europe revision 20094 
1# @(#)europe	7.41
2
3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
6
7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
11#
12# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
13# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
16# of the IATA's data after 1990.
17#
18# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
19# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
20#
21# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
22# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
23# I found in the UCLA library.
24#
25# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
26# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
27# Corrections are welcome!
28#		std dst
29#		LMT	Local Mean Time
30#	-4:00	AST	Atlantic
31#	-3:00	WGT WGST Western Greenland*
32#	-1:00	EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
33#	 0:00	GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
34#	 0:00	GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
35#	 0:00	WET WEST Western Europe
36#	 1:00	CET CEST Central Europe
37#	 2:00	EET EEST Eastern Europe
38#	 3:00	MSK MSD	Moscow
39#
40# See the `africa' file for time zone naming and abbreviation conventions.
41#
42# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
43# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
44# Oxford University Press (1980).
45
46# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
47# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
48# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
49# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
50# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
51# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
52# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
53# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
54# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
55# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
56# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
57# ...
58# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
59# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
60# ...
61# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
62# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
63# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
64# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
65# in the Directive.
66
67
68###############################################################################
69
70# United Kingdom
71# The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14.
72
73# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
74#
75# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
76# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
77# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
78# of the text said:
79#
80# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
81# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longditude
82# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
83# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
84# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
85# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
86# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
87#
88# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
89# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longditude should
90# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
91#
92# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
93
94# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
95#
96# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
97# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
98# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
99# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
100# it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
101# famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
102# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
103# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
104# (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847 Sep 22 the
105# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
106# adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
107# railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
108# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
109# in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
110# one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
111# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
112# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
113# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
114# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
115#
116# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
117# transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22.  We don't know as much
118# about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
119
120# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
121# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
122# a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
123# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
124# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
125# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
126# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
127# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
128
129# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
130# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
131# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
132# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
133# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
134
135# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
136#
137# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
138# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
139
140# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
141# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
142# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
143# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
144# politics making a fortune, not computing.
145
146# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-09-03):
147#
148# Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
149# exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
150# (different from deciding to keep the status quo).  According to the
151# Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
152# and 1994 are:
153#	Start		End
154# 1993	28 March	24 October
155# 1994	27 March	23 October
156# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
157#
158# There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981.
159# The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT
160# as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since.
161#
162# I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the
163# Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order
164# in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day
165# after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in
166# which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday.
167# It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday
168# in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.)
169# This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by
170# an Order in Council (a Statutary Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above)
171# to specify the EC specified dates.
172
173# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-18):
174#
175# My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department
176# accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following,
177# from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers,
178# 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60:
179#
180# `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
181# Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
182# regarding double summer time.
183#
184# [two other similar questions omitted]
185#
186# Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
187# considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
188# double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
189# maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
190# when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
191# double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
192# Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from
193# Monday, 2nd April.'
194
195# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
196# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
197# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
198# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
199# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
200
201# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-09-03):
202#
203# > # Current rules
204# > Rule GB-Eire 1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	BST
205# > Rule GB-Eire 1981	max	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00s	0	GMT
206#
207# The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth
208# Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't
209# followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then
210# and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with
211# the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time
212# Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history
213# and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows
214# what will happen.
215#
216# There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another
217# attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start
218# asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically
219# state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want
220# common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone
221# and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap
222# summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should
223# be the end of it.
224
225# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-22):
226#
227# I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all.
228# It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland
229# being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the
230# summer months'.
231#
232# It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever
233# dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years.
234#
235# Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it
236# applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references
237# to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.'
238#
239# Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote
240# from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts:
241#
242# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
243# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
244# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
245# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
246# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
247#
248# She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of
249# the Irish Free State, now called Eire.
250#
251# The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert
252# that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales
253# was different.
254#
255# It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then,
256# and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct.
257
258# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-28):
259#
260# I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of
261# the Time (Ireland) Act 1916.
262#
263# It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time
264# for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great
265# Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time
266# Act 1916)....  As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would
267# have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the
268# sequence would have been:
269# Dublin		London
270# 02:34 DST	02:59 BST
271# 02:35 DST	02:00 GMT
272# 02:59 DST	02:24 GMT
273# 02:25 GMT	02:25 GMT
274# with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once.
275#
276# In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the
277# Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source
278# of the 1880 date in Shanks.  The little bit of it that is repealed
279# also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time.
280
281# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-29):
282#
283# My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin
284# Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom
285# ever since it first started in 1916.
286#
287# The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from
288# 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date.
289#
290# The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation
291# Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a
292# change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail
293# and the table itself is also wrong.  The correct date is 13 April.
294# The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on,
295# except for wartime double summer time.
296#
297# As evidence I would cite:
298#
299# - The Summer Time Act, 1916.
300#
301# This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of
302# 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the
303# times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour.
304#
305# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916
306#
307# This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916.
308# It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880
309# that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least
310# from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK.
311#
312# - The Summer Time Act, 1922
313#
314# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
315# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
316# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
317# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
318# so approved.
319#
320# It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel
321# Islands, and the Isle of Man.
322#
323# - The Summer Time Act, 1925
324#
325# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
326# day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent,
327# so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply.
328#
329# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379
330#   [SR&O == Statutary Regulation and Order]
331#
332# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
333# It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
334# It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation,
335# which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act,
336# 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland.
337#
338# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
339#   1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883
340#
341# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
342# It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes.
343#
344# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
345#   1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476
346#
347# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
348# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
349# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
350# which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about
351# consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part
352# `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as
353# if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and
354# 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation)
355# Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section
356# for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board
357# for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that
358# England and Wales were indivisible.
359#
360# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
361#   1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506
362#
363# This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first
364# Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent.
365#
366# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
367#   1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932
368#
369# This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944.
370# (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost
371# certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.)
372#
373# (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945
374# and the Summer Time Act, 1947.)
375#
376# - The British Standard Time Act, 1968
377#
378# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
379# the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971.
380# There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all.
381# It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it
382# applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed
383# measures saying it didn't.
384#
385# - The Manx Time Act, 1968
386#
387# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
388# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
389#
390# - The Summer Time Act, 1972
391#
392# This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start
393# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
394# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
395# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
396# 1 hour.
397#
398# It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968,
399# applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the
400# Isle of Man if they don't do something about it.
401#
402# (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to
403# harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes
404# to 01:00 GMT.)
405#
406# - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument]
407#
408# This specifies dates of:
409#       Start       End
410# 1993  28 March    24 October
411# 1994  27 March    23 October
412# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT....
413#
414# - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
415#
416# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
417# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
418# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
419# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
420# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
421#
422# So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland,
423# the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any
424# part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply
425# throughout the UK.
426#
427# With that, I rest my case Milud :-)
428#
429# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
430# the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
431# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
432# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter).
433
434# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-05-29):
435# I have now got a copy of the British Standard Time Act 1968.
436# It says (S4(2)) that it expires at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971 unless
437# an Order in Council was passed in Parliament to make the Act permanent.
438# No Order was passed, so 02:00 1971-10-31 it is...
