europe revision 169811
1169811Swollman# @(#)europe 8.10 2153761Swollman# <pre> 364499Swollman 42742Swollman# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 52742Swollman# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 62742Swollman# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 72742Swollman 8158421Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 92742Swollman# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 10158421Swollman# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), 11158421Swollman# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). 122742Swollman# 1386222Swollman# Gwillim Law writes that a good source 1420094Swollman# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport 1520094Swollman# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 1620094Swollman# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 1720094Swollman# of the IATA's data after 1990. 1820094Swollman# 19158421Swollman# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for 20158421Swollman# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. 2120094Swollman# 2243543Swollman# Other sources occasionally used include: 232742Swollman# 2443543Swollman# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 2543543Swollman# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), 2643543Swollman# which I found in the UCLA library. 2743543Swollman# 28121098Swollman# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf"> 29121098Swollman# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition 30121098Swollman# </a> (1914-03) 31121098Swollman# 3243543Swollman# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH), 3343543Swollman# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm"> 3443543Swollman# History of Summer Time 3543543Swollman# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese) 3643543Swollman 3743543Swollman# 382742Swollman# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 392742Swollman# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 4019878Swollman# Corrections are welcome! 41114173Swollman# std dst 2dst 42114173Swollman# LMT Local Mean Time 43114173Swollman# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic 44114173Swollman# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland* 45114173Swollman# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland* 46114173Swollman# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer 47114173Swollman# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer 48114173Swollman# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe 49114173Swollman# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)* 50114173Swollman# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)* 51114173Swollman# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe 52114173Swollman# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)* 53114173Swollman# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe 54114173Swollman# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow 552742Swollman# 562742Swollman# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, 5758787Sru# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 582742Swollman 59149514Swollman# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), 6014343Swollman# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, 619908Swollman# Luxembourg, the Netherlands. 629908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. 639908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. 649908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. 659908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for 669908Swollman# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% 679908Swollman# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous 689908Swollman# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. 699908Swollman# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) 709908Swollman# ... 7114343Swollman# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. 7214343Swollman# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. 739908Swollman# ... 749908Swollman# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. 759908Swollman# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact 769908Swollman# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the 779908Swollman# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed 789908Swollman# in the Directive. 799908Swollman 8019878Swollman 812742Swollman############################################################################### 822742Swollman 8343014Swollman# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire) 842742Swollman 85149514Swollman# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06): 862742Swollman# 872742Swollman# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about 882742Swollman# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo 892742Swollman# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph 902742Swollman# of the text said: 912742Swollman# 922742Swollman# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands 9321217Swollman# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude 942742Swollman# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed 952742Swollman# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They 962742Swollman# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, 972742Swollman# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking 982742Swollman# along the towpath within a few yards of it.' 992742Swollman# 1002742Swollman# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's 10121217Swollman# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should 1022742Swollman# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. 1032742Swollman# 1042742Swollman# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] 1052742Swollman 106149514Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18): 1072742Swollman# 1082742Swollman# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. 1092742Swollman# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, 1102742Swollman# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. 11158787Sru# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828) 11258787Sru# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903). 1132742Swollman# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway 1142742Swollman# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most 11558787Sru# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the 1162742Swollman# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be 11758787Sru# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it. 11858787Sru# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian, 11958787Sru# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many 1202742Swollman# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public 12158787Sru# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock 12258787Sru# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, 1232742Swollman# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal 1242742Swollman# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading 1252742Swollman# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. 1262742Swollman# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition 12758787Sru# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02. 1282742Swollman# 1292742Swollman# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single 13058787Sru# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much 13158787Sru# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time. 1322742Swollman 133136638Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27): 13417200Swollman# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915), 13543543Swollman# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society 13658787Sru# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907) 13717200Swollman# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, 13817200Swollman# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. 13917200Swollman# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, 14017200Swollman# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. 141121098Swollman# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and 142121098Swollman# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. 143121098Swollman# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18). 144121098Swollman# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in 145136638Swollman# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular 146121098Swollman# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith, 147121098Swollman# designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial, 148121098Swollman# which is permanently set to Summer Time. 14917200Swollman 150121098Swollman# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28): 151121098Swollman# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of 152121098Swollman# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country 153121098Swollman# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which 154121098Swollman# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the 155121098Swollman# foundations of civilization throughout the world. 156121098Swollman# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm"> 157121098Swollman# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly 158121098Swollman# </a> 159121098Swollman 16019878Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): 16119878Swollman# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving'' 16219878Swollman# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this 16319878Swollman# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the 16419878Swollman# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''. 16519878Swollman 16619878Swollman# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19): 1672742Swollman# 1682742Swollman# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's 1692742Swollman# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. 1702742Swollman 1712742Swollman# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) 172149514Swollman# From: Jonathan Leffler 1732742Swollman# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. 1742742Swollman# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in 1752742Swollman# politics making a fortune, not computing. 1762742Swollman 177149514Swollman# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14): 17843014Swollman# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the 17943014Swollman# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published 18043014Swollman# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and 18143014Swollman# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T." 18243014Swollman 18358787Sru# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02): 18458787Sru# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the 18558787Sru# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516) 18658787Sru# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945). 1872742Swollman 18875267Swollman# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03): 18967578Swollman# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir 19067578Swollman# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any 19167578Swollman# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't 19267578Swollman# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British 19367578Swollman# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally. 19475267Swollman# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png 19567578Swollman# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png 19658787Sru 19767578Swollman# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21): 19867578Swollman# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time 19967578Swollman# which is to be introduced in May.... 20067578Swollman# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time" 20167578Swollman# which could not be said to run counter to any official description. 20267578Swollman 20367578Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02): 20467578Swollman# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common 20567578Swollman# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first, 20667578Swollman# so we use `BDST'. 20767578Swollman 208149514Swollman# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length 20958787Sru# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom. 210149514Swollman# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating 21158787Sru# and extending this list, which can be found in 21258787Sru# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/"> 21358787Sru# History of legal time in Britain 21493799Swollman# </a> 21558787Sru 216149514Swollman# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06): 21743014Swollman# 21843014Swollman# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC; 21943014Swollman# see Lord Tanlaw's speech 22043014Swollman# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0"> 22143014Swollman# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976) 22243014Swollman# </a>. 2232742Swollman 224158421Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 2252742Swollman# 226158421Swollman# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948. 2272742Swollman# 228158421Swollman# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger 229158421Swollman# are incorrect: 23030711Swollman# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until 2312742Swollman# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. 2322742Swollman# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. 2332742Swollman# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. 2342742Swollman# It actually just had one transition. 23530711Swollman# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II. 2362742Swollman# Actually, it conformed to Britain. 23717200Swollman# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. 23817200Swollman# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. 23917200Swollman# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). 2402742Swollman# 241158421Swollman# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger: 2422742Swollman# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT 24330711Swollman# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to 2442742Swollman# conform with Great Britain. 24558787Sru# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise. 24658787Sru# 247158421Swollman# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful; 24858787Sru# we'll ignore it for now. 24917200Swollman# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. 2502742Swollman# 25117200Swollman# 252158421Swollman# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than 253158421Swollman# Shanks & Pottenger. 25486222Swollman# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory 25586222Swollman# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was 25686222Swollman# to London. For example: 25786222Swollman# 25886222Swollman# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time." 25986222Swollman# -- James Joyce, Ulysses 2602742Swollman 261149514Swollman# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26): 262169811Swollman# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include 263149514Swollman# various relating to legal time, for example: 264169811Swollman# 265149514Swollman# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html 266169811Swollman# 267149514Swollman# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html 268149514Swollman# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html 269169811Swollman# 270149514Swollman# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html 271149514Swollman# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html 272149514Swollman# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html 273169811Swollman# 274149514Swollman# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html 275149514Swollman# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html 276149514Swollman# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html 277149514Swollman# 278149514Swollman# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is 279149514Swollman# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.] 280169811Swollman# 281169811Swollman# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these 282169811Swollman# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover 283149514Swollman# the laws applicable in Ireland.) 284169811Swollman# 285169811Swollman# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined 286169811Swollman# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it 287169811Swollman# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time 288149514Swollman# being GMT+1.) 289149514Swollman 29058787Sru# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28): 29158787Sru# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31) 29258787Sru# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time 29358787Sru# (CT), equivalent to French civil time. 29458787Sru# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that 29558787Sru# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door) 29658787Sru# and Frethun run in CT. 29758787Sru# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities, 29858787Sru# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities, 29958787Sru# and that the time depends on who you're talking to. 30058787Sru# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason, 30158787Sru# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST. 30258787Sru# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST. 30358787Sru 30417200Swollman# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): 30517200Swollman# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, 30617200Swollman# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC. 30717200Swollman# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate 30817200Swollman# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of 30917200Swollman# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is 31017200Swollman# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". 