europe revision 19878
119878Swollman# @(#)europe 7.40 22742Swollman 32742Swollman# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 42742Swollman# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 52742Swollman# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 62742Swollman 719878Swollman# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-09-03): 82742Swollman# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 92742Swollman# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition), 102742Swollman# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991). 112742Swollman# Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below. 122742Swollman# 132742Swollman# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 142742Swollman# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which 152742Swollman# I found in the UCLA library. 162742Swollman# 172742Swollman# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 182742Swollman# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 1919878Swollman# Corrections are welcome! 202742Swollman# std dst 212742Swollman# LMT Local Mean Time 222742Swollman# -4:00 AST Atlantic 2319878Swollman# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland* 2419878Swollman# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland* 252742Swollman# 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer 2619878Swollman# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer 2719878Swollman# 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe 2819878Swollman# 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe 2919878Swollman# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe 302742Swollman# 3119878Swollman# See the `africa' file for time zone naming and abbreviation conventions. 322742Swollman# 332742Swollman# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, 342742Swollman# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude, 352742Swollman# Oxford University Press (1980). 362742Swollman 3719878Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04), 3814343Swollman# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, 399908Swollman# Luxembourg, the Netherlands. 409908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. 419908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. 429908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. 439908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for 449908Swollman# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% 459908Swollman# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous 469908Swollman# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. 479908Swollman# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) 489908Swollman# ... 4914343Swollman# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. 5014343Swollman# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. 519908Swollman# ... 529908Swollman# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. 539908Swollman# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact 549908Swollman# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the 559908Swollman# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed 569908Swollman# in the Directive. 579908Swollman 5819878Swollman 592742Swollman############################################################################### 602742Swollman 612742Swollman# United Kingdom 6219878Swollman# The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14. 632742Swollman 6419878Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06): 652742Swollman# 662742Swollman# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about 672742Swollman# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo 682742Swollman# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph 692742Swollman# of the text said: 702742Swollman# 712742Swollman# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands 722742Swollman# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longditude 732742Swollman# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed 742742Swollman# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They 752742Swollman# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, 762742Swollman# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking 772742Swollman# along the towpath within a few yards of it.' 782742Swollman# 792742Swollman# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's 802742Swollman# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longditude should 812742Swollman# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. 822742Swollman# 832742Swollman# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] 842742Swollman 8519878Swollman# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18): 862742Swollman# 872742Swollman# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. 882742Swollman# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, 892742Swollman# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. 902742Swollman# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828); 912742Swollman# it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844), 922742Swollman# famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude. 932742Swollman# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway 942742Swollman# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most 952742Swollman# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the 962742Swollman# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be 972742Swollman# adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major 982742Swollman# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public 992742Swollman# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock 1002742Swollman# in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, 1012742Swollman# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal 1022742Swollman# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading 1032742Swollman# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. 1042742Swollman# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition 1052742Swollman# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2. 1062742Swollman# 1072742Swollman# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single 1082742Swollman# transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much 1092742Swollman# about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time. 1102742Swollman 11117200Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12): 11217200Swollman# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915), 11317200Swollman# a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907) 11417200Swollman# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, 11517200Swollman# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. 11617200Swollman# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, 11717200Swollman# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. 11817200Swollman# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. 11917200Swollman 12019878Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): 12119878Swollman# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving'' 12219878Swollman# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this 12319878Swollman# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the 12419878Swollman# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''. 12519878Swollman 12619878Swollman# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19): 1272742Swollman# 1282742Swollman# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's 1292742Swollman# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. 1302742Swollman 1312742Swollman# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) 1322742Swollman# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john> 1332742Swollman# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. 1342742Swollman# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in 1352742Swollman# politics making a fortune, not computing. 1362742Swollman 13719878Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-09-03): 1382742Swollman# 1392742Swollman# Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation 1402742Swollman# exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift 1412742Swollman# (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the 1422742Swollman# Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993 1432742Swollman# and 1994 are: 1442742Swollman# Start End 1452742Swollman# 1993 28 March 24 October 1462742Swollman# 1994 27 March 23 October 1472742Swollman# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT. 1482742Swollman# 1492742Swollman# There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981. 1502742Swollman# The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT 1512742Swollman# as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since. 1522742Swollman# 1532742Swollman# I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the 1542742Swollman# Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order 1552742Swollman# in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day 1562742Swollman# after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in 1572742Swollman# which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday. 1582742Swollman# It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday 1592742Swollman# in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.) 1602742Swollman# This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by 1612742Swollman# an Order in Council (a Statutary Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above) 1622742Swollman# to specify the EC specified dates. 1632742Swollman 16419878Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-18): 1652742Swollman# 1662742Swollman# My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department 1672742Swollman# accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following, 1682742Swollman# from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers, 1692742Swollman# 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60: 1702742Swollman# 1712742Swollman# `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home 1722742Swollman# Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals 1732742Swollman# regarding double summer time. 1742742Swollman# 1752742Swollman# [two other similar questions omitted] 1762742Swollman# 1772742Swollman# Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have 1782742Swollman# considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of 1792742Swollman# double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the 1802742Swollman# maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday, 1812742Swollman# when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that 1822742Swollman# double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter 1832742Swollman# Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from 1842742Swollman# Monday, 2nd April.' 1852742Swollman 18619878Swollman# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14): 18719878Swollman# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the 18819878Swollman# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published 18919878Swollman# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and 19019878Swollman# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T." 19119878Swollman 19219878Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-09-03): 1932742Swollman# 1942742Swollman# > # Current rules 1952742Swollman# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST 1962742Swollman# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT 1972742Swollman# 1982742Swollman# The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth 1992742Swollman# Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't 2002742Swollman# followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then 2012742Swollman# and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with 2022742Swollman# the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time 2032742Swollman# Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history 2042742Swollman# and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows 2052742Swollman# what will happen. 2062742Swollman# 2072742Swollman# There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another 2082742Swollman# attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start 2092742Swollman# asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically 2102742Swollman# state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want 2112742Swollman# common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone 2122742Swollman# and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap 2132742Swollman# summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should 2142742Swollman# be the end of it. 2152742Swollman 21619878Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-22): 2172742Swollman# 2182742Swollman# I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all. 2192742Swollman# It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland 2202742Swollman# being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the 2212742Swollman# summer months'. 2222742Swollman# 2232742Swollman# It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever 2242742Swollman# dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years. 2252742Swollman# 2262742Swollman# Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it 2272742Swollman# applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references 2282742Swollman# to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.' 2292742Swollman# 2302742Swollman# Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote 2312742Swollman# from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts: 2322742Swollman# 2332742Swollman# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie 2342742Swollman# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside. 2352742Swollman# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since 2362742Swollman# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland, 2372742Swollman# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.' 2382742Swollman# 2392742Swollman# She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of 2402742Swollman# the Irish Free State, now called Eire. 2412742Swollman# 2422742Swollman# The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert 2432742Swollman# that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales 2442742Swollman# was different. 2452742Swollman# 2462742Swollman# It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then, 2472742Swollman# and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct. 2482742Swollman 24919878Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-28): 2502742Swollman# 2512742Swollman# I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of 2522742Swollman# the Time (Ireland) Act 1916. 2532742Swollman# 2542742Swollman# It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time 2552742Swollman# for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great 2562742Swollman# Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time 2572742Swollman# Act 1916).... As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would 2582742Swollman# have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the 2592742Swollman# sequence would have been: 2602742Swollman# Dublin London 2612742Swollman# 02:34 DST 02:59 BST 2622742Swollman# 02:35 DST 02:00 GMT 2632742Swollman# 02:59 DST 02:24 GMT 2642742Swollman# 02:25 GMT 02:25 GMT 2652742Swollman# with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once. 2662742Swollman# 2672742Swollman# In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the 2682742Swollman# Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source 2692742Swollman# of the 1880 date in Shanks. The little bit of it that is repealed 2702742Swollman# also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time. 2712742Swollman 27219878Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-29): 2732742Swollman# 2742742Swollman# My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin 2752742Swollman# Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom 2762742Swollman# ever since it first started in 1916. 2772742Swollman# 2782742Swollman# The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from 2792742Swollman# 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date. 2802742Swollman# 2812742Swollman# The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation 2822742Swollman# Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a 2832742Swollman# change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail 2842742Swollman# and the table itself is also wrong. The correct date is 13 April. 2852742Swollman# The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on, 2862742Swollman# except for wartime double summer time. 2872742Swollman# 2882742Swollman# As evidence I would cite: 2892742Swollman# 2902742Swollman# - The Summer Time Act, 1916. 2912742Swollman# 2922742Swollman# This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of 2932742Swollman# 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the 2942742Swollman# times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour. 2952742Swollman# 2962742Swollman# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 2972742Swollman# 2982742Swollman# This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916. 