# for Summer Time in 1920 of Sunday 28 March to Monday 27 September, 28343014Swollman# both at 02:00 GMT. 28443014Swollman# 28543014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573 28643014Swollman# 28743014Swollman# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1920 with the same dates and times. 28843014Swollman# 28943014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844 29043014Swollman# 29143014Swollman# An Order modifying both S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 and S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573 to 29243014Swollman# change the end date for Summer Time from Monday 27 September to 29343014Swollman# Monday 25 October (the time remaining 02:00 GMT). The 1989 Green 29443014Swollman# Paper (Cm 722) says this was done because of a coal strike. 29543014Swollman# 29643014Swollman# - The War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 (10 Geo. 5. c. 5) 29743014Swollman# 29843014Swollman# This extends the power to make Orders under the Summer Time Act, 1916 29943014Swollman# for a period of 12 months after the termination of the war. 30043014Swollman# Came into force on 31 March 1920. Although the war had been over for more 30143014Swollman# than 12 months by then the legal end date had not yet been set. 30243014Swollman# 30343014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363 30443014Swollman# 30543014Swollman# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War 30643014Swollman# Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time 30743014Swollman# in 1921 of Sunday 3 April to Monday 3 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 30843014Swollman# 30943014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 364 31043014Swollman# 31143014Swollman# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1921 with the same dates and times. 31243014Swollman# 31343014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 31443014Swollman# 31543014Swollman# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War 31643014Swollman# Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time 31743014Swollman# in 1921 of Sunday 26 March to Sunday 8 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 31843014Swollman# It also mentions the arrangements for defining the legal end date 31943014Swollman# for the late war. An Order was made on 10 August 1921, under the 32043014Swollman# Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918, setting 32143014Swollman# a date of 31 August 1921. This means the powers of the Summer Time 32243014Swollman# Act, 1916 would finally expire on 31 August 1922. 32343014Swollman# 32443014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 290 (???) 32543014Swollman# 32643014Swollman# This is probably the matching Isle of Man Order. 32743014Swollman# 32843014Swollman# - The Summer Time Act, 1922 (12 & 13 Geo. 5. c. 22) 32943014Swollman# 3302742Swollman# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third 3312742Swollman# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after 3322742Swollman# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September. 3332742Swollman# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament 33443014Swollman# so approved. It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well. 33543014Swollman# Came into Force on 20 July 1920. Note the reversion to ending on a Sunday. 3362742Swollman# 33743014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 1205 3382742Swollman# 33943014Swollman# An Order made under the War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 34043014Swollman# dated 13 October 1922. It revokes (among other things) the Order extending 34143014Swollman# the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man. 3422742Swollman# 34343014Swollman# - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1923 (13 & 14 Geo. 5. c. 37) 34443014Swollman# 34543014Swollman# This extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until 34643014Swollman# 31 December 1924. 34743014Swollman# 34843014Swollman# - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1924 (15 Geo. 5. c. 1) (jsm) 34943014Swollman# 35043014Swollman# This further extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until 35143014Swollman# 31 December 1925. 35243014Swollman# 35343014Swollman# - The Time Act (Northern Ireland), 1924 (14 & 15 Geo. 5. c. 24 (N.I.)) 35443014Swollman# 35543014Swollman# This Act says that while it remains in force, any Act or Order relating 35643014Swollman# to the time for general purposes in Great Britain shall also apply 35743014Swollman# in Northern Ireland, and the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 shall have effect 35843014Swollman# accordingly. 35943014Swollman# 36043014Swollman# - The Summer Time Act, 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5. c. 64) 36143014Swollman# 3622742Swollman# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the 36343014Swollman# day after the first Saturday in October. Came into force on 7 August 1925. 3642742Swollman# 36543014Swollman# - The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939 (2 & 3 Geo. 6. c. 62) (???) 3662742Swollman# 36743014Swollman# I haven't seen this one. It presumably gave the Government powers to 36843014Swollman# do all manner of things during the newly started war. 36943014Swollman# 37043014Swollman# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379 37143014Swollman# 3722742Swollman# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939. 37343014Swollman# They change the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November. 3742742Swollman# 37543014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 3762742Swollman# 37743014Swollman# An Order in Council amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 37843014Swollman# It changed the start date to the day after the fourth Saturday in February 37943014Swollman# (ie. 25 Feb 1940). 38043014Swollman# 38143014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 1883 38243014Swollman# 38343014Swollman# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 3842742Swollman# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940. 3852742Swollman# 38643014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476 3872742Swollman# 38843014Swollman# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 3892742Swollman# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after 3902742Swollman# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the 3912742Swollman# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time, 39243014Swollman# which continues throughout the rest of the year. 3932742Swollman# 39443014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506 3952742Swollman# 39643014Swollman# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 39743014Swollman# This changes the start date of Double Summer Time to the day after the first 39843014Swollman# Saturday in April, bringing it forward from May. 3992742Swollman# 40043014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932 4012742Swollman# 40243014Swollman# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 40343014Swollman# This changed the end date of Double Summer Time to the day after the 40443014Swollman# third Saturday in September (ie. 17 September 1944). 4052742Swollman# 40643014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 4072742Swollman# 40843014Swollman# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 40943014Swollman# This changes the start and end dates of Double Summer Time to the 41043014Swollman# day after the first Sunday in April and the day after the second Saturday 41143014Swollman# in July (ie. Mon 2 April to Sun 15 July). 4122742Swollman# 41343014Swollman# I have this quote from Hansard (the official record of the United Kingdom 41443014Swollman# Parliament), Oral Answers, 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60, explaining the 41543014Swollman# unusual start on a Monday: 4162742Swollman# 41743014Swollman# `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home 41843014Swollman# Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals 41943014Swollman# regarding double summer time. 4202742Swollman# 42143014Swollman# [two other similar questions omitted] 4222742Swollman# 42343014Swollman# Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have 42443014Swollman# considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of 42543014Swollman# double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the 42643014Swollman# maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday, 42743014Swollman# when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that 42843014Swollman# double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter 42943014Swollman# Sunday, but in the night of Sunday-Monday so that it will operate from 43043014Swollman# Monday, 2nd April.' 4312742Swollman# 43243014Swollman# - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208 4332742Swollman# 43443014Swollman# An Order under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Acts, 1939 and 1940 revoking 43543014Swollman# a long list of things, including the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 43643014Swollman# This meant that Summer Time reverted to being set by the 1922 and 1925 Acts. 43743014Swollman# It was made on 28 September, early enough to end Summer Time on the 43843014Swollman# date defined by the 1925 Act: 7 October. 4392742Swollman# 44043014Swollman# - The Summer Time Act, 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 16) 4412742Swollman# 44243014Swollman# Came into force on 11 March 1947. Amended the Summer Time Acts, 1922 and 44343014Swollman# 1925 to change the dates of Summer Time and to introduce Double Summer Time 44443014Swollman# (although it doesn't give this, or any, name for this period of 2 hour 44543014Swollman# offset from GMT). Dates are given for 1947 only and are: 02:00 GMT Sunday 44643014Swollman# 16 March, 01:00 GMT Sunday 13 April, 01:00 GMT Sunday 10 August, and 02:00 44743014Swollman# Sunday 2 November. It gave a power to make Orders for subsequent years, 44843014Swollman# both to vary the dates and to continue Double Summer Time. It applied 44943014Swollman# to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. 4502742Swollman# 45143014Swollman# - Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) 4522742Swollman# 45343014Swollman# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1948 of 45443014Swollman# 14 March and 31 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 4552742Swollman# 45643014Swollman# Although the 1947 Act had legislated for Double Summer Time, this was 45743014Swollman# not continued after 1947. 4582742Swollman# 45943014Swollman# - Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) 4602742Swollman# 46143014Swollman# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1949 46243014Swollman# of 3 April and 30 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 4632742Swollman# 46443014Swollman# - Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) 46517200Swollman# 46643014Swollman# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1950 46743014Swollman# of 16 April and 22 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 46843014Swollman# 46943014Swollman# - Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) 47043014Swollman# 47143014Swollman# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1951 47243014Swollman# of 15 April and 21 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 47343014Swollman# 47443014Swollman# - Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) 47543014Swollman# 47643014Swollman# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1952 47743014Swollman# of 20 April and 26 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 47843014Swollman# 47943014Swollman# This is the last of this run of Orders, so for 1953 things reverted 48043014Swollman# to the 1922 and 1925 Acts. 48143014Swollman# 48243014Swollman# - The Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland), 1954 (1954 c. 33 (N.I.)) (???) 48343014Swollman# 48443014Swollman# I presume that section 39 of this Act is similar to section 9 of the 48543014Swollman# Interpretation Act, 1978 (listed below) in specifying GMT as the 48643014Swollman# legal time in Northern Ireland, replacing the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916. 48743014Swollman# 48843014Swollman# - Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71) 48943014Swollman# 49043014Swollman# Specified dates of 26 March and 29 October (02:00 GMT) for 1961 49143014Swollman# 49243014Swollman# - Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465) 49343014Swollman# 49443014Swollman# Specified dates of 25 March to 28 October (02:00 GMT) for 1962. 49543014Swollman# 49643014Swollman# - Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81) 49743014Swollman# 49843014Swollman# Specified dates of 31 March to 27 October (02:00 GMT) for 1963. 49943014Swollman# 50043014Swollman# - Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101) 50143014Swollman# 50243014Swollman# Specified dates of 22 March to 25 October (02:00 GMT) for 1964. 50343014Swollman# 50443014Swollman# - Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201) 50543014Swollman# 50643014Swollman# Specified dates for three years (all 02:00 GMT): 50743014Swollman# 1965: 21 March to 24 October 50843014Swollman# 1966: 20 March to 23 October 50943014Swollman# 1967: 19 March to 29 October 51043014Swollman# 51143014Swollman# - Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148) 51243014Swollman# - Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117) 51343014Swollman# 51443014Swollman# The first of these specifies dates for 1968 of 18 February for the United 51543014Swollman# Kingdom but 7 April for the Isle of Man, both ending on 27 October, 51643014Swollman# all at 02:00 GMT. The second Order changes the Isle of Man start date 51743014Swollman# to 18 February to match the United Kingdom. 51843014Swollman# 51943014Swollman# - The British Standard Time Act 1968 (1968 c. 45) 52043014Swollman# 52143014Swollman# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout 52243014Swollman# the year. It expired at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971, as specified in the 52343014Swollman# Act, as Parliament did not move to make this experment permanent. 52443014Swollman# It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. 52543014Swollman# 52617200Swollman# Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on 52717200Swollman# 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely 52817200Swollman# stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom 52917200Swollman# (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in 53017200Swollman# advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could 53117200Swollman# possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27, 53217200Swollman# especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto, 53317200Swollman# thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying 53443014Swollman# summer time in 1968. 5352742Swollman# 53643014Swollman# - The Manx Time Act 1968 5372742Swollman# 53843014Swollman# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that 53943014Swollman# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain. 5402742Swollman# 54143014Swollman# - The Summer Time Act 1972 (1972 c. 6) 5422742Swollman# 54343014Swollman# This specified a reversion to normal Summer Time behaviour with a start 54443014Swollman# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter, 54543014Swollman# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day 54643014Swollman# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is 54743014Swollman# 1 hour. It gives the power to make Orders to vary these dates and 54843014Swollman# times. This Act is still in force and is the legal authority for 54943014Swollman# implementing the EC Directives in the United Kingdom. 5502742Swollman# 55143014Swollman# - The Interpretation Act 1978 (1978 c. 30) 5522742Swollman# 55343014Swollman# Section 9 of this Act replaces section 1 of the Statutes (Definition of 55443014Swollman# Time) Act, 1880 with very similar wording maintaining GMT as the legal 55543014Swollman# time in Great Britain. This does not apply in Northern Ireland (it 55643014Swollman# has its own Interpretation Act listed above). 5572742Swollman# 55843014Swollman# - Council Directive of 22 July 1980 on summertime arrangements (80/737/EEC) 5592742Swollman# 56043014Swollman# The first of the European Directives on Summer Time. It specified start 56143014Swollman# dates for 1981 and 1982. No agreement had been reached on end dates. 56243014Swollman# Only dates were given, there was no rule like `last Sunday in March'. 56343014Swollman# The main change for the United Kingdom was a move to a 01:00 GMT change 56443014Swollman# time. The dates: 56543014Swollman# 1981: 29 March 56643014Swollman# 1982: 28 March 5672742Swollman# 56843014Swollman# - Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089) 5692742Swollman# 57043014Swollman# Specified dates for 1981 and 1982, with the start dates as in the 57143014Swollman# EC Directive and all times 01:00 GMT: 57243014Swollman# 1981: 29 March to 25 October 57343014Swollman# 1982: 28 March to 24 October 5742742Swollman# 57543014Swollman# - Second Council Directive of 10 June 1982 on summertime arrangements 57643014Swollman# (82/399/EEC) 5772742Swollman# 57843014Swollman# The next European Directive. Specified dates for three years, 1983 to 1985. 