europe revision 17200
1# @(#)europe 7.38 2 3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 6 7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1995-12-19): 8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition), 10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991). 11# Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below. 12# 13# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 14# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which 15# I found in the UCLA library. 16# 17# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 18# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 19# The starred Russian names are dubious. Corrections are welcome! 20# std dst 21# LMT Local Mean Time 22# LST Local Star Time (Russian ``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'') 23# -4:00 AST Atlantic 24# -3:00 WGT+DST Western Greenland* 25# -2:00 MGT+DST Middle Greenland* 26# -1:00 EGT+DST Eastern Greenland* 27# -1:00 ACT+DST Azores and Canaries* 28# -1:00 IST IDT Iceland (no longer used)* 29# 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer 30# 0:00 WET+DST Western Europe 31# 1:00 MET+DST Middle Europe 32# 2:00 EET+DST Eastern Europe 33# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow 34# 3:00 TUR+DST Turkey (no longer used)* 35# 4:00 KSK KSD Kuybyshev (was 3:00)* 36# 5:00 ESK ESD Yekaterinburg (was 4:00) (was SSK, SSD)* 37# 6:00 OSK OSD Omsk (was 5:00)* 38# 6:00 NSK NSD Novosibirsk (was 7:00) 39# 7:00 KRSK KRSD Krasnoyarsk (was 6:00) 40# 8:00 ISK ISD Irkutsk (was 7:00)* 41# 9:00 YSK YSD Yakutsk (was 8:00)* 42# 10:00 VSK VSD Vladivostok (was 9:00)* 43# 11:00 MSK MSD Magadan (was 10:00)* 44# 12:00 PSK PSD Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski (was 11:00)* 45# 13:00 ASK ASD Anadyr (was 12:00)* 46# 47# See the `africa' file for Zone naming conventions. 48# 49# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, 50# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude, 51# Oxford University Press (1980). 52 53# From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993): 54# LST is Local Star Time (``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya''). 55 56# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (December 4, 1994), 57# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, 58# Luxembourg, the Netherlands. 59# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. 60# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. 61# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. 62# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for 63# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% 64# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous 65# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. 66# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) 67# ... 68# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. 69# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. 70# ... 71# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. 72# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact 73# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the 74# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed 75# in the Directive. 76 77############################################################################### 78 79# United Kingdom 80 81# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (July 6, 1994): 82# 83# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about 84# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo 85# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph 86# of the text said: 87# 88# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands 89# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longditude 90# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed 91# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They 92# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, 93# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking 94# along the towpath within a few yards of it.' 95# 96# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's 97# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longditude should 98# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. 99# 100# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] 101 102# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993): 103# 104# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. 105# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, 106# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. 107# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828); 108# it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844), 109# famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude. 110# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway 111# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most 112# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the 113# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be 114# adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major 115# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public 116# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock 117# in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, 118# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal 119# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading 120# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. 121# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition 122# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2. 123# 124# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single 125# transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much 126# about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time. 127 128# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12): 129# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915), 130# a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907) 131# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, 132# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. 133# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, 134# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. 135# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. 136 137# From Arthur David Olson (January 19, 1989): 138# 139# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's 140# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. 141 142# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) 143# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john> 144# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. 145# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in 146# politics making a fortune, not computing. 147 148# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993): 149# 150# Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation 151# exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift 152# (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the 153# Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993 154# and 1994 are: 155# Start End 156# 1993 28 March 24 October 157# 1994 27 March 23 October 158# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT. 159# 160# There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981. 161# The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT 162# as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since. 163# 164# I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the 165# Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order 166# in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day 167# after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in 168# which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday. 169# It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday 170# in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.) 171# This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by 172# an Order in Council (a Statutary Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above) 173# to specify the EC specified dates. 174 175# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 18, 1993): 176# 177# My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department 178# accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following, 179# from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers, 180# 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60: 181# 182# `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home 183# Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals 184# regarding double summer time. 185# 186# [two other similar questions omitted] 187# 188# Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have 189# considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of 190# double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the 191# maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday, 192# when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that 193# double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter 194# Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from 195# Monday, 2nd April.' 196 197# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993): 198# 199# > # Current rules 200# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST 201# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT 202# 203# The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth 204# Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't 205# followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then 206# and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with 207# the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time 208# Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history 209# and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows 210# what will happen. 211# 212# There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another 213# attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start 214# asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically 215# state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want 216# common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone 217# and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap 218# summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should 219# be the end of it. 220 221# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 22, 1993): 222# 223# I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all. 224# It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland 225# being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the 226# summer months'. 227# 228# It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever 229# dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years. 230# 231# Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it 232# applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references 233# to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.' 234# 235# Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote 236# from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts: 237# 238# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie 239# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside. 240# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since 241# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland, 242# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.' 243# 244# She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of 245# the Irish Free State, now called Eire. 246# 247# The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert 248# that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales 249# was different. 250# 251# It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then, 252# and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct. 253 254# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 28, 1993): 255# 256# I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of 257# the Time (Ireland) Act 1916. 258# 259# It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time 260# for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great 261# Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time 262# Act 1916).... As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would 263# have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the 264# sequence would have been: 265# Dublin London 266# 02:34 DST 02:59 BST 267# 02:35 DST 02:00 GMT 268# 02:59 DST 02:24 GMT 269# 02:25 GMT 02:25 GMT 270# with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once. 271# 272# In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the 273# Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source 274# of the 1880 date in Shanks. The little bit of it that is repealed 275# also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time. 276 277# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 29, 1993): 278# 279# My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin 280# Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom 281# ever since it first started in 1916. 282# 283# The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from 284# 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date. 285# 286# The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation 287# Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a 288# change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail 289# and the table itself is also wrong. The correct date is 13 April. 290# The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on, 291# except for wartime double summer time. 292# 293# As evidence I would cite: 294# 295# - The Summer Time Act, 1916. 296# 297# This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of 298# 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the 299# times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour. 300# 301# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 302# 303# This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916. 