439#
440# Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
441# 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
442# stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
443# (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
444# advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
445# possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
446# especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
447# thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
448# summer time in 1968....
449
450# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-11-18)
451#
452# Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent
453# before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and
454# all the Acts.
455#
456# There are no changes to the dates we already have.
457#
458# My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order
459# does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a
460# different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed
461# before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone.
462#
463# I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders.
464# The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time
465# Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in
466# italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all.
467# I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the
468# end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent.
469# They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
470# again so they leave it out.
471#
472# It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
473# showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
474# place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
475# paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
476#
477#		Peter Ilieve		peter@memex.co.uk
478#
479#
480# ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
481# ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
482# ## Lines like this are comments.
483# ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
484# ## Control lines are of the form
485# ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
486# ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
487# ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
488# ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name.
489# ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>.
490# ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71.
491# ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double'
492# ## to indicate double summer time dates are present.
493# ## At present double requires fixed as well.
494# ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with
495# ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature.
496#
497# ## Blank lines are also ignored.
498#
499# ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates
500# ## against the Act or Order, are marked ???
501# ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table.
502#
503# # Summer Time Act, 1916
504# 1916 21 May 1 October fixed
505#
506# ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them.
507# # unknown Order or Orders ???
508# 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed
509# 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed
510# 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed
511# # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722)
512# 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed
513# 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed
514#
515# # Summer Time Act, 1922
516# # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ???
517# 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed
518# 1923-1924 3 April 3 September
519#
520# # Summer Time Act, 1925
521# 1925--1938 3 April 1 October
522#
523# # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939
524# 1939 3 April 3 November
525# # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883)
526# 1940 4 feb 0 none
527# # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476)
528# 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug
529# # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506)
530# 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug
531# 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug
532# # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932)
533# 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep
534# # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945
535# 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul
536#
537# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
538# 1946 3 April 1 October
539#
540# # Summer Time Act, 1947
541# # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time
542# 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug
543# ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948.
544# # Unknown Order ???
545# 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed
546# ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the
547# ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc.
548# # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ???
549# 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed
550# # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ???
551# 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed
552# # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ???
553# 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed
554# # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ???
555# 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed
556#
557# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
558# 1953--1960 3 April 1 October
559#
560# ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday
561# ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967.
562# ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967.
563# # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71)
564# 1961 26 March 29 October fixed
565# # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465)
566# 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
567# # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81)
568# 1963 31 March 27 October fixed
569# # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101)
570# 1964 22 March 25 October fixed
571# # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201)
572# 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed
573# 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed
574# 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed
575# # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148)
576# # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man
577# # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117)
578# # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK
579# # British Standard Time Act, 1968
580# 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed
581# 1969--1970 0 none 0 none
582# 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed
583#
584# # Summer Time Act, 1972
585# 1972-1980 3 March 4 October
586#
587# # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct
588# # First EC Directive ???
589# # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089)
590# 1981    29 Mar  25 Oct fixed
591# 1982    28 Mar  24 Oct fixed
592# # Second EC Directive ???
593# # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673)
594# 1983    27 Mar  23 Oct fixed
595# 1984    25 Mar  28 Oct fixed
596# 1985    31 Mar  27 Oct fixed
597# # Third EC Directive ???
598# # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223)
599# 1986    30 Mar  26 Oct fixed
600# 1987    29 Mar  25 Oct fixed
601# 1988    27 Mar  23 Oct fixed
602# # Fourth EC Directive ???
603# # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931)
604# 1989    26 Mar  29 Oct fixed
605# # Fifth EC Directive ???
606# # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985)
607# 1990    25 Mar  28 Oct fixed
608# 1991    31 Mar  27 Oct fixed
609# 1992    29 Mar  25 Oct fixed
610# # Sixth EC Directive
611# # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
612# 1993    28 Mar  24 Oct fixed
613# 1994    27 Mar  23 Oct fixed
614
615# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-08-18):
616# I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements
617# (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May....
618# The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year
619# that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else,
620# and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October.
621# Year	 Start		End		End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
622# (rule) (last Sun)	(last Sun)	(4th Sun)
623# 1995	26 March	24 September	22 October
624# 1996	31 March	27 October
625# 1997	30 March	26 October
626#
627# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-01):
628# The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for
629# 1995-97 is now in place.  The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798)
630# came into force on 16 November.  It restates the dates from the EC
631# seventh Summer Time Directive....
632#
633# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-04-20):
634# Proposals for the eighth directive were supposed to have been produced
635# by the Commission by 1 Jan 96. They have not yet appeared (I asked just
636# before Easter).
637
638# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-03-28):
639# The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule
640# of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
641# The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
642# when 29 October was used.  That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
643# for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
644# directive for just this year.  I don't have the text of the 5th EC
645# directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun.
646# To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule
647# of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990.
648
649# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12):
650#
651# As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
652# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
653# 20 April was an Easter Sunday.  Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
654# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
655# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
656# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
657# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
658# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
659# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
660#
661# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
662#     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until
663#	1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
664# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
665#     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
666# It actually just had one transition.
667#     * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II.
668# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
669#     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
670# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
671# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
672#
673# The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful;
674# we'll ignore them for now.
675#     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
676#	to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
677#	conform with Great Britain.
678#     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
679#
680#
681# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
682
683# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
684# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
685# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
686# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
687# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
688# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
689# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
690
691# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
692# 1916 to 1925--irregular
693Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	May	21	2:00s	1:00	BST
694Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	GMT
695Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	BST
696Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	GMT
697Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Mar	24	2:00s	1:00	BST
698Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Sep	30	2:00s	0	GMT
699Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	BST
700Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Sep	29	2:00s	0	GMT
701Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Mar	28	2:00s	1:00	BST
702Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Oct	25	2:00s	0	GMT
703Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
704Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	GMT
705Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	BST
706Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	0	GMT
707Rule	GB-Eire	1923	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
708Rule	GB-Eire	1923	1924	-	Sep	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
709Rule	GB-Eire	1924	only	-	Apr	13	2:00s	1:00	BST
710# 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter
711Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1926	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
712Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
713Rule	GB-Eire	1927	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	BST
714Rule	GB-Eire	1928	1929	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
715Rule	GB-Eire	1930	only	-	Apr	13	2:00s	1:00	BST
716Rule	GB-Eire	1931	1932	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
717Rule	GB-Eire	1933	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	BST
718Rule	GB-Eire	1934	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
719Rule	GB-Eire	1935	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
720Rule	GB-Eire	1936	1937	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
721Rule	GB-Eire	1938	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	BST
722Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
723# 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time
724Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Nov	19	2:00s	0	GMT
725Rule	GB-Eire	1940	only	-	Feb	25	2:00s	1:00	BST
726Rule	GB-Eire	1941	only	-	May	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
727Rule	GB-Eire	1941	1943	-	Aug	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
728Rule	GB-Eire	1942	1944	-	Apr	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
729Rule	GB-Eire	1944	only	-	Sep	Sun>=16	1:00s	1:00	BST
730# Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above.
731Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
732Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Jul	15	1:00s	1:00	BST
733Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	GMT
734Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
735Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00s	0	GMT
736Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Mar	16	2:00s	1:00	BST
737Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Apr	13	1:00s	2:00	BDST
738Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Aug	10	1:00s	1:00	BST
739Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Nov	 2	2:00s	0	GMT
740# So much for double saving time.  1948 and 1949, irregular.
741Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
742Rule	GB-Eire	1948	1949	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	0	GMT
743Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
744# 1950 through start of 1953, regular.
745Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1953	-	Apr	Sun>=14	2:00s	1:00	BST
746Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00s	0	GMT
747# 1954 to 1980, starting rules
748Rule	GB-Eire	1954	only	-	Apr	11	2:00s	1:00	BST
749Rule	GB-Eire	1955	1956	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
750Rule	GB-Eire	1957	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
751Rule	GB-Eire	1958	1959	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
752Rule	GB-Eire	1960	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	BST
753Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1963	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	BST
754Rule	GB-Eire	1964	1967	-	Mar	Sun>=19	2:00s	1:00	BST
755Rule	GB-Eire	1968	only	-	Feb	18	2:00s	1:00	BST
756Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
757# 1953 to 1980, ending rules
758Rule	GB-Eire	1953	1960	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	GMT
759Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
760Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
761# 1981 on
762Rule	GB-Eire	1981	1995	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	BST
763Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00u	0	GMT
764Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT
765# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
766
767# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
768Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Sep 22
769			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
770			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
771			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
772			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
773Zone	Europe/Belfast	-0:23:40 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
774			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00    # Dublin MT
775			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 3:00    # Irish Summer Time
776			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
777			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
778			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
779			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
780Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:21 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
781			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00    # Dublin MT
782			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 3:00
783			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
784			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25 2:00
785			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6 2:00
786			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16 2:00
787			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2 2:00
788			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18 2:00
789			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1968 Oct 27
790			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
791			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
792			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
793
794###############################################################################
795
796# Continental Europe
797
798# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
799# Common Market, etc.
800
801# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
802Rule	EU	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00u	1:00	S
803Rule	EU	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
804Rule	EU	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00u	0	-
805Rule	EU	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
806Rule	EU	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
807Rule	EU	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
808
809# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
810Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
811Rule	W-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
812Rule	W-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00s	0	-
813Rule	W-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
814Rule	W-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
815Rule	W-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
816
817# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
818# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
819Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
820Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
821Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
822Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
823Rule	C-Eur	1940	only	-	Apr	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
824# Whitman says 1941 DST was only from Feb 25 to Oct 5; go with Shanks.
825Rule	C-Eur	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
826Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
827Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
828Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00s	1:00	S
829# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
830Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
831Rule	C-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
832Rule	C-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
833Rule	C-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
834Rule	C-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
835Rule	C-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
836Rule	C-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
837
838# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
839Rule	E-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
840Rule	E-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
841Rule	E-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
842Rule	E-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
843Rule	E-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
844Rule	E-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
845
846# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
847Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST	# Moscow Summer Time
848Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT	# Moscow Mean Time
849Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST	# Moscow Double Summer Time
850Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	17	 0:00	1:00	MST
851Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	MDST
852Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	S
853Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	-
854Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
855# Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
856# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12):
857# My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
858Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	DS
859Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
860Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
861Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
862Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
863Rule	Russia	1984	1991	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
864Rule	Russia	1985	1991	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
865Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Mar	lastSat	 23:00	1:00	S
866Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Sep	lastSat	 23:00	0	-
867Rule	Russia	1993	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
868Rule	Russia	1993	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
869Rule	Russia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
870
871# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
872
873# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
874Zone	WET		0:00	EU	WE%sT
875Zone	CET		1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT
876Zone	MET		1:00	C-Eur	ME%sT
877Zone	EET		2:00	EU	EE%sT
878
879# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
880# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
881
882# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
883# The official German names ... are
884#
885#	Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
886#	Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
887#
888# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
889# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
890# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
891#
892#	Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
893#	Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
894#	Postfach 3345
895#	D-38023 Braunschweig
896#	phone: +49 531 592-0
897#
898# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
899# department for time and frequency transmission.  He explained that the
900# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
901#
902#	Central European Time (CET)         = UTC+01:00
903#	Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
904
905
906# Albania
907# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
908Rule	Albania	1940	only	-	Jun	16	0:00	1:00	S
909Rule	Albania	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
910Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	1:00	S
911Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Apr	10	3:00	0	-
912Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	S
913Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
914Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
915Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
916Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
917Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
918Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	May	 8	0:00	1:00	S
919Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
920Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	S
921Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
922Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	May	 5	0:00	1:00	S
923Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
924Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	S
925Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
926Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Apr	26	0:00	1:00	S
927Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
928Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
929Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
930Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	S
931Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
932Rule	Albania	1984	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
933Rule	Albania	1984	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
934# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
935Zone	Europe/Tirane	1:19:20 -	LMT	1914
936			1:00	-	CET	1940 Jun 16
937			1:00	Albania	CE%sT	1985 Mar 31 1:00
938			1:00	W-Eur	CE%sT	1991
939			1:00	EU	CE%sT
940
941# Andorra
942# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
943Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
944			0:00	-	WET	1946 Sep 30
945			1:00	-	CET	1985 Mar 31 2:00
946			1:00	EU	CE%sT
947
948# Austria
949# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
950Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	2:00s	1:00	S
951Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Sep	13	2:00s	0	-
952Rule	Austria	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
953Rule	Austria	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
954Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
955Rule	Austria	1946	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
956Rule	Austria	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
957Rule	Austria	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
958# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
959Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:20 -	LMT	1893 Apr
960			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Jun 16 3:00
961			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1 2:00
962			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
963			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1981
964			1:00	EU	CE%sT
965
966# Belarus
967# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
968Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
969			2:30:20	Russia	%s	1919 Jul 1 2:00
970			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
971			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
972			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
973			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
974			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 29 0:00
975			2:00	1:00	EEST	1992 Sep 27 0:00
976			2:00	Russia	EE%sT
977
978# Belgium
979# Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually.
980# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
981# From Whitman:
982Rule	Belgium	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
983Rule	Belgium	1919	only	-	Oct	 4	23:00s	0	-
984# Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman.
985Rule	Belgium	1920	1921	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
986Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
987Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
988Rule	Belgium	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
989# Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks.
990Rule	Belgium	1922	1928	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
991Rule	Belgium	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00s	1:00	S
992Rule	Belgium	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
993Rule	Belgium	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
994Rule	Belgium	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
995Rule	Belgium	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
996Rule	Belgium	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
997Rule	Belgium	1929	only	-	Apr	21	 2:00s	1:00	S
998Rule	Belgium	1929	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00s	0	-
999Rule	Belgium	1930	only	-	Apr	13	 2:00s	1:00	S
1000Rule	Belgium	1931	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
1001Rule	Belgium	1932	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00s	1:00	S
1002Rule	Belgium	1933	only	-	Mar	26	 2:00s	1:00	S
1003Rule	Belgium	1934	only	-	Apr	 8	 2:00s	1:00	S
1004Rule	Belgium	1935	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
1005Rule	Belgium	1936	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
1006# Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks.