57943014Swollman# Agreement still hadn't been reached on a common end date, and wouldn't 58043014Swollman# be until 1994 with the appeareance of the seventh Directive with a common 58143014Swollman# date for 1996 and beyond, but this time the Directive gave two sets of 58243014Swollman# end dates. The start date was specified by rule: the last Sunday in March. 58343014Swollman# All times were 01:00 GMT. The end dates were given without rule, as: 58443014Swollman# 1983: 25 September or 23 October 58543014Swollman# 1984: 30 September or 28 october 58643014Swollman# 1985: 29 September or 27 October 5872742Swollman# 58843014Swollman# - Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673) 5892742Swollman# 59043014Swollman# Implemented the second EC Directive, using the October end dates. 59143014Swollman# 1983: 27 March to 23 October 59243014Swollman# 1984: 25 March to 28 october 59343014Swollman# 1985: 31 March to 27 October 5942742Swollman# 59543014Swollman# - Third Council Directive of 12 December 1984 on summertime arrangements 59643014Swollman# (84/634/EEC) 5972742Swollman# 59843014Swollman# Specified start dates of the last Sunday in March and two sets of end 59943014Swollman# dates, last Sunday in September and fourth Sunday in October, all at 60043014Swollman# 01:00 GMT. The end dates were also specified as dates: 60143014Swollman# 1986: 28 September or 26 October 60243014Swollman# 1987: 27 September or 25 October 60343014Swollman# 1988: 25 September or 23 October 6042742Swollman# 60543014Swollman# - Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223) 6062742Swollman# 60743014Swollman# Implemented the third EC Directive, using the October end dates. 60843014Swollman# 1986: 30 March to 26 October 60943014Swollman# 1987: 29 March to 25 October 61043014Swollman# 1988: 27 March to 23 October 6112742Swollman# 61243014Swollman# - Council Directive of 20 December 1985 amending Directive 84/634/EEC 61343014Swollman# on summertime arrangements (85/582/EEC) 6142742Swollman# 61543014Swollman# This was to do with the accession of Spain and Portugal to the EEC. 61643014Swollman# The previous directve had used wording like `Member States belonging 61743014Swollman# to the zero (Greenwich) time zone' when refering to the different 61843014Swollman# sets of end dates. Portugal was in that time zone but was not going 61943014Swollman# to follow the United Kingdom and Ireland dates, so the text was reworded 62043014Swollman# without any change to the dates themselves. 6212742Swollman# 62243014Swollman# - Fourth Council Directive of 22 December 1987 on summertime arrangements 62343014Swollman# (88/14/EEC) 6249908Swollman# 62543014Swollman# This Directive covered only a single year: 1989. My guess is that 62643014Swollman# this was because 1989 was one of the years when the historic United Kingdom 62743014Swollman# end date of the Sunday after the fourth Saturday in October differed from 62843014Swollman# the rule in the previous Directive of the fourth Sunday in October. 62943014Swollman# All times are 01:00 GMT. No rule was specified, specific dates were given: 63043014Swollman# 1989: 26 March to 24 September or 29 October 63117200Swollman# 63243014Swollman# - Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931) 63343014Swollman# 63443014Swollman# Implemented the dates of 26 March to 29 October for 1989. 63543014Swollman# 63643014Swollman# - Fifth Council Directive of 21 December 1988 on summertime arrangements 63743014Swollman# (89/47/EEC) 63843014Swollman# 63943014Swollman# Covered the three years 1990 to 1992. All times are 01:00 GMT. Gave both 64043014Swollman# rules (last Sunday in March, last Sunday in September or fourth Sunday 64143014Swollman# in October) and specific dates: 64243014Swollman# 1990: 25 March to 30 September or 28 October 64343014Swollman# 1991: 31 March to 29 September or 27 October 64443014Swollman# 1992: 29 March to 27 September or 25 October 64543014Swollman# 64643014Swollman# - Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985) 64743014Swollman# 64843014Swollman# Implemented the fifth Directive using the October end dates. 64943014Swollman# 65043014Swollman# - Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC of 26 March 1992 on summertime 65143014Swollman# arrangements 65243014Swollman# 65343014Swollman# Covered the two years 1993 and 1994. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specified 65443014Swollman# both rules (same as the fifth Directive) and specific dates: 65543014Swollman# 1993: 28 March to 26 September or 24 October 65643014Swollman# 1994: 27 March to 25 September or 23 October 65743014Swollman# 65843014Swollman# - Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729) 65943014Swollman# 66043014Swollman# Implemented the sixth Directive using the October end dates. 66143014Swollman# 66243014Swollman# - Seventh Directive 94/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 66343014Swollman# of 30 May 1994 on summer-time arrangements 66443014Swollman# 66543014Swollman# Covered the three years 1995 to 1997. Agreement had finally been reached 66643014Swollman# on a common end date, to start in 1996. Both rules and dates were given. 66743014Swollman# The rules were the same last Sunday in March to last Sunday in September 66843014Swollman# or fourth Sunday in October for 1995, with the end rule changing to the 66943014Swollman# last Sunday in October for 1996 and 1997. The year 1995 was another of 67043014Swollman# the tricky ones where the EC and traditional United Kingdom rules differed 67143014Swollman# but this time the UK changed on the fourth Sunday, 22 October, earlier 67243014Swollman# than usual. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specific dates were also given: 67343014Swollman# 1995: 26 March to 24 September or 22 October 67443014Swollman# 1996: 31 March to 27 October 67543014Swollman# 1997: 30 March to 26 October 67643014Swollman# 67743014Swollman# - Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798) 67843014Swollman# 67943014Swollman# Implements the seventh Directive using the October end date in 1995. 68043014Swollman# Applies also to the Bailiwick of Guernsey but not to the Bailiwick of 68143014Swollman# Jersey or the Isle of Man, which have their own (unspecified) legislation 68243014Swollman# on the subject. 68343014Swollman# 68443014Swollman# - Eighth Directive 97/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 68543014Swollman# of 22 July 1997 on summer-time arrangements 68643014Swollman# 68743014Swollman# Covers four years: 1998 to 2001. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specifies both 68843014Swollman# rules, last Sunday in March and last Sunday in October, and specific dates: 68943014Swollman# 1998: 29 March to 25 October 69043014Swollman# 1999: 28 March to 31 October 69143014Swollman# 2000: 26 March to 29 October 69243014Swollman# 2001: 25 March to 28 October 69343014Swollman# 69443014Swollman# <a href="http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1997/97298201.htm"> 69543014Swollman# - Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982) 69643014Swollman# </a> 69743014Swollman# 69843014Swollman# Implements the eighth Directive. Has the same text about the Isle of Man, 69943014Swollman# Guernsey and Jersey as the 1994 Order. 7002742Swollman 70143014Swollman# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@hermes.cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06): 70243014Swollman# 70343014Swollman# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC; 70443014Swollman# see Lord Tanlaw's speech 70543014Swollman# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0"> 70643014Swollman# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976) 70743014Swollman# </a>. 7082742Swollman 70917200Swollman# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12): 7102742Swollman# 71143014Swollman# The date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A 7122742Swollman# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error; 7132742Swollman# 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date. 7142742Swollman# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules 7152742Swollman# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925. 7162742Swollman# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition; 7172742Swollman# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other 7182742Swollman# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now. 7192742Swollman# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948. 7202742Swollman# 7212742Swollman# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect: 72230711Swollman# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until 7232742Swollman# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. 7242742Swollman# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. 7252742Swollman# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. 7262742Swollman# It actually just had one transition. 72730711Swollman# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II. 7282742Swollman# Actually, it conformed to Britain. 72917200Swollman# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. 73017200Swollman# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. 73117200Swollman# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). 7322742Swollman# 73317200Swollman# The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful; 73417200Swollman# we'll ignore them for now. 7352742Swollman# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT 73630711Swollman# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to 7372742Swollman# conform with Great Britain. 73817200Swollman# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. 7392742Swollman# 74017200Swollman# 7412742Swollman# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks. 7422742Swollman 74317200Swollman# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): 74417200Swollman# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, 74517200Swollman# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC. 74617200Swollman# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate 74717200Swollman# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of 74817200Swollman# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is 74917200Swollman# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". 75017200Swollman 7512742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 75243014Swollman# Summer Time Act, 1916 7532742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST 7542742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT 75543014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358 7562742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST 7572742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT 75843014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274 7592742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST 7602742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT 76143014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297 7622742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST 7632742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT 76443014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 7652742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST 76643014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844 7672742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT 76843014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363 7692742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 7702742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT 77143014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 7722742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST 77343014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1922 7742742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT 7752742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 7762742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 77743014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 7782742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 77943014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1925 7802742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 78143014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 7822742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 78343014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 7842742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 78543014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 7862742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 78743014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 7882742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 78943014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 7902742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 79143014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379 79243014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 79343014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883 79443014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST 79543014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476 79619878SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 7972742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 79843014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506 79919878SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 80043014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932 8012742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST 80243014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 80343014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 80443014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 80543014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208 80643014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 80743014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 80843014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1947 8092742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST 81019878SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST 8112742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST 8122742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT 81343014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) 8142742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 81543014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT 81643014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) 8172742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 81843014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT 81943014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) 82043014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) 82143014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) 82243014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST 8232742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT 82443014Swollman# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925 82543014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 82643014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 82743014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 8282742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 82943014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 8302742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 83143014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 83243014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71) 83343014Swollman# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465) 83443014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81) 8352742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST 83643014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 83743014Swollman# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101) 83843014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201) 83943014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148) 8402742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST 84143014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117) 84217200SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST 84343014Swollman# The British Standard Time Act, 1968 84443014Swollman# (no summer time) 84543014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1972 8462742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 8472742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 84843014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089) 84943014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673) 85043014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223) 85143014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931) 8529908SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST 8539908SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT 85443014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985) 85543014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729) 85643014Swollman# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798) 8579908SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT 85843014Swollman# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982) 85917200Swollman# See EU for rules starting in 1996. 