304# It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 305# that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least 306# from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK. 307# 308# - The Summer Time Act, 1922 309# 310# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third 311# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after 312# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September. 313# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament 314# so approved. 315# 316# It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel 317# Islands, and the Isle of Man. 318# 319# - The Summer Time Act, 1925 320# 321# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the 322# day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent, 323# so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply. 324# 325# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379 326# [SR&O == Statutary Regulation and Order] 327# 328# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939. 329# It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November. 330# It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation, 331# which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act, 332# 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland. 333# 334# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 335# 1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883 336# 337# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940. 338# It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes. 339# 340# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 341# 1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476 342# 343# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after 344# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the 345# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time, 346# which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about 347# consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part 348# `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as 349# if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and 350# 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) 351# Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section 352# for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board 353# for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that 354# England and Wales were indivisible. 355# 356# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 357# 1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506 358# 359# This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first 360# Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent. 361# 362# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 363# 1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932 364# 365# This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944. 366# (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost 367# certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.) 368# 369# (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945 370# and the Summer Time Act, 1947.) 371# 372# - The British Standard Time Act, 1968 373# 374# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout 375# the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971. 376# There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all. 377# It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it 378# applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed 379# measures saying it didn't. 380# 381# - The Manx Time Act, 1968 382# 383# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that 384# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain. 385# 386# - The Summer Time Act, 1972 387# 388# This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start 389# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter, 390# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day 391# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is 392# 1 hour. 393# 394# It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968, 395# applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the 396# Isle of Man if they don't do something about it. 397# 398# (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to 399# harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes 400# to 01:00 GMT.) 401# 402# - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument] 403# 404# This specifies dates of: 405# Start End 406# 1993 28 March 24 October 407# 1994 27 March 23 October 408# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.... 409# 410# - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes 411# 412# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie 413# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside. 414# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since 415# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland, 416# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.' 417# 418# So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland, 419# the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any 420# part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply 421# throughout the UK. 422# 423# With that, I rest my case Milud :-) 424# 425# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out 426# the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence, 427# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining 428# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter). 429 430# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-05-29): 431# I have now got a copy of the British Standard Time Act 1968. 432# It says (S4(2)) that it expires at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971 unless 433# an Order in Council was passed in Parliament to make the Act permanent. 434# No Order was passed, so 02:00 1971-10-31 it is... 435# 436# Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on 437# 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely 438# stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom 439# (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in 440# advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could 441# possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27, 442# especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto, 443# thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying 444# summer time in 1968.... 445 446# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (November 18, 1993) 447# 448# Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent 449# before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and 450# all the Acts. 451# 452# There are no changes to the dates we already have. 453# 454# My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order 455# does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a 456# different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed 457# before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone. 458# 459# I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders. 460# The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time 461# Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in 462# italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all. 463# I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the 464# end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent. 465# They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it 466# again so they leave it out. 467# 468# It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript 469# showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in 470# place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government 471# paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)]. 472# 473# Peter Ilieve peter@memex.co.uk 474# 475# 476# ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates 477# ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper. 478# ## Lines like this are comments. 479# ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output 480# ## Control lines are of the form 481# ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end> 482# ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with -- 483# ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot. 484# ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name. 485# ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>. 486# ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71. 487# ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double' 488# ## to indicate double summer time dates are present. 489# ## At present double requires fixed as well. 490# ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with 491# ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature. 492# 493# ## Blank lines are also ignored. 494# 495# ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates 496# ## against the Act or Order, are marked ??? 497# ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table. 498# 499# # Summer Time Act, 1916 500# 1916 21 May 1 October fixed 501# 502# ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them. 503# # unknown Order or Orders ??? 504# 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed 505# 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed 506# 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed 507# # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722) 508# 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed 509# 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed 510# 511# # Summer Time Act, 1922 512# # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ??? 513# 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed 514# 1923-1924 3 April 3 September 515# 516# # Summer Time Act, 1925 517# 1925--1938 3 April 1 October 518# 519# # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939 520# 1939 3 April 3 November 521# # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883) 522# 1940 4 feb 0 none 523# # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476) 524# 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug 525# # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506) 526# 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug 527# 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug 528# # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932) 529# 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep 530# # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945 531# 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul 532# 533# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925 534# 1946 3 April 1 October 535# 536# # Summer Time Act, 1947 537# # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time 538# 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug 539# ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948. 540# # Unknown Order ??? 541# 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed 542# ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the 543# ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc. 544# # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ??? 545# 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed 546# # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ??? 547# 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed 548# # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ??? 549# 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed 550# # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ??? 551# 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed 552# 553# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925 554# 1953--1960 3 April 1 October 555# 556# ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday 557# ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967. 558# ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967. 559# # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71) 560# 1961 26 March 29 October fixed 561# # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465) 562# 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed 563# # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81) 564# 1963 31 March 27 October fixed 565# # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101) 566# 1964 22 March 25 October fixed 567# # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201) 568# 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed 569# 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed 570# 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed 571# # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148) 572# # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man 573# # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117) 574# # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK 575# # British Standard Time Act, 1968 576# 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed 577# 1969--1970 0 none 0 none 578# 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed 579# 580# # Summer Time Act, 1972 581# 1972-1980 3 March 4 October 582# 583# # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct 584# # First EC Directive ??? 585# # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089) 586# 1981 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed 587# 1982 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed 588# # Second EC Directive ??? 589# # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673) 590# 1983 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed 591# 1984 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed 592# 1985 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed 593# # Third EC Directive ??? 594# # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223) 595# 1986 30 Mar 26 Oct fixed 596# 1987 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed 597# 1988 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed 598# # Fourth EC Directive ??? 599# # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931) 600# 1989 26 Mar 29 Oct fixed 601# # Fifth EC Directive ??? 602# # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985) 603# 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed 604# 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed 605# 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed 606# # Sixth EC Directive 607# # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729) 608# 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed 609# 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed 610 611# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (August 18, 1994): 612# I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements 613# (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May.... 614# The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year 615# that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else, 616# and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October. 617# Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only) 618# (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun) 619# 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October 620# 1996 31 March 27 October 621# 1997 30 March 26 October 622# 623# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-01): 624# The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for 625# 1995-97 is now in place. The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798) 626# came into force on 16 November. It restates the dates from the EC 627# seventh Summer Time Directive.... 628# 629# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-04-20): 630# Proposals for the eighth directive were supposed to have been produced 631# by the Commission by 1 Jan 96. They have not yet appeared (I asked just 632# before Easter). 633 634# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (March 28, 1994): 635# The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule 636# of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat. 637# The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989, 638# when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order 639# for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC 640# directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC 641# directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun. 642# To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule 643# of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990. 644 645# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12): 646# 647# As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A 648# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error; 649# 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date. 650# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules 651# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925. 652# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition; 653# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other 654# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now. 655# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948. 656# 657# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect: 658# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until 659# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. 660# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. 661# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. 662# It actually just had one transition. 663# * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II. 664# Actually, it conformed to Britain. 665# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. 666# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. 667# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). 668# 669# The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful; 670# we'll ignore them for now. 671# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT 672# to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to 673# conform with Great Britain. 674# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. 675# 676# 677# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks. 678 679# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): 680# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, 681# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC. 682# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate 683# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of 684# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is 685# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". 686 687# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 688# 1916 to 1925--irregular 689Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST 690Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT 691Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST 692Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT 693Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST 694Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT 695Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST 696Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT 697Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST 698Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT 699Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 700Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT 701Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST 702Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT 703Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 704Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 705Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST 706# 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter 707Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 708Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 709Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST 710Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 711Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST 712Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 713Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 BST 714Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 715Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 716Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 717Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST 718Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 719# 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time 720Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 GMT 721Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 BST 722Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST 723Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 724Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 DST 725Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST 726# Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above. 727Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 DST 728Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 1:00s 1:00 BST 729Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT 730Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 731Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT 732Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST 733Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 DST 734Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST 735Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT 736# So much for double saving time. 1948 and 1949, irregular. 737Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 738Rule GB-Eire 1948 1949 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 GMT 739Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 740# 1950 through start of 1953, regular. 741Rule GB-Eire 1950 1953 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST 742Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT 743# 1954 to 1980, starting rules 744Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 BST 745Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 746Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 747Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 748Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST 749Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST 750Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST 751Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST 752Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 753# 1953 to 1980, ending rules 754Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT 755Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 756Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 757# 1981 on 758Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST 759Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT 760Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT 761# See EU for rules starting in 1996. 762 763# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 764Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22 765 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 766 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 767 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 768 0:00 EU GMT/BST 769Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 770 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT 771 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 772 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 773 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 774 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 775 0:00 EU GMT/BST 776Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 777 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT 778 -0:25:21 1:00 DST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 779 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 780 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 781 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 782 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 783 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 784 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 785 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 786 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 787 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 788 0:00 EU GMT/IST 789 790# ZONE-DESCR Europe London United_Kingdom All points except N. Ireland 791# ZONE-DESCR Europe Belfast United_Kingdom Northern Ireland 792# ZONE-DESCR Europe Dublin Eire All points 793 794############################################################################### 795 796# Continental Europe 797 798# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, 799# Common Market, etc. 800 801# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 802Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 " DST" 803Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 804Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - 805Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 806Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 " DST" 807Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - 808 809# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. 810Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 " DST" 811Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 812Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - 813Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 814Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST" 815Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 816 817# Older M-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. 818# From 1977 on, M-Eur differs from EU only in that M-Eur uses standard time. 819Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST" 820Rule M-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 821Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 822Rule M-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 823Rule M-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 824# Whitman says 1941 DST was only from Feb 25 to Oct 5; go with Shanks. 825Rule M-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 826Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 827Rule M-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 828Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 829# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 830Rule M-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - 831Rule M-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 832Rule M-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 833Rule M-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 834Rule M-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 835Rule M-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 836Rule M-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 837 838# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 839Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 " DST" 840Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 - 841Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 " DDST" 842Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 " DST" 843Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 " DDST" 844Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 D 845Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 K 846Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 D 847# Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition. 848# From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993): 849# My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21. 850Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DD 851Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D 852Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 K 853Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D 854Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 K 855Rule Russia 1984 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 K 856Rule Russia 1985 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 857 858# These are for backward compatibility with older versions. 859 860# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 861Zone WET 0:00 EU WET%s 862Zone MET 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 863Zone EET 2:00 EU EET%s 864 865# Tom Hoffman says that MET is also known as Central European Time 866 867Link MET CET 868 869# Albania 870# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 871Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 " DST" 872Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 873Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 " DST" 874Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - 875Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST" 876Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 877Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 878Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 879Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" 880Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 881Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 " DST" 882Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 883Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 " DST" 884Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 885Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 " DST" 886Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 887Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" 888Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 889Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 " DST" 890Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - 891Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" 892Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 893Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST" 894Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 895Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 896Rule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 897# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 898Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 899 1:00 - MET 1940 Jun 16 900 1:00 Albania MET%s 1985 Mar 31 1:00 901 1:00 W-Eur MET%s 902# This may change to `EU' soon. 903 904# ZONE-DESCR Europe Tirane Albania All points 905 906# Andorra 907# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 908Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 909 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 910 1:00 - MET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 911 1:00 EU MET%s 912 913# ZONE-DESCR Europe Andorra Andorra All points 914 915# Austria 916# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 917Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 918Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - 919Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 920Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 921Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 922Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 923Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 924Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 925# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 926Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr 927 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Jun 16 3:00 928 1:00 Austria MET%s 1940 Apr 1 2:00 929 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 930 1:00 Austria MET%s 1981 931 1:00 EU MET%s 932 933# ZONE-DESCR Europe Vienna Austria All points 934 935# Belarus 936# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 937Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 938 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 939 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct 940 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 941 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 942 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 943 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 944# This may change to `EU' soon. 945 946# ZONE-DESCR Europe Minsk Belarus All points 947 948# Belgium 949# Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually. 950# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 951# From Whitman: 952Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 953Rule Belgium 1919 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 954# Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman. 955Rule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 956Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 957Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 958Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 959# Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks. 960Rule Belgium 1922 1928 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 961Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 962Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 963Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 964Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 965Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 966Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 967Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 968Rule Belgium 1929 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 969Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 970Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 971Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 972Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 973Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 974Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 975Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 976# Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks. 977Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 978# Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks. 979Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 980Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 981Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - 982Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 983Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 984Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 985Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 986# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 987Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880 988 0:17 - BST 1892 May 1 12:00 989 0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4 990 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Mar 1 23:00 991 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 Feb 24 23:00 992 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 993 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977 994 1:00 EU MET%s 995 996# ZONE-DESCR Europe Brussels Belgium All points 997 998# Bosnia and Herzegovina 999# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. 1000# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1001Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884 1002 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1003 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1004 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1005 1:00 - MET 1983 1006 1:00 EU MET%s 1007 1008# ZONE-DESCR Europe Sarajevo Bosnia_and_Herzegovina All points 1009 1010# Bulgaria 1011# Part switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1915 Nov 14; 1012# the rest switched on 1920 Sep 17. 1013# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1014Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1015Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1016Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1017Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - 1018Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - 1019# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1020Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 1021 1:57 - TST 1894 Nov 30 1022 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 1023 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 3:00 1024 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 1025 2:00 Bulg EET%s 1982 Sep 26 2:00 1026 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1027# This may change to `EU' soon. 1028 1029# ZONE-DESCR Europe Sofia Bulgaria All points 1030 1031# Croatia 1032# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. 1033# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1034Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884 1035 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1036 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1037 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1038 1:00 - MET 1983 1039 1:00 EU MET%s 1040 1041# ZONE-DESCR Europe Zagreb Croatia All points 1042 1043# Czech Republic 1044# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1045Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1046Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 1047Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1048Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1049Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1050Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1051Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1052# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1053Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 1054 0:58 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 1055 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 1056 1:00 Czech MET%s 1979 1057 1:00 EU MET%s 1058 1059# ZONE-DESCR Europe Prague Czech_Republic All points 1060 1061# Denmark 1062# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1063Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1064Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - 1065Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1066Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1067Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - 1068Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1069Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - 1070Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1071Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - 1072Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1073Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - 1074# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways 1075# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks. 1076# 1077# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman. 1078# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1079Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 1080 0:50 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time 1081 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1082 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1083 1:00 Denmark MET%s 1980 1084 1:00 EU MET%s 1085Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 1086 0:00 - WET 1981 1087 0:00 EU WET%s 1088Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 1089 -2:00 - MGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 1090 -2:00 M-Eur MGT%s 1981 Mar 29 1091 -1:00 M-Eur EGT%s 1092Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 1093 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 1094 -3:00 M-Eur WGT%s 1095Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 1096 -4:00 - AST 1097 1098# ZONE-DESCR Europe Copenhagen Denmark All points except: 1099# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Faeroe Denmark Faeroe Islands 1100 1101# ZONE-DESCR America Scoresbysund Greenland Eastern Greenland 1102# ZONE-DESCR America Godthab Greenland Western Greenland 1103# ZONE-DESCR America Thule Greenland Far Western Greenland (Thule) 1104 1105# Estonia 1106# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15. 1107# 1108# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15): 1109# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards 1110# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, 1111# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... 1112# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1113Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 1114 1:39 - LST 1918 Feb 1115 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1919 Jul 1116 1:39 - LST 1921 May 1117 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 1118 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 1119 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Sep 22 1120 3:00 Russia MS%s 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 1121 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 1122 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1123# This may change to `EU' soon. 1124 1125# ZONE-DESCR Europe Tallinn Estonia All points 1126 1127# Finland 1128# 1129# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC): 1130# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, 1131# and it's supposed to change at 4am... 1132# 1133# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994): 1134# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981. 1135# Go with Strang instead. 