europe revision 2742
1# @(#)europe 7.16 2 3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 6 7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993): 8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition), 10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991). 11# Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below. 12# 13# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 14# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which 15# I found in the UCLA library. 16# 17# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 18# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 19# The starred Russian names are dubious. Corrections are welcome! 20# std dst 21# LMT Local Mean Time 22# LST Local Star Time (Russian ``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'') 23# -4:00 AST Atlantic 24# -3:00 WGT+DST Western Greenland* 25# -2:00 MGT+DST Middle Greenland* 26# -1:00 EGT+DST Eastern Greenland* 27# -1:00 ACT+DST Azores and Canaries* 28# -1:00 IST IDT Iceland (no longer used)* 29# 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer 30# 0:00 WET+DST Western Europe 31# 1:00 MET+DST Middle Europe 32# 2:00 EET+DST Eastern Europe 33# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow 34# 3:00 TUR+DST Turkey (no longer used)* 35# 4:00 KSK KSD Kuybyshev* 36# 5:00 ESK ESD Yekaterinburg* 37# 6:00 OSK OSD Omsk* 38# 6:00 NSK NSD Novosibirsk (was 7:00 until 1994) 39# 7:00 TSK TSD Tomsk* 40# 8:00 ISK ISD Irkutsk* 41# 9:00 YSK YSD Yakutsk* 42# 10:00 VSK VSD Vladivostok* 43# 11:00 GSK GSD Magadan* 44# 12:00 PSK PSD Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski* 45# 13:00 ASK ASD Anadyr* 46# 47# See the `africa' file for Zone naming conventions. 48# 49# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, 50# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude, 51# Oxford University Press (1980). 52 53# From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993): 54# LST is Local Star Time (``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya''). 55 56############################################################################### 57 58# United Kingdom 59 60# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (July 6, 1994): 61# 62# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about 63# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo 64# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph 65# of the text said: 66# 67# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands 68# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longditude 69# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed 70# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They 71# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, 72# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking 73# along the towpath within a few yards of it.' 74# 75# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's 76# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longditude should 77# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. 78# 79# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] 80 81# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993): 82# 83# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. 84# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, 85# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. 86# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828); 87# it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844), 88# famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude. 89# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway 90# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most 91# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the 92# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be 93# adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major 94# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public 95# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock 96# in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, 97# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal 98# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading 99# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. 100# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition 101# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2. 102# 103# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single 104# transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much 105# about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time. 106 107# From Arthur David Olson (January 19, 1989): 108# 109# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's 110# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. 111 112# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) 113# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john> 114# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. 115# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in 116# politics making a fortune, not computing. 117 118# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993): 119# 120# I have some more up to date info. 121# 122# Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation 123# exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift 124# (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the 125# Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993 126# and 1994 are: 127# Start End 128# 1993 28 March 24 October 129# 1994 27 March 23 October 130# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT. 131# 132# There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981. 133# The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT 134# as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since. 135# 136# I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the 137# Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order 138# in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day 139# after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in 140# which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday. 141# It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday 142# in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.) 143# This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by 144# an Order in Council (a Statutary Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above) 145# to specify the EC specified dates. 146 147# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 18, 1993): 148# 149# My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department 150# accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following, 151# from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers, 152# 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60: 153# 154# `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home 155# Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals 156# regarding double summer time. 157# 158# [two other similar questions omitted] 159# 160# Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have 161# considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of 162# double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the 163# maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday, 164# when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that 165# double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter 166# Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from 167# Monday, 2nd April.' 168 169# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993): 170# 171# > # Current rules 172# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST 173# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT 174# 175# The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth 176# Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't 177# followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then 178# and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with 179# the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time 180# Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history 181# and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows 182# what will happen. 183# 184# There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another 185# attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start 186# asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically 187# state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want 188# common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone 189# and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap 190# summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should 191# be the end of it. 192 193# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 22, 1993): 194# 195# I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all. 196# It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland 197# being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the 198# summer months'. 199# 200# It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever 201# dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years. 202# 203# Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it 204# applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references 205# to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.' 206# 207# Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote 208# from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts: 209# 210# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie 211# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside. 212# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since 213# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland, 214# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.' 215# 216# She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of 217# the Irish Free State, now called Eire. 218# 219# The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert 220# that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales 221# was different. 222# 223# It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then, 224# and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct. 225 226# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 28, 1993): 227# 228# I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of 229# the Time (Ireland) Act 1916. 230# 231# It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time 232# for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great 233# Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time 234# Act 1916).... As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would 235# have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the 236# sequence would have been: 237# Dublin London 238# 02:34 DST 02:59 BST 239# 02:35 DST 02:00 GMT 240# 02:59 DST 02:24 GMT 241# 02:25 GMT 02:25 GMT 242# with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once. 243# 244# In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the 245# Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source 246# of the 1880 date in Shanks. The little bit of it that is repealed 247# also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time. 248 249# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 29, 1993): 250# 251# My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin 252# Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom 253# ever since it first started in 1916. 254# 255# The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from 256# 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date. 257# 258# The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation 259# Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a 260# change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail 261# and the table itself is also wrong. The correct date is 13 April. 262# The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on, 263# except for wartime double summer time. 264# 265# As evidence I would cite: 266# 267# - The Summer Time Act, 1916. 268# 269# This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of 270# 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the 271# times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour. 272# 273# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 274# 275# This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916. 276# It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 277# that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least 278# from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK. 279# 280# - The Summer Time Act, 1922 281# 282# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third 283# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after 284# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September. 285# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament 286# so approved. 