8602742Swollman 8612742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 8622742SwollmanZone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22 86317200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 86417200Swollman 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 8659908Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 86617200Swollman 0:00 EU GMT/BST 8672742SwollmanZone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 8682742Swollman -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT 86943014Swollman -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time 87017200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 87117200Swollman 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 8729908Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 87317200Swollman 0:00 EU GMT/BST 8742742SwollmanZone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 8752742Swollman -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT 87643014Swollman -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s 87719878Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 87817200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 87917200Swollman 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 8802742Swollman 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 88117200Swollman 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 8822742Swollman 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 88317200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 88417200Swollman 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 88517200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 88617200Swollman 0:00 EU GMT/IST 8872742Swollman 8882742Swollman############################################################################### 8892742Swollman 8902742Swollman# Continental Europe 8912742Swollman 89217200Swollman# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, 89317200Swollman# Common Market, etc. 8949908Swollman 8959908Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 89619878SwollmanRule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S 89717200SwollmanRule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 89817200SwollmanRule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - 89917200SwollmanRule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 90019878SwollmanRule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S 90117200SwollmanRule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - 9029908Swollman 90317200Swollman# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. 90419878SwollmanRule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 9052742SwollmanRule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 9062742SwollmanRule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - 9079908SwollmanRule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 90819878SwollmanRule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 9099908SwollmanRule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 9102742Swollman 91119878Swollman# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. 91219878Swollman# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time. 91319878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 91419878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 91519878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 91619878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 91719878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S 91819878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 91919878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S 92019878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 92119878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 9222742Swollman# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 92319878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - 92419878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 92519878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 92619878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 92719878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 92819878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 92919878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 9302742Swollman 93120094Swollman# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time. 93220094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 93320094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 93420094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 93520094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 93620094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S 93720094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 93820094Swollman 9392742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 94020094SwollmanRule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time 94120094SwollmanRule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time 94220094SwollmanRule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time 94320094SwollmanRule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 MST 94420094SwollmanRule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST 94520094SwollmanRule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S 94620094SwollmanRule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - 94720094SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 9482742Swollman# Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition. 94920094Swollman# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12): 9502742Swollman# My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21. 95143014SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 95220094SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S 95320094SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 95443014Swollman# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24): 95520094SwollmanRule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 95620094SwollmanRule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 95743014Swollman# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in 95843014Swollman# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14): 95920094SwollmanRule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 96020094SwollmanRule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 96143014Swollman# 96220094SwollmanRule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S 96320094SwollmanRule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 - 96420094SwollmanRule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 96520094SwollmanRule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 96620094SwollmanRule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 9672742Swollman 9682742Swollman# These are for backward compatibility with older versions. 9692742Swollman 9702742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 97119878SwollmanZone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT 97219878SwollmanZone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 97319878SwollmanZone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 97419878SwollmanZone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT 9752742Swollman 97619878Swollman# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST 97719878Swollman# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage. 9782742Swollman 97919878Swollman# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12): 98019878Swollman# The official German names ... are 98119878Swollman# 98219878Swollman# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00 98319878Swollman# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00 98419878Swollman# 98519878Swollman# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG), 98619878Swollman# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111).... 98719878Swollman# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution 98819878Swollman# 98919878Swollman# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) 99019878Swollman# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit" 99119878Swollman# Postfach 3345 99219878Swollman# D-38023 Braunschweig 99319878Swollman# phone: +49 531 592-0 99419878Swollman# 99519878Swollman# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB 99619878Swollman# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the 99719878Swollman# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as 99819878Swollman# 99919878Swollman# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00 100019878Swollman# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00 10012742Swollman 100219878Swollman 10032742Swollman# Albania 10042742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 100519878SwollmanRule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S 10062742SwollmanRule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 100719878SwollmanRule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S 10082742SwollmanRule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - 100919878SwollmanRule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 10102742SwollmanRule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 101119878SwollmanRule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 10122742SwollmanRule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 101319878SwollmanRule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 10142742SwollmanRule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 101519878SwollmanRule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S 10162742SwollmanRule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 101719878SwollmanRule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S 10182742SwollmanRule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 101919878SwollmanRule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S 10202742SwollmanRule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 102119878SwollmanRule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S 10222742SwollmanRule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 102319878SwollmanRule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S 10242742SwollmanRule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - 102519878SwollmanRule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 10262742SwollmanRule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 102719878SwollmanRule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 10282742SwollmanRule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 102919878SwollmanRule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 10302742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 10312742SwollmanZone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 103219878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 103330711Swollman# The following transition is from Shanks's 4th edition (1995). 103430711Swollman 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul 103520094Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 10362742Swollman 10372742Swollman# Andorra 10382742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 10392742SwollmanZone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 10402742Swollman 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 104119878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 104219878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 10432742Swollman 10442742Swollman# Austria 10452742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 104619878SwollmanRule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S 10472742SwollmanRule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - 104819878SwollmanRule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 10492742SwollmanRule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 105019878SwollmanRule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 10512742SwollmanRule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 105219878SwollmanRule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 105319878SwollmanRule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 10542742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 10552742SwollmanZone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr 105619878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00 105719878Swollman 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00 105819878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 105919878Swollman 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 106019878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 10612742Swollman 10622742Swollman# Belarus 106343014Swollman# Transitions before 1991 are from Shanks (1995). 10642742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 10652742SwollmanZone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 106643014Swollman 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time 10672742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 106843014Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28 106943014Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3 107020094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 107119878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 107243014Swollman 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 2:00s 107343014Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 2:00s 107420094Swollman 2:00 Russia EE%sT 10752742Swollman 10762742Swollman# Belgium 107730711Swollman# 107830711Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02): 107930711Swollman# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from: 108030711Swollman# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique, 108130711Swollman# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991 108230711Swollman# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC), 108330711Swollman# pp 8-9. 108430711Swollman# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium: 108530711Swollman# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121. 108630711Swollman# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references. 108730711Swollman# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium. 108830711Swollman# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect. 108930711Swollman# 10902742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 109130711SwollmanRule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S 109230711SwollmanRule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 109319878SwollmanRule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 109430711SwollmanRule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 10952742SwollmanRule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 109630711SwollmanRule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 10972742SwollmanRule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 109819878SwollmanRule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 109930711SwollmanRule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 110019878SwollmanRule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S 110119878SwollmanRule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 110219878SwollmanRule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 110319878SwollmanRule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 110419878SwollmanRule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 110519878SwollmanRule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 110630711SwollmanRule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 110719878SwollmanRule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S 110819878SwollmanRule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S 110919878SwollmanRule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 111030711SwollmanRule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 111119878SwollmanRule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S 111219878SwollmanRule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 111319878SwollmanRule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 111419878SwollmanRule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 111519878SwollmanRule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S 111619878SwollmanRule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S 111719878SwollmanRule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S 11182742SwollmanRule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - 111930711SwollmanRule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S 112030711SwollmanRule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - 112119878SwollmanRule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 11222742SwollmanRule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 112319878SwollmanRule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S 11242742SwollmanRule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 11252742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 112630711SwollmanZone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880 112730711Swollman 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT 112830711Swollman 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8 112930711Swollman 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00 113030711Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u 113130711Swollman 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s 113230711Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3 113319878Swollman 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 113419878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 11352742Swollman 11362742Swollman# Bosnia and Herzegovina 113743014Swollman# see Yugoslavia 11382742Swollman 11392742Swollman# Bulgaria 11402742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 114119878SwollmanRule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S 11422742SwollmanRule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 114319878SwollmanRule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S 11442742SwollmanRule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - 11452742SwollmanRule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - 11462742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 11472742SwollmanZone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 114819878Swollman 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? 