1136# 1137# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1138Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1139Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1140# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1141Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 1142 1:40 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 1143 2:00 Finland EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00 1144 2:00 EU EET%s 1145 1146# ZONE-DESCR Europe Helsinki Finland All points 1147 1148# France 1149# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman. 1150# From Shanks (1991): 1151# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1152Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1153Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 1154Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1155Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1156Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1157Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1158Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 1159Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1160Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 1161Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1162Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1163Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1164Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1165Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1166Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1167Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1168Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1169Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1170Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1171Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1172Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1173Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1174Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1175Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1176Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1177Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1178Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1179Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1180Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1181Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 " DST" 1182# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, 1183# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco). 1184Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 " DDST" 1185Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 " DST" 1186Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 " DDST" 1187Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 " DST" 1188Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 " DDST" 1189Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 " DST" 1190Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 " DDST" 1191Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 " DST" 1192Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 " DDST" 1193Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 1194Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1195Rule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 1196# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05, 1197# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. 1198# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based 1199# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. 1200# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1201Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 1202 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 1203 0:00 France WET%s 1940 Jun 14 1204 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 25 1205 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1206 1:00 France MET%s 1977 1207 1:00 EU MET%s 1208 1209# ZONE-DESCR Europe Paris France All points 1210 1211# Germany 1212# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1213Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1214Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 " DDST" 1215Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 " DST" 1216Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 1217Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1218# Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks. 1219Rule Germany 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1220Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1221Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 " DDST" 1222Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 " DST" 1223Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1224Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1225# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1226Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 1227 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1228 1:00 Germany MET%s 1980 1229 1:00 EU MET%s 1230 1231# ZONE-DESCR Europe Berlin Germany All points 1232 1233# Gibraltar 1234# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1235Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 1236 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 1237 1:00 - MET 1982 1238 1:00 EU MET%s 1239 1240# ZONE-DESCR Europe Gibraltar United_Kingdom Gibraltar 1241 1242# Greece 1243# They adopted the Julian calendar in 1846. 1244# Part switched to the Gregorian calendar on 1916 Jul 28. 1245# The rest switched on 1920 Mar 18. 1246# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1247# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks. 1248Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1249Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 1250# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks. 1251Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1252# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks. 1253Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 1254Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1255Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 1256# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks. 1257Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1258Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - 1259Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1260Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - 1261Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1262Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - 1263Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1264Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - 1265Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - 1266Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 " DST" 1267Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - 1268Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1269Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 1270# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1271Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 1272 1:35 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 1273 2:00 Greece EET%s 1941 Apr 30 1274 1:00 Greece MET%s 1944 Apr 4 1275 2:00 Greece EET%s 1981 1276 # Shanks says they switched to M-Eur in 1981; 1277 # go with EU intead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 1278 2:00 EU EET%s 1279 1280# ZONE-DESCR Europe Athens Greece All points 1281 1282# Hungary 1283# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1284Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 " DST" 1285Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 - 1286Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 " DST" 1287Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - 1288Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 " DST" 1289Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - 1290Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1291Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - 1292Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1293Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1294Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1295Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1296Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - 1297Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1298Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1299Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1300Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1301Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 " DST" 1302Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 1303Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 " DST" 1304# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1305Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 1306 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 1307 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1941 Apr 6 2:00 1308 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 1 23:00 1309 1:00 Hungary MET%s 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 1310 1:00 EU MET%s 1311 1312# ZONE-DESCR Europe Budapest Hungary All points 1313 1314# Iceland 1315# 1316# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (November 6, 1993): 1317# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. 1318# 1319# (December 5, 1993): 1320# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of 1321# Iceland Almanak. 1322# 1323# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour 1324# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts 1325# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which 1326# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. 1327# 1328# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks 1329# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the 1330# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always 1331# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. 1332# 1333# (December 10, 1993): 1334# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the 1335# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus 1336# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. 1337# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day 1338# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. 1339# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" 1340# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it 1341# might mean something else (???). The Gregorian calendar was not introduced 1342# in Iceland until 1700. 1343# 1344# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (December 9, 1993): 1345# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points. 1346# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that 1347# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. 1348# 1349# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1350Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 D 1351Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 S 1352Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 S 1353Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 D 1354Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 S 1355Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 D 1356Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 S 1357Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 D 1358Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 S 1359Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 D 1360Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 S 1361# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter 1362Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D 1363Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S 1364# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter 1365Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 D 1366# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week 1367Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 S 1368Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 S 1369Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 S 1370# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1371Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 1372 -1:28 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time 1373 -1:00 Iceland I%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 1374 0:00 - GMT 1375 1376# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Reykjavik Iceland All points 1377 1378# Italy 1379# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06): 1380# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri 1381# <URL:http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html> (see `FP' below), 1382# taken from a publication of the Italian National Electrotechnical Institute. 