1007Rule	Belgium	1937	only	-	Apr	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
1008# Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks.
1009Rule	Belgium	1938	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00s	1:00	S
1010Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Apr	16	 2:00s	1:00	S
1011Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 2:00s	0	-
1012Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
1013Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
1014Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	May	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
1015Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00s	0	-
1016# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1017Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:20 -	LMT	1880
1018			0:17:20	-	BMT	1892 May  1 12:00 # Brussels MT
1019			0:00	-	WET	1914 Aug  4
1020			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1919 Mar  1 23:00
1021			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 Feb 24 23:00
1022			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
1023			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
1024			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1025
1026# Bosnia and Herzegovina
1027# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1028Zone	Europe/Sarajevo	1:13:40	-	LMT	1884
1029			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
1030			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
1031			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
1032			1:00	-	CET	1983
1033			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1034
1035# Bulgaria
1036# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1037Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	S
1038Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
1039Rule	Bulg	1980	1982	-	Apr	Sat<=7	23:00	1:00	S
1040Rule	Bulg	1980	only	-	Sep	29	 1:00	0	-
1041Rule	Bulg	1981	only	-	Sep	27	 2:00	0	-
1042# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1043Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
1044			1:56:56	-	IMT	1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
1045			2:00	-	EET	1942 Nov  2  3:00
1046			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  3:00
1047			2:00	-	EET	1979 Mar 31 23:00
1048			2:00	Bulg	EE%sT	1982 Sep 26  2:00
1049			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
1050			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT
1051
1052# Croatia
1053# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1054Zone	Europe/Zagreb	1:03:52	-	LMT	1884
1055			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
1056			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
1057			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
1058			1:00	-	CET	1983
1059			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1060
1061# Czech Republic
1062# Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17.
1063# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1064Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	S
1065Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
1066Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
1067Rule	Czech	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
1068Rule	Czech	1947	only	-	Apr	20	2:00s	1:00	S
1069Rule	Czech	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
1070Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	S
1071# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1072Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
1073			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct     # Prague Mean Time
1074			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 17 2:00s
1075			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1979
1076			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1077
1078# Denmark
1079# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
1080# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1081Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
1082Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	-
1083Rule	Denmark	1940	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	S
1084Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
1085Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Aug	15	 2:00s	0	-
1086Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	May	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
1087Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	Sep	 1	 2:00s	0	-
1088Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	May	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
1089Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00s	0	-
1090Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	May	 9	 2:00s	1:00	S
1091Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	Aug	 8	 2:00s	0	-
1092# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
1093# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
1094#
1095# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
1096# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1097Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
1098			 0:50:20 -	CMT	1894 Apr  # Copenhagen Mean Time
1099			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
1100			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
1101			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1980
1102			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
1103Zone Atlantic/Faeroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
1104			 0:00	-	WET	1981
1105			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
1106#
1107# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1108# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
1109# and left the EU on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
1110# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
1111# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
1112# rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
1113
1114#
1115# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1116Rule	Thule	1993	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
1117Rule	Thule	1993	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
1118#
1119# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1120Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit
1121			-2:00	-	CGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
1122			-2:00	C-Eur	CG%sT	1981 Mar 29
1123			-1:00	EU	EG%sT
1124Zone America/Godthab	-3:26:56 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1125			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
1126			-3:00	EU	WG%sT
1127Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
1128			-4:00	Thule	A%sT
1129
1130# Estonia
1131# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
1132# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1133# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1134# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1135#
1136# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
1137# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1138# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1139# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1140# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1141# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1142# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1143# human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1144# summer time next spring.''
1145# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1146Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
1147			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1148			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1919 Jul
1149			1:39:00	-	TMT	1921 May
1150			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  6
1151			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 15
1152			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 22
1153			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1154			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1155			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT
1156
1157# Finland
1158# See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.
1159#
1160# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
1161# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1162# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1163#
1164# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
1165# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
1166# Go with Strang instead.
1167#
1168# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1169Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	3	0:00	1:00	S
1170Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	3	0:00	0	-
1171# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1172Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:52 -	LMT	1878 May 31
1173			1:39:52	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
1174			2:00	Finland	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29 2:00
1175			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1176
1177# France
1178# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
1179# French Revolutionary calendar used 1792-09-22 - 1805-12-31.
1180#
1181# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1182# From Shanks (1991):
1183# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1184Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1185Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
1186Rule	France	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
1187Rule	France	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
1188Rule	France	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
1189Rule	France	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1190Rule	France	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
1191Rule	France	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1192Rule	France	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
1193Rule	France	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
1194Rule	France	1922	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
1195Rule	France	1923	only	-	May	26	23:00s	1:00	S
1196Rule	France	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
1197Rule	France	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
1198Rule	France	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
1199Rule	France	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
1200Rule	France	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1201Rule	France	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
1202Rule	France	1930	only	-	Apr	12	23:00s	1:00	S
1203Rule	France	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
1204Rule	France	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
1205Rule	France	1933	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
1206Rule	France	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
1207Rule	France	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
1208Rule	France	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
1209Rule	France	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
1210Rule	France	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
1211Rule	France	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
1212Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
1213Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
1214# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
1215# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
1216Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	DS
1217Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 1:00	1:00	S
1218Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 8	 0:00	2:00	DS
1219Rule	France	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	1:00	S
1220Rule	France	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	2:00	DS
1221Rule	France	1943	only	-	Nov	 4	 3:00	1:00	S
1222Rule	France	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00	2:00	DS
1223Rule	France	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 1:00	1:00	S
1224Rule	France	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	2:00	DS
1225Rule	France	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
1226Rule	France	1976	only	-	Mar	28	 2:00s	1:00	S
1227Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
1228# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1229# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1230# Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1231# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1232# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1233Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15 0:01
1234			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
1235			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14
1236			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 25
1237			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16 3:00
1238			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
1239			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1240
1241# Germany
1242
1243# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1244Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
1245Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	May	24	2:00	2:00	DS
1246Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Sep	24	3:00	1:00	S
1247Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
1248Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
1249# Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1250Rule	Germany	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
1251Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
1252Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	DS
1253Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Jun	29	3:00	1:00	S
1254Rule	Germany	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
1255Rule	Germany	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
1256# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1257Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
1258			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr 2 2:00
1259			1:00	Germany	CE%sT	1980
1260			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1261
1262# Gibraltar
1263# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1264Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
1265			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14 2:00
1266			1:00	-	CET	1982
1267			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1268
1269# Greece
1270# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1271# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1272Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Jul	 7	0:00	1:00	S
1273Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
1274# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1275Rule	Greece	1941	only	-	Apr	 7	0:00	1:00	S
1276# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1277Rule	Greece	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
1278Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
1279Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
1280# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1281Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
1282Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	0	-
1283Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Apr	12	0:00s	1:00	S
1284Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Nov	26	0:00s	0	-
1285Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Apr	11	2:00s	1:00	S
1286Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Oct	10	2:00s	0	-
1287Rule	Greece	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
1288Rule	Greece	1977	only	-	Sep	26	2:00s	0	-
1289Rule	Greece	1978	only	-	Sep	24	4:00	0	-
1290Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Apr	 1	9:00	1:00	S
1291Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Sep	29	2:00	0	-
1292Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
1293Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
1294# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1295Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
1296			1:34:52	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28 0:01     # Athens MT
1297			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1941 Apr 30
1298			1:00	Greece	CE%sT	1944 Apr  4
1299			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1981
1300			# Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1301			# go with EU intead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1302			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1303
1304# Hungary
1305# Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01.