11492742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 115019878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00 11512742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 115219878Swollman 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00 115320094Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 115420094Swollman 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 11552742Swollman 11562742Swollman# Croatia 115743014Swollman# see Yugosloavia 11582742Swollman 11592742Swollman# Czech Republic 116019878Swollman# Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17. 11612742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 116219878SwollmanRule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 11632742SwollmanRule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 116419878SwollmanRule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S 11652742SwollmanRule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 116619878SwollmanRule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S 116719878SwollmanRule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 116819878SwollmanRule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S 11692742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 11702742SwollmanZone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 117119878Swollman 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 117219878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 117319878Swollman 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 117419878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 11752742Swollman 117643014Swollman# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland 117719878Swollman# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01. 11782742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 117919878SwollmanRule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 11802742SwollmanRule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - 118119878SwollmanRule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 118219878SwollmanRule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 11832742SwollmanRule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - 118419878SwollmanRule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S 11852742SwollmanRule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - 118619878SwollmanRule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 11872742SwollmanRule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - 118819878SwollmanRule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S 11892742SwollmanRule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - 11902742Swollman# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways 11912742Swollman# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks. 11922742Swollman# 11932742Swollman# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman. 11942742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 11952742SwollmanZone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 119619878Swollman 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time 119719878Swollman 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 119819878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 119919878Swollman 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 120019878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 12012742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 12029908Swollman 0:00 - WET 1981 120319878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 120420094Swollman# 120520094Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 120620094Swollman# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, 120720094Swollman# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU 120820094Swollman# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab 120920094Swollman# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU 121020094Swollman# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980. 121120094Swollman 121220094Swollman# 121320094Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 121420094SwollmanRule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 121520094SwollmanRule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S 121620094Swollman# 121720094Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 121820094SwollmanZone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit 121919878Swollman -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 122019878Swollman -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29 122120094Swollman -1:00 EU EG%sT 122220094SwollmanZone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk 12232742Swollman -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 122420094Swollman -3:00 EU WG%sT 122520094SwollmanZone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik 122620094Swollman -4:00 Thule A%sT 12272742Swollman 12282742Swollman# Estonia 12299908Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15): 12309908Swollman# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards 12319908Swollman# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, 12329908Swollman# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... 123320094Swollman# 123420094Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28): 123520094Swollman# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s, 123620094Swollman# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:] 123720094Swollman# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different 123820094Swollman# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules 123920094Swollman# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia.... 124020094Swollman# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on 124120094Swollman# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to 124220094Swollman# summer time next spring.'' 12432742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 12442742SwollmanZone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 124519878Swollman 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 124619878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 124719878Swollman 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May 12482742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 124920094Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 125019878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 125120094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 125219878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 125343014Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 125443014Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 12552742Swollman 12562742Swollman# Finland 125719878Swollman# See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted. 12589908Swollman# 12599908Swollman# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC): 12609908Swollman# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, 12619908Swollman# and it's supposed to change at 4am... 12629908Swollman# 12639908Swollman# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994): 12649908Swollman# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981. 12659908Swollman# Go with Strang instead. 12669908Swollman# 12672742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 126819878SwollmanRule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 12692742SwollmanRule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 12702742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 12712742SwollmanZone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 127219878Swollman 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 127319878Swollman 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00 127419878Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 12752742Swollman 12762742Swollman# France 127719878Swollman# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20. 127843014Swollman# French Revolutionary calendar used 1793-11-24 through 1805-12-31, 127943014Swollman# and (in Paris only) 1871-05-06 through 1871-05-23. 128019878Swollman# 12812742Swollman# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman. 12822742Swollman# From Shanks (1991): 12832742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 128419878SwollmanRule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S 128543014SwollmanRule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 - 128619878SwollmanRule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S 128719878SwollmanRule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S 128819878SwollmanRule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 128919878SwollmanRule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 12902742SwollmanRule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 129119878SwollmanRule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 12922742SwollmanRule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 129319878SwollmanRule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 12942742SwollmanRule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 129519878SwollmanRule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S 129619878SwollmanRule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 129719878SwollmanRule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 129819878SwollmanRule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 129919878SwollmanRule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 130019878SwollmanRule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 130119878SwollmanRule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 130219878SwollmanRule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S 130319878SwollmanRule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 130419878SwollmanRule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 130519878SwollmanRule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 130619878SwollmanRule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 130719878SwollmanRule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 130819878SwollmanRule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 130919878SwollmanRule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 131019878SwollmanRule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 131119878SwollmanRule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 13122742SwollmanRule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 131319878SwollmanRule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 13142742Swollman# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, 13152742Swollman# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco). 131643014SwollmanRule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 131743014Swollman# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00, 131843014Swollman# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12), 131943014Swollman# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes 132043014Swollman# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT. 132143014SwollmanRule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S 132243014SwollmanRule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M 132319878SwollmanRule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S 132443014SwollmanRule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M 132543014SwollmanRule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S 132643014SwollmanRule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M 132719878SwollmanRule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S 132843014SwollmanRule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M 13292742SwollmanRule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 133043014Swollman# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00; 133143014Swollman# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT. 133243014SwollmanRule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S 133343014SwollmanRule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 - 133414343Swollman# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05, 133514343Swollman# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. 133614343Swollman# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based 133714343Swollman# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. 13382742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 133943014SwollmanZone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 134014343Swollman 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 134143014Swollman# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier's 14/6/40 22hUT. 134243014Swollman 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00 134319878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 134443014Swollman 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 134519878Swollman 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 134619878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 13472742Swollman 134819878Swollman# Germany 13498049Swollman 135043014Swollman# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29): 135143014Swollman# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische 135243014Swollman# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916. 135343014Swollman# 135443014Swollman# <a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm"> 135543014Swollman# Realisation of Legal Time in Germany 135643014Swollman# </a> 135743014Swollman 13582742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 135919878SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 136043014Swollman# Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes 136143014Swollman# the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem) 136243014Swollman# (1961-11-25), which gives dates only. Guess 3:00 transition times. 136343014SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - May 31 3:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 136443014SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - Sep 23 3:00 1:00 S 13652742SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 136619878SwollmanRule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 136743014Swollman# Shanks gives 1946-10-06; go with the PTB. 136843014SwollmanRule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 136943014SwollmanRule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 137019878SwollmanRule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 137143014Swollman# The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times; 137243014Swollman# go with Shanks. 