2992742Swollman# It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 3002742Swollman# that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least 3012742Swollman# from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK. 3022742Swollman# 3032742Swollman# - The Summer Time Act, 1922 3042742Swollman# 3052742Swollman# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third 3062742Swollman# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after 3072742Swollman# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September. 3082742Swollman# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament 3092742Swollman# so approved. 3102742Swollman# 3112742Swollman# It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel 3122742Swollman# Islands, and the Isle of Man. 3132742Swollman# 3142742Swollman# - The Summer Time Act, 1925 3152742Swollman# 3162742Swollman# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the 3172742Swollman# day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent, 3182742Swollman# so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply. 3192742Swollman# 3202742Swollman# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379 3212742Swollman# [SR&O == Statutary Regulation and Order] 3222742Swollman# 3232742Swollman# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939. 3242742Swollman# It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November. 3252742Swollman# It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation, 3262742Swollman# which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act, 3272742Swollman# 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland. 3282742Swollman# 3292742Swollman# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 3302742Swollman# 1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883 3312742Swollman# 3322742Swollman# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940. 3332742Swollman# It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes. 3342742Swollman# 3352742Swollman# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 3362742Swollman# 1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476 3372742Swollman# 3382742Swollman# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after 3392742Swollman# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the 3402742Swollman# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time, 3412742Swollman# which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about 3422742Swollman# consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part 3432742Swollman# `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as 3442742Swollman# if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and 3452742Swollman# 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) 3462742Swollman# Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section 3472742Swollman# for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board 3482742Swollman# for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that 3492742Swollman# England and Wales were indivisible. 3502742Swollman# 3512742Swollman# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 3522742Swollman# 1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506 3532742Swollman# 3542742Swollman# This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first 3552742Swollman# Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent. 3562742Swollman# 3572742Swollman# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 3582742Swollman# 1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932 3592742Swollman# 3602742Swollman# This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944. 3612742Swollman# (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost 3622742Swollman# certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.) 3632742Swollman# 3642742Swollman# (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945 3652742Swollman# and the Summer Time Act, 1947.) 3662742Swollman# 3672742Swollman# - The British Standard Time Act, 1968 3682742Swollman# 3692742Swollman# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout 3702742Swollman# the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971. 3712742Swollman# There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all. 3722742Swollman# It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it 3732742Swollman# applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed 3742742Swollman# measures saying it didn't. 3752742Swollman# 3762742Swollman# - The Manx Time Act, 1968 3772742Swollman# 3782742Swollman# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that 3792742Swollman# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain. 3802742Swollman# 3812742Swollman# - The Summer Time Act, 1972 3822742Swollman# 3832742Swollman# This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start 3842742Swollman# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter, 3852742Swollman# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day 3862742Swollman# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is 3872742Swollman# 1 hour. 3882742Swollman# 3892742Swollman# It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968, 3902742Swollman# applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the 3912742Swollman# Isle of Man if they don't do something about it. 3922742Swollman# 3932742Swollman# (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to 3942742Swollman# harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes 3952742Swollman# to 01:00 GMT.) 3962742Swollman# 3972742Swollman# - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument] 3982742Swollman# 3992742Swollman# This specifies dates of: 4002742Swollman# Start End 4012742Swollman# 1993 28 March 24 October 4022742Swollman# 1994 27 March 23 October 4039908Swollman# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.... 4042742Swollman# 4052742Swollman# - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes 4062742Swollman# 4072742Swollman# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie 4082742Swollman# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside. 4092742Swollman# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since 4102742Swollman# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland, 4112742Swollman# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.' 4122742Swollman# 4132742Swollman# So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland, 4142742Swollman# the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any 4152742Swollman# part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply 4162742Swollman# throughout the UK. 4172742Swollman# 4182742Swollman# With that, I rest my case Milud :-) 4192742Swollman# 4202742Swollman# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out 4212742Swollman# the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence, 4222742Swollman# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining 4232742Swollman# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter). 4242742Swollman 42517200Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-05-29): 42617200Swollman# I have now got a copy of the British Standard Time Act 1968. 42717200Swollman# It says (S4(2)) that it expires at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971 unless 42817200Swollman# an Order in Council was passed in Parliament to make the Act permanent. 42917200Swollman# No Order was passed, so 02:00 1971-10-31 it is... 43017200Swollman# 43117200Swollman# Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on 43217200Swollman# 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely 43317200Swollman# stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom 43417200Swollman# (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in 43517200Swollman# advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could 43617200Swollman# possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27, 43717200Swollman# especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto, 43817200Swollman# thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying 43917200Swollman# summer time in 1968.... 44017200Swollman 44119878Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-11-18) 4422742Swollman# 4432742Swollman# Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent 4442742Swollman# before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and 4452742Swollman# all the Acts. 4462742Swollman# 4472742Swollman# There are no changes to the dates we already have. 4482742Swollman# 4492742Swollman# My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order 4502742Swollman# does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a 4512742Swollman# different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed 4522742Swollman# before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone. 4532742Swollman# 4542742Swollman# I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders. 4552742Swollman# The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time 4562742Swollman# Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in 4572742Swollman# italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all. 4582742Swollman# I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the 4592742Swollman# end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent. 4602742Swollman# They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it 4612742Swollman# again so they leave it out. 4622742Swollman# 4632742Swollman# It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript 4642742Swollman# showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in 4652742Swollman# place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government 4662742Swollman# paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)]. 4672742Swollman# 4689908Swollman# Peter Ilieve peter@memex.co.uk 4692742Swollman# 4702742Swollman# 4712742Swollman# ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates 4722742Swollman# ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper. 4732742Swollman# ## Lines like this are comments. 4742742Swollman# ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output 4752742Swollman# ## Control lines are of the form 4762742Swollman# ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end> 4772742Swollman# ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with -- 4782742Swollman# ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot. 4792742Swollman# ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name. 4802742Swollman# ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>. 4812742Swollman# ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71. 4822742Swollman# ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double' 4832742Swollman# ## to indicate double summer time dates are present. 4842742Swollman# ## At present double requires fixed as well. 4852742Swollman# ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with 4862742Swollman# ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature. 4872742Swollman# 4882742Swollman# ## Blank lines are also ignored. 4892742Swollman# 4902742Swollman# ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates 4912742Swollman# ## against the Act or Order, are marked ??? 4922742Swollman# ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table. 4932742Swollman# 4942742Swollman# # Summer Time Act, 1916 4952742Swollman# 1916 21 May 1 October fixed 4962742Swollman# 4972742Swollman# ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them. 4982742Swollman# # unknown Order or Orders ??? 4992742Swollman# 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed 5002742Swollman# 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed 5012742Swollman# 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed 5022742Swollman# # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722) 5032742Swollman# 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed 5042742Swollman# 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed 5052742Swollman# 5062742Swollman# # Summer Time Act, 1922 5072742Swollman# # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ??? 5082742Swollman# 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed 5092742Swollman# 1923-1924 3 April 3 September 5102742Swollman# 5112742Swollman# # Summer Time Act, 1925 5122742Swollman# 1925--1938 3 April 1 October 5132742Swollman# 5142742Swollman# # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939 5152742Swollman# 1939 3 April 3 November 5162742Swollman# # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883) 5172742Swollman# 1940 4 feb 0 none 5182742Swollman# # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476) 5192742Swollman# 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug 5202742Swollman# # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506) 5212742Swollman# 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug 5222742Swollman# 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug 5232742Swollman# # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932) 5242742Swollman# 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep 5252742Swollman# # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945 5262742Swollman# 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul 5272742Swollman# 5282742Swollman# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925 5292742Swollman# 1946 3 April 1 October 5302742Swollman# 5312742Swollman# # Summer Time Act, 1947 5322742Swollman# # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time 5332742Swollman# 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug 5342742Swollman# ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948. 5352742Swollman# # Unknown Order ??? 5362742Swollman# 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed 5372742Swollman# ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the 5382742Swollman# ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc. 5392742Swollman# # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ??? 5402742Swollman# 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed 5412742Swollman# # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ??? 5422742Swollman# 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed 5432742Swollman# # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ??? 5442742Swollman# 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed 5452742Swollman# # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ??? 5462742Swollman# 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed 5472742Swollman# 5482742Swollman# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925 5492742Swollman# 1953--1960 3 April 1 October 5502742Swollman# 5512742Swollman# ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday 5522742Swollman# ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967. 5532742Swollman# ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967. 5542742Swollman# # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71) 5552742Swollman# 1961 26 March 29 October fixed 5562742Swollman# # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465) 5572742Swollman# 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed 5582742Swollman# # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81) 5592742Swollman# 1963 31 March 27 October fixed 5602742Swollman# # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101) 5612742Swollman# 1964 22 March 25 October fixed 5622742Swollman# # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201) 5632742Swollman# 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed 5642742Swollman# 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed 5652742Swollman# 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed 5662742Swollman# # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148) 5672742Swollman# # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man 5682742Swollman# # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117) 5692742Swollman# # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK 5702742Swollman# # British Standard Time Act, 1968 5712742Swollman# 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed 5722742Swollman# 1969--1970 0 none 0 none 5732742Swollman# 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed 5742742Swollman# 5752742Swollman# # Summer Time Act, 1972 5762742Swollman# 1972-1980 3 March 4 October 5772742Swollman# 5782742Swollman# # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct 5792742Swollman# # First EC Directive ??? 5802742Swollman# # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089) 5812742Swollman# 1981 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed 5822742Swollman# 1982 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed 5832742Swollman# # Second EC Directive ??? 5842742Swollman# # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673) 5852742Swollman# 1983 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed 5862742Swollman# 1984 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed 5872742Swollman# 1985 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed 5882742Swollman# # Third EC Directive ??? 5892742Swollman# # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223) 5902742Swollman# 1986 30 Mar 26 Oct fixed 5912742Swollman# 1987 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed 5922742Swollman# 1988 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed 5932742Swollman# # Fourth EC Directive ??? 