1306# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1307Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Apr	 1	 3:00	1:00	S
1308Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	29	 3:00	0	-
1309Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Apr	15	 3:00	1:00	S
1310Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Sep	15	 3:00	0	-
1311Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	 3:00	1:00	S
1312Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
1313Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	S
1314Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	0	-
1315Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
1316Rule	Hungary	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
1317Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	S
1318Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00s	1:00	S
1319Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Oct	23	 2:00s	0	-
1320Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	May	23	 0:00	1:00	S
1321Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	0	-
1322Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
1323Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
1324Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 1:00	1:00	S
1325Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
1326Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 1:00	1:00	S
1327# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1328Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
1329			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918
1330			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  6  2:00
1331			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  1 23:00
1332			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1980 Sep 28  2:00s
1333			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1334
1335# Iceland
1336#
1337# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1338# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1339#
1340# (1993-12-05):
1341# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1342# Iceland Almanak.
1343#
1344# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1345# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1346# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1347# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1348#
1349# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1350# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1351# time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
1352# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1353#
1354# (1993-12-10):
1355# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1356# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1357# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1358#	the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1359#	(old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1360# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1361# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1362# might mean something else (???).
1363#
1364# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-12-09):
1365# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1366# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1367# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1368#
1369# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1370Rule	Iceland	1917	1918	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	S
1371Rule	Iceland	1917	only	-	Oct	21	 1:00	0	-
1372Rule	Iceland	1918	only	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	-
1373Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	S
1374Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Nov	29	 2:00	0	-
1375Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
1376Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Nov	 3	 2:00	0	-
1377Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Mar	 2	 1:00s	1:00	S
1378Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Nov	 2	 1:00s	0	-
1379Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Mar	 8	 1:00s	1:00	S
1380Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Oct	25	 1:00s	0	-
1381# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1382Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
1383Rule	Iceland	1943	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
1384# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1385Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
1386# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1387Rule	Iceland	1949	only	-	Oct	30	 1:00s	0	-
1388Rule	Iceland	1950	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
1389Rule	Iceland	1967	only	-	Oct	29	 1:00s	0	-
1390# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1391Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:27:24 -	LMT	1837
1392			-1:27:48 -	RMT	1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1393			-1:00	Iceland	IS%sT	1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1394			 0:00	-	GMT
1395
1396# Italy
1397# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1398#
1399# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1400# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1401# <URL:http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html> (1996-03-14) (`FP'
1402# below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute publication.
1403# When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1404#
1405# year	FP	Shanks (S)	Whitman (W)	Go with:
1406# 1916	06-03	06-03 24:00	06-03 00:00	FP & W
1407#	09-30	09-30 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
1408# 1917	04-01	03-31 24:00	03-31 00:00	FP & S
1409#	09-30	09-29 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP & W
1410# 1918	03-09	03-09 24:00	03-09 00:00	FP & S
1411#	10-06	10-05 24:00	10-06 01:00	FP & W
1412# 1919	03-01	03-01 24:00	03-01 00:00	FP & S
1413#	10-04	10-04 24:00	10-04 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
1414# 1920	03-20	03-20 24:00	03-20 00:00	FP & S
1415#	09-18	09-18 24:00	10-01 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
1416# 1944	04-02	04-03 02:00			S (see C-Eur)
1417#	09-16	10-02 03:00			FP; guess 24:00s
1418# 1945	09-14	09-16 24:00			FP; guess 24:00s
1419# 1970	05-21	05-31 00:00			S
1420#	09-20	09-27 00:00			S
1421#
1422# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1423Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00s	1:00	S
1424Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
1425Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
1426Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
1427Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Mar	10	0:00s	1:00	S
1428Rule	Italy	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00s	0	-
1429Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Mar	 2	0:00s	1:00	S
1430Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Mar	21	0:00s	1:00	S
1431Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Sep	19	0:00s	0	-
1432Rule	Italy	1940	only	-	Jun	15	0:00s	1:00	S
1433Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Sep	17	0:00s	0	-
1434Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00	1:00	S
1435Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Sep	15	0:00s	0	-
1436Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Mar	17	2:00s	1:00	S
1437Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00s	0	-
1438Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Mar	16	0:00s	1:00	S
1439Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00s	0	-
1440Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Feb	29	2:00s	1:00	S
1441Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	-
1442Rule	Italy	1966	1968	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
1443Rule	Italy	1966	1969	-	Sep	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
1444Rule	Italy	1969	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
1445Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	May	31	0:00	1:00	S
1446Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
1447Rule	Italy	1971	1972	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
1448Rule	Italy	1971	only	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00	0	-
1449Rule	Italy	1972	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
1450Rule	Italy	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	S
1451Rule	Italy	1973	1974	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
1452Rule	Italy	1974	only	-	May	26	0:00	1:00	S
1453Rule	Italy	1975	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
1454Rule	Italy	1975	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00s	0	-
1455Rule	Italy	1976	only	-	May	30	0:00s	1:00	S
1456Rule	Italy	1977	1979	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00s	1:00	S
1457Rule	Italy	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
1458Rule	Italy	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
1459# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1460Zone	Europe/Rome	0:49:56 -	LMT	1866 Sep 22
1461			0:49:56	-	RMT	1893 Nov	# Rome Mean Time
1462			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
1463			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul
1464			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1980
1465			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1466
1467Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/Vatican
1468Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
1469
1470# Latvia
1471# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1472# Rules after 1991 are by extension from Shanks.  They contradict
1473# IATA SSIM (1992/1996), which claims Latvia uses W-Eur rules, but
1474# Peter Ilieve's relative writes that Latvia switched in September this year,
1475# so we'll assume that the old C-Eur-style rules still apply.