287# 288# It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel 289# Islands, and the Isle of Man. 290# 291# - The Summer Time Act, 1925 292# 293# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the 294# day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent, 295# so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply. 296# 297# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379 298# [SR&O == Statutary Regulation and Order] 299# 300# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939. 301# It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November. 302# It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation, 303# which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act, 304# 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland. 305# 306# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 307# 1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883 308# 309# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940. 310# It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes. 311# 312# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 313# 1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476 314# 315# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after 316# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the 317# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time, 318# which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about 319# consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part 320# `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as 321# if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and 322# 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) 323# Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section 324# for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board 325# for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that 326# England and Wales were indivisible. 327# 328# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 329# 1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506 330# 331# This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first 332# Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent. 333# 334# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 335# 1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932 336# 337# This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944. 338# (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost 339# certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.) 340# 341# (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945 342# and the Summer Time Act, 1947.) 343# 344# - The British Standard Time Act, 1968 345# 346# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout 347# the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971. 348# There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all. 349# It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it 350# applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed 351# measures saying it didn't. 352# 353# - The Manx Time Act, 1968 354# 355# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that 356# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain. 357# 358# - The Summer Time Act, 1972 359# 360# This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start 361# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter, 362# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day 363# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is 364# 1 hour. 365# 366# It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968, 367# applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the 368# Isle of Man if they don't do something about it. 369# 370# (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to 371# harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes 372# to 01:00 GMT.) 373# 374# - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument] 375# 376# This specifies dates of: 377# Start End 378# 1993 28 March 24 October 379# 1994 27 March 23 October 380# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT. 381# This is as far as it goes at present. A new EC directive is expected soon 382# and this will lead to a new Summer Time Order implementing it in the UK. 383# 384# - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes 385# 386# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie 387# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside. 388# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since 389# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland, 390# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.' 391# 392# So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland, 393# the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any 394# part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply 395# throughout the UK. 396# 397# With that, I rest my case Milud :-) 398# 399# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out 400# the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence, 401# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining 402# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter). 403 404# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (November 18, 1993) 405# 406# Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent 407# before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and 408# all the Acts. 409# 410# There are no changes to the dates we already have. 411# 412# My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order 413# does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a 414# different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed 415# before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone. 416# 417# I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders. 418# The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time 419# Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in 420# italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all. 421# I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the 422# end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent. 423# They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it 424# again so they leave it out. 425# 426# It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript 427# showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in 428# place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government 429# paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)]. 430# 431# The next thing on the horizon is the 7th EC/EU directive and the matching 432# UK Order. I expect I will keep quiet until then. 433# 434# 435# Peter Ilieve peter@memex.co.uk 436# 437# 438# ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates 439# ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper. 440# ## Lines like this are comments. 441# ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output 442# ## Control lines are of the form 443# ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end> 444# ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with -- 445# ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot. 446# ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name. 447# ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>. 448# ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71. 449# ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double' 450# ## to indicate double summer time dates are present. 451# ## At present double requires fixed as well. 452# ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with 453# ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature. 454# 455# ## Blank lines are also ignored. 456# 457# ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates 458# ## against the Act or Order, are marked ??? 459# ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table. 460# 461# # Summer Time Act, 1916 462# 1916 21 May 1 October fixed 463# 464# ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them. 465# # unknown Order or Orders ??? 466# 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed 467# 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed 468# 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed 469# # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722) 470# 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed 471# 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed 472# 473# # Summer Time Act, 1922 474# # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ??? 475# 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed 476# 1923-1924 3 April 3 September 477# 478# # Summer Time Act, 1925 479# 1925--1938 3 April 1 October 480# 481# # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939 482# 1939 3 April 3 November 483# # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883) 484# 1940 4 feb 0 none 485# # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476) 486# 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug 487# # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506) 488# 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug 489# 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug 490# # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932) 491# 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep 492# # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945 493# 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul 494# 495# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925 496# 1946 3 April 1 October 497# 498# # Summer Time Act, 1947 499# # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time 500# 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug 501# ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948. 502# # Unknown Order ??? 503# 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed 504# ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the 505# ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc. 506# # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ??? 507# 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed 508# # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ??? 509# 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed 510# # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ??? 511# 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed 512# # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ??? 513# 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed 514# 515# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925 516# 1953--1960 3 April 1 October 517# 518# ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday 519# ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967. 520# ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967. 521# # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71) 522# 1961 26 March 29 October fixed 523# # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465) 524# 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed 525# # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81) 526# 1963 31 March 27 October fixed 527# # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101) 528# 1964 22 March 25 October fixed 529# # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201) 530# 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed 531# 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed 532# 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed 533# # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148) 534# # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man 535# # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117) 536# # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK 537# # British Standard Time Act, 1968 538# 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed 539# 1969--1970 0 none 0 none 540# 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed 541# 542# # Summer Time Act, 1972 543# 1972-1980 3 March 4 October 544# 545# # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct 546# # First EC Directive ??? 547# # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089) 548# 1981 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed 549# 1982 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed 550# # Second EC Directive ??? 551# # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673) 552# 1983 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed 553# 1984 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed 554# 1985 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed 555# # Third EC Directive ??? 556# # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223) 557# 1986 30 Mar 26 Oct fixed 558# 1987 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed 559# 1988 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed 560# # Fourth EC Directive ??? 561# # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931) 562# 1989 26 Mar 29 Oct fixed 563# # Fifth EC Directive ??? 564# # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985) 565# 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed 566# 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed 567# 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed 568# # Sixth EC Directive 569# # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729) 570# 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed 571# 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed 572 573# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (June 8, 1994): 574# The European Union bureaucracy has edged a step closer to a 7th Directive 575# on summer-time arrangements. I have the text of a Common Position 576# (EC No 9/94) and a statement of the Council's reasons dated 4 March 94, 577# reported in the Official Journal of the EC, No. C 137/38--41.... 578# The dates again: 579# Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only) 580# (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun) 581# 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October 582# 1996 31 March 27 October 583# 1997 30 March 26 October 584 585# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (March 28, 1994): 586# The UK/Eire end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule of 587# Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat. 588# The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989, 589# when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order 590# for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC 591# directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC 592# directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun. 593# To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule 594# of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990. 595 596# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993): 597# 598# As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A 599# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error; 600# 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date. 601# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules 602# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925. 603# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition; 604# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other 605# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now. 606# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948. 607# 608# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect: 609# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until 610# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. 611# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. 612# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. 613# It actually just had one transition. 614# * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II. 615# Actually, it conformed to Britain. 616# 617# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful; 618# we'll ignore it for now. 619# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT 620# to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to 621# conform with Great Britain. 622# 623# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks. 624 625# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 626Rule GB-Eire 1847 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 GMT 627# 1916 to 1925--irregular 628Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST 629Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT 630Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST 631Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT 632Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST 633Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT 634Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST 635Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT 636Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST 637Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT 638Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 639Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT 640Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST 641Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT 642Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 643Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 644Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST 645# 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter 646Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 647Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 648Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST 649Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 650Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST 651Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 652Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 BST 653Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 654Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 655Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 656Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST 657Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 658# 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time 659Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 GMT 660Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 BST 661Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST 662Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 663Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST 664Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST 665# Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above. 666Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 DST 667Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 1:00s 1:00 BST 668Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT 669Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 670Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT 671Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST 672Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 DST 673Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST 674Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT 675# So much for double saving time. 1948 and 1949, irregular. 676Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 677Rule GB-Eire 1948 1949 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 GMT 678Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 679# 1950 through start of 1953, regular. 680Rule GB-Eire 1950 1953 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST 681Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT 682# 1954 to 1980, starting rules 683Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 BST 684Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 685Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 686Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 687Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST 688Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST 689Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST 690Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 691# 1953 to 1980, ending rules 692Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT 693Rule GB-Eire 1961 1967 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 694Rule GB-Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 3:00 0 GMT 695Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 696# Current rules 697Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST 698Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT 699# Under the 7th EU proposal, replace the above line with the following three: 700#Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT 701#Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 GMT 702#Rule GB-Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 GMT 703 704# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 705Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22 706 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00 707 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00 708 0:00 GB-Eire %s 709Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 710 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT 711 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 712 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00 713 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00 714 0:00 GB-Eire %s 715Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 716 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT 717 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 718 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1940 Feb 25 2:00 719 0:00 1:00 BST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 720 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 721 0:00 1:00 BST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 722 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 723 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Feb 18 2:00 724 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 3:00 725 0:00 GB-Eire %s 726 727############################################################################### 728 729# Continental Europe 730 731Rule W-Eur 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 - 732Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 " DST" 733Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 734Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - 735Rule W-Eur 1979 max - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 736Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST" 737 738Rule M-Eur 1800 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 - 739Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST" 740Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 741Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 742Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 743Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 744# Shanks says DST was continuous from 1940 Apr 1 to 1942 Nov 2; go with Whitman. 745Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Dec 31 2:00s 0 - 746Rule M-Eur 1941 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 747Rule M-Eur 1941 only - Oct 5 2:00s 0 - 748Rule M-Eur 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 749Rule M-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 750Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 751Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 752Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 753# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 754Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - 755Rule M-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 756Rule M-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 757Rule M-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 758Rule M-Eur 1979 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 759# Under the 7th EU proposal, replace the above line with the following two: 760#Rule M-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 761#Rule M-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 762Rule M-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 763 764Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 3:00s 1:00 " DST" 765Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Sep lastSun 3:00s 0 - 766 767# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 768Rule Russia 1880 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 - 769Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 " DST" 770Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 - 771Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 " DDST" 772Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 " DST" 773Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 " DDST" 774Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 D 775Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 K 776Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 D 777# Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition. 778# From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993): 779# My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21. 780Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DD 781Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D 782Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 K 783Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D 784Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 K 785Rule Russia 1984 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 K 786Rule Russia 1985 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 787 788# These are for backward compatibility with older versions. 789 790# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 791Zone WET 0:00 W-Eur WET%s 792Zone MET 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 793Zone EET 2:00 E-Eur EET%s 794Zone W-SU 3:00 M-Eur ???? 