31117200Swollman 3122742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 31343014Swollman# Summer Time Act, 1916 3142742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST 3152742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT 31643014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358 3172742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST 3182742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT 31943014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274 3202742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST 3212742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT 32243014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297 3232742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST 3242742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT 32543014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 3262742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST 32743014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844 3282742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT 32943014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363 3302742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 3312742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT 33243014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 3332742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST 33458787SruRule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT 33543014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1922 3362742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 3372742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 33843014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3392742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 34043014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1925 3412742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 34243014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3432742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 34443014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3452742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 34643014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3472742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 34843014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3492742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 35043014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3512742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 35243014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379 35343014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 35443014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883 35543014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST 35643014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476 35719878SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 3582742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 35943014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506 36019878SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 36143014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932 3622742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST 36343014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 36443014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 36543014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 36643014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208 36743014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 36843014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 36943014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1947 3702742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST 37119878SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST 3722742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST 3732742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT 37443014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) 3752742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 37643014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT 37743014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) 3782742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 37943014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT 38043014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) 38143014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) 38243014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) 38343014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST 3842742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT 38543014Swollman# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925 38643014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 38743014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 38843014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3892742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 39043014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3912742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 39243014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 39343014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71) 39443014Swollman# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465) 39543014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81) 3962742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST 39743014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 39843014Swollman# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101) 39943014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201) 40043014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148) 4012742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST 40243014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117) 40317200SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST 40443014Swollman# The British Standard Time Act, 1968 40543014Swollman# (no summer time) 40643014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1972 4072742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 4082742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 40943014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089) 41043014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673) 41143014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223) 41243014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931) 4139908SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST 4149908SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT 41543014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985) 41643014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729) 41743014Swollman# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798) 4189908SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT 41943014Swollman# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982) 42017200Swollman# See EU for rules starting in 1996. 4212742Swollman 4222742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 423158421SwollmanZone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s 42417200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 42517200Swollman 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 4269908Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 42717200Swollman 0:00 EU GMT/BST 428163302SruLink Europe/London Europe/Jersey 429163302SruLink Europe/London Europe/Guernsey 430163302SruLink Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man 43186222SwollmanZone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 43286222Swollman -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 43343014Swollman -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s 43419878Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 43517200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 43617200Swollman 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 4372742Swollman 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 43817200Swollman 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 4392742Swollman 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 44017200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 44117200Swollman 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 44217200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 44317200Swollman 0:00 EU GMT/IST 4442742Swollman 4452742Swollman############################################################################### 4462742Swollman 4472742Swollman# Continental Europe 4482742Swollman 44917200Swollman# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, 45017200Swollman# Common Market, etc. 4519908Swollman 4529908Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 45319878SwollmanRule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S 45417200SwollmanRule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 45517200SwollmanRule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - 45617200SwollmanRule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 45719878SwollmanRule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S 45817200SwollmanRule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - 45975267Swollman# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See: 46075267Swollman# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html" 46175267Swollman# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 46275267Swollman# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements. 46375267Swollman# </a> 4649908Swollman 46517200Swollman# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. 46619878SwollmanRule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 4672742SwollmanRule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 4682742SwollmanRule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - 4699908SwollmanRule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 47019878SwollmanRule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 4719908SwollmanRule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 4722742Swollman 47319878Swollman# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. 47419878Swollman# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time. 47519878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 47619878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 47719878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 47819878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 47919878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S 48019878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 48119878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S 48219878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 48319878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 484158421Swollman# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 48519878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - 48619878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 48719878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 48819878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 48919878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 49019878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 49119878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 4922742Swollman 49320094Swollman# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time. 49420094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 49520094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 49620094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 49720094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 49820094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S 49920094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 50020094Swollman 5012742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 50220094SwollmanRule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time 50320094SwollmanRule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time 50420094SwollmanRule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time 50558787SruRule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST 50620094SwollmanRule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST 50720094SwollmanRule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S 50820094SwollmanRule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - 50920094SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 51043014SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 51120094SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S 51220094SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 51343014Swollman# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24): 51420094SwollmanRule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 51520094SwollmanRule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 51643014Swollman# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in 51743014Swollman# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14): 51820094SwollmanRule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 51920094SwollmanRule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 52043014Swollman# 52120094SwollmanRule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S 52220094SwollmanRule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 - 52320094SwollmanRule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 52420094SwollmanRule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 52520094SwollmanRule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 5262742Swollman 5272742Swollman# These are for backward compatibility with older versions. 5282742Swollman 5292742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 53019878SwollmanZone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT 53119878SwollmanZone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 53219878SwollmanZone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 53319878SwollmanZone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT 5342742Swollman 53519878Swollman# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST 53619878Swollman# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage. 5372742Swollman 538149514Swollman# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12): 53919878Swollman# The official German names ... are 54019878Swollman# 54119878Swollman# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00 54219878Swollman# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00 54319878Swollman# 54419878Swollman# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG), 54519878Swollman# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111).... 54619878Swollman# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution 54719878Swollman# 54819878Swollman# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) 54919878Swollman# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit" 55019878Swollman# Postfach 3345 55119878Swollman# D-38023 Braunschweig 55219878Swollman# phone: +49 531 592-0 55319878Swollman# 55419878Swollman# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB 55519878Swollman# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the 55619878Swollman# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as 55719878Swollman# 55819878Swollman# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00 55919878Swollman# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00 5602742Swollman 56119878Swollman 5622742Swollman# Albania 5632742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 56419878SwollmanRule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S 5652742SwollmanRule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 56619878SwollmanRule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S 5672742SwollmanRule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - 56819878SwollmanRule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 5692742SwollmanRule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 57019878SwollmanRule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 5712742SwollmanRule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 57219878SwollmanRule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 5732742SwollmanRule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 57419878SwollmanRule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S 5752742SwollmanRule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 57619878SwollmanRule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S 5772742SwollmanRule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 57819878SwollmanRule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S 5792742SwollmanRule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 58019878SwollmanRule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S 5812742SwollmanRule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 58219878SwollmanRule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S 5832742SwollmanRule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - 58419878SwollmanRule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 5852742SwollmanRule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 58619878SwollmanRule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 5872742SwollmanRule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 58819878SwollmanRule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 5892742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 5902742SwollmanZone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 59119878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 59230711Swollman 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul 59320094Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 5942742Swollman 5952742Swollman# Andorra 5962742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 5972742SwollmanZone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 5982742Swollman 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 59919878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 60019878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 6012742Swollman 6022742Swollman# Austria 603114173Swollman 604158421Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and 605114173Swollman# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and 606114173Swollman# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged" 607114173Swollman# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition 608158421Swollman# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV, 609158421Swollman# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12. 610114173Swollman 6112742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 61219878SwollmanRule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S 6132742SwollmanRule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - 61419878SwollmanRule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 6152742SwollmanRule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 61619878SwollmanRule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 61719878SwollmanRule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 618114173SwollmanRule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S 619114173SwollmanRule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 6202742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 6212742SwollmanZone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr 622114173Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920 623114173Swollman 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s 624114173Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 625114173Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s 626114173Swollman 1:00 - CET 1946 62719878Swollman 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 62819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 6292742Swollman 6302742Swollman# Belarus 6312742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 6322742SwollmanZone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 63343014Swollman 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time 6342742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 63543014Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28 63643014Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3 63758787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 63858787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 63919878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 64058787Sru 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s 64158787Sru 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s 64220094Swollman 2:00 Russia EE%sT 6432742Swollman 6442742Swollman# Belgium 64530711Swollman# 64630711Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02): 64730711Swollman# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from: 64830711Swollman# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique, 64930711Swollman# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991 65030711Swollman# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC), 65130711Swollman# pp 8-9. 65230711Swollman# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium: 65330711Swollman# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121. 654149514Swollman# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references. 