137343014SwollmanRule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M 137419878SwollmanRule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S 137519878SwollmanRule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 137619878SwollmanRule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 13772742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 13782742SwollmanZone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 137919878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 138019878Swollman 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 138119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 13822742Swollman 13832742Swollman# Gibraltar 13842742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 13852742SwollmanZone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 13862742Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 138719878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1982 138819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 13892742Swollman 13902742Swollman# Greece 13912742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 13922742Swollman# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks. 139319878SwollmanRule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S 13942742SwollmanRule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 13952742Swollman# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks. 139619878SwollmanRule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S 13972742Swollman# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks. 13982742SwollmanRule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 139919878SwollmanRule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 14002742SwollmanRule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 14012742Swollman# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks. 140219878SwollmanRule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 14032742SwollmanRule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - 140419878SwollmanRule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S 14052742SwollmanRule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - 140619878SwollmanRule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S 14072742SwollmanRule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - 140819878SwollmanRule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 14092742SwollmanRule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - 14102742SwollmanRule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - 141119878SwollmanRule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S 14122742SwollmanRule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - 141319878SwollmanRule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 14142742SwollmanRule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 14152742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14162742SwollmanZone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 141719878Swollman 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 141819878Swollman 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 141919878Swollman 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 142019878Swollman 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 142119878Swollman # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981; 142221217Swollman # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 142319878Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 14242742Swollman 14252742Swollman# Hungary 142619878Swollman# Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01. 14272742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 142819878SwollmanRule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S 142917200SwollmanRule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 - 143019878SwollmanRule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S 14312742SwollmanRule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - 143219878SwollmanRule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S 14332742SwollmanRule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - 143419878SwollmanRule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S 14352742SwollmanRule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - 143619878SwollmanRule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 14372742SwollmanRule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 143819878SwollmanRule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S 143919878SwollmanRule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S 14402742SwollmanRule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - 144119878SwollmanRule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S 14422742SwollmanRule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 144319878SwollmanRule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 14442742SwollmanRule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 144519878SwollmanRule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S 14462742SwollmanRule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 144719878SwollmanRule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S 14482742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14492742SwollmanZone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 145019878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 145119878Swollman 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00 145219878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00 145319878Swollman 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 145419878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 14552742Swollman 14562742Swollman# Iceland 14572742Swollman# 145819878Swollman# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06): 14592742Swollman# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. 14602742Swollman# 146119878Swollman# (1993-12-05): 14622742Swollman# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of 14632742Swollman# Iceland Almanak. 14642742Swollman# 14652742Swollman# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour 14662742Swollman# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts 14672742Swollman# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which 14682742Swollman# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. 14692742Swollman# 14702742Swollman# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks 14712742Swollman# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the 14722742Swollman# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always 14732742Swollman# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. 14742742Swollman# 147519878Swollman# (1993-12-10): 14762742Swollman# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the 14772742Swollman# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus 14782742Swollman# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. 14792742Swollman# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day 14802742Swollman# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. 14812742Swollman# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" 14822742Swollman# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it 148319878Swollman# might mean something else (???). 14842742Swollman# 148519878Swollman# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-12-09): 14862742Swollman# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points. 14872742Swollman# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that 14882742Swollman# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. 14892742Swollman# 14902742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 149119878SwollmanRule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S 149219878SwollmanRule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 - 149319878SwollmanRule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 - 149419878SwollmanRule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S 149519878SwollmanRule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 - 149619878SwollmanRule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 149719878SwollmanRule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 - 149819878SwollmanRule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S 149919878SwollmanRule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 - 150019878SwollmanRule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S 150119878SwollmanRule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 - 15022742Swollman# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter 150319878SwollmanRule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 150419878SwollmanRule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 15052742Swollman# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter 150619878SwollmanRule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 15072742Swollman# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week 150819878SwollmanRule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 - 150919878SwollmanRule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 151019878SwollmanRule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 - 15112742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 15122742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 151319878Swollman -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time? 151419878Swollman -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 15152742Swollman 0:00 - GMT 15162742Swollman 15172742Swollman# Italy 151819878Swollman# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15. 151919878Swollman# 152017200Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06): 152117200Swollman# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri 152243014Swollman# <a href="http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html"> 152343014Swollman# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14) 152443014Swollman# </a> 152543014Swollman# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute 152643014Swollman# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: 152717200Swollman# 152817200Swollman# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with: 152917200Swollman# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W 153017200Swollman# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 153117200Swollman# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S 153217200Swollman# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W 153317200Swollman# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S 153417200Swollman# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W 153517200Swollman# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S 153617200Swollman# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 153717200Swollman# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S 153817200Swollman# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 153919878Swollman# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur) 154017200Swollman# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s 154117200Swollman# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s 154217200Swollman# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S 154317200Swollman# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S 154417200Swollman# 15452742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 154619878SwollmanRule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S 154717200SwollmanRule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 154819878SwollmanRule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S 15492742SwollmanRule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 155019878SwollmanRule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S 15512742SwollmanRule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 155219878SwollmanRule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S 155319878SwollmanRule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S 155417200SwollmanRule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - 155519878SwollmanRule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S 155617200SwollmanRule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - 155719878SwollmanRule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S 155817200SwollmanRule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - 155919878SwollmanRule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S 15602742SwollmanRule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - 156119878SwollmanRule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S 15622742SwollmanRule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - 156319878SwollmanRule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S 15642742SwollmanRule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - 156519878SwollmanRule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 15662742SwollmanRule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - 156719878SwollmanRule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 156819878SwollmanRule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S 15692742SwollmanRule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 157019878SwollmanRule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 15712742SwollmanRule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 15722742SwollmanRule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 157319878SwollmanRule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S 15742742SwollmanRule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 157519878SwollmanRule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S 157619878SwollmanRule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S 15772742SwollmanRule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 157819878SwollmanRule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S 157919878SwollmanRule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S 15802742SwollmanRule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 15812742SwollmanRule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 15822742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 15832742SwollmanZone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 158419878Swollman 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time 158519878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 158619878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 158719878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 158819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 15892742Swollman 15909908SwollmanLink Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican 15919908SwollmanLink Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino 15929908Swollman 15932742Swollman# Latvia 159443014Swollman 159543014Swollman# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17): 159643014Swollman 159743014Swollman# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy 159843014Swollman# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the 159943014Swollman# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about 160043014Swollman# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981.... 160143014Swollman# 160243014Swollman# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ... 160343014Swollman# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24 160443014Swollman# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 160543014Swollman# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00) 160643014Swollman# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00). 160743014Swollman# 160843014Swollman# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ... 160943014Swollman# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13 161043014Swollman# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 161143014Swollman# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 161243014Swollman# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of 161343014Swollman# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day). 161443014Swollman# 161543014Swollman# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ... 161643014Swollman# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14 161743014Swollman# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, 161843014Swollman# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the 161943014Swollman# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia 162043014Swollman# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 162143014Swollman# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of 162243014Swollman# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00 162343014Swollman# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is 162443014Swollman# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock.... 162543014Swollman# 162643014Swollman# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of 162743014Swollman# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of 162843014Swollman# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union. 162943014Swollman 163020094Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 163143014SwollmanRule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 163243014SwollmanRule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 16332742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 16342742SwollmanZone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 163519878Swollman 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time 163619878Swollman 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer 163719878Swollman 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 163819878Swollman 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 163919878Swollman 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11 16402742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 164120094Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 164243014Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13 164343014Swollman # Shanks says 1944-08-08, but 164443014Swollman # Riga fell to the Red Army on 1944-10-13. 