795 796# Tom Hoffman says that MET is also known as Central European Time 797 798Link MET CET 799 800# Albania 801# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 802Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 " DST" 803Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 804Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 " DST" 805Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - 806Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST" 807Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 808Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 809Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 810Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" 811Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 812Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 " DST" 813Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 814Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 " DST" 815Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 816Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 " DST" 817Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 818Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" 819Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 820Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 " DST" 821Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - 822Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" 823Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 824Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST" 825Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 826Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 827Rule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 828# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 829Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 830 1:00 - MET 1940 Jun 16 831 1:00 Albania MET%s 1985 Mar 31 1:00 832 1:00 W-Eur MET%s 833 834# Andorra 835# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 836Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 837 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 838 1:00 - MET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 839 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 840 841# Austria 842# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 843Rule Austria 1918 only - Jun 16 3:00 0 - 844Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 845Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - 846Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 847Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 848Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 849Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 850Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 851Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 852# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 853Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr 854 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jun 16 3:00 855 1:00 Austria MET%s 1940 Apr 1 2:00 856 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 857 1:00 Austria MET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00 858 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 859 860# Belarus 861# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 862Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 863 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 864 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct 865 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 866 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 867# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994): A guess at recent dates: 868 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 869 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 870 3:00 Russia MS%s 871 872# Belgium 873# Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually. 874# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 875# From Whitman: 876Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 877Rule Belgium 1919 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 878# Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman. 879Rule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 880Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 881Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 882Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 883# Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks. 884Rule Belgium 1922 1928 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 885Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 886Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 887Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 888Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 889Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 890Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 891Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 892Rule Belgium 1929 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 893Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 894Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 895Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 896Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 897Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 898Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 899Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 900# Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks. 901Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 902# Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks. 903Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 904Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 905Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - 906Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 907Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 908Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 909Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 910# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 911Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880 912 0:17 - BST 1892 May 1 12:00 913 0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4 914 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Mar 1 23:00 915 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 Feb 24 23:00 916 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 917 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977 Apr 3 2:00 918 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 919 920# Bosnia and Herzegovina 921# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. 922# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 923Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884 924 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 925 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 926 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 927 1:00 - MET 1983 Mar 27 2:00s 928 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 929 930# Bulgaria 931# Part switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1915 Nov 14; 932# the rest switched on 1920 Sep 17. 933# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 934Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 " DST" 935Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 936Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 " DST" 937Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - 938Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - 939# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 940Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 941 1:57 - TST 1894 Nov 30 942 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 943 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 3:00 944 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 945 2:00 Bulg EET%s 1982 Sep 26 2:00 946 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 947 948# Croatia 949# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. 950# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 951Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884 952 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 953 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 954 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 955 1:00 - MET 1983 Mar 27 2:00s 956 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 957 958# Czech Republic 959# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 960Rule Czech 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - 961Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 962Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 963Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 964Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 965Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 966Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 967Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 968# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 969Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 970 0:58 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 971 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 972 1:00 Czech MET%s 1979 Apr 1 2:00 973 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 974 975# Denmark 976# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 977Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" 978Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - 979Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST" 980Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 981Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - 982Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 983Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - 984Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 985Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - 986Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 987Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - 988# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways 989# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks. 990# 991# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman. 992# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 993Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 994 0:50 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time 995 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 996 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 997 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1980 Apr 6 2:00 998 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 999Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 1000 0:00 - WET 1981 Mar 29 1:00 1001 0:00 W-Eur WET%s 1002Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 1003 -2:00 - MGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 1004 -2:00 M-Eur MGT%s 1981 Mar 29 1005 -1:00 M-Eur EGT%s 1006Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 1007 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 1008 -3:00 M-Eur WGT%s 1009Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 1010 -4:00 - AST 1011 1012# Estonia 1013# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15. 1014# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1015Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 1016 1:39 - LST 1918 Feb 1017 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Jul 1018 1:39 - LST 1921 May 1019 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 1020 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 1021 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 22 1022 3:00 Russia MS%s 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 1023 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 1024 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1025 1026# Finland 1027# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1028Rule Finland 1921 only - May 1 0:00 0 - 1029Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1030Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1031# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1032Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 1033 1:40 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 1034 2:00 Finland EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00 1035 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1036 1037# France 1038# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman. 1039# From Shanks (1991): 1040# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1041Rule France 1911 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 - 1042Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1043Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 1044Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1045Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1046Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1047Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1048Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 1049Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1050Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 1051Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1052Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1053Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1054Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1055Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1056Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1057Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1058Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1059Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1060Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1061Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1062Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1063Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1064Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1065Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1066Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1067Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1068Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1069Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1070Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1071Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 " DST" 1072# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, 1073# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco). 