5942742Swollman# # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931) 5952742Swollman# 1989 26 Mar 29 Oct fixed 5962742Swollman# # Fifth EC Directive ??? 5972742Swollman# # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985) 5982742Swollman# 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed 5992742Swollman# 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed 6002742Swollman# 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed 6012742Swollman# # Sixth EC Directive 6022742Swollman# # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729) 6032742Swollman# 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed 6042742Swollman# 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed 6052742Swollman 60619878Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-08-18): 6079908Swollman# I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements 6089908Swollman# (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May.... 6099908Swollman# The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year 6109908Swollman# that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else, 6119908Swollman# and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October. 6122742Swollman# Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only) 6132742Swollman# (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun) 6142742Swollman# 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October 6152742Swollman# 1996 31 March 27 October 6162742Swollman# 1997 30 March 26 October 6179908Swollman# 6189908Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-01): 6199908Swollman# The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for 6209908Swollman# 1995-97 is now in place. The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798) 6219908Swollman# came into force on 16 November. It restates the dates from the EC 6229908Swollman# seventh Summer Time Directive.... 62317200Swollman# 62417200Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-04-20): 62517200Swollman# Proposals for the eighth directive were supposed to have been produced 62617200Swollman# by the Commission by 1 Jan 96. They have not yet appeared (I asked just 62717200Swollman# before Easter). 6282742Swollman 62919878Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-03-28): 63014343Swollman# The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule 63114343Swollman# of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat. 6322742Swollman# The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989, 6332742Swollman# when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order 6342742Swollman# for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC 6352742Swollman# directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC 6362742Swollman# directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun. 6372742Swollman# To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule 6382742Swollman# of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990. 6392742Swollman 64017200Swollman# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12): 6412742Swollman# 6422742Swollman# As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A 6432742Swollman# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error; 6442742Swollman# 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date. 6452742Swollman# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules 6462742Swollman# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925. 6472742Swollman# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition; 6482742Swollman# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other 6492742Swollman# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now. 6502742Swollman# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948. 6512742Swollman# 6522742Swollman# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect: 6532742Swollman# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until 6542742Swollman# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. 6552742Swollman# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. 6562742Swollman# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. 6572742Swollman# It actually just had one transition. 6582742Swollman# * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II. 6592742Swollman# Actually, it conformed to Britain. 66017200Swollman# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. 66117200Swollman# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. 66217200Swollman# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). 6632742Swollman# 66417200Swollman# The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful; 66517200Swollman# we'll ignore them for now. 6662742Swollman# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT 6672742Swollman# to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to 6682742Swollman# conform with Great Britain. 66917200Swollman# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. 6702742Swollman# 67117200Swollman# 6722742Swollman# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks. 6732742Swollman 67417200Swollman# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): 67517200Swollman# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, 67617200Swollman# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC. 67717200Swollman# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate 67817200Swollman# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of 67917200Swollman# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is 68017200Swollman# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". 68117200Swollman 6822742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 6832742Swollman# 1916 to 1925--irregular 6842742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST 6852742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT 6862742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST 6872742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT 6882742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST 6892742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT 6902742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST 6912742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT 6922742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST 6932742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT 6942742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 6952742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT 6962742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST 6972742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT 6982742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 6992742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 7002742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST 7012742Swollman# 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter 7022742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 7032742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 7042742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST 7052742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 7062742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST 7072742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 7082742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 BST 7092742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 7102742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 7112742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 7122742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST 7132742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 7142742Swollman# 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time 7152742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 GMT 7162742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 BST 71719878SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 7182742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 71919878SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 7202742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST 7212742Swollman# Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above. 72219878SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 7232742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 1:00s 1:00 BST 7242742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT 7252742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 7262742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT 7272742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST 72819878SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST 7292742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST 7302742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT 7312742Swollman# So much for double saving time. 1948 and 1949, irregular. 7322742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 7332742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1948 1949 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 GMT 7342742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 7352742Swollman# 1950 through start of 1953, regular. 7362742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1950 1953 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST 7372742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT 7382742Swollman# 1954 to 1980, starting rules 7392742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 BST 7402742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 7412742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 7422742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 7432742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST 7442742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST 7452742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST 74617200SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST 7472742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 7482742Swollman# 1953 to 1980, ending rules 7492742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT 75017200SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 7512742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 7529908Swollman# 1981 on 7539908SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST 7549908SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT 7559908SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT 75617200Swollman# See EU for rules starting in 1996. 7572742Swollman 7582742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 7592742SwollmanZone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22 76017200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 76117200Swollman 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 7629908Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 76317200Swollman 0:00 EU GMT/BST 7642742SwollmanZone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 7652742Swollman -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT 76619878Swollman -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 # Irish Summer Time 76717200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 76817200Swollman 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 7699908Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 77017200Swollman 0:00 EU GMT/BST 7712742SwollmanZone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 7722742Swollman -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT 77319878Swollman -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 77419878Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 77517200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 77617200Swollman 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 7772742Swollman 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 77817200Swollman 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 7792742Swollman 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 78017200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 78117200Swollman 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 78217200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 78317200Swollman 0:00 EU GMT/IST 7842742Swollman 7852742Swollman############################################################################### 7862742Swollman 7872742Swollman# Continental Europe 7882742Swollman 78917200Swollman# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, 79017200Swollman# Common Market, etc. 7919908Swollman 7929908Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 79319878SwollmanRule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S 79417200SwollmanRule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 79517200SwollmanRule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - 79617200SwollmanRule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 79719878SwollmanRule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S 79817200SwollmanRule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - 7999908Swollman 80017200Swollman# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. 80119878SwollmanRule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 8022742SwollmanRule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 8032742SwollmanRule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - 8049908SwollmanRule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 80519878SwollmanRule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 8069908SwollmanRule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 8072742Swollman 80819878Swollman# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. 80919878Swollman# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time. 81019878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 81119878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 81219878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 81319878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 81419878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S 81517200Swollman# Whitman says 1941 DST was only from Feb 25 to Oct 5; go with Shanks. 81619878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 81719878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S 81819878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 81919878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 8202742Swollman# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 82119878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - 82219878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 82319878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 82419878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 82519878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 82619878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 82719878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 8282742Swollman 8292742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 83019878SwollmanRule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time 83119878SwollmanRule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time 83219878SwollmanRule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time 83319878SwollmanRule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 MST 83419878SwollmanRule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST 83519878SwollmanRule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S 83619878SwollmanRule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - 83719878SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 8382742Swollman# Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition. 83919878Swollman# From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12): 8402742Swollman# My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21. 84119878SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DS 84219878SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S 84319878SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 84419878SwollmanRule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 84519878SwollmanRule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 84619878SwollmanRule Russia 1984 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 84719878SwollmanRule Russia 1985 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 8482742Swollman 8492742Swollman# These are for backward compatibility with older versions. 8502742Swollman 8512742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 85219878SwollmanZone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT 85319878SwollmanZone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 85419878SwollmanZone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 85519878SwollmanZone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT 8562742Swollman 85719878Swollman# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST 85819878Swollman# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage. 8592742Swollman 86019878Swollman# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12): 86119878Swollman# The official German names ... are 86219878Swollman# 86319878Swollman# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00 86419878Swollman# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00 86519878Swollman# 86619878Swollman# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG), 86719878Swollman# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111).... 