65530711Swollman# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium. 65630711Swollman# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect. 65775267Swollman# 6582742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 65930711SwollmanRule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S 66030711SwollmanRule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 66119878SwollmanRule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 66230711SwollmanRule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 6632742SwollmanRule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 66430711SwollmanRule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 6652742SwollmanRule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 66619878SwollmanRule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 66730711SwollmanRule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 66819878SwollmanRule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S 66919878SwollmanRule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 67019878SwollmanRule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 67143543Swollman# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd 67243543Swollman# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier), 67343543Swollman# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15 67443543Swollman# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT. 67519878SwollmanRule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 67619878SwollmanRule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 67719878SwollmanRule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 67830711SwollmanRule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 67919878SwollmanRule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S 68019878SwollmanRule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S 68119878SwollmanRule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 68230711SwollmanRule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 68319878SwollmanRule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S 68419878SwollmanRule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 68519878SwollmanRule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 68619878SwollmanRule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 68719878SwollmanRule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S 68819878SwollmanRule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S 68919878SwollmanRule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S 6902742SwollmanRule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - 69130711SwollmanRule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S 69230711SwollmanRule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - 69319878SwollmanRule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 6942742SwollmanRule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 69519878SwollmanRule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S 6962742SwollmanRule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 6972742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 69830711SwollmanZone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880 69930711Swollman 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT 70030711Swollman 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8 70130711Swollman 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00 70230711Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u 70330711Swollman 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s 70430711Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3 70519878Swollman 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 70619878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 7072742Swollman 7082742Swollman# Bosnia and Herzegovina 709163302Sru# see Serbia 7102742Swollman 7112742Swollman# Bulgaria 71258787Sru# 713149514Swollman# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 71458787Sru# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says: 71558787Sru# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ... 71658787Sru# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October 71758787Sru# 7182742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 71919878SwollmanRule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S 7202742SwollmanRule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 721158421SwollmanRule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S 7222742SwollmanRule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - 7232742SwollmanRule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - 7242742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 7252742SwollmanZone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 72619878Swollman 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? 7272742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 72819878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00 7292742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 73019878Swollman 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00 73120094Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 73258787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 73358787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 7342742Swollman 7352742Swollman# Croatia 736163302Sru# see Serbia 7372742Swollman 738136638Swollman# Cyprus 739138323Swollman# Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia. 740136638Swollman 7412742Swollman# Czech Republic 7422742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 74319878SwollmanRule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 7442742SwollmanRule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 74519878SwollmanRule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S 7462742SwollmanRule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 74719878SwollmanRule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S 74819878SwollmanRule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 74919878SwollmanRule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S 7502742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 7512742SwollmanZone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 75219878Swollman 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 75319878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 75419878Swollman 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 75519878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 7562742Swollman 757169811Swollman# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland 758149514Swollman 759149514Swollman# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26): 760149514Swollman# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law 761149514Swollman# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01.... 762149514Swollman# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL 763149514Swollman# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29. 764149514Swollman# 765149514Swollman# The EU treaty with effect from 1973: 766149514Swollman# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL 767149514Swollman# 768149514Swollman# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes 769149514Swollman# in subsequenet decrees with the law 770149514Swollman# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL 771149514Swollman# 772149514Swollman# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have 773149514Swollman# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST 774149514Swollman# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to 775149514Swollman# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from 776149514Swollman# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know 777149514Swollman# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only 778149514Swollman# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981: 779149514Swollman# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning 780149514Swollman# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which 781149514Swollman# was suspended on that night): 782149514Swollman# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL 783149514Swollman 784149514Swollman# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11): 785149514Swollman# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between 786149514Swollman# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two. 787149514Swollman 788149514Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11): 789149514Swollman# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not 790149514Swollman# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980. 791149514Swollman 7922742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 79319878SwollmanRule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 7942742SwollmanRule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - 79519878SwollmanRule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 79619878SwollmanRule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 7972742SwollmanRule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - 79819878SwollmanRule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S 7992742SwollmanRule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - 80019878SwollmanRule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 8012742SwollmanRule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - 80219878SwollmanRule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S 8032742SwollmanRule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - 8042742Swollman# 8052742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 8062742SwollmanZone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 807149514Swollman 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT 80819878Swollman 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 80919878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 81019878Swollman 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 81119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 812169811SwollmanZone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 8139908Swollman 0:00 - WET 1981 81419878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 81520094Swollman# 816149514Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31): 817149514Swollman# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in 818149514Swollman# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones. 819149514Swollman# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard. 820149514Swollman# 821158421Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 82220094Swollman# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, 82320094Swollman# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU 824158421Swollman# rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab 82520094Swollman# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU 82620094Swollman# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980. 82720094Swollman 82886222Swollman# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing 82986222Swollman# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15), 83086222Swollman# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen: 83120094Swollman# 83286222Swollman# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC 83386222Swollman# is according to the following time line: 83486222Swollman# 83586222Swollman# The military zone near Thule UTC-4 83686222Swollman# Standard Greenland time UTC-3 83786222Swollman# Scoresbysund UTC-1 83886222Swollman# Danmarkshavn UTC 83986222Swollman# 84086222Swollman# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be 84186222Swollman# introduced. 84286222Swollman 84393799Swollman# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01): 844114173Swollman# 84593799Swollman# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at 84693799Swollman# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have 84793799Swollman# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have 84893799Swollman# info from earlier correspondence.] 84993799Swollman# 85093799Swollman# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule 85193799Swollman# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight 85293799Swollman# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time.... 85393799Swollman# 85493799Swollman# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund 85593799Swollman# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst. 85693799Swollman# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the 85793799Swollman# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th 85893799Swollman# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in 85993799Swollman# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the 86093799Swollman# DPC research station at Zackenberg. 86193799Swollman# 86293799Swollman# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use 86393799Swollman# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab). 86493799Swollman# 86593799Swollman# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it 86693799Swollman# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time 86793799Swollman# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules. 86893799Swollman# 86993799Swollman# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and 87093799Swollman# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators 87193799Swollman# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of 87293799Swollman# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be 87393799Swollman# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this. 87493799Swollman 87593799Swollman# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19): 87693799Swollman# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place 87793799Swollman# there at 2:00 AM. 87893799Swollman 879158421Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 880158421Swollman# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; 881158421Swollman# the 1995 map as like Godthab. 88286222Swollman# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996. 88393799Swollman# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error, 884158421Swollman# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year. 885158421Swollman# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules. 88686222Swollman# 88720094Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 88893799SwollmanRule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 88993799SwollmanRule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S 890158421SwollmanRule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 891158421SwollmanRule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S 892158421SwollmanRule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D 893158421SwollmanRule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S 89420094Swollman# 89520094Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 89686222SwollmanZone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 89786222Swollman -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 89886222Swollman -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996 89986222Swollman 0:00 - GMT 900163302SruZone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit 90119878Swollman -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 90219878Swollman -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29 90320094Swollman -1:00 EU EG%sT 90420094SwollmanZone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk 9052742Swollman -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 90620094Swollman -3:00 EU WG%sT 90767578SwollmanZone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base 90820094Swollman -4:00 Thule A%sT 9092742Swollman 9102742Swollman# Estonia 911149514Swollman# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15): 9129908Swollman# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards 9139908Swollman# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, 9149908Swollman# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... 91520094Swollman# 916149514Swollman# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28): 91720094Swollman# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s, 91820094Swollman# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:] 91920094Swollman# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different 92020094Swollman# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules 92120094Swollman# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia.... 92220094Swollman# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on 92320094Swollman# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to 92420094Swollman# summer time next spring.'' 92543543Swollman 926149514Swollman# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited: 92743543Swollman# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390"> 92843543Swollman# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law 92943543Swollman# </a> 93043543Swollman# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between 93143543Swollman# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120). 93243543Swollman# 93343543Swollman# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation 93443543Swollman# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg" 93543543Swollman# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time). 93643543Swollman 93758787Sru# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09) 93858787Sru# via Steffen Thorsen: 93958787Sru# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time, 94058787Sru# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6.... 94158787Sru# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European 94258787Sru# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory 94358787Sru# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do 94475267Swollman# after that. 94558787Sru 94658787Sru# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29): 94758787Sru# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation 94858787Sru# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all 94958787Sru# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01. 95058787Sru 95193799Swollman# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21): 95293799Swollman# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics. 95393799Swollman# Now we are using again EU rules. 95493799Swollman# 95593799Swollman# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28): 95693799Swollman# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21. 95793799Swollman 9582742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 9592742SwollmanZone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 96019878Swollman 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 96119878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 96219878Swollman 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May 9632742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 96420094Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 96519878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 96620094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 96719878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 96843543Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22 96958787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1 97093799Swollman 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21 97193799Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 9722742Swollman 9732742Swollman# Finland 9749908Swollman# 975158421Swollman# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC): 9769908Swollman# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, 9779908Swollman# and it's supposed to change at 4am... 9789908Swollman# 979158421Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 980158421Swollman# Shanks & Pottenger say Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time 981158421Swollman# since 1981. Go with Strang instead. 