164543014Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s 164643014Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s 164743014Swollman 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21 164843014Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 16492742Swollman 16502742Swollman# Liechtenstein 16512742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 16522742SwollmanZone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 165319878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1981 165419878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 16552742Swollman 16562742Swollman# Lithuania 16572742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 16582742SwollmanZone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 165919878Swollman 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 166019878Swollman 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 166119878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 16622742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 166319878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 166420094Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 166519878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 166620094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 166719878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 166843014Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 166943014Swollman 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u 167043014Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 167120094Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 167220094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is 167320094Swollman# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too. 16742742Swollman 167543014Swollman# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07): 167643014Swollman# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone 167743014Swollman# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed. 167843014Swollman 16792742Swollman# Luxembourg 16802742Swollman# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks. 16812742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 168219878SwollmanRule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 16832742SwollmanRule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 168419878SwollmanRule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S 16852742SwollmanRule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - 168619878SwollmanRule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 16872742SwollmanRule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 168819878SwollmanRule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S 16892742SwollmanRule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - 169019878SwollmanRule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 16912742SwollmanRule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - 169219878SwollmanRule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S 16932742SwollmanRule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - 169419878SwollmanRule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S 16952742SwollmanRule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 169619878SwollmanRule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S 16972742SwollmanRule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - 169819878SwollmanRule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S 16992742SwollmanRule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 170019878SwollmanRule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 170119878SwollmanRule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S 170219878SwollmanRule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S 170319878SwollmanRule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S 170419878SwollmanRule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S 17052742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 17062742SwollmanZone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 170719878Swollman 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 170819878Swollman 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 170919878Swollman 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 171019878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 171119878Swollman 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 171219878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 17132742Swollman 17142742Swollman# Macedonia 171543014Swollman# see Yugoslavia 17162742Swollman 17172742Swollman# Malta 17182742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 171919878SwollmanRule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S 17202742SwollmanRule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - 172119878SwollmanRule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S 17222742SwollmanRule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - 172319878SwollmanRule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S 17242742SwollmanRule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 172519878SwollmanRule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 17262742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 17272742SwollmanZone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta 172819878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 172919878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 173019878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 173119878Swollman 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 173219878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 17332742Swollman 17342742Swollman# Moldova 17352742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 17362742SwollmanZone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2 17372742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 173820094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 173919878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 174020094Swollman 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 17412742Swollman 17422742Swollman# Monaco 174314343Swollman# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21. 17442742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 17452742SwollmanZone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 174614343Swollman 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 174719878Swollman 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 174819878Swollman 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 174919878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 17502742Swollman 17512742Swollman# Netherlands 175214343Swollman# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, 175314343Swollman# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. 17542742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 17552742Swollman# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman. 175619878SwollmanRule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time 175719878SwollmanRule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time 17582742SwollmanRule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST 17592742SwollmanRule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT 17602742Swollman# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks. 17612742SwollmanRule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 17622742SwollmanRule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT 17632742SwollmanRule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST 17642742Swollman# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 176519878SwollmanRule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT 17662742SwollmanRule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST 17672742SwollmanRule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST 17682742Swollman# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks. 17692742SwollmanRule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST 17702742Swollman# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks. 17712742SwollmanRule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 17722742SwollmanRule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 17732742SwollmanRule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 17742742SwollmanRule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 177519878SwollmanRule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 177619878SwollmanRule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 17772742Swollman# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks. 177819878SwollmanRule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S 177919878SwollmanRule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 17809908SwollmanRule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 - 17812742Swollman# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure. 17822742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 17832742SwollmanZone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May 17842742Swollman 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul 178519878Swollman 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:40 178619878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 178719878Swollman 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 178819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 17892742Swollman 17902742Swollman# Norway 179119878Swollman# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01. 17922742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 17932742Swollman# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks. 179419878SwollmanRule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S 17952742SwollmanRule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 17962742Swollman# Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman. 179719878SwollmanRule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 S 17982742Swollman# Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4, 17992742Swollman# 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940. 180019878SwollmanRule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 18012742SwollmanRule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 180219878SwollmanRule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 18032742SwollmanRule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 180419878SwollmanRule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S 18052742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 18062742SwollmanZone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 180719878Swollman 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 180819878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 180919878Swollman 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 181019878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 181143014Swollman 181243014Swollman# Svalbard & Jan Mayen 181319878SwollmanLink Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen 18142742Swollman# From Whitman: 18152742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 18162742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT 18172742Swollman 18182742Swollman# Poland 18192742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 18202742SwollmanRule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 182119878SwollmanRule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S 18222742Swollman# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks. 18232742SwollmanRule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - 18242742Swollman# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks. 182519878SwollmanRule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S 18262742SwollmanRule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 182719878SwollmanRule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S 18282742SwollmanRule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 - 182919878SwollmanRule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 18302742SwollmanRule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 183119878SwollmanRule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 18322742Swollman# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 183319878SwollmanRule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S 18342742SwollmanRule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 183519878SwollmanRule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S 183619878SwollmanRule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S 18372742SwollmanRule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - 183819878SwollmanRule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S 183919878SwollmanRule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S 18402742SwollmanRule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 18412742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 18422742SwollmanZone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 184319878Swollman 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 184419878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 184519878Swollman 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 184619878Swollman 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 184719878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 184819878Swollman 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00 184919878Swollman 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 185020094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_ 185143014Swollman# <a href="http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml"> 185243014Swollman# http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24) 185343014Swollman# </a> 185443014Swollman# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00. 185520094Swollman# Stick with W-Eur for now. 18562742Swollman 18572742Swollman# Portugal 185819878Swollman# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15. 185920094Swollman# 186020094Swollman# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12): 186120094Swollman# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone 186220094Swollman# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 186320094Swollman# 186420094Swollman# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve 186520094Swollman# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. 186620094Swollman# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 186720094Swollman# 186820094Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12): 186920094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions 187020094Swollman# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos. 187120094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00. 187220094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00. 187320094Swollman# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal 187420094Swollman# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter. 187520094Swollman# 18762742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 187719878SwollmanRule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S 18782742Swollman# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks. 18792742SwollmanRule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 188019878SwollmanRule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 18812742SwollmanRule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 188219878SwollmanRule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 188319878SwollmanRule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 188419878SwollmanRule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S 188519878SwollmanRule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 188619878SwollmanRule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 18872742SwollmanRule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 188819878SwollmanRule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 18892742SwollmanRule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 189019878SwollmanRule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 189119878SwollmanRule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 189219878SwollmanRule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 189319878SwollmanRule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 18942742Swollman# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks. 18952742SwollmanRule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 189619878SwollmanRule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 18972742Swollman# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman. 189819878SwollmanRule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 18992742Swollman# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks. 19002742SwollmanRule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 19012742Swollman# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. 190219878SwollmanRule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 190319878SwollmanRule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 19042742Swollman# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks. 190519878SwollmanRule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 190619878SwollmanRule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 190719878SwollmanRule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 19082742Swollman# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 19092742SwollmanRule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 191019878SwollmanRule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S 19112742Swollman# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. 