86819878Swollman# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution 86919878Swollman# 87019878Swollman# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) 87119878Swollman# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit" 87219878Swollman# Postfach 3345 87319878Swollman# D-38023 Braunschweig 87419878Swollman# phone: +49 531 592-0 87519878Swollman# 87619878Swollman# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB 87719878Swollman# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the 87819878Swollman# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as 87919878Swollman# 88019878Swollman# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00 88119878Swollman# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00 8822742Swollman 88319878Swollman 8842742Swollman# Albania 8852742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 88619878SwollmanRule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S 8872742SwollmanRule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 88819878SwollmanRule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S 8892742SwollmanRule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - 89019878SwollmanRule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 8912742SwollmanRule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 89219878SwollmanRule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 8932742SwollmanRule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 89419878SwollmanRule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 8952742SwollmanRule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 89619878SwollmanRule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S 8972742SwollmanRule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 89819878SwollmanRule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S 8992742SwollmanRule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 90019878SwollmanRule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S 9012742SwollmanRule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 90219878SwollmanRule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S 9032742SwollmanRule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 90419878SwollmanRule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S 9052742SwollmanRule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - 90619878SwollmanRule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 9072742SwollmanRule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 90819878SwollmanRule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 9092742SwollmanRule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 91019878SwollmanRule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 9112742SwollmanRule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 9122742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 9132742SwollmanZone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 91419878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 91519878Swollman 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1985 Mar 31 1:00 91619878Swollman 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 9172742Swollman 9182742Swollman# Andorra 9192742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 9202742SwollmanZone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 9212742Swollman 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 92219878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 92319878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 9242742Swollman 9252742Swollman# Austria 9262742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 92719878SwollmanRule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S 9282742SwollmanRule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - 92919878SwollmanRule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 9302742SwollmanRule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 93119878SwollmanRule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 9322742SwollmanRule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 93319878SwollmanRule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 93419878SwollmanRule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 9352742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 9362742SwollmanZone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr 93719878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00 93819878Swollman 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00 93919878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 94019878Swollman 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 94119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 9422742Swollman 9432742Swollman# Belarus 9442742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 9452742SwollmanZone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 94619878Swollman 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 94719878Swollman 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1922 Oct # Moscow Time 9482742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 94919878Swollman 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 95019878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 95119878Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 9522742Swollman 9532742Swollman# Belgium 9542742Swollman# Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually. 9552742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 9562742Swollman# From Whitman: 95719878SwollmanRule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 9582742SwollmanRule Belgium 1919 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 9592742Swollman# Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman. 96019878SwollmanRule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 9612742SwollmanRule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 9622742SwollmanRule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 96319878SwollmanRule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 9642742Swollman# Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks. 9652742SwollmanRule Belgium 1922 1928 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 96619878SwollmanRule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S 96719878SwollmanRule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 96819878SwollmanRule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 96919878SwollmanRule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 97019878SwollmanRule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 97119878SwollmanRule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 97219878SwollmanRule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S 9732742SwollmanRule Belgium 1929 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 97419878SwollmanRule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S 97519878SwollmanRule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 97619878SwollmanRule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S 97719878SwollmanRule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S 97819878SwollmanRule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 97919878SwollmanRule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 98019878SwollmanRule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 9812742Swollman# Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks. 98219878SwollmanRule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S 9832742Swollman# Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks. 98419878SwollmanRule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S 98519878SwollmanRule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S 9862742SwollmanRule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - 98719878SwollmanRule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 9882742SwollmanRule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 98919878SwollmanRule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S 9902742SwollmanRule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 9912742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 9922742SwollmanZone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880 99319878Swollman 0:17:20 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT 9942742Swollman 0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4 99519878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Mar 1 23:00 99619878Swollman 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 Feb 24 23:00 99719878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 99819878Swollman 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 99919878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 10002742Swollman 10012742Swollman# Bosnia and Herzegovina 10022742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 10032742SwollmanZone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884 100419878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 100519878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 100619878Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 100719878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1983 100819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 10092742Swollman 10102742Swollman# Bulgaria 10112742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 101219878SwollmanRule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S 10132742SwollmanRule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 101419878SwollmanRule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S 10152742SwollmanRule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - 10162742SwollmanRule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - 10172742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 10182742SwollmanZone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 101919878Swollman 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? 10202742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 102119878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00 10222742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 102319878Swollman 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00 102419878Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 10252742Swollman 10262742Swollman# Croatia 10272742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 10282742SwollmanZone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884 102919878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 103019878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 103119878Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 103219878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1983 103319878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 10342742Swollman 10352742Swollman# Czech Republic 103619878Swollman# Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17. 10372742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 103819878SwollmanRule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 10392742SwollmanRule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 104019878SwollmanRule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S 10412742SwollmanRule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 104219878SwollmanRule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S 104319878SwollmanRule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 104419878SwollmanRule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S 10452742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 10462742SwollmanZone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 104719878Swollman 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 104819878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 104919878Swollman 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 105019878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 10512742Swollman 10522742Swollman# Denmark 105319878Swollman# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01. 10542742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 105519878SwollmanRule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 10562742SwollmanRule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - 105719878SwollmanRule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 105819878SwollmanRule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 10592742SwollmanRule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - 106019878SwollmanRule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S 10612742SwollmanRule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - 106219878SwollmanRule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 10632742SwollmanRule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - 106419878SwollmanRule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S 10652742SwollmanRule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - 10662742Swollman# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways 10672742Swollman# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks. 10682742Swollman# 10692742Swollman# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman. 10702742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 10712742SwollmanZone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 107219878Swollman 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time 107319878Swollman 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 107419878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 107519878Swollman 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 107619878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 10772742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 10789908Swollman 0:00 - WET 1981 107919878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 10802742SwollmanZone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 108119878Swollman -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 108219878Swollman -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29 108319878Swollman -1:00 C-Eur EG%sT 10842742SwollmanZone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 10852742Swollman -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 108619878Swollman -3:00 C-Eur WG%sT 10872742SwollmanZone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 10882742Swollman -4:00 - AST 10892742Swollman 10902742Swollman# Estonia 10919908Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15): 10929908Swollman# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards 10939908Swollman# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, 10949908Swollman# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... 10952742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 10962742SwollmanZone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 109719878Swollman 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 109819878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 109919878Swollman 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May 11002742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 110119878Swollman 3:00 - MOST 1941 Sep 15 # Moscow Time 110219878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 110319878Swollman 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 110419878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 110519878Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 11062742Swollman 11072742Swollman# Finland 110819878Swollman# See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted. 11099908Swollman# 11109908Swollman# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC): 11119908Swollman# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, 11129908Swollman# and it's supposed to change at 4am... 11139908Swollman# 11149908Swollman# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994): 11159908Swollman# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981. 11169908Swollman# Go with Strang instead. 11179908Swollman# 11182742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 111919878SwollmanRule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 11202742SwollmanRule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 11212742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 11222742SwollmanZone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 112319878Swollman 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 112419878Swollman 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00 112519878Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 11262742Swollman 11272742Swollman# France 112819878Swollman# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20. 112919878Swollman# French Revolutionary calendar used 1792-09-22 - 1805-12-31. 