9829908Swollman# 9832742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 98419878SwollmanRule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 9852742SwollmanRule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 9862742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 9872742SwollmanZone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 98819878Swollman 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 98919878Swollman 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00 99019878Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 9912742Swollman 992136638Swollman# Aaland Is 993136638SwollmanLink Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn 994136638Swollman 995136638Swollman 9962742Swollman# France 99775267Swollman 99875267Swollman# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20): 99919878Swollman# 100075267Swollman# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions 100175267Swollman# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993 100275267Swollman# 100375267Swollman# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur, 100475267Swollman# Paris, 1991 100575267Swollman# 100675267Swollman# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie, 100775267Swollman# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987 100875267Swollman 100975267Swollman 101075267Swollman# 1011158421Swollman# Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman. 10122742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 101319878SwollmanRule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S 101443014SwollmanRule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 - 101519878SwollmanRule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S 101619878SwollmanRule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S 101719878SwollmanRule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 101819878SwollmanRule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 10192742SwollmanRule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 102019878SwollmanRule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 10212742SwollmanRule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 102219878SwollmanRule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 102343543Swollman# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st 102443543Swollman# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions 1025158421Swollman# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger. 10262742SwollmanRule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 102719878SwollmanRule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S 102819878SwollmanRule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 102919878SwollmanRule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 103019878SwollmanRule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 103119878SwollmanRule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 103219878SwollmanRule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 103319878SwollmanRule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 103419878SwollmanRule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S 103519878SwollmanRule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 103619878SwollmanRule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 103719878SwollmanRule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 103819878SwollmanRule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 103919878SwollmanRule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 104019878SwollmanRule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 104119878SwollmanRule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 104219878SwollmanRule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 104319878SwollmanRule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 10442742SwollmanRule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 104519878SwollmanRule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 1046158421Swollman# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger 1047158421Swollman# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations. 104875267Swollman# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez, 104975267Swollman# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La 105075267Swollman# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes, 105175267Swollman# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin, 105275267Swollman# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois, 105375267Swollman# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe). 105443014SwollmanRule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1055158421Swollman# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00, 1056149514Swollman# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12), 105743014Swollman# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes 105843014Swollman# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT. 105943014SwollmanRule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S 106043014SwollmanRule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M 106119878SwollmanRule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S 106243014SwollmanRule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M 106343014SwollmanRule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S 106443014SwollmanRule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M 106519878SwollmanRule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S 106643014SwollmanRule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M 10672742SwollmanRule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 1068158421Swollman# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00; 106943014Swollman# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT. 107043014SwollmanRule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S 107143014SwollmanRule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 - 1072158421Swollman# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05, 107314343Swollman# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. 107414343Swollman# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based 107514343Swollman# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. 10762742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 107743014SwollmanZone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 107875267Swollman 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT 1079158421Swollman# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre. 108043014Swollman 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00 108175267Swollman# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation; 1082158421Swollman# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 108319878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 108443014Swollman 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 108519878Swollman 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 108619878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 10872742Swollman 108819878Swollman# Germany 10898049Swollman 1090149514Swollman# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29): 109143014Swollman# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische 109243014Swollman# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916. 1093114173Swollman# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.] 109443014Swollman 1095114173Swollman# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23): 1096114173Swollman# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a 1097114173Swollman# href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/"> 1098114173Swollman# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>. 1099114173Swollman 1100114173Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08): 1101114173Swollman# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf"> 1102114173Swollman# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20. 1103114173Swollman# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so 1104114173Swollman# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4. 1105114173Swollman 1106114173Swollman 11072742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 110819878SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1109114173SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1110114173SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S 11112742SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 111219878SwollmanRule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 111343014SwollmanRule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 111443014SwollmanRule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 111519878SwollmanRule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 111643014SwollmanRule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M 111719878SwollmanRule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S 111819878SwollmanRule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 111919878SwollmanRule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 11202742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 11212742SwollmanZone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 112219878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 112319878Swollman 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 112419878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 11252742Swollman 1126138323Swollman# Georgia 1127138323Swollman# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi. 1128138323Swollman# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni) 1129138323Swollman# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part. 1130138323Swollman 11312742Swollman# Gibraltar 11322742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1133158421SwollmanZone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s 11342742Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 113519878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1982 113619878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 11372742Swollman 11382742Swollman# Greece 11392742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1140158421Swollman# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 114119878SwollmanRule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S 11422742SwollmanRule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 1143158421Swollman# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 114419878SwollmanRule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S 1145158421Swollman# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 11462742SwollmanRule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 114719878SwollmanRule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 11482742SwollmanRule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 1149158421Swollman# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 115019878SwollmanRule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 11512742SwollmanRule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - 115219878SwollmanRule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S 11532742SwollmanRule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - 115419878SwollmanRule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S 11552742SwollmanRule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - 115619878SwollmanRule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 11572742SwollmanRule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - 11582742SwollmanRule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - 115919878SwollmanRule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S 11602742SwollmanRule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - 116119878SwollmanRule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 11622742SwollmanRule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 11632742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 11642742SwollmanZone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 116519878Swollman 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 116619878Swollman 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 116719878Swollman 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 116819878Swollman 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 1169158421Swollman # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981; 117021217Swollman # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 117119878Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 11722742Swollman 11732742Swollman# Hungary 11742742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 117519878SwollmanRule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S 117617200SwollmanRule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 - 117719878SwollmanRule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S 11782742SwollmanRule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - 117919878SwollmanRule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S 11802742SwollmanRule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - 118119878SwollmanRule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S 11822742SwollmanRule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - 118319878SwollmanRule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 11842742SwollmanRule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 118519878SwollmanRule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S 118619878SwollmanRule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S 11872742SwollmanRule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - 118819878SwollmanRule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S 11892742SwollmanRule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 119019878SwollmanRule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 11912742SwollmanRule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 119219878SwollmanRule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S 11932742SwollmanRule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 119419878SwollmanRule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S 11952742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 11962742SwollmanZone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 119719878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 119819878Swollman 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00 119919878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00 120019878Swollman 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 120119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 12022742Swollman 12032742Swollman# Iceland 12042742Swollman# 1205149514Swollman# From Adam David (1993-11-06): 12062742Swollman# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. 12072742Swollman# 120819878Swollman# (1993-12-05): 12092742Swollman# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of 12102742Swollman# Iceland Almanak. 12112742Swollman# 12122742Swollman# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour 12132742Swollman# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts 12142742Swollman# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which 12152742Swollman# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. 12162742Swollman# 12172742Swollman# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks 12182742Swollman# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the 12192742Swollman# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always 12202742Swollman# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. 12212742Swollman# 122219878Swollman# (1993-12-10): 12232742Swollman# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the 12242742Swollman# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus 12252742Swollman# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. 12262742Swollman# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day 12272742Swollman# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. 12282742Swollman# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" 12292742Swollman# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it 123019878Swollman# might mean something else (???). 12312742Swollman# 1232158421Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1233158421Swollman# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points. 1234158421Swollman# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely 1235158421Swollman# that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. 12362742Swollman# 12372742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 123819878SwollmanRule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S 123919878SwollmanRule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 - 124019878SwollmanRule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 - 124119878SwollmanRule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S 124219878SwollmanRule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 - 124319878SwollmanRule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 124419878SwollmanRule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 - 124519878SwollmanRule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S 124619878SwollmanRule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 - 124719878SwollmanRule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S 124819878SwollmanRule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 - 12492742Swollman# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter 125019878SwollmanRule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 125119878SwollmanRule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 12522742Swollman# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter 125319878SwollmanRule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 12542742Swollman# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week 125519878SwollmanRule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 - 125619878SwollmanRule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 125719878SwollmanRule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 - 12582742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 12592742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 126019878Swollman -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time? 126119878Swollman -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 12622742Swollman 0:00 - GMT 12632742Swollman 12642742Swollman# Italy 126519878Swollman# 126675267Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06): 126775267Swollman# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893, 126886222Swollman# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32). 