europe revision 149514
1149514Swollman# @(#)europe 7.95 264499Swollman 32742Swollman# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 42742Swollman# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 52742Swollman# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 62742Swollman 7149514Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29): 82742Swollman# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 958787Sru# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition), 1058787Sru# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999). 112742Swollman# 1286222Swollman# Gwillim Law writes that a good source 1320094Swollman# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport 1420094Swollman# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 1520094Swollman# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 1620094Swollman# of the IATA's data after 1990. 1720094Swollman# 1858787Sru# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991, 1958787Sru# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. 2020094Swollman# 2143543Swollman# Other sources occasionally used include: 222742Swollman# 2343543Swollman# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 2443543Swollman# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), 2543543Swollman# which I found in the UCLA library. 2643543Swollman# 27121098Swollman# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf"> 28121098Swollman# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition 29121098Swollman# </a> (1914-03) 30121098Swollman# 3143543Swollman# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH), 3243543Swollman# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm"> 3343543Swollman# History of Summer Time 3443543Swollman# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese) 3543543Swollman 3643543Swollman# 372742Swollman# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 382742Swollman# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 3919878Swollman# Corrections are welcome! 40114173Swollman# std dst 2dst 41114173Swollman# LMT Local Mean Time 42114173Swollman# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic 43114173Swollman# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland* 44114173Swollman# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland* 45114173Swollman# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer 46114173Swollman# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer 47114173Swollman# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe 48114173Swollman# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)* 49114173Swollman# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)* 50114173Swollman# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe 51114173Swollman# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)* 52114173Swollman# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe 53114173Swollman# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow 542742Swollman# 552742Swollman# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, 5658787Sru# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 572742Swollman 58149514Swollman# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), 5914343Swollman# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, 609908Swollman# Luxembourg, the Netherlands. 619908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. 629908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. 639908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. 649908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for 659908Swollman# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% 669908Swollman# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous 679908Swollman# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. 689908Swollman# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) 699908Swollman# ... 7014343Swollman# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. 7114343Swollman# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. 729908Swollman# ... 739908Swollman# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. 749908Swollman# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact 759908Swollman# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the 769908Swollman# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed 779908Swollman# in the Directive. 789908Swollman 7919878Swollman 802742Swollman############################################################################### 812742Swollman 8243014Swollman# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire) 832742Swollman 84149514Swollman# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06): 852742Swollman# 862742Swollman# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about 872742Swollman# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo 882742Swollman# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph 892742Swollman# of the text said: 902742Swollman# 912742Swollman# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands 9221217Swollman# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude 932742Swollman# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed 942742Swollman# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They 952742Swollman# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, 962742Swollman# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking 972742Swollman# along the towpath within a few yards of it.' 982742Swollman# 992742Swollman# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's 10021217Swollman# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should 1012742Swollman# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. 1022742Swollman# 1032742Swollman# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] 1042742Swollman 105149514Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18): 1062742Swollman# 1072742Swollman# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. 1082742Swollman# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, 1092742Swollman# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. 11058787Sru# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828) 11158787Sru# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903). 1122742Swollman# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway 1132742Swollman# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most 11458787Sru# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the 1152742Swollman# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be 11658787Sru# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it. 11758787Sru# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian, 11858787Sru# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many 1192742Swollman# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public 12058787Sru# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock 12158787Sru# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, 1222742Swollman# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal 1232742Swollman# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading 1242742Swollman# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. 1252742Swollman# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition 12658787Sru# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02. 1272742Swollman# 1282742Swollman# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single 12958787Sru# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much 13058787Sru# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time. 1312742Swollman 132136638Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27): 13317200Swollman# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915), 13443543Swollman# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society 13558787Sru# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907) 13617200Swollman# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, 13717200Swollman# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. 13817200Swollman# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, 13917200Swollman# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. 140121098Swollman# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and 141121098Swollman# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. 142121098Swollman# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18). 143121098Swollman# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in 144136638Swollman# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular 145121098Swollman# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith, 146121098Swollman# designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial, 147121098Swollman# which is permanently set to Summer Time. 14817200Swollman 149121098Swollman# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28): 150121098Swollman# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of 151121098Swollman# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country 152121098Swollman# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which 153121098Swollman# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the 154121098Swollman# foundations of civilization throughout the world. 155121098Swollman# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm"> 156121098Swollman# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly 157121098Swollman# </a> 158121098Swollman 15919878Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): 16019878Swollman# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving'' 16119878Swollman# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this 16219878Swollman# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the 16319878Swollman# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''. 