113019878Swollman# 11312742Swollman# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman. 11322742Swollman# From Shanks (1991): 11332742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 113419878SwollmanRule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S 11352742SwollmanRule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 113619878SwollmanRule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S 113719878SwollmanRule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S 113819878SwollmanRule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 113919878SwollmanRule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 11402742SwollmanRule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 114119878SwollmanRule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 11422742SwollmanRule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 114319878SwollmanRule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 11442742SwollmanRule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 114519878SwollmanRule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S 114619878SwollmanRule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 114719878SwollmanRule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 114819878SwollmanRule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 114919878SwollmanRule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 115019878SwollmanRule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 115119878SwollmanRule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 115219878SwollmanRule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S 115319878SwollmanRule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 115419878SwollmanRule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 115519878SwollmanRule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 115619878SwollmanRule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 115719878SwollmanRule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 115819878SwollmanRule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 115919878SwollmanRule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 116019878SwollmanRule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 116119878SwollmanRule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 11622742SwollmanRule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 116319878SwollmanRule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 11642742Swollman# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, 11652742Swollman# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco). 116619878SwollmanRule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 DS 116719878SwollmanRule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 S 116819878SwollmanRule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 DS 116919878SwollmanRule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S 117019878SwollmanRule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 DS 117119878SwollmanRule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 S 117219878SwollmanRule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 DS 117319878SwollmanRule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S 117419878SwollmanRule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 DS 11752742SwollmanRule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 117619878SwollmanRule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 S 11772742SwollmanRule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 117814343Swollman# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05, 117914343Swollman# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. 118014343Swollman# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based 118114343Swollman# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. 11822742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 118314343SwollmanZone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 118414343Swollman 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 118519878Swollman 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 118619878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 118719878Swollman 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 118819878Swollman 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 118919878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 11902742Swollman 119119878Swollman# Germany 11928049Swollman 11932742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 119419878SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 119519878SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 DS 119619878SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S 11972742SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 119819878SwollmanRule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 11992742Swollman# Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks. 12002742SwollmanRule Germany 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 120119878SwollmanRule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 120219878SwollmanRule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 DS 120319878SwollmanRule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S 120419878SwollmanRule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 120519878SwollmanRule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 12062742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 12072742SwollmanZone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 120819878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 120919878Swollman 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 121019878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 12112742Swollman 12122742Swollman# Gibraltar 12132742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 12142742SwollmanZone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 12152742Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 121619878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1982 121719878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 12182742Swollman 12192742Swollman# Greece 12202742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 12212742Swollman# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks. 122219878SwollmanRule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S 12232742SwollmanRule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 12242742Swollman# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks. 122519878SwollmanRule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S 12262742Swollman# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks. 12272742SwollmanRule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 122819878SwollmanRule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 12292742SwollmanRule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 12302742Swollman# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks. 123119878SwollmanRule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 12322742SwollmanRule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - 123319878SwollmanRule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S 12342742SwollmanRule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - 123519878SwollmanRule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S 12362742SwollmanRule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - 123719878SwollmanRule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 12382742SwollmanRule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - 12392742SwollmanRule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - 124019878SwollmanRule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S 12412742SwollmanRule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - 124219878SwollmanRule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 12432742SwollmanRule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 12442742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 12452742SwollmanZone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 124619878Swollman 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 124719878Swollman 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 124819878Swollman 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 124919878Swollman 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 125019878Swollman # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981; 125117200Swollman # go with EU intead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 125219878Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 12532742Swollman 12542742Swollman# Hungary 125519878Swollman# Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01. 12562742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 125719878SwollmanRule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S 125817200SwollmanRule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 - 125919878SwollmanRule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S 12602742SwollmanRule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - 126119878SwollmanRule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S 12622742SwollmanRule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - 126319878SwollmanRule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S 12642742SwollmanRule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - 126519878SwollmanRule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 12662742SwollmanRule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 126719878SwollmanRule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S 126819878SwollmanRule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S 12692742SwollmanRule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - 127019878SwollmanRule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S 12712742SwollmanRule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 127219878SwollmanRule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 12732742SwollmanRule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 127419878SwollmanRule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S 12752742SwollmanRule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 127619878SwollmanRule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S 12772742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 12782742SwollmanZone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 127919878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 128019878Swollman 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00 128119878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00 128219878Swollman 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 128319878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 12842742Swollman 12852742Swollman# Iceland 12862742Swollman# 128719878Swollman# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06): 12882742Swollman# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. 12892742Swollman# 129019878Swollman# (1993-12-05): 12912742Swollman# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of 12922742Swollman# Iceland Almanak. 12932742Swollman# 12942742Swollman# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour 12952742Swollman# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts 12962742Swollman# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which 12972742Swollman# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. 12982742Swollman# 12992742Swollman# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks 13002742Swollman# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the 13012742Swollman# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always 13022742Swollman# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. 13032742Swollman# 130419878Swollman# (1993-12-10): 13052742Swollman# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the 13062742Swollman# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus 13072742Swollman# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. 13082742Swollman# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day 13092742Swollman# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. 13102742Swollman# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" 13112742Swollman# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it 131219878Swollman# might mean something else (???). 13132742Swollman# 131419878Swollman# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-12-09): 13152742Swollman# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points. 13162742Swollman# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that 13172742Swollman# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. 13182742Swollman# 13192742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 132019878SwollmanRule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S 132119878SwollmanRule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 - 132219878SwollmanRule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 - 132319878SwollmanRule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S 132419878SwollmanRule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 - 132519878SwollmanRule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 132619878SwollmanRule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 - 132719878SwollmanRule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S 132819878SwollmanRule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 - 132919878SwollmanRule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S 133019878SwollmanRule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 - 13312742Swollman# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter 133219878SwollmanRule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 133319878SwollmanRule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 13342742Swollman# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter 133519878SwollmanRule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 13362742Swollman# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week 133719878SwollmanRule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 - 133819878SwollmanRule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 133919878SwollmanRule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 - 13402742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 13412742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 134219878Swollman -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time? 134319878Swollman -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 13442742Swollman 0:00 - GMT 13452742Swollman 13462742Swollman# Italy 134719878Swollman# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15. 134819878Swollman# 134917200Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06): 135017200Swollman# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri 135119878Swollman# <URL:http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html> (1996-03-14) (`FP' 135219878Swollman# below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute publication. 135317200Swollman# When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: 135417200Swollman# 135517200Swollman# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with: 135617200Swollman# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W 135717200Swollman# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 135817200Swollman# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S 135917200Swollman# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W 136017200Swollman# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S 136117200Swollman# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W 136217200Swollman# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S 136317200Swollman# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 136417200Swollman# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S 136517200Swollman# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 136619878Swollman# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur) 136717200Swollman# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s 136817200Swollman# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s 136917200Swollman# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S 137017200Swollman# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S 137117200Swollman# 13722742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 137319878SwollmanRule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S 137417200SwollmanRule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 137519878SwollmanRule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S 13762742SwollmanRule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 137719878SwollmanRule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S 13782742SwollmanRule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 137919878SwollmanRule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S 138019878SwollmanRule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S 138117200SwollmanRule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - 138219878SwollmanRule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S 138317200SwollmanRule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - 138419878SwollmanRule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S 138517200SwollmanRule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - 138619878SwollmanRule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S 13872742SwollmanRule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - 138819878SwollmanRule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S 13892742SwollmanRule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - 139019878SwollmanRule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S 13912742SwollmanRule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - 139219878SwollmanRule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 13932742SwollmanRule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - 139419878SwollmanRule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 139519878SwollmanRule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S 13962742SwollmanRule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 139719878SwollmanRule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 