126975267Swollman# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time. 127075267Swollman# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff, 127175267Swollman# so record only the time in Rome. 127275267Swollman# 1273158421Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1274158421Swollman# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and 1275158421Swollman# F. Pollastri 127675267Swollman# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html"> 1277158421Swollman# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03) 127843014Swollman# </a> 127943014Swollman# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute 128043014Swollman# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: 128117200Swollman# 1282158421Swollman# year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with: 128317200Swollman# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W 128417200Swollman# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 128517200Swollman# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S 128617200Swollman# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W 128717200Swollman# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S 128817200Swollman# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W 128917200Swollman# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S 129017200Swollman# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 129117200Swollman# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S 129217200Swollman# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 129319878Swollman# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur) 129417200Swollman# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s 129517200Swollman# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s 129617200Swollman# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S 129717200Swollman# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S 129817200Swollman# 12992742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 130019878SwollmanRule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S 130117200SwollmanRule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 130219878SwollmanRule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S 13032742SwollmanRule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 130419878SwollmanRule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S 13052742SwollmanRule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 130619878SwollmanRule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S 130719878SwollmanRule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S 130817200SwollmanRule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - 130919878SwollmanRule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S 131017200SwollmanRule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - 131119878SwollmanRule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S 131217200SwollmanRule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - 131319878SwollmanRule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S 13142742SwollmanRule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - 131519878SwollmanRule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S 13162742SwollmanRule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - 131719878SwollmanRule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S 13182742SwollmanRule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - 131919878SwollmanRule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 13202742SwollmanRule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - 132119878SwollmanRule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 132219878SwollmanRule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S 13232742SwollmanRule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 132419878SwollmanRule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 13252742SwollmanRule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 13262742SwollmanRule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 132719878SwollmanRule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S 13282742SwollmanRule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 132919878SwollmanRule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S 133019878SwollmanRule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S 13312742SwollmanRule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 133219878SwollmanRule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S 133319878SwollmanRule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S 13342742SwollmanRule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 13352742SwollmanRule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 13362742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 13372742SwollmanZone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 1338158421Swollman 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean 133919878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 134019878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 134119878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 134219878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 13432742Swollman 13449908SwollmanLink Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican 13459908SwollmanLink Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino 13469908Swollman 13472742Swollman# Latvia 134843014Swollman 1349149514Swollman# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17): 135043014Swollman 135143014Swollman# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy 135243014Swollman# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the 135343014Swollman# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about 135443014Swollman# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981.... 135543014Swollman# 135643014Swollman# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ... 135743014Swollman# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24 135843014Swollman# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 135943014Swollman# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00) 136043014Swollman# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00). 136143014Swollman# 136243014Swollman# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ... 136343014Swollman# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13 136443014Swollman# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 136543014Swollman# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 136643014Swollman# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of 136743014Swollman# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day). 136843014Swollman# 136943014Swollman# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ... 137043014Swollman# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14 137143014Swollman# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, 137243014Swollman# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the 137343014Swollman# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia 137443014Swollman# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 137543014Swollman# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of 137643014Swollman# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00 137743014Swollman# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is 137843014Swollman# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock.... 137943014Swollman# 138043014Swollman# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of 138143014Swollman# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of 138243014Swollman# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union. 138343014Swollman 138458787Sru# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06): 138558787Sru# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in 138658787Sru# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm"> 138758787Sru# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of 138858787Sru# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only). 138958787Sru 139075267Swollman# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html"> 139175267Swollman# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow: 139275267Swollman# </a> 139375267Swollman# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will 139475267Swollman# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported. 139575267Swollman# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their 139675267Swollman# clocks one hour in the spring.... 139775267Swollman# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few 139875267Swollman# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European 139975267Swollman# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving 140075267Swollman# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government 140175267Swollman# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it 140275267Swollman# appears that they will not do so.... 140375267Swollman 140420094Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 140543014SwollmanRule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 140643014SwollmanRule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 14072742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14082742SwollmanZone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 140919878Swollman 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time 141019878Swollman 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer 141119878Swollman 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 141219878Swollman 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 141319878Swollman 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11 14142742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 141520094Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 141643014Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13 141743014Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s 141843014Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s 141943014Swollman 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21 142058787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29 1421121098Swollman 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2 142275267Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 14232742Swollman 14242742Swollman# Liechtenstein 14252742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14262742SwollmanZone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 142719878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1981 142819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 14292742Swollman 14302742Swollman# Lithuania 143158787Sru 143258787Sru# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 143358787Sru# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is 143458787Sru# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too. 143558787Sru 1436149514Swollman# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07): 143758787Sru# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone 143858787Sru# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed. 143958787Sru 144058787Sru# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29), 144158787Sru# via Steffen Thorsen: 144258787Sru# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours) 144358787Sru# to be valid here starting from October 31, 144458787Sru# as decided by the national government on Wednesday.... 144558787Sru# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a 144658787Sru# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was 144775267Swollman# already done by Estonia. 144858787Sru 144964499Swollman# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm"> 145064499Swollman# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism 145164499Swollman# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving. 145264499Swollman 1453114173Swollman# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07): 1454114173Swollman# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will 1455114173Swollman# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid 1456114173Swollman# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its 1457114173Swollman# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of 1458114173Swollman# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at 1459114173Swollman# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm 1460114173Swollman 1461114173Swollman 14622742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14632742SwollmanZone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 146419878Swollman 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 146519878Swollman 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 146619878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 14672742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 146819878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 146920094Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 147019878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 147120094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 147219878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 147343014Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 147443014Swollman 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u 147558787Sru 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u 1476114173Swollman 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1 1477114173Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 14782742Swollman 14792742Swollman# Luxembourg 1480158421Swollman# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; 1481158421Swollman# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 14822742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 148319878SwollmanRule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 14842742SwollmanRule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 148519878SwollmanRule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S 14862742SwollmanRule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - 148719878SwollmanRule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 14882742SwollmanRule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 148919878SwollmanRule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S 14902742SwollmanRule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - 149119878SwollmanRule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 14922742SwollmanRule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - 149319878SwollmanRule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S 14942742SwollmanRule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - 149519878SwollmanRule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S 14962742SwollmanRule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 149719878SwollmanRule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S 14982742SwollmanRule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - 149919878SwollmanRule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S 15002742SwollmanRule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 150119878SwollmanRule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 150219878SwollmanRule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S 150319878SwollmanRule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S 150419878SwollmanRule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S 150519878SwollmanRule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S 15062742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 15072742SwollmanZone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 150819878Swollman 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 150919878Swollman 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 151019878Swollman 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 151119878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 151219878Swollman 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 151319878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 15142742Swollman 15152742Swollman# Macedonia 1516163302Sru# see Serbia 15172742Swollman 15182742Swollman# Malta 15192742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 152019878SwollmanRule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S 15212742SwollmanRule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - 152219878SwollmanRule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S 15232742SwollmanRule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - 152419878SwollmanRule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S 15252742SwollmanRule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 152619878SwollmanRule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 15272742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1528158421SwollmanZone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta 152919878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 153019878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 153119878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 153219878Swollman 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 153319878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 15342742Swollman 15352742Swollman# Moldova 153675267Swollman 1537158421Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1538158421Swollman# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write 1539158421Swollman# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00. 154075267Swollman# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence 154175267Swollman# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree). 154275267Swollman# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area 154375267Swollman# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time. 1544149514Swollman# But [two people] separately reported via 154575267Swollman# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau. 154675267Swollman# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now. 154775267Swollman 15482742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 154958787SruZone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880 155058787Sru 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT 155158787Sru 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 155258787Sru 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15 155358787Sru 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17 155458787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24 155558787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 155658787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6 155758787Sru 2:00 - EET 1991 155858787Sru 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 155958787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 156058787Sru# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules. 156158787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 15622742Swollman 15632742Swollman# Monaco 1564158421Swollman# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's 1565158421Swollman# more precise 0:09:21. 15662742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 15672742SwollmanZone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 156814343Swollman 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 156919878Swollman 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 157019878Swollman 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 157119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 15722742Swollman 1573163302Sru# Montenegro 1574163302Sru# see Serbia 1575163302Sru 15762742Swollman# Netherlands 157786222Swollman 157814343Swollman# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, 157914343Swollman# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. 158086222Swollman 158186222Swollman# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01): 158286222Swollman# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00 158386222Swollman# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including 158486222Swollman# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time 158586222Swollman# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the 158686222Swollman# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was 158786222Swollman# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law. 158886222Swollman# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and 158986222Swollman# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd"). 159086222Swollman# 159186222Swollman# (2001-04-08): 159286222Swollman# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to 159386222Swollman# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common 159486222Swollman# practice of following Amsterdam mean time. 159586222Swollman# 159686222Swollman# (2001-04-09): 159786222Swollman# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the 159886222Swollman# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe 159986222Swollman# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was 160086222Swollman# actually followed. 