1476# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1477Rule	Latvia	1992	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
1478Rule	Latvia	1992	max	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
1479# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1480Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:24	-	LMT	1880
1481			1:36:24	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1482			1:36:24	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1483			1:36:24	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1 2:00
1484			1:36:24	1:00	LST	1919 May 22 3:00
1485			1:36:24	-	RMT	1926 May 11
1486			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
1487			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
1488			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug  8
1489			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1490			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1491			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT
1492
1493# Liechtenstein
1494# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1495Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
1496			1:00	-	CET	1981
1497			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1498
1499# Lithuania
1500# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1501Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
1502			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917	    # Warsaw Mean Time
1503			1:35:36	-	KMT	1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1504			1:00	-	CET	1920 Jul 12
1505			2:00	-	EET	1920 Oct  9
1506			1:00	-	CET	1940 Aug  3
1507			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 24
1508			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug
1509			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1510			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1511			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT
1512# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1513# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1514# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1515
1516# Luxembourg
1517# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1518# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1519Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
1520Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
1521Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Apr	28	23:00	1:00	S
1522Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Sep	17	 1:00	0	-
1523Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
1524Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
1525Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00	1:00	S
1526Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Oct	 5	 3:00	0	-
1527Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
1528Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Oct	24	 2:00	0	-
1529Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00	1:00	S
1530Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Oct	26	 2:00	0	-
1531Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00	1:00	S
1532Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
1533Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00	1:00	S
1534Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00	0	-
1535Rule	Lux	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00	1:00	S
1536Rule	Lux	1924	1928	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
1537Rule	Lux	1925	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
1538Rule	Lux	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	S
1539Rule	Lux	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	S
1540Rule	Lux	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00	1:00	S
1541Rule	Lux	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
1542# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1543Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
1544			1:00	Lux	CE%sT	1918 Nov 25
1545			0:00	Lux	WE%sT	1929 Oct  6 2:00s
1546			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 14 3:00
1547			1:00	C-Eur	WE%sT	1944 Sep 18 3:00
1548			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
1549			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1550
1551# Macedonia
1552# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1553Zone	Europe/Skopje	1:25:44	-	LMT	1884
1554			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
1555			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
1556			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
1557			1:00	-	CET	1983
1558			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1559
1560# Malta
1561# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1562Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Mar	31	0:00s	1:00	S
1563Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Sep	29	0:00s	0	-
1564Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Apr	21	0:00s	1:00	S
1565Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Sep	16	0:00s	0	-
1566Rule	Malta	1975	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
1567Rule	Malta	1975	1980	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
1568Rule	Malta	1980	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
1569# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1570Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2	# Valletta
1571			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
1572			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00s
1573			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1973 Mar 31
1574			1:00	Malta	CE%sT	1981
1575			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1576
1577# Moldova
1578# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1579Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1924 May  2
1580			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
1581			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1582			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1583			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT
1584
1585# Monaco
1586# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1587# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1588Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
1589			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
1590			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16 3:00
1591			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
1592			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1593
1594# Netherlands
1595# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1596# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1597# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1598# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
1599Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	2:00s	1:00	NST	# Netherlands Summer Time
1600Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00s	0	AMT	# Amsterdam Mean Time
1601Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Apr	16	2:00s	1:00	NST
1602Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	AMT
1603# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
1604Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
1605Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Sep	Mon>=24	2:00s	0	AMT
1606Rule	Neth	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	NST
1607# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1608Rule	Neth	1922	1936	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	AMT
1609Rule	Neth	1923	only	-	Jun	 1	2:00s	1:00	NST
1610Rule	Neth	1924	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	NST
1611# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
1612Rule	Neth	1925	only	-	Jun	 5	2:00s	1:00	NST
1613# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1614Rule	Neth	1926	1931	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
1615Rule	Neth	1932	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
1616Rule	Neth	1933	1936	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
1617Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
1618Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
1619Rule	Neth	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	-
1620# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1621Rule	Neth	1938	1939	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	S
1622Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
1623Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	May	20	2:00s	0	-
1624# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
1625# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1626Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:28 -	LMT	1892 May
1627			0:19:28	Neth	%s	1937 Jul
1628			0:20	Neth	NE%sT	1940 May 16 0:40
1629			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
1630			1:00	Neth	CE%sT	1977
1631			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1632
1633# Norway
1634# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
1635# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1636# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1637Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	May	22	1:00	1:00	S
1638Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
1639# Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
1640Rule	Norway	1935	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	1:00	S
1641# Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
1642# 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
1643Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
1644Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
1645Rule	Norway	1959	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
1646Rule	Norway	1959	1965	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
1647Rule	Norway	1965	only	-	Apr	25	2:00s	1:00	S
1648# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1649Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895
1650			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1940 Aug 10 23:00
1651			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
1652			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1980
1653			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1654#
1655# Svalbard
1656Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
1657#
1658# Jan Mayen
1659# From Whitman:
1660# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1661Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen	-1:00	-	EGT
1662
1663# Poland
1664# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1665Rule	Poland	1918	1919	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
1666Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	S
1667# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1668Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
1669# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1670Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Apr	29	0:00	1:00	S
1671Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
1672Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Apr	14	0:00	1:00	S
1673Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Sep	 7	0:00	0	-
1674Rule	Poland	1947	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	S
1675Rule	Poland	1947	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
1676Rule	Poland	1948	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	S
1677# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1678Rule	Poland	1957	only	-	Jun	 2	1:00s	1:00	S
1679Rule	Poland	1957	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
1680Rule	Poland	1958	only	-	Mar	30	1:00s	1:00	S
1681Rule	Poland	1959	only	-	May	31	1:00s	1:00	S
1682Rule	Poland	1959	1961	-	Oct	Sun>=1	1:00s	0	-
1683Rule	Poland	1960	only	-	Apr	 3	1:00s	1:00	S
1684Rule	Poland	1961	1964	-	May	Sun>=25	1:00s	1:00	S
1685Rule	Poland	1962	1964	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
1686# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1687Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
1688			1:24:00	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5   # Warsaw Mean Time
1689			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Sep 16 3:00
1690			2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1922 Jun
1691			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23 2:00
1692			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
1693			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1977 Apr  3 1:00
1694			1:00	W-Eur	CE%sT
1695# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1696# <URL:http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml>
1697# (1995-09-24) says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1698# Stick with W-Eur for now.
1699
1700# Portugal
1701# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1702#
1703# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1704# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1705# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1706#
1707# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1708# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1709# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1710#
1711# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1712# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1713# at 02:00u, not 01:00u.  Assume that these are typos.
1714# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1715# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1716# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1717# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1718#
1719# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1720Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Jun	17	23:00	1:00	S
1721# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1722Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Nov	 1	 1:00	0	-
1723Rule	Port	1917	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
1724Rule	Port	1917	1921	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
1725Rule	Port	1918	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
1726Rule	Port	1919	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
1727Rule	Port	1920	only	-	Feb	29	23:00s	1:00	S
1728Rule	Port	1921	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
1729Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
1730Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
1731Rule	Port	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
1732Rule	Port	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
1733Rule	Port	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
1734Rule	Port	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1735Rule	Port	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
1736Rule	Port	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
1737# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1738Rule	Port	1931	1932	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
1739Rule	Port	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
1740# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1741Rule	Port	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
1742# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1743Rule	Port	1934	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
1744# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1745Rule	Port	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
1746Rule	Port	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
1747# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1748Rule	Port	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
1749Rule	Port	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
1750Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
1751# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1752Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
1753Rule	Port	1940	only	-	Feb	24	23:00s	1:00	S
1754# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1755Rule	Port	1940	1941	-	Oct	 5	23:00s	0	-
1756Rule	Port	1941	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
1757Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Mar	Sat>=8	23:00s	1:00	S
1758Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Apr	25	22:00s	2:00	DS
1759Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Aug	15	22:00s	1:00	S
1760Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Oct	Sat>=24	23:00s	0	-
1761Rule	Port	1943	only	-	Apr	17	22:00s	2:00	DS
1762Rule	Port	1943	1945	-	Aug	Sat>=25	22:00s	1:00	S
1763Rule	Port	1944	1945	-	Apr	Sat>=21	22:00s	2:00	DS
1764Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	S
1765Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
1766Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
1767Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
1768# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1769# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1770Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
1771Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
1772Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Mar	27	 0:00s	1:00	S
1773Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Sep	25	 0:00s	0	-
1774Rule	Port	1978	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00s	1:00	S
1775Rule	Port	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
1776Rule	Port	1979	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
1777Rule	Port	1980	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
1778Rule	Port	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
1779Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
1780# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1781Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:32 -	LMT	1884
1782			-0:36:32 -	LMT	1911 May 24   # Lisbon Mean Time
1783			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00
1784			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26 1:00
1785			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1786			 0:00	W-Eur	WE%sT	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1787			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1788			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
1789Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884		# Ponta Delgada
1790			-1:55	-	HMT	1911 May 24  # Horta Mean Time
1791			-2:00	Port	AZO%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Azores Time
1792			-1:00	Port	AZO%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1793			-1:00	W-Eur	AZO%sT	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1794			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1795			-1:00	EU	AZO%sT
1796Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884		# Funchal
1797			-1:08	-	FMT	1911 May 24  # Funchal Mean Time
1798			-1:00	Port	MAD%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1799			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1800			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
1801
1802# Romania
1803# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1804Rule	Romania	1932	only	-	May	21	 0:00s	1:00	S
1805Rule	Romania	1932	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00s	0	-
1806Rule	Romania	1933	1939	-	Apr	Sun>=2	 0:00s	1:00	S
1807Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	May	27	 0:00	1:00	S
1808Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
1809Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
1810Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
1811Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
1812Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
1813# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1814Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
1815			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24	# Bucharest MT
1816			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1817			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
1818			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1994
1819			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT
1820
1821# Russia
1822# From Shanks (1991):
1823# In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted
1824# a 6 day week; on 1940-06-27 it returned to the Gregorian week.