1074Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 " DDST" 1075Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 " DST" 1076Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 " DDST" 1077Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 " DST" 1078Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 " DDST" 1079Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 " DST" 1080Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 " DDST" 1081Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 " DST" 1082Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 " DDST" 1083Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 1084# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com) (November 18, 1993): 1085# Shanks gives no times for 1975, but according to Cm722, 1086# France introduced summer time in 1975 from 20 March to 22 September. 1087Rule France 1975 only - Mar 20 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1088Rule France 1975 only - Sep 22 2:00s 0 - 1089Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1090Rule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 1091# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Whitman's more precise 0:09:05. 1092# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1093Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:05 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 1094 0:09:05 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 1095 0:00 France WET%s 1940 Jun 14 1096 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 25 1097 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1098 1:00 France MET%s 1977 Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1099 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1100 1101# Germany 1102# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1103Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1104Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 " DDST" 1105Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 " DST" 1106Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 1107Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1108# Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks. 1109Rule Germany 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1110Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1111Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 " DDST" 1112Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 " DST" 1113Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1114Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1115# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1116Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 1117 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1118 1:00 Germany MET%s 1980 Apr 6 2:00 1119 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1120 1121# Gibraltar 1122# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1123Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 1124 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 1125 1:00 - MET 1982 Mar 28 2:00 1126 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1127 1128# Greece 1129# They adopted the Julian calendar in 1846. 1130# Part switched to the Gregorian calendar on 1916 Jul 28. 1131# The rest switched on 1920 Mar 18. 1132# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1133Rule Greece 1916 only - July 28 0:01 0 - 1134# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks. 1135Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1136Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 1137# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks. 1138Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1139# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks. 1140Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 1141Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1142Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 1143# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks. 1144Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1145Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - 1146Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1147Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - 1148Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1149Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - 1150Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1151Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - 1152Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - 1153Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 " DST" 1154Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - 1155Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1156Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 1157# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1158Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 1159 1:35 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 1160 2:00 Greece EET%s 1941 Apr 30 1161 1:00 Greece MET%s 1944 Apr 4 1162 2:00 Greece EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00 1163 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1164 1165# Hungary 1166# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1167Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 - 1168Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 " DST" 1169Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - 1170Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 " DST" 1171Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - 1172Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1173Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - 1174Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1175Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1176Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1177Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1178Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - 1179Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1180Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1181Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1182Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1183Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 " DST" 1184Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 1185Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 " DST" 1186# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1187Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 1188 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jul 1189 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1941 Apr 6 2:00 1190 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 1 23:00 1191 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 1192 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1193 1194# Iceland 1195# 1196# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (November 6, 1993): 1197# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. 1198# 1199# (December 5, 1993): 1200# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of 1201# Iceland Almanak. 1202# 1203# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour 1204# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts 1205# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which 1206# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. 1207# 1208# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks 1209# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the 1210# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always 1211# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. 1212# 1213# (December 10, 1993): 1214# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the 1215# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus 1216# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. 1217# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day 1218# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. 1219# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" 1220# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it 1221# might mean something else (???). The Gregorian calendar was not introduced 1222# in Iceland until 1700. 1223# 1224# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (December 9, 1993): 1225# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points. 1226# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that 1227# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. 1228# 1229# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1230Rule Iceland 1908 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S 1231Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 D 1232Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 S 1233Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 S 1234Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 D 1235Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 S 1236Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 D 1237Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 S 1238Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 D 1239Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 S 1240Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 D 1241Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 S 1242# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter 1243Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D 1244Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S 1245# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter 1246Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D 1247# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week 1248Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 S 1249Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S 1250Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 S 1251# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1252Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 1253 -1:28 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time 1254 -1:00 Iceland I%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 1255 0:00 - GMT 1256 1257# Italy 1258# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1259Rule Italy 1893 only - Nov 1 0:00s 0 S 1260# Shanks gives transition times of 1916-1920 as 24:00; go with Whitman. 1261Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1262Rule Italy 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1263Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1264Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1265Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1266Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1267Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1268Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1269# Shanks gives 1920 Sep 18; go with Whitman. 