19122742SwollmanRule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - 191319878SwollmanRule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 191419878SwollmanRule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S 191543014SwollmanRule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 191619878SwollmanRule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S 19172742SwollmanRule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - 191843014SwollmanRule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M 191919878SwollmanRule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S 192043014SwollmanRule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M 192119878SwollmanRule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S 19222742SwollmanRule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 192319878SwollmanRule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 19242742SwollmanRule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 19252742Swollman# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. 19262742Swollman# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks. 192719878SwollmanRule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 19282742SwollmanRule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 192919878SwollmanRule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S 19302742SwollmanRule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - 193119878SwollmanRule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S 19322742SwollmanRule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 19332742SwollmanRule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 193419878SwollmanRule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 193519878SwollmanRule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 193619878SwollmanRule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 19372742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 19382742SwollmanZone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 193919878Swollman -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time 194019878Swollman 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 194119878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 194219878Swollman 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 194320094Swollman 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 194419878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 194519878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 19462742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada 19472742Swollman -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time 194819878Swollman -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time 194919878Swollman -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 195020094Swollman -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 195120094Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u 195220094Swollman -1:00 EU AZO%sT 19532742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal 19542742Swollman -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time 195519878Swollman -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time 195619878Swollman 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 195719878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 19582742Swollman 19592742Swollman# Romania 19602742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 196119878SwollmanRule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S 19622742SwollmanRule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 196319878SwollmanRule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S 196419878SwollmanRule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S 19652742SwollmanRule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 196619878SwollmanRule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 19672742SwollmanRule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 196820094SwollmanRule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 196920094SwollmanRule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 19702742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 19712742SwollmanZone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 197219878Swollman 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 197319878Swollman 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 197420094Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 197520094Swollman 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994 197620094Swollman 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 19772742Swollman 19782742Swollman# Russia 197921217Swollman 198021217Swollman# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-12-02): 198121217Swollman# On 1929-10-01 the Soviet Union instituted an ``Eternal Calendar'' 198221217Swollman# with 30-day months plus 5 holidays, with a 5-day week. 198321217Swollman# On 1931-12-01 it changed to a 6-day week; in 1934 it reverted to the 198421217Swollman# Gregorian calendar while retaining the 6-day week; on 1940-06-27 it 198521217Swollman# reverted to the 7-day week. With the 6-day week the usual days 198621217Swollman# off were the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month. 198721217Swollman# (Source: Evitiar Zerubavel, _The Seven Day Circle_) 198819878Swollman# 198920094Swollman# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22): 199020094Swollman# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations, 199120094Swollman# and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991. 199220094Swollman# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, 199320094Swollman# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks and the IATA. 19942742Swollman# 199520094Swollman# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04): 199620094Swollman# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with 199720094Swollman# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... 199820094Swollman# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor 199920094Swollman# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there. 200020094Swollman# 200120094Swollman# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30): 200220094Swollman# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from 200320094Swollman# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... 200420094Swollman# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. 200520094Swollman# 20062742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 200720094SwollmanZone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 200820094Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 200920094Swollman 2:00 Poland CET 1946 201020094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 201120094Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 201220094Swollman 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 201320094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1994 201420094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change. 201520094Swollman 2:00 Russia EE%sT 20162742SwollmanZone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 201720094Swollman 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 201820094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 20192742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 202020094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 202119878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 20222742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 202320094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 202420094SwollmanZone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 202520094Swollman 3:00 - KUYT 1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time 202620094Swollman 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 202720094Swollman 3:00 1:00 KUYST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 202820094Swollman 3:00 - SAMT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time 202920094Swollman 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 20302742SwollmanZone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2 203119908Sache 4:00 - SSK 1957 Mar 203219908Sache 5:00 Russia SS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 203319908Sache 4:00 1:00 SSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 203419908Sache 4:00 - SSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 203519908Sache 5:00 Russia ES%s # name change from Sverdlovsk 20362742SwollmanZone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 203719908Sache 5:00 - OSK 1957 Mar 203819908Sache 6:00 Russia OS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 203919908Sache 5:00 1:00 OSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 204019908Sache 5:00 - OSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 204119908Sache 6:00 Russia OS%s 204219878Swollman# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29): 20432742Swollman# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! 20442742Swollman# I do not know why they have decided to make this change; 20452742Swollman# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching 20462742Swollman# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. 20472742SwollmanZone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 204819908Sache 6:00 - NSK 1957 Mar 204919908Sache 7:00 Russia NS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 205019908Sache 6:00 1:00 NSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 205119908Sache 6:00 - NSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 205219908Sache 7:00 Russia NS%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s 205319908Sache 6:00 1:00 NSD 1994 Sep 25 2:00s 205419908Sache 6:00 Russia NS%s 205517200SwollmanZone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2 205619908Sache 6:00 - KRSK 1957 Mar 205719908Sache 7:00 Russia KRS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 205819908Sache 6:00 1:00 KRSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 205919908Sache 6:00 - KRSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 206019908Sache 7:00 Russia KRS%s 20612742SwollmanZone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 206219908Sache 6:57 - LST 1924 May 2 206319908Sache 7:00 - ISK 1957 Mar 206419908Sache 8:00 Russia IS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 206519908Sache 7:00 1:00 ISD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 206619908Sache 7:00 - ISK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 206719908Sache 8:00 Russia IS%s 20682742SwollmanZone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 206919908Sache 8:00 - YSK 1957 Mar 207019908Sache 9:00 Russia YS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 207119908Sache 8:00 1:00 YSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 207219908Sache 8:00 - YSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 207319908Sache 9:00 Russia YS%s 20742742SwollmanZone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880 207519908Sache 8:48 - LST 1924 May 2 207619908Sache 9:00 - VSK 1957 Mar 207719908Sache 10:00 Russia VS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 207819908Sache 9:00 1:00 VSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 207919908Sache 9:00 - VSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 208019908Sache 10:00 Russia VS%s 20812742SwollmanZone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 208219908Sache 10:00 - MGK 1957 Mar 208319908Sache 11:00 Russia MG%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 208419908Sache 10:00 1:00 MGD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 208519908Sache 10:00 - MGK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 208619908Sache 11:00 Russia MG%s 20872742Swollman# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. 20882742SwollmanZone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 208919908Sache 11:00 - PSK 1957 Mar 209019908Sache 12:00 Russia PS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 209119908Sache 11:00 1:00 PSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 209219908Sache 11:00 - PSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 209319908Sache 12:00 Russia PS%s 20942742SwollmanZone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 209519908Sache 12:00 - ASK 1957 Mar 209619908Sache 13:00 Russia AS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 209719908Sache 12:00 1:00 ASD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 209819908Sache 12:00 - ASK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 209919908Sache 13:00 Russia AS%s 21002742Swollman 210114343Swollman# Slovakia 210214343SwollmanLink Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava 21039908Swollman 21042742Swollman# Slovenia 210543014Swollman# see Yugoslavia 21062742Swollman 21072742Swollman# Spain 210819878Swollman# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15. 21092742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 21102742Swollman# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks. 211119878SwollmanRule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S 21122742SwollmanRule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - 211319878SwollmanRule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 211419878SwollmanRule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 21152742Swollman# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks. 211619878SwollmanRule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 21172742Swollman# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks. 21182742SwollmanRule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 211919878SwollmanRule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 21202742Swollman# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks. 21212742SwollmanRule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 212219878SwollmanRule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 212319878SwollmanRule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 212419878SwollmanRule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 21252742Swollman# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks. 212619878SwollmanRule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S 21272742SwollmanRule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 212819878SwollmanRule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S 212919878SwollmanRule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 213019878SwollmanRule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S 21312742Swollman# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks. 213243014SwollmanRule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 213319878SwollmanRule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S 213443014SwollmanRule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M 213519878SwollmanRule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S 213619878SwollmanRule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S 213719878SwollmanRule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S 213814343SwollmanRule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 213919878SwollmanRule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 21402742SwollmanRule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - 214119878SwollmanRule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S 21422742SwollmanRule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 214319878SwollmanRule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S 21442742SwollmanRule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 214519878SwollmanRule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S 21462742SwollmanRule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 214719878Swollman# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978. 214819878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S 214919878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 215019878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S 215119878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 215219878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 215319878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - 215419878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 215519878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 215619878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 - 21572742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 21582742SwollmanZone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 215919878Swollman 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30 216019878Swollman 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 216119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 216219878SwollmanZone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 216319878Swollman 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 216419878Swollman 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 216519878Swollman 0:00 - WET 1924 216619878Swollman 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 216719878Swollman 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 216819878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1986 216919878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 21702742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. 