1383# When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: 1384# 1385# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with: 1386# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W 1387# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1388# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S 1389# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W 1390# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S 1391# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W 1392# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S 1393# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1394# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S 1395# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1396# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see M-Eur) 1397# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1398# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1399# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S 1400# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S 1401# 1402# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1403Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1404Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1405Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1406Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1407Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1408Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1409Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1410Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1411Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - 1412Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1413Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - 1414Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 " DST" 1415Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - 1416Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1417Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - 1418Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1419Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - 1420Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1421Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - 1422Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1423Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - 1424Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1425Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1426Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1427Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1428Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1429Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1430Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1431Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1432Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1433Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1434Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1435Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1436Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1437Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1438Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1439# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1440Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 1441 0:50 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time 1442 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1443 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Jul 1444 1:00 Italy MET%s 1980 1445 1:00 EU MET%s 1446 1447Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican 1448Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino 1449 1450# ZONE-DESCR Europe Rome Italy All points 1451# ZONE-DESCR Europe Vatican Holy_See All points 1452# ZONE-DESCR Europe San_Marino San_Marino All points 1453 1454# Latvia 1455# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15. 1456# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1457Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 1458 1:36 - LST 1918 Apr 15 2:00 1459 1:36 M-Eur LST%s 1919 Apr 1 2:00 1460 1:36 1:00 "LST DST" 1919 May 22 3:00 1461 1:36 - LST 1926 May 11 1462 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 1463 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 1464 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 8 1465 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1466 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1467 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1468# This may change to `EU' soon. 1469 1470# ZONE-DESCR Europe Riga Latvia All points 1471 1472# Liechtenstein 1473# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1474Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 1475 1:00 - MET 1981 1476 1:00 EU MET%s 1477 1478# ZONE-DESCR Europe Vaduz Liechtenstein All points 1479 1480# Lithuania 1481# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15. 1482# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1483Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 1484 1:24 - LST 1917 # Kaunas 1485 1:36 - LST 1919 Oct 10 1486 1:00 - MET 1920 Jul 12 1487 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 1488 1:00 - MET 1940 Aug 3 1489 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 1490 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Aug 1491 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1492 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1493 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1494# This may change to `EU' soon. 1495 1496# ZONE-DESCR Europe Vilnius Lithuania All points 1497 1498# Luxembourg 1499# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks. 1500# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1501Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1502Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1503Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1504Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - 1505Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1506Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 1507Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1508Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - 1509Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1510Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - 1511Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1512Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - 1513Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1514Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1515Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1516Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - 1517Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1518Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1519Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1520Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1521Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1522Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1523Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1524# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1525Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 1526 1:00 Lux MET%s 1918 Nov 25 1527 0:00 Lux WET%s 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 1528 0:00 Belgium WET%s 1940 May 14 3:00 1529 1:00 M-Eur WET%s 1944 Sep 18 3:00 1530 1:00 Belgium MET%s 1977 1531 1:00 EU MET%s 1532 1533# ZONE-DESCR Europe Luxembourg Luxembourg All points 1534 1535# Macedonia 1536# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. 1537# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1538Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884 1539 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1540 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1541 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1542 1:00 - MET 1983 1543 1:00 EU MET%s 1544 1545# ZONE-DESCR Europe Skopje Fmr_Yugoslav_Rep_Of_Macedonia All points 1546 1547# Malta 1548# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1549Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1550Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - 1551Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1552Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - 1553Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 " DST" 1554Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 1555Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST" 1556# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1557Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta 1558 1:00 Italy MET%s 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1559 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1560 1:00 Italy MET%s 1973 Mar 31 1561 1:00 Malta MET%s 1981 1562 1:00 EU MET%s 1563 1564# ZONE-DESCR Europe Malta Malta All points 1565 1566# Moldova 1567# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1919 Mar 18. 1568# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1569Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2 1570 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 1571 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1572 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1573 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1574# This may change to `EU' soon. 1575 1576# ZONE-DESCR Europe Chisinau Moldova All points 1577 1578# Monaco 1579# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21. 1580# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1581Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 1582 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 1583 0:00 France WET%s 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1584 1:00 France MET%s 1977 1585 1:00 EU MET%s 1586 1587# ZONE-DESCR Europe Monaco Monaco All points 1588 1589# Netherlands 1590# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, 1591# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. 1592# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1593# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman. 1594Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1595Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT 1596Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST 1597Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT 1598# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks. 1599Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1600Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT 1601Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST 1602# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 1603Rule Neth 1922 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT 1604Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1605Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST 1606# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks. 1607Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST 1608# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks. 1609Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1610Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1611Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1612Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1613# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks. 1614Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1615Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1616Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 - 1617# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure. 1618# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1619Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May 1620 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1621 0:20 Neth %s 1940 May 16 0:40 1622 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1623 1:00 Neth MET%s 1977 1624 1:00 EU MET%s 1625 1626# ZONE-DESCR Europe Amsterdam Netherlands All points 1627 1628# Norway 1629# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1630# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks. 1631Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 " DST" 1632Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 1633# Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman. 1634Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1635# Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4, 1636# 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940. 1637Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1638Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 1639Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1640Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 1641Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1642# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1643Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 1644 1:00 Norway MET%s 1940 Aug 10 23:00 1645 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1646 1:00 Norway MET%s 1980 1647 1:00 EU MET%s 1648# Svalbard is like Europe/Oslo. 1649# 1650# From Whitman: 1651# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1652Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT 1653 1654# ZONE-DESCR Europe Oslo Norway All points except: 1655# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Jan_Mayen Norway Jan Mayen Island 1656 1657# Poland 1658# Austrian and German Poland switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar 1659# on 1582 Oct 15. Russian Poland switched on 1918 Jan 14. 1660# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1661Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1662Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1663# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks. 1664Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - 1665# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks. 1666Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1667Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 1668Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1669Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 - 1670Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1671Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 1672Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1673# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 1674Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 " DST" 1675Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1676Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 " DST" 1677Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 " DST" 1678Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - 1679Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 " DST" 1680Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 " DST" 1681Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1682# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1683Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 1684 1:24 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 1685 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1918 Sep 16 3:00 1686 2:00 Poland EET%s 1922 Jun 1687 1:00 Poland MET%s 1940 Jun 23 2:00 1688 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1944 Oct 1689 1:00 Poland MET%s 1977 Apr 3 1:00 1690 1:00 W-Eur MET%s 1691# This may change to `EU' soon. 1692 1693# ZONE-DESCR Europe Warsaw Poland All points 1694 1695# Portugal 1696# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1697Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1698# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks. 1699Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 1700Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1701Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1702Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1703Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1704Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1705Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1706Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1707Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1708Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1709Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1710Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1711Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1712Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1713Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1714# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks. 1715Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1716Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1717# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman. 1718Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1719# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks. 1720Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1721# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. 