16419878Swollman 16519878Swollman# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19): 1662742Swollman# 1672742Swollman# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's 1682742Swollman# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. 1692742Swollman 1702742Swollman# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) 171149514Swollman# From: Jonathan Leffler 1722742Swollman# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. 1732742Swollman# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in 1742742Swollman# politics making a fortune, not computing. 1752742Swollman 176149514Swollman# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14): 17743014Swollman# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the 17843014Swollman# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published 17943014Swollman# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and 18043014Swollman# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T." 18143014Swollman 18258787Sru# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02): 18358787Sru# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the 18458787Sru# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516) 18558787Sru# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945). 1862742Swollman 18775267Swollman# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03): 18867578Swollman# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir 18967578Swollman# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any 19067578Swollman# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't 19167578Swollman# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British 19267578Swollman# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally. 19375267Swollman# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png 19467578Swollman# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png 19558787Sru 19667578Swollman# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21): 19767578Swollman# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time 19867578Swollman# which is to be introduced in May.... 19967578Swollman# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time" 20067578Swollman# which could not be said to run counter to any official description. 20167578Swollman 20267578Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02): 20367578Swollman# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common 20467578Swollman# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first, 20567578Swollman# so we use `BDST'. 20667578Swollman 207149514Swollman# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length 20858787Sru# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom. 209149514Swollman# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating 21058787Sru# and extending this list, which can be found in 21158787Sru# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/"> 21258787Sru# History of legal time in Britain 21393799Swollman# </a> 21458787Sru 215149514Swollman# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06): 21643014Swollman# 21743014Swollman# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC; 21843014Swollman# see Lord Tanlaw's speech 21943014Swollman# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0"> 22043014Swollman# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976) 22143014Swollman# </a>. 2222742Swollman 22386222Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18): 2242742Swollman# 22558787Sru# For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948. 2262742Swollman# 22758787Sru# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect: 22830711Swollman# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until 2292742Swollman# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. 2302742Swollman# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. 2312742Swollman# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. 2322742Swollman# It actually just had one transition. 23330711Swollman# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II. 2342742Swollman# Actually, it conformed to Britain. 23517200Swollman# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. 23617200Swollman# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. 23717200Swollman# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). 2382742Swollman# 23975267Swollman# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks: 2402742Swollman# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT 24130711Swollman# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to 2422742Swollman# conform with Great Britain. 24358787Sru# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise. 24458787Sru# 24558787Sru# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful; 24658787Sru# we'll ignore it for now. 24717200Swollman# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. 2482742Swollman# 24917200Swollman# 2502742Swollman# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks. 25186222Swollman# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory 25286222Swollman# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was 25386222Swollman# to London. For example: 25486222Swollman# 25586222Swollman# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time." 25686222Swollman# -- James Joyce, Ulysses 2572742Swollman 258149514Swollman# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26): 259149514Swollman# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include 260149514Swollman# various relating to legal time, for example: 261149514Swollman# 262149514Swollman# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html 263149514Swollman# 264149514Swollman# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html 265149514Swollman# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html 266149514Swollman# 267149514Swollman# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html 268149514Swollman# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html 269149514Swollman# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html 270149514Swollman# 271149514Swollman# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html 272149514Swollman# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html 273149514Swollman# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html 274149514Swollman# 275149514Swollman# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is 276149514Swollman# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.] 277149514Swollman# 278149514Swollman# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these 279149514Swollman# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover 280149514Swollman# the laws applicable in Ireland.) 281149514Swollman# 282149514Swollman# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined 283149514Swollman# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it 284149514Swollman# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time 285149514Swollman# being GMT+1.) 286149514Swollman 28758787Sru# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28): 28858787Sru# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31) 28958787Sru# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time 29058787Sru# (CT), equivalent to French civil time. 29158787Sru# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that 29258787Sru# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door) 29358787Sru# and Frethun run in CT. 29458787Sru# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities, 29558787Sru# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities, 29658787Sru# and that the time depends on who you're talking to. 29758787Sru# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason, 29858787Sru# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST. 29958787Sru# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST. 30058787Sru 30117200Swollman# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): 30217200Swollman# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, 30317200Swollman# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC. 30417200Swollman# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate 30517200Swollman# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of 30617200Swollman# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is 30717200Swollman# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". 