217119878Swollman -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time 21722742Swollman 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 217319878Swollman 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 217419878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 217520094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u. 217620094Swollman# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU. 21772742Swollman 217819878Swollman# Sweden 21798049Swollman 218043014Swollman# From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader) 218143014Swollman# <a href="news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com"> 218243014Swollman# Subject: Re: Gregorian reform -- a part of locale? 218343014Swollman# </a> 218443014Swollman# Date: 1996-07-06 218519878Swollman# 218619878Swollman# In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian. Sweden 218719878Swollman# decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of 218819878Swollman# those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap 218919878Swollman# year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar 219019878Swollman# different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years. 219119878Swollman# 219219878Swollman# However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through; 219319878Swollman# they did, after all, have a leap year that year. And one in 1708. In 1712 219419878Swollman# they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that 219519878Swollman# year!... 219619878Swollman# 219719878Swollman# Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner, 219819878Swollman# getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule. 219919878Swollman# 220019878Swollman# (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers 220119878Swollman# produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia" 220219878Swollman# by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och 220319878Swollman# kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).) 220419878Swollman 22052742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 22062742SwollmanZone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31 220719878Swollman 1:12:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT 220819878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s 220919878Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Sep 30 23:00s 221019878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1980 221119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 22122742Swollman 22132742Swollman# Switzerland 221443014Swollman# The Gregorian calendar was introduced gradually in Switzerland, 221543014Swollman# by omitting leap years during 1583-1812. 22162742Swollman# From Howse (1988), p 82: 22172742Swollman# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace 22182742Swollman# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep 22192742Swollman# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... 22202742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 22212742Swollman# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''): 222219878SwollmanRule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S 22239908SwollmanRule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - 22242742Swollman# From Shanks (1991): 222519878SwollmanRule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 22269908SwollmanRule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 22272742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 22282742SwollmanZone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12 222919878Swollman 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 223019878Swollman 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 223119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 22322742Swollman 22332742Swollman# Turkey 22342742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 223519878SwollmanRule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 22362742SwollmanRule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 223719878SwollmanRule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S 22382742SwollmanRule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - 223919878SwollmanRule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 22402742SwollmanRule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 224119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S 22422742SwollmanRule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 22432742Swollman# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks. 224419878SwollmanRule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S 22452742SwollmanRule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 224619878SwollmanRule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 22472742Swollman# Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman. 224819878SwollmanRule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S 22492742SwollmanRule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 - 225019878SwollmanRule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S 22512742SwollmanRule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - 225219878SwollmanRule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 22532742Swollman# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 22542742SwollmanRule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 225519878SwollmanRule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S 22562742SwollmanRule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 225719878SwollmanRule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 22582742SwollmanRule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 225919878SwollmanRule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S 22602742SwollmanRule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 226119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S 226219878SwollmanRule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S 226319878SwollmanRule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S 22642742SwollmanRule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 226519878SwollmanRule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S 22662742SwollmanRule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 226719878SwollmanRule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 22682742SwollmanRule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 226919878SwollmanRule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S 22702742SwollmanRule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 227119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S 22722742SwollmanRule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 - 227319878SwollmanRule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 22742742SwollmanRule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 - 227519878SwollmanRule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 22762742SwollmanRule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 227719878SwollmanRule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 227819878SwollmanRule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 22792742SwollmanRule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 - 228019878SwollmanRule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S 22812742SwollmanRule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 - 228219878SwollmanRule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S 228319878SwollmanRule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S 22842742SwollmanRule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 228519878SwollmanRule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S 22862742SwollmanRule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 22872742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 22882742SwollmanZone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 228919878Swollman 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time? 229019878Swollman 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15 229119878Swollman 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time 229219878Swollman 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986 229320094Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 229420094Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 22952742SwollmanLink Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. 22962742Swollman 22972742Swollman# Ukraine 22982742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 229919878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 UST # Ukrainian Summer Time 230021217SwollmanRule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean Time 230119878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 UDST # Ukrainian Double Summer Time 230219878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 UST 230319878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 UDST 230419878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 UST 230519878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 KMT 230619878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 UST 230719878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 UDST 230819878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 UST 230919878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 KMT 231019878SwollmanRule Crimea 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 CST # Crimean Summer Time 231119878SwollmanRule Crimea 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 NMT # Nikolayev Mean Time 231219878SwollmanRule Crimea 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 CDST # Crimean Double Summer Time 231319878SwollmanRule Crimea 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 CST 231419878SwollmanRule Crimea 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 CDST 231519878SwollmanRule Crimea 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 CST 231619878SwollmanRule Crimea 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 NMT 231719878SwollmanRule Crimea 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 CST 231819878SwollmanRule Crimea 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 CDST 231919878SwollmanRule Crimea 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 CST 232019878SwollmanRule Crimea 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 NMT 232143014SwollmanRule Crimea 1996 only - Mar lastSun 0:00u 1:00 - 232243014SwollmanRule Crimea 1996 only - Oct lastSun 0:00u 0 - 23232742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 23242742SwollmanZone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 232519878Swollman 2:02:04 Ukraine %s 1924 May 2 23262742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 232720094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 17 232820094Swollman 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1996 232920094Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 23302742SwollmanZone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 233119878Swollman 2:08:00 Crimea %s 1924 May 2 23322742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 233320094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 233419878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 233520094Swollman# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-10-21): 233620094Swollman# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched 233720094Swollman# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections. 233820094Swollman# For now, guess it changed Feb 1. 233920094Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Feb 234043014Swollman# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev. 234120094Swollman 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 234243014Swollman# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST. 234343014Swollman# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks. 234443014Swollman 3:00 Crimea MSK/MSD 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u 234543014Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 23462742Swollman 234714343Swollman# Yugoslavia 234814343Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 234914343SwollmanZone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 235019878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 235119878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 235219878Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 235330711Swollman# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of 235430711Swollman# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time. 235530711Swollman# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj. 235630711Swollman 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 235719878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 235843014SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia 235943014SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina 236043014SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia 236143014SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia 236214343Swollman 23632742Swollman############################################################################### 23642742Swollman 23652742Swollman# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from 23662742Swollman# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986. 23672742Swollman# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else. 23682742Swollman# 23692742Swollman# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but 23702742Swollman# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules. 23712742Swollman# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at 23722742Swollman# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey 23732742Swollman# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time 23742742Swollman# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST) 23752742Swollman 23762742Swollman# ... 23772742Swollman# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100 23782742Swollman# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann) 23792742Swollman# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp> 23802742Swollman# ... 23812742Swollman# 23822742Swollman# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when 23832742Swollman# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only 23842742Swollman# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according 23852742Swollman# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on 23862742Swollman# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following 23872742Swollman# years... 23882742Swollman# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions 23892742Swollman# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST 23902742Swollman# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep 23912742Swollman# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now. 23922742Swollman# 23932742Swollman# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the 23942742Swollman# Soviet Union (as far as I know). 23952742Swollman# 23962742Swollman# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG, 23972742Swollman# 4002 Basle, Switzerland 23982742Swollman# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho 23992742Swollman 24002742Swollman# ... 24012742Swollman# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100 24022742Swollman# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter) 24032742Swollman# ... 24042742Swollman# 24052742Swollman# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct. 24062742Swollman# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information 24072742Swollman# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969. 24082742Swollman# 24092742Swollman# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on 24102742Swollman# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September... 24112742Swollman# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that 24122742Swollman# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982 24132742Swollman# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in 24142742Swollman# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch 24152742Swollman# dates... 24162742Swollman# 24172742Swollman# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g. 24182742Swollman# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST... 24192742Swollman# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not 24202742Swollman# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations 24212742Swollman# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always 24222742Swollman# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the 24232742Swollman# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours 24242742Swollman# in advance of normal time. 24252742Swollman# 24262742Swollman# ... 24272742Swollman# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland 24282742Swollman# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl 24292742Swollman# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax 24302742Swollman 243119878Swollman# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): 24322742Swollman# ... 24332742Swollman# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates). 24342742Swollman# Since 1978. Change at midnight. 24352742Swollman# ... 24362742Swollman# Monaco: has same DST as France. 24372742Swollman# ... 2438