1722Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1723Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1724# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks. 1725Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1726Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1727Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1728# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 1729Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1730Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1731# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. 1732Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - 1733Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1734Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1735Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" 1736Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 " DST" 1737Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - 1738Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" 1739Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 " DST" 1740Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" 1741Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1742Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1743Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1744Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1745# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. 1746# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks. 1747Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1748Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1749Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1750Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - 1751Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1752Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1753Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1754Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1755Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 " DST" 1756Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 " DST" 1757# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1758Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 1759 -0:37 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time 1760 0:00 Port WET%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1761 1:00 - MET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 1762 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1763 0:00 EU WET%s 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1764# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (November 12, 1992): 1765# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone 1766# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 1767 1:00 EU MET%s 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 1768# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve 1769# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. 1770# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 1771 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1996 Oct 27 1:00u 1772 0:00 EU WET%s 1773# We don't know what happened to Madeira or the Azores, 1774# so we'll just use Shanks for now. 1775# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1776Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada 1777 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time 1778 -2:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1779 -1:00 - ACT 1977 Mar 27 1780 -1:00 - ACT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1781 -1:00 W-Eur ACT%s 1782Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal 1783 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time 1784 -1:00 Port ACT%s 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1785 0:00 - WET 1977 Mar 27 1786 0:00 Port WET%s 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1787 0:00 EU WET%s 1788 1789# ZONE-DESCR Europe Lisbon Portugal All points except: 1790# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Azores Portugal Azores 1791# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Madeira Portugal Madeira 1792 1793# Romania 1794# Catholic Romania switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1795# on 1919 Mar 18. Greek Orthodox Romania switched on 1920 Mar 18. 1796# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1797Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1798Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1799Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 " DST" 1800Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 " DST" 1801Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1802Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1803Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1804# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1805Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 1806 1:44 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 1807 2:00 Romania EET%s 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 1808 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1809# This may change to `EU' soon. 1810 1811# ZONE-DESCR Europe Bucharest Romania All points 1812 1813# Russia 1814# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994): 1815# Moscow and Novosibirsk time zone names, and Moscow rules after 1991, 1816# are from Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su>. 1817# I invented the other time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified) 1818# guessed what happened after 1991; the clocks were chaotic, and we know little. 1819# The rest is from Shanks. 1820# 1821# From Shanks (1991): 1822# Western Russia switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar 1823# on 1918 Jan 14. Eastern Russia switched on 1920 Mar 18. 1824# In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted 1825# a 6 day week; on 1940 Jun 27 it returned to the Gregorian week. 1826# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1827Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 1828 2:31 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 1829 3:00 Russia MS%s 1922 Oct 1830 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 1831 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1832 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1833 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1834 3:00 Russia MS%s 1835# ZONE-DESCR Europe Moscow Russia Moscow zone 1836Zone Europe/Kuybyshev 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 1837 3:00 - KSK 1957 Mar 1838 4:00 Russia KS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1839 3:00 1:00 KSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1840 3:00 - KSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1841 4:00 Russia KS%s 1842# ZONE-DESCR Europe Kuybyshev Russia Kuybyshev zone 1843Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2 1844 4:00 - SSK 1957 Mar 1845 5:00 Russia SS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1846 4:00 1:00 SSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1847 4:00 - SSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1848 5:00 Russia ES%s # name change from Sverdlovsk 1849# ZONE-DESCR Asia Yekaterinburg Russia Yekaterinburg zone 1850Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 1851 5:00 - OSK 1957 Mar 1852 6:00 Russia OS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1853 5:00 1:00 OSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1854 5:00 - OSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1855 6:00 Russia OS%s 1856# ZONE-DESCR Asia Omsk Russia Omsk zone 1857# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (June 29, 1994): 1858# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! 1859# I do not know why they have decided to make this change; 1860# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching 1861# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. 1862Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 1863 6:00 - NSK 1957 Mar 1864 7:00 Russia NS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1865 6:00 1:00 NSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1866 6:00 - NSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1867 7:00 Russia NS%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s 1868 6:00 1:00 NSD 1994 Sep 25 2:00s 1869 6:00 Russia NS%s 1870# ZONE-DESCR Asia Novosibirsk Russia Novosibirsk zone 1871Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2 1872 6:00 - KRSK 1957 Mar 1873 7:00 Russia KRS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1874 6:00 1:00 KRSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1875 6:00 - KRSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1876 7:00 Russia KRS%s 1877# ZONE-DESCR Asia Krasnoyarsk Russia Krasnoyarsk zone 1878Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 1879 6:57 - LST 1924 May 2 1880 7:00 - ISK 1957 Mar 1881 8:00 Russia IS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1882 7:00 1:00 ISD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1883 7:00 - ISK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1884 8:00 Russia IS%s 1885# ZONE-DESCR Asia Irkutsk Russia Irkutsk zone 1886Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 1887 8:00 - YSK 1957 Mar 1888 9:00 Russia YS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1889 8:00 1:00 YSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1890 8:00 - YSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1891 9:00 Russia YS%s 1892# ZONE-DESCR Asia Yakutsk Russia Yakutsk zone 1893Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880 1894 8:48 - LST 1924 May 2 1895 9:00 - VSK 1957 Mar 1896 10:00 Russia VS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1897 9:00 1:00 VSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1898 9:00 - VSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1899 10:00 Russia VS%s 1900# ZONE-DESCR Asia Vladivostok Russia Vladivostok zone 1901Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 1902 10:00 - MSK 1957 Mar 1903 11:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1904 10:00 1:00 MSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1905 10:00 - MSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1906 11:00 Russia MS%s 1907# ZONE-DESCR Asia Magadan Russia Magadan zone 1908 1909# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. 1910Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 1911 11:00 - PSK 1957 Mar 1912 12:00 Russia PS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1913 11:00 1:00 PSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1914 11:00 - PSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1915 12:00 Russia PS%s 1916# ZONE-DESCR Asia Kamchatka Russia Kamchatka zone 1917Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 1918 12:00 - ASK 1957 Mar 1919 13:00 Russia AS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1920 12:00 1:00 ASD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1921 12:00 - ASK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1922 13:00 Russia AS%s 1923 1924# Slovakia 1925Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava 1926 1927# ZONE-DESCR Europe Bratislava Slovakia All points 1928 1929# Slovenia 1930# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. 