30817200Swollman 3092742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 31043014Swollman# Summer Time Act, 1916 3112742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST 3122742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT 31343014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358 3142742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST 3152742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT 31643014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274 3172742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST 3182742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT 31943014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297 3202742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST 3212742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT 32243014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 3232742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST 32443014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844 3252742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT 32643014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363 3272742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 3282742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT 32943014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 3302742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST 33158787SruRule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT 33243014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1922 3332742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 3342742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 33543014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3362742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 33743014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1925 3382742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 33943014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3402742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 34143014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3422742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 34343014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3442742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 34543014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3462742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 34743014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3482742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 34943014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379 35043014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 35143014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883 35243014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST 35343014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476 35419878SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 3552742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 35643014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506 35719878SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 35843014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932 3592742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST 36043014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 36143014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 36243014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 36343014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208 36443014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 36543014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 36643014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1947 3672742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST 36819878SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST 3692742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST 3702742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT 37143014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) 3722742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 37343014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT 37443014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) 3752742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 37643014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT 37743014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) 37843014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) 37943014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) 38043014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST 3812742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT 38243014Swollman# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925 38343014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 38443014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 38543014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3862742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 38743014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3882742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 38943014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 39043014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71) 39143014Swollman# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465) 39243014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81) 3932742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST 39443014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 39543014Swollman# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101) 39643014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201) 39743014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148) 3982742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST 39943014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117) 40017200SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST 40143014Swollman# The British Standard Time Act, 1968 40243014Swollman# (no summer time) 40343014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1972 4042742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 4052742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 40643014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089) 40743014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673) 40843014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223) 40943014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931) 4109908SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST 4119908SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT 41243014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985) 41343014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729) 41443014Swollman# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798) 4159908SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT 41643014Swollman# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982) 41717200Swollman# See EU for rules starting in 1996. 4182742Swollman 4192742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 42058787SruZone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 42117200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 42217200Swollman 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 4239908Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 42417200Swollman 0:00 EU GMT/BST 42586222SwollmanZone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 42686222Swollman -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 42743014Swollman -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s 42819878Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 42917200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 43017200Swollman 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 4312742Swollman 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 43217200Swollman 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 4332742Swollman 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 43417200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 43517200Swollman 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 43617200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 43717200Swollman 0:00 EU GMT/IST 4382742Swollman 4392742Swollman############################################################################### 4402742Swollman 4412742Swollman# Continental Europe 4422742Swollman 44317200Swollman# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, 44417200Swollman# Common Market, etc. 4459908Swollman 4469908Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 44719878SwollmanRule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S 44817200SwollmanRule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 44917200SwollmanRule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - 45017200SwollmanRule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 45119878SwollmanRule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S 45217200SwollmanRule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - 45375267Swollman# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See: 45475267Swollman# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html" 45575267Swollman# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 45675267Swollman# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements. 45775267Swollman# </a> 4589908Swollman 45917200Swollman# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. 46019878SwollmanRule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 4612742SwollmanRule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 4622742SwollmanRule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - 4639908SwollmanRule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 46419878SwollmanRule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 4659908SwollmanRule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 4662742Swollman 46719878Swollman# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. 