160186222Swollman# 160286222Swollman# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to 160386222Swollman# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of 160486222Swollman# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most 160586222Swollman# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically 160686222Swollman# adopted Amsterdam mean time. 160786222Swollman# 160886222Swollman# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety 160986222Swollman# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it 161086222Swollman# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe 161186222Swollman# Amsterdam mean time. 161286222Swollman 161386222Swollman# The data before 1945 are taken from 161475267Swollman# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>. 161586222Swollman 16162742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 161775267SwollmanRule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time 161875267SwollmanRule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time 16192742SwollmanRule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST 16202742SwollmanRule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT 16212742SwollmanRule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 162286222SwollmanRule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT 162375267SwollmanRule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 162419878SwollmanRule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT 162575267SwollmanRule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 162675267SwollmanRule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 162775267SwollmanRule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 162886222Swollman# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week 162986222Swollman# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend. 16302742SwollmanRule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 16312742SwollmanRule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 16322742SwollmanRule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 16332742SwollmanRule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 163419878SwollmanRule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 163519878SwollmanRule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 163619878SwollmanRule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S 163719878SwollmanRule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 163875267SwollmanRule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 163986222Swollman# 164086222Swollman# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted 164186222Swollman# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer. 16422742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 164386222SwollmanZone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835 164486222Swollman 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1 164586222Swollman 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time 164619878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 164719878Swollman 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 164819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 16492742Swollman 16502742Swollman# Norway 1651158421Swollman# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks & 1652158421Swollman# Pottenger. 16532742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 165419878SwollmanRule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S 16552742SwollmanRule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 165619878SwollmanRule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 16572742SwollmanRule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 165819878SwollmanRule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 16592742SwollmanRule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 166019878SwollmanRule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S 16612742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 166286222SwollmanZone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1 166319878Swollman 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 166419878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 166519878Swollman 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 166619878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 166743014Swollman 166843014Swollman# Svalbard & Jan Mayen 166986222Swollman 167086222Swollman# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01): 167186222Swollman# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and 167286222Swollman# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the 167386222Swollman# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared 167486222Swollman# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan 167586222Swollman# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From 167686222Swollman# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and 167786222Swollman# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation 167886222Swollman# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came 167986222Swollman# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a 168086222Swollman# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From 168186222Swollman# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been 168286222Swollman# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100) 168386222Swollman# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by 168486222Swollman# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever 168586222Swollman# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since 168686222Swollman# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere 168786222Swollman# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive). 168886222Swollman 168986222Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01): 169086222Swollman# 169186222Swollman# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II, 1692138323Swollman# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was 169386222Swollman# keeping Berlin time. 169486222Swollman# 169586222Swollman# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists 169686222Swollman# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in 169786222Swollman# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite 169886222Swollman# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a 169986222Swollman# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly 170086222Swollman# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that 170186222Swollman# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules. 170286222Swollman# 170386222Swollman# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an 170486222Swollman# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says 170586222Swollman# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ 170686222Swollman# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were 170786222Swollman# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return, 170886222Swollman# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954) 1709149514Swollman# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html> 171086222Swollman# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named 171186222Swollman# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945. 171286222Swollman# 171386222Swollman# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can 171486222Swollman# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the 171586222Swollman# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now: 171619878SwollmanLink Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen 171786222SwollmanLink Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen 17182742Swollman 17192742Swollman# Poland 17202742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 17212742SwollmanRule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 172219878SwollmanRule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1723158421SwollmanRule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 1724158421Swollman# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 17252742SwollmanRule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - 1726158421Swollman# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 172719878SwollmanRule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S 17282742SwollmanRule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 1729149514Swollman# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski, 1730149514Swollman# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U., 1731149514Swollman# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1> 1732149514Swollman# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference. 1733149514Swollman# He also gives these further references: 1734149514Swollman# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm> 1735149514Swollman# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf> 1736149514SwollmanRule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S 1737149514SwollmanRule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 1738149514SwollmanRule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 1739149514SwollmanRule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1740149514SwollmanRule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 1741149514SwollmanRule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 174219878SwollmanRule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S 17432742SwollmanRule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 174419878SwollmanRule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S 174519878SwollmanRule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S 17462742SwollmanRule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - 174719878SwollmanRule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S 1748149514SwollmanRule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 17492742SwollmanRule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 17502742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 17512742SwollmanZone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 175219878Swollman 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 175319878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 175419878Swollman 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 175519878Swollman 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 175619878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 1757149514Swollman 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 1758149514Swollman 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988 175958787Sru 1:00 EU CE%sT 17602742Swollman 17612742Swollman# Portugal 176220094Swollman# 1763149514Swollman# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12): 176420094Swollman# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone 176520094Swollman# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 176620094Swollman# 1767149514Swollman# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve 176820094Swollman# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. 176920094Swollman# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 177020094Swollman# 177120094Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12): 177220094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions 177320094Swollman# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos. 177420094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00. 177520094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00. 177620094Swollman# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal 177720094Swollman# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter. 177820094Swollman# 17792742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 178043543Swollman# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not 178143543Swollman# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules. 1782158421Swollman# Go with Shanks & Pottenger. 178319878SwollmanRule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S 1784158421Swollman# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 17852742SwollmanRule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 178619878SwollmanRule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 17872742SwollmanRule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 178819878SwollmanRule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 178919878SwollmanRule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 179019878SwollmanRule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S 179119878SwollmanRule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 179219878SwollmanRule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 17932742SwollmanRule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 179419878SwollmanRule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 17952742SwollmanRule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 179619878SwollmanRule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 179719878SwollmanRule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 179819878SwollmanRule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 179919878SwollmanRule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1800158421Swollman# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 18012742SwollmanRule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 180219878SwollmanRule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 180319878SwollmanRule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 1804158421Swollman# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 18052742SwollmanRule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1806158421Swollman# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. 180719878SwollmanRule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 180819878SwollmanRule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1809158421Swollman# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 181019878SwollmanRule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 181119878SwollmanRule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 181219878SwollmanRule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1813158421Swollman# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 18142742SwollmanRule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 181519878SwollmanRule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S 1816158421Swollman# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. 18172742SwollmanRule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - 181819878SwollmanRule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 181919878SwollmanRule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S 182043014SwollmanRule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 182119878SwollmanRule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S 18222742SwollmanRule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - 182343014SwollmanRule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M 182419878SwollmanRule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S 182543014SwollmanRule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M 182619878SwollmanRule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S 18272742SwollmanRule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 182819878SwollmanRule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 18292742SwollmanRule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1830158421Swollman# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. 1831158421Swollman# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 183219878SwollmanRule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 18332742SwollmanRule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 183419878SwollmanRule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S 18352742SwollmanRule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - 183619878SwollmanRule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S 18372742SwollmanRule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 18382742SwollmanRule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 183919878SwollmanRule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 184019878SwollmanRule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 184119878SwollmanRule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 18422742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1843158421Swollman# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24; 1844121098Swollman# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett. 18452742SwollmanZone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 1846121098Swollman -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time 184719878Swollman 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 184819878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 184919878Swollman 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 185020094Swollman 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 185119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 185219878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 18532742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada 185486222Swollman -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time 185519878Swollman -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time 185619878Swollman -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 185720094Swollman -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 185820094Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u 185920094Swollman -1:00 EU AZO%sT 18602742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal 186186222Swollman -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time 186219878Swollman -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time 186319878Swollman 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 186419878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 18652742Swollman 18662742Swollman# Romania 186758787Sru# 186858787Sru# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07): 186958787Sru# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html"> 187058787Sru# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at 187158787Sru# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info, 187258787Sru# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997, 187358787Sru# the same year as Bulgaria. 187458787Sru# 18752742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 187619878SwollmanRule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S 18772742SwollmanRule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 187819878SwollmanRule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S 187919878SwollmanRule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S 18802742SwollmanRule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 188119878SwollmanRule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 18822742SwollmanRule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 188320094SwollmanRule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 188420094SwollmanRule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 18852742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 18862742SwollmanZone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 188719878Swollman 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 188819878Swollman 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 188920094Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 189020094Swollman 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994 189158787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 189258787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 18932742Swollman 18942742Swollman# Russia 189521217Swollman 1896158421Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 189758787Sru# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations. 