1931# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1932Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884 1933 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1934 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 1935 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 1936 1:00 - MET 1983 1937 1:00 EU MET%s 1938 1939# ZONE-DESCR Europe Ljubljana Slovenia All points 1940 1941# Spain 1942# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1943# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks. 1944Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1945Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - 1946Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1947Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1948# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks. 1949Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1950# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks. 1951Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 1952Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1953# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks. 1954Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1955Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1956Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1957Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1958# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks. 1959Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1960Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1961Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1962Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1963Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 " DST" 1964# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks. 1965Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" 1966Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 " DST" 1967Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 " DDST" 1968Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 " DST" 1969Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 " DST" 1970Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 " DST" 1971Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 1972Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1973Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - 1974Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1975Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 1976Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1977Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1978Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 " DST" 1979Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1980# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1981Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 1982 0:00 Spain WET%s 1946 Sep 30 1983 1:00 Spain MET%s 1979 1984 1:00 EU MET%s 1985Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. 1986 -1:00 - ACT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 1987 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 1988 0:00 1:00 "WET DST" 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 1989 0:00 EU WET%s 1990 1991# ZONE-DESCR Europe Madrid Spain All points except: 1992# ZONE-DESCR Atlantic Canary Spain Canary Islands 1993 1994# Sweden 1995# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1996Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31 1997 1:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT 1998 1:00 - MET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s 1999 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1916 Sep 30 23:00s 2000 1:00 - MET 1980 2001 1:00 EU MET%s 2002 2003# ZONE-DESCR Europe Stockholm Sweden All points 2004 2005# Switzerland 2006# From Howse (1988), p 82: 2007# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace 2008# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep 2009# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... 2010# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2011# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''): 2012Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2013Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - 2014# From Shanks (1991): 2015Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 " DST" 2016Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 2017# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2018Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12 2019 0:30 - SST 1894 Jun # Swiss Standard Time 2020 1:00 Swiss MET%s 1981 2021 1:00 EU MET%s 2022 2023# ZONE-DESCR Europe Zurich Switzerland All points 2024 2025# Turkey 2026# European Turkey switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1908. 2027# Asian Turkey switched in 1914. 2028# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2029Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2030Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2031Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2032Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - 2033Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2034Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 2035Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2036Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2037# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks. 2038Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2039Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2040Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2041# Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman. 2042Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2043Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 - 2044Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2045Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - 2046Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2047# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 2048Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 2049Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2050Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2051Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2052Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2053Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2054Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 2055Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2056Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2057Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2058Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2059Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2060Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2061Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2062Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2063Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2064Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 2065Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 " DST" 2066Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 - 2067Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 " DST" 2068Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 - 2069Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2070Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 2071Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2072Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2073Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 - 2074Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 " DST" 2075Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 - 2076Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 " DST" 2077Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2078Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 2079Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2080Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 2081# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2082Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 2083 1:57 - OMT 1910 Oct # Ottoman Mean Time 2084 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1978 Oct 15 2085 3:00 Turkey TUR%s 1985 Apr 20 2086 2:00 Turkey EET%s 1986 2087 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 2088# This may change to `EU' soon. 2089Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. 2090 2091# ZONE-DESCR Europe Istanbul Turkey All points 2092 2093# Ukraine 2094# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2095Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 " DST" 2096Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - 2097Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 " DST" 2098Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 " DDST" 2099Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 " DST" 2100Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2101# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2102Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 2103 2:02 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 2104 2:02 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2 2105 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2106 3:00 Russia MS%s 1990 Jul 17 2107 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 2108# This may change to `EU' soon. 2109Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 2110 2:08 Russia LST%s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 2111 2:08 Ukraine LST%s 1924 May 2 2112 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2113 3:00 Russia MS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2114 2:00 1:00 "EET DST" 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2115# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994): 2116# Today's _Economist_ (p 45) reports that Crimea switched 2117# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January elections. 2118# For now, we'll guess that there was a 2-hour leap forward on March 27. 2119 2:00 M-Eur EET%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s 2120 3:00 Russia MS%s 2121 2122# ZONE-DESCR Europe Kiev Ukraine All points except: 2123# ZONE-DESCR Europe Simferopol Ukraine Crimea 2124 2125# Yugoslavia 2126# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18. 2127# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2128Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 2129 1:00 - MET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 2130 1:00 M-Eur MET%s 1945 May 8 2:00s 2131 1:00 1:00 "MET DST" 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 2132 1:00 - MET 1983 2133 1:00 EU MET%s 2134 2135# ZONE-DESCR Europe Belgrade Serbia All points 2136 2137############################################################################### 2138 2139# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from 2140# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986. 2141# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else. 2142# 2143# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but 2144# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules. 2145# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at 2146# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey 2147# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time 2148# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST) 2149 2150# ... 2151# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100 2152# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann) 2153# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp> 2154# ... 2155# 2156# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when 2157# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only 2158# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according 2159# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on 2160# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following 2161# years... 2162# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions 2163# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST 2164# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep 2165# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now. 2166# 2167# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the 2168# Soviet Union (as far as I know). 2169# 2170# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG, 2171# 4002 Basle, Switzerland 2172# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho 2173 2174# ... 2175# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100 2176# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter) 2177# ... 2178# 2179# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct. 2180# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information 2181# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969. 2182# 2183# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on 2184# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September... 2185# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that 2186# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982 2187# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in 2188# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch 2189# dates... 2190# 2191# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g. 2192# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST... 2193# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not 2194# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations 2195# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always 2196# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the 2197# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours 2198# in advance of normal time. 2199# 2200# ... 2201# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland 2202# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl 2203# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax 2204 2205# From Bob Devine (January 28, 1988): 2206# ... 2207# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates). 2208# Since 1978. Change at midnight. 2209# ... 2210# Monaco: has same DST as France. 2211# ... 2212 2213# ... 2214# Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST 2215# From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> 2216# ... 2217# Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC 2218# of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and 2219# 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will 2220# change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March 2221# and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK 2222# and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October. 2223# It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994, 2224# but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't 2225# arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath. 2226# 2227# The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't 2228# seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start 2229# dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981. 2230