46819878Swollman# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time. 46919878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 47019878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 47119878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 47219878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 47319878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S 47419878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 47519878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S 47619878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 47719878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 4782742Swollman# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 47919878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - 48019878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 48119878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 48219878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 48319878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 48419878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 48519878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 4862742Swollman 48720094Swollman# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time. 48820094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 48920094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 49020094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 49120094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 49220094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S 49320094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 49420094Swollman 4952742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 49620094SwollmanRule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time 49720094SwollmanRule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time 49820094SwollmanRule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time 49958787SruRule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST 50020094SwollmanRule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST 50120094SwollmanRule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S 50220094SwollmanRule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - 50320094SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 50443014SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 50520094SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S 50620094SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 50743014Swollman# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24): 50820094SwollmanRule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 50920094SwollmanRule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 51043014Swollman# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in 51143014Swollman# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14): 51220094SwollmanRule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 51320094SwollmanRule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 51443014Swollman# 51520094SwollmanRule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S 51620094SwollmanRule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 - 51720094SwollmanRule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 51820094SwollmanRule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 51920094SwollmanRule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 5202742Swollman 5212742Swollman# These are for backward compatibility with older versions. 5222742Swollman 5232742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 52419878SwollmanZone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT 52519878SwollmanZone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 52619878SwollmanZone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 52719878SwollmanZone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT 5282742Swollman 52919878Swollman# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST 53019878Swollman# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage. 5312742Swollman 532149514Swollman# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12): 53319878Swollman# The official German names ... are 53419878Swollman# 53519878Swollman# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00 53619878Swollman# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00 53719878Swollman# 53819878Swollman# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG), 53919878Swollman# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111).... 54019878Swollman# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution 54119878Swollman# 54219878Swollman# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) 54319878Swollman# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit" 54419878Swollman# Postfach 3345 54519878Swollman# D-38023 Braunschweig 54619878Swollman# phone: +49 531 592-0 54719878Swollman# 54819878Swollman# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB 54919878Swollman# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the 55019878Swollman# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as 55119878Swollman# 55219878Swollman# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00 55319878Swollman# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00 5542742Swollman 55519878Swollman 5562742Swollman# Albania 5572742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 55819878SwollmanRule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S 5592742SwollmanRule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 56019878SwollmanRule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S 5612742SwollmanRule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - 56219878SwollmanRule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 5632742SwollmanRule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 56419878SwollmanRule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 5652742SwollmanRule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 56619878SwollmanRule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 5672742SwollmanRule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 56819878SwollmanRule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S 5692742SwollmanRule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 57019878SwollmanRule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S 5712742SwollmanRule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 57219878SwollmanRule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S 5732742SwollmanRule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 57419878SwollmanRule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S 5752742SwollmanRule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 57619878SwollmanRule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S 5772742SwollmanRule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - 57819878SwollmanRule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 5792742SwollmanRule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 58019878SwollmanRule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 5812742SwollmanRule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 58219878SwollmanRule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 5832742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 5842742SwollmanZone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 58519878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 58630711Swollman 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul 58720094Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 5882742Swollman 5892742Swollman# Andorra 5902742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 5912742SwollmanZone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 5922742Swollman 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 59319878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 59419878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 5952742Swollman 5962742Swollman# Austria 597114173Swollman 598114173Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-28): Shanks gives 1918-06-16 and 599114173Swollman# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and 600114173Swollman# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged" 601114173Swollman# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition 602114173Swollman# Shanks gives 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV, and guess 02:00 603114173Swollman# for 1945-04-12. 604114173Swollman 6052742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 60619878SwollmanRule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S 6072742SwollmanRule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - 60819878SwollmanRule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 6092742SwollmanRule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 61019878SwollmanRule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 61119878SwollmanRule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 612114173SwollmanRule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S 613114173SwollmanRule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 6142742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 6152742SwollmanZone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr 616114173Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920 617114173Swollman 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s 618114173Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 619114173Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s 620114173Swollman 1:00 - CET 1946 62119878Swollman 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 62219878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 6232742Swollman 6242742Swollman# Belarus 6252742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 6262742SwollmanZone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 62743014Swollman 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time 6282742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 62943014Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28 63043014Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3 63158787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 63258787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 63319878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 63458787Sru 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s 63558787Sru 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s 63620094Swollman 2:00 Russia EE%sT 6372742Swollman 6382742Swollman# Belgium 63930711Swollman# 64030711Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02): 64130711Swollman# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from: 64230711Swollman# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique, 64330711Swollman# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991 64430711Swollman# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC), 64530711Swollman# pp 8-9. 