1825#
1826# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
1827# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations,
1828# and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991.
1829# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1830# are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks and the IATA.
1831#
1832# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
1833# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1834# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1835# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1836# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1837#
1838# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1839# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1840# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1841# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1842#
1843# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1844Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 - 	LMT	1893 Apr
1845			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
1846			 2:00	Poland	CET	1946
1847			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1848			 2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1849			 2:00	-	EET	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1850			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1994
1851# IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change.
1852			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT
1853Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:20 -	LMT	1880
1854			 2:30:20 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1 2:00
1855			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
1856			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
1857			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1858			 2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1859			 2:00	-	EET	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1860			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD
1861Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:36 -	LMT	1924 May  2
1862			 3:00	-	KUYT	1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time
1863			 4:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1864			 3:00	1:00	KUYST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1865			 3:00	-	SAMT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time
1866			 4:00	Russia	SAM%sT
1867Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:34 -	LMT	1924 May  2
1868			 4:00	-	SSK	1957 Mar
1869			 5:00	Russia	SS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1870			 4:00	1:00	SSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1871			 4:00	-	SSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1872			 5:00	Russia	ES%s	# name change from Sverdlovsk
1873Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:36 -	LMT	1924 May  2
1874			 5:00	-	OSK	1957 Mar
1875			 6:00	Russia	OS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1876			 5:00	1:00	OSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1877			 5:00	-	OSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1878			 6:00	Russia	OS%s
1879# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
1880# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1881# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1882# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1883# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1884Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1924 May  2
1885			 6:00	-	NSK	1957 Mar
1886			 7:00	Russia	NS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1887			 6:00	1:00	NSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1888			 6:00	-	NSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1889			 7:00	Russia	NS%s	1994 Mar 27 2:00s
1890			 6:00	1:00	NSD	1994 Sep 25 2:00s
1891			 6:00	Russia	NS%s
1892Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:20 -	LMT	1924 May  2
1893			 6:00	-	KRSK	1957 Mar
1894			 7:00	Russia	KRS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1895			 6:00	1:00	KRSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1896			 6:00	-	KRSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1897			 7:00	Russia	KRS%s
1898Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:20 -	LMT	1880
1899			 6:57	-	LST	1924 May  2
1900			 7:00	-	ISK	1957 Mar
1901			 8:00	Russia	IS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1902			 7:00	1:00	ISD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1903			 7:00	-	ISK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1904			 8:00	Russia	IS%s
1905Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:40 -	LMT	1924 May  2
1906			 8:00	-	YSK	1957 Mar
1907			 9:00	Russia	YS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1908			 8:00	1:00	YSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1909			 8:00	-	YSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1910			 9:00	Russia	YS%s
1911Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:44 -	LMT	1880
1912			 8:48	-	LST	1924 May  2
1913			 9:00	-	VSK	1957 Mar
1914			10:00	Russia	VS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1915			 9:00	1:00	VSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1916			 9:00	-	VSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1917			10:00	Russia	VS%s
1918Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
1919			10:00   -       MGK     1957 Mar
1920			11:00   Russia  MG%s    1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1921			10:00   1:00    MGD     1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1922			10:00   -       MGK     1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1923			11:00   Russia  MG%s
1924# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
1925Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1924 May  2
1926			11:00	-	PSK	1957 Mar
1927			12:00	Russia	PS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1928			11:00	1:00	PSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1929			11:00	-	PSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1930			12:00	Russia	PS%s
1931Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
1932			12:00	-	ASK	1957 Mar
1933			13:00	Russia	AS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1934			12:00	1:00	ASD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1935			12:00	-	ASK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1936			13:00	Russia	AS%s
1937
1938# Slovakia
1939Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1940
1941# Slovenia
1942# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1943Zone Europe/Ljubljana	0:58:04	-	LMT	1884
1944			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
1945			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
1946			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
1947			1:00	-	CET	1983
1948			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1949
1950# Spain
1951# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
1952# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1953# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1954Rule	Spain	1917	only	-	May	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
1955Rule	Spain	1917	1919	-	Oct	 6	23:00s	0	-
1956Rule	Spain	1918	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
1957Rule	Spain	1919	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
1958# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1959Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
1960# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1961Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Oct	 4	23:00s	0	-
1962Rule	Spain	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
1963# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
1964Rule	Spain	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
1965Rule	Spain	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
1966Rule	Spain	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1967Rule	Spain	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
1968# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
1969Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	May	22	23:00s	1:00	S
1970Rule	Spain	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
1971Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Mar	22	23:00s	1:00	S
1972Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
1973Rule	Spain	1940	only	-	Mar	16	23:00s	1:00	S
1974# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
1975Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	22:00s	2:00	DS
1976Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	22:00s	1:00	S
1977Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	22:00s	2:00	DS
1978Rule	Spain	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	22:00s	1:00	S
1979Rule	Spain	1944	only	-	Oct	10	22:00s	1:00	S
1980Rule	Spain	1945	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	1:00	S
1981Rule	Spain	1946	only	-	Sep	30	 0:00	0	-
1982Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
1983Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	0	-
1984Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Apr	Sat>=13	23:00	1:00	S
1985Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
1986Rule	Spain	1976	only	-	Mar	27	23:00	1:00	S
1987Rule	Spain	1976	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
1988Rule	Spain	1977	1978	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
1989Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
1990# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
1991Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
1992Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
1993Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
1994Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
1995Rule SpainAfrica 1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
1996Rule SpainAfrica 1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
1997Rule SpainAfrica 1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
1998Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
1999Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
2000# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2001Zone	Europe/Madrid	-0:14:44 -	LMT	1901
2002			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1946 Sep 30
2003			 1:00	Spain	CE%sT	1979
2004			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
2005Zone	Africa/Ceuta	-0:21:16 -	LMT	1901
2006			 0:00	-	WET	1918 May  6 23:00
2007			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1918 Oct  7 23:00
2008			 0:00	-	WET	1924
2009			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1929
2010			 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2011			 1:00	-	CET	1986
2012			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
2013Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2014			-1:00	-	CANT	1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2015			 0:00	-	WET	1980 Apr  6 0:00s
2016			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2017			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
2018# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2019# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2020
2021# Sweden
2022
2023# From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader) <URL:news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com>:
2024#
2025# In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian.  Sweden
2026# decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
2027# those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
2028# year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar
2029# different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
2030#
2031# However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
2032# they did, after all, have a leap year that year.  And one in 1708.  In 1712
2033# they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
2034# year!...