189820094Swollman# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, 1899158421Swollman# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger, 1900158421Swollman# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 1901158421Swollman# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s. 19022742Swollman# 1903149514Swollman# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29): 190486222Swollman# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! 190586222Swollman# I do not know why they have decided to make this change; 190686222Swollman# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching 190786222Swollman# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. 190886222Swollman# 1909149514Swollman# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04): 191020094Swollman# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with 1911136638Swollman# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... 191220094Swollman# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor 191320094Swollman# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there. 191420094Swollman# 1915149514Swollman# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30): 191620094Swollman# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from 191720094Swollman# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... 191820094Swollman# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. 191920094Swollman# 192075267Swollman# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from 192175267Swollman# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07): 192275267Swollman# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was 192375267Swollman# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with 192475267Swollman# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began 192575267Swollman# enforcing curfew at the wrong time. 192675267Swollman# 192786222Swollman# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05): 192886222Swollman# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in 192986222Swollman# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the 193086222Swollman# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan 193186222Swollman# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok 193286222Swollman# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are 193386222Swollman# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have 193486222Swollman# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan. 193586222Swollman# 19362742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 193786222Swollman# 193886222Swollman# Kaliningradskaya oblast'. 193986222SwollmanZone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 194020094Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 194158787Sru 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946 194220094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 194320094Swollman 2:00 Russia EE%sT 194486222Swollman# 194586222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1946163302Sru# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', 194786222Swollman# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast', 1948163302Sru# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast', 194986222Swollman# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya, 195086222Swollman# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya, 195186222Swollman# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, 1952163302Sru# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi, 195386222Swollman# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast', 195486222Swollman# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El, 195586222Swollman# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast', 195686222Swollman# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug, 195786222Swollman# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast', 195886222Swollman# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast', 1959163302Sru# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, 196086222Swollman# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast', 196186222Swollman# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan, 196286222Swollman# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast', 196386222Swollman# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast', 196486222Swollman# Yaroslavskaya oblast' 19652742SwollmanZone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 196658787Sru 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time 196758787Sru 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 196820094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 19692742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 197020094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 197158787Sru 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 197220094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 197386222Swollman# 1974163302Sru# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast', 1975163302Sru# Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400 1976163302Sru# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the 1977163302Sru# others? But we have no data. 1978163302SruZone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3 1979163302Sru 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time 1980163302Sru 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time 1981163302Sru 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11 1982163302Sru 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T 1983163302Sru 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1984163302Sru 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s 1985163302Sru 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1986163302Sru# 198786222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 198886222Swollman# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika 198958787SruZone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00 1990163302Sru 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21 1991163302Sru 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27 1992163302Sru 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev 199358787Sru 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 199458787Sru 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 199558787Sru 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00 199658787Sru 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time 199786222Swollman# 199886222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 199986222Swollman# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug, 200086222Swollman# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast', 200186222Swollman# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast', 200286222Swollman# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast', 200386222Swollman# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug. 200458787SruZone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00 200558787Sru 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time 200643766Sbde 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 200758787Sru 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 200843766Sbde 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time 200986222Swollman# 201086222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 201186222Swollman# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'. 201258787SruZone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14 201358787Sru 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme 201443766Sbde 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 201558787Sru 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 201643766Sbde 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 201786222Swollman# 2018163302Sru# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's 2019163302Sru# not clear when it switched from +7 to +6. 2020163302Sru# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'. 202158787SruZone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00 202258787Sru 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time 202343766Sbde 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 202458787Sru 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2025158421Swollman 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P. 202643766Sbde 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 202786222Swollman# 202886222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 202986222Swollman# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj, 2030163302Sru# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, 203186222Swollman# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug. 203258787SruZone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6 203358787Sru 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time 203443766Sbde 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 203558787Sru 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 203643766Sbde 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 203786222Swollman# 203886222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 203986222Swollman# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast', 204086222Swollman# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug. 20412742SwollmanZone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 204258787Sru 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time 204358787Sru 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time 204443766Sbde 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 204558787Sru 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 204643766Sbde 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 204786222Swollman# 2048136638Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 204986222Swollman# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast', 205086222Swollman# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'. 2051136638Swollman# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij, 2052136638Swollman# Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj, 2053136638Swollman# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij, 2054136638Swollman# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij, 2055136638Swollman# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij, 2056136638Swollman# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij. 205758787SruZone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 205858787Sru 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 205943766Sbde 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 206058787Sru 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 206143766Sbde 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 206286222Swollman# 2063136638Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 206486222Swollman# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj, 206586222Swollman# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 2066136638Swollman# The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij, 2067136638Swollman# Ust'-Yanskij. 206858787SruZone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15 206958787Sru 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time 207043766Sbde 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 207158787Sru 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 207243766Sbde 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 207386222Swollman# 207486222Swollman# Sakhalinskaya oblast'. 207586222Swollman# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long. 207686222SwollmanZone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23 207786222Swollman 9:00 - CJT 1938 207886222Swollman 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25 207986222Swollman 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T. 208086222Swollman 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 208186222Swollman 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s 208286222Swollman 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 208386222Swollman# 2084136638Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 208586222Swollman# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 2086136638Swollman# Probably also: Kuril Islands. 2087136638Swollman# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij, 2088136638Swollman# Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij. 20892742SwollmanZone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 209058787Sru 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time 209143766Sbde 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 209258787Sru 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 209343766Sbde 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 209486222Swollman# 209586222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 209686222Swollman# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug. 209786222Swollman# 209886222Swollman# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. 209958787SruZone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10 210058787Sru 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time 210143766Sbde 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 210258787Sru 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 210343766Sbde 12:00 Russia PET%sT 210486222Swollman# 210586222Swollman# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug 21062742SwollmanZone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 210758787Sru 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time 210858787Sru 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s 210958787Sru 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 211058787Sru 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 211158787Sru 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 21122742Swollman 2113163302Sru# Serbia 2114114173Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2115114173SwollmanZone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 2116114173Swollman 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 2117114173Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 2118114173Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 2119149514Swollman# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of 2120114173Swollman# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time. 2121158421Swollman# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj. 2122114173Swollman 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 2123114173Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 2124114173SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia 2125163302SruLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro 2126114173SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina 2127114173SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia 2128114173SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia 2129114173Swollman 213014343Swollman# Slovakia 213114343SwollmanLink Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava 21329908Swollman 21332742Swollman# Slovenia 2134163302Sru# see Serbia 21352742Swollman 21362742Swollman# Spain 21372742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2138158421Swollman# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; 2139158421Swollman# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 214019878SwollmanRule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S 21412742SwollmanRule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - 214219878SwollmanRule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 214319878SwollmanRule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 2144158421Swollman# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 214519878SwollmanRule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 2146158421Swollman# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 21472742SwollmanRule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 214819878SwollmanRule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 2149158421Swollman# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 21502742SwollmanRule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 215119878SwollmanRule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 215219878SwollmanRule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 215319878SwollmanRule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 2154158421Swollman# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; 2155158421Swollman# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 215619878SwollmanRule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S 21572742SwollmanRule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 215819878SwollmanRule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S 215919878SwollmanRule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 216019878SwollmanRule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S 2161158421Swollman# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 216243014SwollmanRule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 216319878SwollmanRule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S 216443014SwollmanRule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M 216519878SwollmanRule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S 216619878SwollmanRule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S 216719878SwollmanRule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S 216814343SwollmanRule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 216919878SwollmanRule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 21702742SwollmanRule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - 217119878SwollmanRule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S 21722742SwollmanRule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 217319878SwollmanRule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S 21742742SwollmanRule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 217519878SwollmanRule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S 21762742SwollmanRule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 217719878Swollman# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978. 217819878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S 217919878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 218019878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S 218119878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 218219878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 218319878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - 218419878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 218519878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 218619878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 - 21872742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2188158421SwollmanZone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s 218919878Swollman 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30 219019878Swollman 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 219119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 219219878SwollmanZone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 219319878Swollman 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 219419878Swollman 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 219519878Swollman 0:00 - WET 1924 219619878Swollman 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 219719878Swollman 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 219819878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1986 219919878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 22002742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. 