64630711Swollman# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium: 64730711Swollman# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121. 648149514Swollman# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references. 64930711Swollman# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium. 65030711Swollman# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect. 65175267Swollman# 6522742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 65330711SwollmanRule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S 65430711SwollmanRule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 65519878SwollmanRule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 65630711SwollmanRule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 6572742SwollmanRule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 65830711SwollmanRule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 6592742SwollmanRule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 66019878SwollmanRule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 66130711SwollmanRule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 66219878SwollmanRule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S 66319878SwollmanRule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 66419878SwollmanRule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 66543543Swollman# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd 66643543Swollman# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier), 66743543Swollman# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15 66843543Swollman# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT. 66919878SwollmanRule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 67019878SwollmanRule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 67119878SwollmanRule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 67230711SwollmanRule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 67319878SwollmanRule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S 67419878SwollmanRule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S 67519878SwollmanRule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 67630711SwollmanRule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 67719878SwollmanRule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S 67819878SwollmanRule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 67919878SwollmanRule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 68019878SwollmanRule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 68119878SwollmanRule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S 68219878SwollmanRule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S 68319878SwollmanRule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S 6842742SwollmanRule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - 68530711SwollmanRule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S 68630711SwollmanRule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - 68719878SwollmanRule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 6882742SwollmanRule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 68919878SwollmanRule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S 6902742SwollmanRule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 6912742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 69230711SwollmanZone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880 69330711Swollman 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT 69430711Swollman 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8 69530711Swollman 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00 69630711Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u 69730711Swollman 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s 69830711Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3 69919878Swollman 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 70019878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 7012742Swollman 7022742Swollman# Bosnia and Herzegovina 703114173Swollman# see Serbia and Montenegro 7042742Swollman 7052742Swollman# Bulgaria 70658787Sru# 707149514Swollman# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 70858787Sru# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says: 70958787Sru# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ... 71058787Sru# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October 71158787Sru# 7122742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 71319878SwollmanRule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S 7142742SwollmanRule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 71519878SwollmanRule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S 7162742SwollmanRule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - 7172742SwollmanRule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - 7182742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 7192742SwollmanZone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 72019878Swollman 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? 7212742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 72219878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00 7232742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 72419878Swollman 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00 72520094Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 72658787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 72758787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 7282742Swollman 7292742Swollman# Croatia 730114173Swollman# see Serbia and Montenegro 7312742Swollman 732136638Swollman# Cyprus 733138323Swollman# Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia. 734136638Swollman 7352742Swollman# Czech Republic 7362742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 73719878SwollmanRule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 7382742SwollmanRule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 73919878SwollmanRule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S 7402742SwollmanRule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 74119878SwollmanRule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S 74219878SwollmanRule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 74319878SwollmanRule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S 7442742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 7452742SwollmanZone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 74619878Swollman 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 74719878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 74819878Swollman 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 74919878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 7502742Swollman 75143014Swollman# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland 752149514Swollman 753149514Swollman# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26): 754149514Swollman# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law 755149514Swollman# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01.... 756149514Swollman# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL 757149514Swollman# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29. 758149514Swollman# 759149514Swollman# The EU treaty with effect from 1973: 760149514Swollman# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL 761149514Swollman# 762149514Swollman# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes 763149514Swollman# in subsequenet decrees with the law 764149514Swollman# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL 765149514Swollman# 766149514Swollman# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have 767149514Swollman# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST 768149514Swollman# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to 769149514Swollman# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from 770149514Swollman# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know 771149514Swollman# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only 772149514Swollman# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981: 773149514Swollman# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning 774149514Swollman# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which 775149514Swollman# was suspended on that night): 776149514Swollman# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL 777149514Swollman 778149514Swollman# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11): 779149514Swollman# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between 780149514Swollman# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two. 781149514Swollman 782149514Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11): 783149514Swollman# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not 784149514Swollman# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980. 