1270Rule Italy 1920 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1271Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1272Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 " DST" 1273Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 17 0:00 0 - 1274Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1275Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - 1276Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1277Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - 1278Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1279Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - 1280Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1281Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - 1282Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1283Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1284Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1285Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1286Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1287Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1288Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1289Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1290Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1291Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1292Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1293Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1294Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1295Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1296Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1297# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1298Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 1299 0:50 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time 1300 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1301 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1302 1:00 Italy MET%s 1980 Apr 6 2:00 1303 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1304# Vatican is identical to Europe/Rome; San Marino is like Europe/Rome. 1305 1306# Latvia 1307# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15. 1308# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1309Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 1310 1:36 - LST 1918 Apr 15 2:00 1311 1:36 M-Eur LST%s 1919 Apr 1 2:00 1312 1:36 1:00 "LST DST" 1919 May 22 3:00 1313 1:36 - LST 1926 May 11 1314 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 1315 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 1316 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 8 1317 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1318 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1319 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1320 1321# Liechtenstein 1322# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1323Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 1324 1:00 - MET 1981 Mar 29 2:00 1325 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1326 1327# Lithuania 1328# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15. 1329# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1330Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 1331 1:24 - LST 1917 # Kaunas 1332 1:36 - LST 1919 Oct 10 1333 1:00 - MET 1920 Jul 12 1334 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 1335 1:00 - MET 1940 Aug 3 1336 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 1337 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 1338 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1339 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1340 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1341 1342# Luxembourg 1343# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks. 1344# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1345Rule Lux 1904 only - Jun 1 0:00 0 - 1346Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1347Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1348Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1349Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - 1350Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1351Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 1352Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1353Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - 1354Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1355Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - 1356Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1357Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - 1358Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1359Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1360Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1361Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - 1362Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1363Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1364Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1365Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1366Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1367Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1368Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1369# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1370Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 1371 1:00 Lux MET%s 1918 Nov 25 1372 0:00 Lux WET%s 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 1373 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 May 14 3:00 1374 1:00 M-Eur WET%s 1944 Sep 18 3:00 1375 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1979 Apr 1 2:00 1376 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1377 1378# Macedonia 1379# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. 1380# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1381Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884 1382 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1383 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1384 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1385 1:00 - MET 1983 Mar 27 2:00s 1386 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1387 1388# Malta 1389# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1390Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1391Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - 1392Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1393Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - 1394Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 " DST" 1395Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 1396Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST" 1397# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1398Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta 1399 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1400 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1401 1:00 Italy MET%s 1973 Mar 31 1402 1:00 Malta MET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 1403 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1404 1405# Moldova 1406# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1919 Mar 18. 1407# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1408Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2 1409 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 1410 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1411 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1412 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1413 1414# Monaco 1415# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Whitman's more precise 0:09:05. 1416# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1417Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 1418 0:09:05 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 1419 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1420 1:00 France MET%s 1977 Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1421 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1422 1423# Netherlands 1424# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1425Rule Neth 1892 only - May 1 0:00 0 AMT 1426# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman. 1427Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1428Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT 1429Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST 1430Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT 1431# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks. 1432Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1433Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT 1434Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST 1435# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 1436Rule Neth 1922 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT 1437Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1438Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST 1439# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks. 1440Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST 1441# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks. 1442Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1443Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1444Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1445Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1446# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks. 1447Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1448Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 - 1449Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 " DST" 1450# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure. 1451# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1452Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May 1453 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1454 0:20 Neth %s 1940 May 16 0:40 1455 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1456 1:00 Neth MET%s 1977 Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1457 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1458 1459# Norway 1460# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1461Rule Norway 1892 only - May 1 0:00 0 - 1462# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks. 1463Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 " DST" 1464Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 1465# Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman. 1466Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1467# Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4, 1468# 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940. 1469Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1470Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 1471Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1472Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 1473Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1474# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1475Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 1476 1:00 Norway MET%s 1940 Aug 10 23:00 1477 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1478 1:00 Norway MET%s 1980 Apr 6 2:00 1479 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1480# Svalbard is like Europe/Oslo. 1481# 1482# From Whitman: 1483# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1484Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT 1485 1486# Poland 1487# Austrian and German Poland switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar 1488# on 1582 Oct 15. Russian Poland switched on 1918 Jan 14. 1489# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1490Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1491Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1492# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks. 1493Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - 1494# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks. 1495Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1496Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 1497Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1498Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 - 1499Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1500Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 1501Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1502# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 1503Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 " DST" 1504Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1505Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 " DST" 1506Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 " DST" 1507Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - 1508Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 " DST" 1509Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 " DST" 1510Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1511# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1512Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 1513 1:24 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 1514 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Sep 16 3:00 1515 2:00 Poland EET%s 1922 Jun 1516 1:00 Poland MET%s 1940 Jun 23 2:00 1517 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Oct 1518 1:00 Poland MET%s 1977 Apr 3 1:00 1519 1:00 W-Eur MET%s 1520 1521# Portugal 1522# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1523Rule Port 1911 only - May 24 0:00 0 - 1524Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1525# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks. 1526Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 1527Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1528Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1529Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1530Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1531Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1532Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1533Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1534Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1535Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1536Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1537Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1538Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1539Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1540Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1541# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks. 1542Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1543Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1544# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman. 1545Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1546# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks. 1547Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1548# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. 