13982742SwollmanRule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 13992742SwollmanRule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 140019878SwollmanRule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S 14012742SwollmanRule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 140219878SwollmanRule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S 140319878SwollmanRule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S 14042742SwollmanRule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 140519878SwollmanRule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S 140619878SwollmanRule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S 14072742SwollmanRule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 14082742SwollmanRule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 14092742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14102742SwollmanZone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 141119878Swollman 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time 141219878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 141319878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 141419878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 141519878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 14162742Swollman 14179908SwollmanLink Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican 14189908SwollmanLink Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino 14199908Swollman 14202742Swollman# Latvia 14212742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14222742SwollmanZone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 142319878Swollman 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time 142419878Swollman 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer 142519878Swollman 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 142619878Swollman 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 142719878Swollman 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11 14282742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 142919878Swollman 3:00 - MOST 1941 Jul # Moscow Time 143019878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 8 143119878Swollman 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 143219878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 143319878Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 14342742Swollman 14352742Swollman# Liechtenstein 14362742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14372742SwollmanZone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 143819878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1981 143919878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 14402742Swollman 14412742Swollman# Lithuania 14422742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14432742SwollmanZone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 144419878Swollman 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 144519878Swollman 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 144619878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 14472742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 144819878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 144919878Swollman 3:00 - MOST 1941 Jun 24 # Moscow Time 145019878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 145119878Swollman 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 145219878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 145319878Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 14542742Swollman 14552742Swollman# Luxembourg 14562742Swollman# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks. 14572742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 145819878SwollmanRule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 14592742SwollmanRule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 146019878SwollmanRule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S 14612742SwollmanRule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - 146219878SwollmanRule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 14632742SwollmanRule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 146419878SwollmanRule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S 14652742SwollmanRule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - 146619878SwollmanRule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 14672742SwollmanRule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - 146819878SwollmanRule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S 14692742SwollmanRule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - 147019878SwollmanRule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S 14712742SwollmanRule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 147219878SwollmanRule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S 14732742SwollmanRule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - 147419878SwollmanRule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S 14752742SwollmanRule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 147619878SwollmanRule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 147719878SwollmanRule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S 147819878SwollmanRule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S 147919878SwollmanRule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S 148019878SwollmanRule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S 14812742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14822742SwollmanZone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 148319878Swollman 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 148419878Swollman 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 148519878Swollman 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 148619878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 148719878Swollman 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 148819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 14892742Swollman 14902742Swollman# Macedonia 14912742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14922742SwollmanZone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884 149319878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 149419878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 149519878Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 149619878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1983 149719878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 14982742Swollman 14992742Swollman# Malta 15002742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 150119878SwollmanRule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S 15022742SwollmanRule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - 150319878SwollmanRule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S 15042742SwollmanRule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - 150519878SwollmanRule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S 15062742SwollmanRule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 150719878SwollmanRule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 15082742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 15092742SwollmanZone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta 151019878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 151119878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 151219878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 151319878Swollman 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 151419878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 15152742Swollman 15162742Swollman# Moldova 15172742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 15182742SwollmanZone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2 15192742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 152019878Swollman 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Moscow Time 152119878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 152219878Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 15232742Swollman 15242742Swollman# Monaco 152514343Swollman# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21. 15262742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 15272742SwollmanZone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 152814343Swollman 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 152919878Swollman 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 153019878Swollman 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 153119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 15322742Swollman 15332742Swollman# Netherlands 153414343Swollman# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, 153514343Swollman# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. 15362742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 15372742Swollman# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman. 153819878SwollmanRule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time 153919878SwollmanRule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time 15402742SwollmanRule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST 15412742SwollmanRule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT 15422742Swollman# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks. 15432742SwollmanRule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 15442742SwollmanRule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT 15452742SwollmanRule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST 15462742Swollman# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 154719878SwollmanRule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT 15482742SwollmanRule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST 15492742SwollmanRule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST 15502742Swollman# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks. 15512742SwollmanRule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST 15522742Swollman# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks. 15532742SwollmanRule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 15542742SwollmanRule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 15552742SwollmanRule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 15562742SwollmanRule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 155719878SwollmanRule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 155819878SwollmanRule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 15592742Swollman# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks. 156019878SwollmanRule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S 156119878SwollmanRule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 15629908SwollmanRule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 - 15632742Swollman# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure. 15642742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 15652742SwollmanZone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May 15662742Swollman 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul 156719878Swollman 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:40 156819878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 156919878Swollman 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 157019878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 15712742Swollman 15722742Swollman# Norway 157319878Swollman# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01. 15742742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 15752742Swollman# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks. 157619878SwollmanRule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S 15772742SwollmanRule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 15782742Swollman# Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman. 157919878SwollmanRule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 S 15802742Swollman# Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4, 15812742Swollman# 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940. 158219878SwollmanRule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 15832742SwollmanRule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 158419878SwollmanRule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 15852742SwollmanRule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 158619878SwollmanRule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S 15872742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 15882742SwollmanZone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 158919878Swollman 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 159019878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 159119878Swollman 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 159219878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 15932742Swollman# 159419878Swollman# Svalbard 159519878SwollmanLink Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen 159619878Swollman# 159719878Swollman# Jan Mayen 15982742Swollman# From Whitman: 15992742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 16002742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT 16012742Swollman 16022742Swollman# Poland 16032742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 16042742SwollmanRule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 160519878SwollmanRule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S 16062742Swollman# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks. 16072742SwollmanRule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - 16082742Swollman# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks. 160919878SwollmanRule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S 16102742SwollmanRule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 161119878SwollmanRule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S 16122742SwollmanRule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 - 161319878SwollmanRule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 16142742SwollmanRule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 161519878SwollmanRule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 16162742Swollman# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 161719878SwollmanRule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S 16182742SwollmanRule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 161919878SwollmanRule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S 162019878SwollmanRule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S 16212742SwollmanRule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - 162219878SwollmanRule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S 162319878SwollmanRule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S 16242742SwollmanRule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 16252742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 16262742SwollmanZone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 162719878Swollman 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 162819878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 162919878Swollman 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 163019878Swollman 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 163119878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 163219878Swollman 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00 163319878Swollman 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 16342742Swollman 16352742Swollman# Portugal 163619878Swollman# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15. 16372742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 163819878SwollmanRule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S 16392742Swollman# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks. 16402742SwollmanRule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 164119878SwollmanRule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 16422742SwollmanRule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 164319878SwollmanRule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 164419878SwollmanRule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 164519878SwollmanRule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S 164619878SwollmanRule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 164719878SwollmanRule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 16482742SwollmanRule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 164919878SwollmanRule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 16502742SwollmanRule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 165119878SwollmanRule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 165219878SwollmanRule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 165319878SwollmanRule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 165419878SwollmanRule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 16552742Swollman# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks. 16562742SwollmanRule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 165719878SwollmanRule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 16582742Swollman# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman. 165919878SwollmanRule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 16602742Swollman# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks. 16612742SwollmanRule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 16622742Swollman# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. 