2035#
2036# Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
2037# getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
2038#
2039# (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
2040# produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia"
2041# by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och
2042# kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).)
2043
2044# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2045Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1878 May 31
2046			1:12:12	-	SMT	1900 Jan  1  1:00 # Stockholm MT
2047			1:00	-	CET	1916 Apr 14 23:00s
2048			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Sep 30 23:00s
2049			1:00	-	CET	1980
2050			1:00	EU	CE%sT
2051
2052# Switzerland
2053# From Howse (1988), p 82:
2054# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2055# and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
2056# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2057# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2058# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2059Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	S
2060Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
2061# From Shanks (1991):
2062Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
2063Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
2064# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2065Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1848 Sep 12
2066			0:29:44	-	BMT	1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2067			1:00	Swiss	CE%sT	1981
2068			1:00	EU	CE%sT
2069
2070# Turkey
2071# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2072Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
2073Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
2074Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
2075Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Oct	25	0:00	0	-
2076Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	0:00	1:00	S
2077Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
2078Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
2079Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
2080# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2081Rule	Turkey	1924	only	-	May	13	0:00	1:00	S
2082Rule	Turkey	1924	1925	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
2083Rule	Turkey	1925	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
2084# Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
2085Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Jun	30	0:00	1:00	S
2086Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	0	-
2087Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
2088Rule	Turkey	1941	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	-
2089Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
2090# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2091Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
2092Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	1:00	S
2093Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
2094Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
2095Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
2096Rule	Turkey	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
2097Rule	Turkey	1947	1950	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
2098Rule	Turkey	1949	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	S
2099Rule	Turkey	1950	only	-	Apr	19	0:00	1:00	S
2100Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Apr	22	0:00	1:00	S
2101Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
2102Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
2103Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
2104Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	S
2105Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
2106Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	May	Sun>=2	0:00	1:00	S
2107Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
2108Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	1:00	1:00	S
2109Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Nov	 4	3:00	0	-
2110Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
2111Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Nov	 3	5:00	0	-
2112Rule	Turkey	1975	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
2113Rule	Turkey	1975	1976	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	-
2114Rule	Turkey	1976	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
2115Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
2116Rule	Turkey	1977	only	-	Oct	16	0:00	0	-
2117Rule	Turkey	1979	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00	1:00	S
2118Rule	Turkey	1979	1982	-	Oct	Mon>=11	0:00	0	-
2119Rule	Turkey	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	1:00	S
2120Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Jul	31	0:00	1:00	S
2121Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
2122Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Apr	20	0:00	1:00	S
2123Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
2124# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2125Zone	Europe/Istanbul	1:55:52 -	LMT	1880
2126			1:56:56	-	IMT	1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2127			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1978 Oct 15
2128			3:00	Turkey	TR%sT	1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2129			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1986
2130			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
2131			2:00	EU	EE%sT
2132Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
2133
2134# Ukraine
2135# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2136Rule	Ukraine	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	UST	# Ukrainian Summer Time
2137Rule	Ukraine	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	KMT	# Kiev Mean TIme
2138Rule	Ukraine	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	UDST	# Ukrainian Double Summer Time
2139Rule	Ukraine	1918	only	-	Sep	17	 0:00	1:00	UST
2140Rule	Ukraine	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	UDST
2141Rule	Ukraine	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	UST
2142Rule	Ukraine	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	KMT
2143Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	UST
2144Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Mar	21	23:00	2:00	UDST
2145Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	UST
2146Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	KMT
2147Rule	Crimea	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	CST	# Crimean Summer Time
2148Rule	Crimea	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	NMT	# Nikolayev Mean Time
2149Rule	Crimea	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	CDST	# Crimean Double Summer Time
2150Rule	Crimea	1918	only	-	Sep	17	 0:00	1:00	CST
2151Rule	Crimea	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	CDST
2152Rule	Crimea	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	CST
2153Rule	Crimea	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	NMT
2154Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	CST
2155Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Mar	21	23:00	2:00	CDST
2156Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	CST
2157Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	NMT
2158Rule	Crimea	1996	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00u	1:00	-
2159Rule	Crimea	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00u	0	-
2160# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2161Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
2162			2:02:04	Ukraine	%s	1924 May  2
2163			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
2164			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 Jul 17
2165			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1996
2166			2:00	EU	EE%sT
2167Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
2168			2:08:00	Crimea	%s	1924 May  2
2169			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
2170			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2171			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2172# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-10-21):
2173# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched
2174# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2175# For now, guess it changed Feb 1.
2176			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1994 Feb
2177# From IATA SSIM (1994/1996), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2178			3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996
2179			3:00	Crimea	MSK/MSD
2180
2181# Yugoslavia
2182# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2183Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
2184			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
2185			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
2186			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
2187			1:00	-	CET	1983
2188			1:00	EU	CE%sT
2189
2190###############################################################################
2191
2192# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2193# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2194# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2195#
2196# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2197# uses the WE DST rules.  The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2198# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2199# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST).  It also claims that Turkey
2200# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2201# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2202
2203# ...
2204# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2205# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2206# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2207# ...
2208#
2209# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2210# most European coun[tr]ies started DST.  Before that year, only
2211# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2212# to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
2213# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2214# years...
2215# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2216# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2217# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2218# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2219#
2220# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2221# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2222#
2223# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2224# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2225# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2226
2227# ...
2228# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2229# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2230# ...
2231#
2232# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2233# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2234# about DST in Europe.  I was able to find all from about 1969.
2235#
2236# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2237# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2238# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2239# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March.  And from 1982
2240# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2241# the Sov[i]et Union.  In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2242# dates...
2243#
2244# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2245# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2246# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2247# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2248# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe.  Another note: it is always
2249# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2250# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2251# in advance of normal time.
2252#
2253# ...
2254# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2255# INTERNET   : dik@cwi.nl
2256# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2257
2258# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2259# ...
2260# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2261# Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
2262# ...
2263# Monaco: has same DST as France.
2264# ...
2265
2266# ...
2267# Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST
2268# From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk>
2269# ...
2270# Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC
2271# of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and
2272# 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will
2273# change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March
2274# and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK
2275# and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October.
2276# It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994,
2277# but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't
2278# arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath.
2279#
2280# The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't
2281# seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start
2282# dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981.
2283