1549Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1550Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1551# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks. 1552Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1553Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1554Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1555# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 1556Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1557Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1558# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. 1559Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - 1560Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1561Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1562Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" 1563Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 " DST" 1564Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - 1565Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" 1566Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 " DST" 1567Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" 1568Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1569Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1570Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1571Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1572# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. 1573# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks. 1574Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1575Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1576Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1577Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - 1578Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1579Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1580Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1581Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1582Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST" 1583Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1584# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1585Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 1586 -0:37 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time 1587 0:00 Port WET%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1588 1:00 - MET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 1589 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1590 0:00 W-Eur WET%s 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1591# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (November 12, 1992): 1592# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone 1593# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 1594 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1595# We don't know what happened to Madeira or the Azores, 1596# so we'll just use Shanks for now. 1597# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1598Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada 1599 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time 1600 -2:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1601 -1:00 - ACT 1977 Mar 27 1602 -1:00 - ACT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1603 -1:00 W-Eur ACT%s 1604Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal 1605 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time 1606 -1:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1607 0:00 - WET 1977 Mar 27 1608 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1609 0:00 W-Eur WET%s 1610 1611# Slovakia 1612Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava 1613 1614# Romania 1615# Catholic Romania switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1616# on 1919 Mar 18. Greek Orthodox Romania switched on 1920 Mar 18. 1617# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1618Rule Romania 1931 only - Jul 24 0:00 0 - 1619Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1620Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1621Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1622Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1623Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1624Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1625Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1626# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1627Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 1628 1:44 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 1629 2:00 Romania EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 1630 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1631 1632# Russia 1633# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994): 1634# Moscow and Novosibirsk time zone names, and Moscow rules after 1991, 1635# are from Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su>. 1636# I invented the other time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified) 1637# guessed what happened after 1991; the clocks were chaotic, and we know little. 1638# The rest is from Shanks. 1639# 1640# From Shanks (1991): 1641# Western Russia switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar 1642# on 1918 Jan 14. Eastern Russia switched on 1920 Mar 18. 1643# In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted 1644# a 6 day week; on 1940 Jun 27 it returned to the Gregorian week. 1645# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1646Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 1647 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 1648 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct 1649 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 1650 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1651 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1652 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1653 3:00 Russia MS%s 1654Zone Europe/Kuybyshev 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 1655 3:00 - KSK 1957 Mar 1656 4:00 Russia KS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1657 3:00 1:00 KSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1658 3:00 - KSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1659 4:00 Russia KS%s 1660Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2 1661 4:00 - SSK 1957 Mar 1662 5:00 Russia SS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1663 4:00 1:00 SSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1664 4:00 - SSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1665 5:00 Russia ES%s # name change from Sverdlovsk 1666Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 1667 5:00 - OSK 1957 Mar 1668 6:00 Russia OS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1669 5:00 1:00 OSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1670 5:00 - OSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1671 6:00 Russia OS%s 1672# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (June 29, 1994): 1673# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! 1674# I do not know why they have decided to make this change; 1675# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching 1676# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. 1677# Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow. 1678Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 1679 6:00 - NSK 1957 Mar 1680 7:00 Russia NS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1681 6:00 1:00 NSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1682 6:00 - NSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1683 7:00 Russia NS%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s 1684 6:00 1:00 NSD 1994 Sep 25 2:00s 1685 6:00 Russia NS%s 1686Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:52 - LMT 1924 May 2 1687 6:00 - TSK 1957 Mar 1688 7:00 Russia TS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1689 6:00 1:00 TSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1690 6:00 - TSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1691 7:00 Russia TS%s 1692Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 1693 6:57 - LST 1924 May 2 1694 7:00 - ISK 1957 Mar 1695 8:00 Russia IS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1696 7:00 1:00 ISD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1697 7:00 - ISK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1698 8:00 Russia IS%s 1699Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 1700 8:00 - YSK 1957 Mar 1701 9:00 Russia YS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1702 8:00 1:00 YSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1703 8:00 - YSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1704 9:00 Russia YS%s 1705Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880 1706 8:48 - LST 1924 May 2 1707 9:00 - VSK 1957 Mar 1708 10:00 Russia VS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1709 9:00 1:00 VSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1710 9:00 - VSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1711 10:00 Russia VS%s 1712# MSK is taken; settle for GSK. 1713Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 1714 10:00 - GSK 1957 Mar 1715 11:00 Russia GS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1716 10:00 1:00 GSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1717 10:00 - GSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1718 11:00 Russia GS%s 1719# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. 1720Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 1721 11:00 - PSK 1957 Mar 1722 12:00 Russia PS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1723 11:00 1:00 PSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1724 11:00 - PSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1725 12:00 Russia PS%s 1726Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 1727 12:00 - ASK 1957 Mar 1728 13:00 Russia AS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1729 12:00 1:00 ASD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1730 12:00 - ASK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1731 13:00 Russia AS%s 1732 1733# Serbia 1734# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. 1735# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1736Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 1737 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1738 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1739 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1740 1:00 - MET 1983 Mar 27 2:00s 1741 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1742 1743# Slovenia 1744# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. 