220119878Swollman -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time 22022742Swollman 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 220319878Swollman 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 220419878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 220520094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u. 220620094Swollman# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU. 22072742Swollman 220819878Swollman# Sweden 220986222Swollman 2210158421Swollman# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger: 221186222Swollman# 221286222Swollman# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879: 221386222Swollman# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all 221486222Swollman# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at 221586222Swollman# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the 221686222Swollman# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31. 221786222Swollman# 221886222Swollman# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30" 221986222Swollman# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the 222086222Swollman# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT.... 222186222Swollman# 222286222Swollman# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk 222386222Swollman# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning 222486222Swollman# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at 222586222Swollman# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English 222686222Swollman# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west 222786222Swollman# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 222886222Swollman# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time 222986222Swollman# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT. 223086222Swollman# 223186222Swollman# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states 223286222Swollman# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is 223386222Swollman# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00.... 223486222Swollman# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later". 223586222Swollman# 223686222Swollman# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish 223786222Swollman# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are 223886222Swollman# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available 223986222Swollman# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type 224086222Swollman# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click 224186222Swollman# the Sok-button). 224286222Swollman# 224386222Swollman# (2001-05-13): 224486222Swollman# 224586222Swollman# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00 224686222Swollman# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show 224786222Swollman# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some 224886222Swollman# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already 224986222Swollman# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another 225086222Swollman# hour before the event took place. 225186222Swollman# 225286222Swollman# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left. 225386222Swollman 22542742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 225586222SwollmanZone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1 225686222Swollman 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time 225786222Swollman 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00 225886222Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00 225919878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1980 226019878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 22612742Swollman 22622742Swollman# Switzerland 226358787Sru# From Howse: 22642742Swollman# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace 22652742Swollman# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep 22662742Swollman# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... 22672742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 22682742Swollman# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''): 226919878SwollmanRule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S 22709908SwollmanRule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - 2271158421Swollman# From Shanks & Pottenger: 227219878SwollmanRule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 22739908SwollmanRule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 22742742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 22752742SwollmanZone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12 227619878Swollman 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 227719878Swollman 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 227819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 22792742Swollman 22802742Swollman# Turkey 2281169811Swollman 2282169811Swollman# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03): 2283169811Swollman# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now. 2284169811Swollman# ... The latest rules are available at - 2285169811Swollman# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107 2286169811Swollman# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03): 2287169811Swollman# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that 2288169811Swollman# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure 2289169811Swollman# what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001: 2290169811Swollman# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm 2291169811Swollman# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT 2292169811Swollman# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM 2293169811Swollman# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016 2294169811Swollman# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021 2295169811Swollman# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027 2296169811Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03): 2297169811Swollman# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990. 2298169811Swollman 2299169811Swollman# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09): 2300169811Swollman# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC 2301169811Swollman# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07): 2302169811Swollman# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp 2303169811Swollman# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...: 2304169811Swollman# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm 2305169811Swollman# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document 2306169811Swollman# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006: 2307169811Swollman# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm 2308169811Swollman 23092742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 231019878SwollmanRule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 23112742SwollmanRule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 231219878SwollmanRule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S 23132742SwollmanRule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - 231419878SwollmanRule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 23152742SwollmanRule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 231619878SwollmanRule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S 23172742SwollmanRule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2318158421Swollman# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; 2319158421Swollman# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 232019878SwollmanRule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S 23212742SwollmanRule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 232219878SwollmanRule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 232319878SwollmanRule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S 23242742SwollmanRule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 - 232519878SwollmanRule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S 23262742SwollmanRule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - 232719878SwollmanRule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 2328158421Swollman# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; 2329158421Swollman# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 23302742SwollmanRule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 233119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S 23322742SwollmanRule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 233319878SwollmanRule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 23342742SwollmanRule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 233519878SwollmanRule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S 23362742SwollmanRule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 233719878SwollmanRule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S 233819878SwollmanRule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S 233919878SwollmanRule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S 23402742SwollmanRule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 234119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S 23422742SwollmanRule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 234319878SwollmanRule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 23442742SwollmanRule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 234519878SwollmanRule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S 23462742SwollmanRule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 234719878SwollmanRule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S 23482742SwollmanRule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 - 234919878SwollmanRule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 23502742SwollmanRule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 - 235119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 23522742SwollmanRule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 235319878SwollmanRule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 235419878SwollmanRule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 23552742SwollmanRule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 - 235619878SwollmanRule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S 23572742SwollmanRule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 - 235819878SwollmanRule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S 235919878SwollmanRule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S 23602742SwollmanRule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 236119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S 23622742SwollmanRule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 2363169811SwollmanRule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 2364169811SwollmanRule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 2365169811SwollmanRule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 2366169811SwollmanRule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 2367169811SwollmanRule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 23682742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 23692742SwollmanZone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 237019878Swollman 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time? 237119878Swollman 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15 237219878Swollman 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time 2373169811Swollman 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007 237420094Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 23752742SwollmanLink Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. 23762742Swollman 23772742Swollman# Ukraine 2378114173Swollman# 2379114173Swollman# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice, 2380114173Swollman# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27): 2381114173Swollman# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment 2382114173Swollman# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says: 2383114173Swollman# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday 2384114173Swollman# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of 2385114173Swollman# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am" 2386114173Swollman 23872742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 238858787Sru# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev. 23892742SwollmanZone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 239058787Sru 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time 23912742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 239258787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20 239358787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6 239458787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 239558787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 239658787Sru 2:00 - EET 1992 239758787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 239820094Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 239958787Sru# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991. 240058787SruZone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct 240158787Sru 1:00 - CET 1940 240258787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 240358787Sru 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26 240458787Sru 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29 240558787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 240658787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 240758787Sru 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00 240858787Sru 2:00 - EET 1992 240958787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 241058787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 241158787Sru# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991. 241258787Sru# Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes. 241358787SruZone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880 241458787Sru 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T 241558787Sru 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 241658787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25 241758787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25 241858787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00 241958787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 242058787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 242158787Sru# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997. 24222742SwollmanZone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 242358787Sru 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T 24242742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 242558787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov 242658787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13 242758787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 242858787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 242958787Sru 2:00 - EET 1992 2430158421Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 243158787Sru# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched 243220094Swollman# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections. 2433158421Swollman# Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened 2434158421Swollman# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say 2435158421Swollman# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it 2436158421Swollman# changed in May. 243758787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May 243843014Swollman# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev. 243958787Sru 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s 244058787Sru 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s 244143014Swollman# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST. 244243014Swollman# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks. 244364499Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997 244464499Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u 244543014Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 24462742Swollman 24472742Swollman############################################################################### 24482742Swollman 24492742Swollman# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from 24502742Swollman# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986. 24512742Swollman# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else. 24522742Swollman# 24532742Swollman# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but 24542742Swollman# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules. 24552742Swollman# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at 24562742Swollman# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey 24572742Swollman# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time 24582742Swollman# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST) 24592742Swollman 24602742Swollman# ... 24612742Swollman# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100 2462149514Swollman# From: Tom Hofmann 24632742Swollman# ... 24642742Swollman# 24652742Swollman# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when 24662742Swollman# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only 24672742Swollman# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according 24682742Swollman# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on 24692742Swollman# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following 24702742Swollman# years... 24712742Swollman# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions 24722742Swollman# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST 24732742Swollman# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep 24742742Swollman# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now. 24752742Swollman# 24762742Swollman# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the 24772742Swollman# Soviet Union (as far as I know). 24782742Swollman# 24792742Swollman# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG, 24802742Swollman# 4002 Basle, Switzerland 2481149514Swollman# ... 24822742Swollman 24832742Swollman# ... 24842742Swollman# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100 2485149514Swollman# From: Dik T. Winter 24862742Swollman# ... 24872742Swollman# 24882742Swollman# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct. 24892742Swollman# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information 24902742Swollman# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969. 24912742Swollman# 24922742Swollman# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on 24932742Swollman# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September... 24942742Swollman# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that 24952742Swollman# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982 24962742Swollman# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in 24972742Swollman# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch 24982742Swollman# dates... 24992742Swollman# 25002742Swollman# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g. 25012742Swollman# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST... 25022742Swollman# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not 25032742Swollman# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations 25042742Swollman# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always 25052742Swollman# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the 25062742Swollman# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours 25072742Swollman# in advance of normal time. 25082742Swollman# 25092742Swollman# ... 25102742Swollman# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland 2511149514Swollman# ... 25122742Swollman 251319878Swollman# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): 25142742Swollman# ... 25152742Swollman# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates). 25162742Swollman# Since 1978. Change at midnight. 25172742Swollman# ... 25182742Swollman# Monaco: has same DST as France. 25192742Swollman# ... 2520