166319878SwollmanRule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 166419878SwollmanRule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 16652742Swollman# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks. 166619878SwollmanRule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 166719878SwollmanRule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 166819878SwollmanRule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 16692742Swollman# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 16702742SwollmanRule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 167119878SwollmanRule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S 16722742Swollman# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. 16732742SwollmanRule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - 167419878SwollmanRule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 167519878SwollmanRule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S 167619878SwollmanRule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 DS 167719878SwollmanRule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S 16782742SwollmanRule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - 167919878SwollmanRule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 DS 168019878SwollmanRule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S 168119878SwollmanRule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 DS 168219878SwollmanRule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S 16832742SwollmanRule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 168419878SwollmanRule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 16852742SwollmanRule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 16862742Swollman# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. 16872742Swollman# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks. 168819878SwollmanRule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 16892742SwollmanRule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 169019878SwollmanRule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S 16912742SwollmanRule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - 169219878SwollmanRule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S 16932742SwollmanRule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 16942742SwollmanRule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 169519878SwollmanRule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 169619878SwollmanRule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 169719878SwollmanRule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 16982742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 16992742SwollmanZone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 170019878Swollman -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time 170119878Swollman 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 170219878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 170319878Swollman 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 170419878Swollman# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12): 17052742Swollman# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone 17062742Swollman# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 170719878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 170814712Swollman# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve 170914712Swollman# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. 171014712Swollman# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 171119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 171219878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 17132742Swollman# We don't know what happened to Madeira or the Azores, 17142742Swollman# so we'll just use Shanks for now. 17152742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 17162742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada 17172742Swollman -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time 171819878Swollman -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time 171919878Swollman -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 172019878Swollman -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 17212742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal 17222742Swollman -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time 172319878Swollman -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time 172419878Swollman 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 172519878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 17262742Swollman 17272742Swollman# Romania 17282742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 172919878SwollmanRule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S 17302742SwollmanRule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 173119878SwollmanRule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S 173219878SwollmanRule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S 17332742SwollmanRule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 173419878SwollmanRule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 17352742SwollmanRule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 17362742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 17372742SwollmanZone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 173819878Swollman 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 173919878Swollman 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 174019878Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 17412742Swollman 17422742Swollman# Russia 174319878Swollman# From Shanks (1991): 174419878Swollman# In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted 174519878Swollman# a 6 day week; on 1940-06-27 it returned to the Gregorian week. 174619878Swollman# 174719878Swollman# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-09-03): 174819878Swollman# Moscow rules after 1991 are from Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su>. 174919878Swollman# I invented the time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified) 17502742Swollman# guessed what happened after 1991; the clocks were chaotic, and we know little. 17512742Swollman# The rest is from Shanks. 17522742Swollman# 17532742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 17542742SwollmanZone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 175519878Swollman 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 175619878Swollman 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1922 Oct # Moscow TIme 17572742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 175819878Swollman 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 175919878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 17602742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 176119878Swollman 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 17622742SwollmanZone Europe/Kuybyshev 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 176319878Swollman 3:00 - KUYT 1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time 176419878Swollman 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 176519878Swollman 3:00 1:00 KUYST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 176619878Swollman 3:00 - KUYT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 176719878Swollman 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 17682742SwollmanZone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2 176919878Swollman 4:00 - SVET 1957 Mar # Sverdlovsk Time 177019878Swollman 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 177119878Swollman 4:00 1:00 SVEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 177219878Swollman 4:00 - SVET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 177319878Swollman 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time 17742742SwollmanZone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 177519878Swollman 5:00 - OMST 1957 Mar # Omsk Time 177619878Swollman 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 177719878Swollman 5:00 1:00 OMSST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 177819878Swollman 5:00 - OMST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 177919878Swollman 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 178019878Swollman# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29): 17812742Swollman# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! 17822742Swollman# I do not know why they have decided to make this change; 17832742Swollman# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching 17842742Swollman# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. 17852742SwollmanZone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 178619878Swollman 6:00 - NOVT 1957 Mar # Novosibirsk TIme 178719878Swollman 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 178819878Swollman 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 178919878Swollman 6:00 - NOVT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 179019878Swollman 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1994 Mar 27 2:00s 179119878Swollman 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1994 Sep 25 2:00s 179219878Swollman 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 179317200SwollmanZone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2 179419878Swollman 6:00 - KRAT 1957 Mar # Krasnoyarsk Time 179519878Swollman 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 179619878Swollman 6:00 1:00 KRAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 179719878Swollman 6:00 - KRAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 179819878Swollman 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 17992742SwollmanZone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 180019878Swollman 6:57:20 - IMT 1924 May 2 # Irkutsk Mean Time 180119878Swollman 7:00 - IRKT 1957 Mar # Irkutsk Time 180219878Swollman 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 180319878Swollman 7:00 1:00 IRKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 180419878Swollman 7:00 - IRKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 180519878Swollman 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 18062742SwollmanZone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 180719878Swollman 8:00 - YAKT 1957 Mar # Yakutsk Time 180819878Swollman 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 180919878Swollman 8:00 1:00 YAKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 181019878Swollman 8:00 - YAKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 181119878Swollman 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 18122742SwollmanZone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880 181319878Swollman 8:47:44 - VMT 1924 May 2 # Vladivostok MT 181419878Swollman 9:00 - VLAT 1957 Mar # Vladivostok Time 181519878Swollman 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 181619878Swollman 9:00 1:00 VLAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 181719878Swollman 9:00 - VLAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 181819878Swollman 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 18192742SwollmanZone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 182019878Swollman 10:00 - MAGT 1957 Mar # Magadan Time 182119878Swollman 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 182219878Swollman 10:00 1:00 MAGST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 182319878Swollman 10:00 - MAGT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 182419878Swollman 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 18252742Swollman# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. 18262742SwollmanZone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 182719878Swollman 11:00 - PETT 1957 Mar # P-K Time 182819878Swollman 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 182919878Swollman 11:00 1:00 PETST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 183019878Swollman 11:00 - PETT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 183119878Swollman 12:00 Russia PET%sT 18322742SwollmanZone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 183319878Swollman 12:00 - ANAT 1957 Mar # Anadyr Time 183419878Swollman 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 183519878Swollman 12:00 1:00 ANAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 183619878Swollman 12:00 - ANAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 183719878Swollman 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 18382742Swollman 183914343Swollman# Slovakia 184014343SwollmanLink Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava 18419908Swollman 18422742Swollman# Slovenia 18432742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 18442742SwollmanZone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884 184519878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 184619878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 184719878Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 184819878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1983 184919878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 18502742Swollman 18512742Swollman# Spain 185219878Swollman# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15. 18532742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 18542742Swollman# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks. 185519878SwollmanRule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S 18562742SwollmanRule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - 185719878SwollmanRule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 185819878SwollmanRule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 18592742Swollman# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks. 186019878SwollmanRule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 18612742Swollman# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks. 18622742SwollmanRule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 186319878SwollmanRule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 18642742Swollman# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks. 18652742SwollmanRule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 186619878SwollmanRule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 186719878SwollmanRule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 186819878SwollmanRule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 18692742Swollman# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks. 187019878SwollmanRule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S 18712742SwollmanRule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 187219878SwollmanRule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S 187319878SwollmanRule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 187419878SwollmanRule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S 18752742Swollman# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks. 187619878SwollmanRule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 DS 187719878SwollmanRule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S 187819878SwollmanRule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 DS 187919878SwollmanRule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S 188019878SwollmanRule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S 188119878SwollmanRule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S 188214343SwollmanRule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 188319878SwollmanRule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 18842742SwollmanRule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - 188519878SwollmanRule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S 18862742SwollmanRule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 188719878SwollmanRule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S 18882742SwollmanRule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 188919878SwollmanRule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S 18902742SwollmanRule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 189119878Swollman# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978. 189219878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S 189319878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 189419878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S 189519878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 189619878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 189719878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - 189819878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 189919878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 190019878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 - 19012742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 19022742SwollmanZone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 190319878Swollman 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30 190419878Swollman 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 190519878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 190619878SwollmanZone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 190719878Swollman 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 190819878Swollman 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 190919878Swollman 0:00 - WET 1924 191019878Swollman 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 191119878Swollman 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 191219878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1986 191319878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 19142742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. 