1745# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1746Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884 1747 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1748 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1749 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1750 1:00 - MET 1983 Mar 27 2:00s 1751 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1752 1753# Spain 1754# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1755Rule Spain 1901 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 - 1756# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks. 1757Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1758Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - 1759Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1760Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1761# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks. 1762Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1763# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks. 1764Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 1765Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1766# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks. 1767Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1768Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1769Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1770Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1771# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks. 1772Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1773Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1774Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1775Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1776Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1777# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks. 1778Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" 1779Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 " DST" 1780Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" 1781Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 " DST" 1782Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 " DST" 1783Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 " DST" 1784Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1785Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - 1786Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1787Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 1788Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1789Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1790Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1791Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1792# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1793Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 1794 0:00 Spain WET%s 1946 Sep 30 1795 1:00 Spain MET%s 1979 Apr 1 2:00 1796 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1797Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. 1798 -1:00 - ACT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 1799 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 1800 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 1801 0:00 W-Eur WET%s 1802 1803# Sweden 1804# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1805Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31 1806 1:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT 1807 1:00 - MET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s 1808 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1916 Sep 30 23:00s 1809 1:00 - MET 1980 Apr 6 2:00 1810 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1811 1812# Switzerland 1813# From Howse (1988), p 82: 1814# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace 1815# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep 1816# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... 1817# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1818Rule Swiss 1894 only - Jun 1 0:00 0 - 1819# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''): 1820Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1821Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 " DST" 1822# From Shanks (1991): 1823Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 " DST" 1824Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 " DST" 1825# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1826Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12 1827 0:30 - SST 1894 Jun # Swiss Standard Time 1828 1:00 Swiss MET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00 1829 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1830 1831# Turkey 1832# European Turkey switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1908. 1833# Asian Turkey switched in 1914. 1834# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1835Rule Turkey 1910 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1836Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1837Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1838Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1839Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - 1840Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1841Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1842Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1843Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 1844# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks. 1845Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1846Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1847Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1848# Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman. 1849Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1850Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 - 1851Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1852Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - 1853Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1854# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 1855Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 1856Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1857Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 1858Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1859Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1860Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1861Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 1862Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1863Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1864Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1865Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 1866Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1867Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 1868Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1869Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1870Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1871Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 1872Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 " DST" 1873Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 - 1874Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST" 1875Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 - 1876Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1877Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 1878Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1879Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1880Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 - 1881Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 " DST" 1882Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 - 1883Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 " DST" 1884Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1885Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 1886Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1887Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 1888# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1889Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 1890 1:57 - OMT 1910 Oct # Ottoman Mean Time 1891 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1978 Oct 15 1892 3:00 Turkey TUR%s 1985 Apr 20 1893 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1986 1894 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1895Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. 1896 1897# Ukraine 1898# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1899Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 " DST" 1900Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - 1901Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1902Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 " DDST" 1903Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1904Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1905# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1906Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 1907 2:02 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 1908 2:02 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2 1909 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 1910 3:00 Russia MS%s 1990 Jul 17 1911 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1912Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 1913 2:08 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 1914 2:08 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2 1915 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 1916 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1917 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1918# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994): 1919# Today's _Economist_ (p 45) reports that Crimea switched 1920# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January elections. 1921# For now, we'll guess that there was a 2-hour leap forward on March 27. 1922 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s 1923 3:00 Russia MS%s 1924 1925############################################################################### 1926 1927# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from 1928# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986. 1929# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else. 1930# 1931# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but 1932# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules. 1933# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at 1934# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey 1935# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time 1936# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST) 1937 1938# ... 1939# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100 1940# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann) 1941# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp> 1942# ... 1943# 1944# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when 1945# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only 1946# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according 1947# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on 1948# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following 1949# years... 1950# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions 1951# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST 1952# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep 1953# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now. 1954# 1955# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the 1956# Soviet Union (as far as I know). 1957# 1958# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG, 1959# 4002 Basle, Switzerland 1960# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho 1961 1962# ... 1963# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100 1964# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter) 1965# ... 1966# 1967# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct. 1968# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information 1969# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969. 1970# 1971# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on 1972# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September... 1973# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that 1974# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982 1975# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in 1976# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch 1977# dates... 1978# 1979# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g. 1980# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST... 1981# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not 1982# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations 1983# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always 1984# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the 1985# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours 1986# in advance of normal time. 1987# 1988# ... 1989# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland 1990# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl 1991# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax 1992 1993# From Bob Devine (January 28, 1988): 1994# ... 1995# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates). 1996# Since 1978. Change at midnight. 1997# ... 1998# Monaco: has same DST as France. 1999# ... 2000 2001# ... 2002# Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST 2003# From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> 2004# ... 2005# Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC 2006# of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and 2007# 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will 2008# change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March 2009# and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK 2010# and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October. 2011# It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994, 2012# but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't 2013# arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath. 2014# 2015# The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't 2016# seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start 2017# dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981. 2018