191519878Swollman -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time 19162742Swollman 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 191719878Swollman 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 191819878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 19192742Swollman 192019878Swollman# Sweden 19218049Swollman 192219878Swollman# From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader) <URL:news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com>: 192319878Swollman# 192419878Swollman# In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian. Sweden 192519878Swollman# decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of 192619878Swollman# those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap 192719878Swollman# year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar 192819878Swollman# different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years. 192919878Swollman# 193019878Swollman# However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through; 193119878Swollman# they did, after all, have a leap year that year. And one in 1708. In 1712 193219878Swollman# they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that 193319878Swollman# year!... 193419878Swollman# 193519878Swollman# Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner, 193619878Swollman# getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule. 193719878Swollman# 193819878Swollman# (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers 193919878Swollman# produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia" 194019878Swollman# by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och 194119878Swollman# kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).) 194219878Swollman 19432742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 19442742SwollmanZone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31 194519878Swollman 1:12:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT 194619878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s 194719878Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Sep 30 23:00s 194819878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1980 194919878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 19502742Swollman 19512742Swollman# Switzerland 19522742Swollman# From Howse (1988), p 82: 19532742Swollman# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace 19542742Swollman# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep 19552742Swollman# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... 19562742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 19572742Swollman# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''): 195819878SwollmanRule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S 19599908SwollmanRule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - 19602742Swollman# From Shanks (1991): 196119878SwollmanRule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 19629908SwollmanRule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 19632742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 19642742SwollmanZone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12 196519878Swollman 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 196619878Swollman 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 196719878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 19682742Swollman 19692742Swollman# Turkey 19702742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 197119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 19722742SwollmanRule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 197319878SwollmanRule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S 19742742SwollmanRule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - 197519878SwollmanRule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 19762742SwollmanRule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 197719878SwollmanRule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S 19782742SwollmanRule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 19792742Swollman# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks. 198019878SwollmanRule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S 19812742SwollmanRule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 198219878SwollmanRule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 19832742Swollman# Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman. 198419878SwollmanRule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S 19852742SwollmanRule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 - 198619878SwollmanRule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S 19872742SwollmanRule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - 198819878SwollmanRule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 19892742Swollman# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 19902742SwollmanRule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 199119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S 19922742SwollmanRule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 199319878SwollmanRule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 19942742SwollmanRule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 199519878SwollmanRule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S 19962742SwollmanRule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 199719878SwollmanRule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S 199819878SwollmanRule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S 199919878SwollmanRule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S 20002742SwollmanRule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 200119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S 20022742SwollmanRule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 200319878SwollmanRule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 20042742SwollmanRule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 200519878SwollmanRule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S 20062742SwollmanRule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 200719878SwollmanRule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S 20082742SwollmanRule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 - 200919878SwollmanRule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 20102742SwollmanRule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 - 201119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 20122742SwollmanRule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 201319878SwollmanRule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 201419878SwollmanRule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 20152742SwollmanRule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 - 201619878SwollmanRule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S 20172742SwollmanRule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 - 201819878SwollmanRule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S 201919878SwollmanRule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S 20202742SwollmanRule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 202119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S 20222742SwollmanRule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 20232742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 20242742SwollmanZone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 202519878Swollman 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time? 202619878Swollman 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15 202719878Swollman 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time 202819878Swollman 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986 202919878Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 20302742SwollmanLink Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. 20312742Swollman 20322742Swollman# Ukraine 20332742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 203419878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 UST # Ukrainian Summer Time 203519878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean TIme 203619878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 UDST # Ukrainian Double Summer Time 203719878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 UST 203819878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 UDST 203919878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 UST 204019878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 KMT 204119878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 UST 204219878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 UDST 204319878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 UST 204419878SwollmanRule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 KMT 204519878SwollmanRule Crimea 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 CST # Crimean Summer Time 204619878SwollmanRule Crimea 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 NMT # Nikolayev Mean Time 204719878SwollmanRule Crimea 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 CDST # Crimean Double Summer Time 204819878SwollmanRule Crimea 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 CST 204919878SwollmanRule Crimea 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 CDST 205019878SwollmanRule Crimea 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 CST 205119878SwollmanRule Crimea 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 NMT 205219878SwollmanRule Crimea 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 CST 205319878SwollmanRule Crimea 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 CDST 205419878SwollmanRule Crimea 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 CST 205519878SwollmanRule Crimea 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 NMT 20562742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 20572742SwollmanZone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 205819878Swollman 2:02:04 Ukraine %s 1924 May 2 20592742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 206019878Swollman 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1990 Jul 17 # Moscow Time 206119878Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 20622742SwollmanZone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 206319878Swollman 2:08:00 Crimea %s 1924 May 2 20642742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 206519878Swollman 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 206619878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 206719878Swollman# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1994-05-28): 20682742Swollman# Today's _Economist_ (p 45) reports that Crimea switched 20692742Swollman# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January elections. 20702742Swollman# For now, we'll guess that there was a 2-hour leap forward on March 27. 207119878Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Mar 27 2:00s 207219878Swollman 3:00 Russia MOS%sT 20732742Swollman 207414343Swollman# Yugoslavia 207514343Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 207614343SwollmanZone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 207719878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 207819878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 207919878Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 208019878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1983 208119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 208214343Swollman 20832742Swollman############################################################################### 20842742Swollman 20852742Swollman# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from 20862742Swollman# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986. 20872742Swollman# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else. 20882742Swollman# 20892742Swollman# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but 20902742Swollman# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules. 20912742Swollman# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at 20922742Swollman# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey 20932742Swollman# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time 20942742Swollman# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST) 20952742Swollman 20962742Swollman# ... 20972742Swollman# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100 20982742Swollman# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann) 20992742Swollman# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp> 21002742Swollman# ... 21012742Swollman# 21022742Swollman# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when 21032742Swollman# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only 21042742Swollman# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according 21052742Swollman# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on 21062742Swollman# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following 21072742Swollman# years... 21082742Swollman# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions 21092742Swollman# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST 21102742Swollman# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep 21112742Swollman# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now. 21122742Swollman# 21132742Swollman# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the 21142742Swollman# Soviet Union (as far as I know). 21152742Swollman# 21162742Swollman# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG, 21172742Swollman# 4002 Basle, Switzerland 21182742Swollman# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho 21192742Swollman 21202742Swollman# ... 21212742Swollman# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100 21222742Swollman# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter) 21232742Swollman# ... 21242742Swollman# 21252742Swollman# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct. 21262742Swollman# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information 21272742Swollman# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969. 21282742Swollman# 21292742Swollman# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on 21302742Swollman# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September... 21312742Swollman# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that 21322742Swollman# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982 21332742Swollman# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in 21342742Swollman# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch 21352742Swollman# dates... 21362742Swollman# 21372742Swollman# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g. 21382742Swollman# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST... 21392742Swollman# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not 21402742Swollman# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations 21412742Swollman# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always 21422742Swollman# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the 21432742Swollman# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours 21442742Swollman# in advance of normal time. 21452742Swollman# 21462742Swollman# ... 21472742Swollman# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland 21482742Swollman# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl 21492742Swollman# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax 21502742Swollman 215119878Swollman# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): 21522742Swollman# ... 21532742Swollman# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates). 21542742Swollman# Since 1978. Change at midnight. 21552742Swollman# ... 21562742Swollman# Monaco: has same DST as France. 21572742Swollman# ... 21582742Swollman 21592742Swollman# ... 21602742Swollman# Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST 21612742Swollman# From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> 21622742Swollman# ... 21632742Swollman# Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC 21642742Swollman# of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and 21652742Swollman# 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will 21662742Swollman# change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March 21672742Swollman# and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK 21682742Swollman# and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October. 21692742Swollman# It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994, 21702742Swollman# but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't 21712742Swollman# arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath. 21722742Swollman# 21732742Swollman# The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't 21742742Swollman# seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start 21752742Swollman# dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981. 2176