785149514Swollman 7862742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 78719878SwollmanRule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 7882742SwollmanRule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - 78919878SwollmanRule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 79019878SwollmanRule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 7912742SwollmanRule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - 79219878SwollmanRule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S 7932742SwollmanRule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - 79419878SwollmanRule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 7952742SwollmanRule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - 79619878SwollmanRule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S 7972742SwollmanRule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - 7982742Swollman# 7992742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 8002742SwollmanZone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 801149514Swollman 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT 80219878Swollman 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 80319878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 80419878Swollman 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 80519878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 8062742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 8079908Swollman 0:00 - WET 1981 80819878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 80920094Swollman# 810149514Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31): 811149514Swollman# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in 812149514Swollman# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones. 813149514Swollman# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard. 814149514Swollman# 81520094Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 81620094Swollman# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, 81720094Swollman# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU 81820094Swollman# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab 81920094Swollman# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU 82020094Swollman# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980. 82120094Swollman 82286222Swollman# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing 82386222Swollman# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15), 82486222Swollman# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen: 82520094Swollman# 82686222Swollman# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC 82786222Swollman# is according to the following time line: 82886222Swollman# 82986222Swollman# The military zone near Thule UTC-4 83086222Swollman# Standard Greenland time UTC-3 83186222Swollman# Scoresbysund UTC-1 83286222Swollman# Danmarkshavn UTC 83386222Swollman# 83486222Swollman# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be 83586222Swollman# introduced. 83686222Swollman 83793799Swollman# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01): 838114173Swollman# 83993799Swollman# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at 84093799Swollman# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have 84193799Swollman# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have 84293799Swollman# info from earlier correspondence.] 84393799Swollman# 84493799Swollman# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule 84593799Swollman# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight 84693799Swollman# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time.... 84793799Swollman# 84893799Swollman# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund 84993799Swollman# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst. 85093799Swollman# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the 85193799Swollman# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th 85293799Swollman# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in 85393799Swollman# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the 85493799Swollman# DPC research station at Zackenberg. 85593799Swollman# 85693799Swollman# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use 85793799Swollman# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab). 85893799Swollman# 85993799Swollman# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it 86093799Swollman# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time 86193799Swollman# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules. 86293799Swollman# 86393799Swollman# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and 86493799Swollman# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators 86593799Swollman# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of 86693799Swollman# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be 86793799Swollman# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this. 86893799Swollman 86993799Swollman# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19): 87093799Swollman# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place 87193799Swollman# there at 2:00 AM. 87293799Swollman 87393799Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2001-11-19): 87486222Swollman# The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab. 87586222Swollman# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996. 87693799Swollman# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error, 87793799Swollman# so go with Shanks for all Thule transitions. 87886222Swollman# 87920094Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 88093799SwollmanRule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 88193799SwollmanRule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S 88293799SwollmanRule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 88393799SwollmanRule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S 88420094Swollman# 88520094Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 88686222SwollmanZone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 88786222Swollman -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 88886222Swollman -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996 88986222Swollman 0:00 - GMT 89067578SwollmanZone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit 89119878Swollman -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 89219878Swollman -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29 89320094Swollman -1:00 EU EG%sT 89420094SwollmanZone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk 8952742Swollman -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 89620094Swollman -3:00 EU WG%sT 89767578SwollmanZone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base 89820094Swollman -4:00 Thule A%sT 8992742Swollman 9002742Swollman# Estonia 901149514Swollman# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15): 9029908Swollman# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards 9039908Swollman# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, 9049908Swollman# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... 90520094Swollman# 906149514Swollman# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28): 90720094Swollman# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s, 90820094Swollman# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:] 90920094Swollman# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different 91020094Swollman# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules 91120094Swollman# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia.... 91220094Swollman# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on 91320094Swollman# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to 91420094Swollman# summer time next spring.'' 91543543Swollman 916149514Swollman# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited: 91743543Swollman# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390"> 91843543Swollman# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law 91943543Swollman# </a> 92043543Swollman# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between 92143543Swollman# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120). 92243543Swollman# 92343543Swollman# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation 92443543Swollman# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg" 92543543Swollman# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time). 92643543Swollman 92758787Sru# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09) 92858787Sru# via Steffen Thorsen: 92958787Sru# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time, 93058787Sru# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6.... 93158787Sru# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European 93258787Sru# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory 93358787Sru# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do 93475267Swollman# after that. 93558787Sru 93658787Sru# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29): 93758787Sru# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation 93858787Sru# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all 93958787Sru# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01. 94058787Sru 94193799Swollman# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21): 94293799Swollman# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics. 94393799Swollman# Now we are using again EU rules. 94493799Swollman# 94593799Swollman# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28): 94693799Swollman# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21. 94793799Swollman 9482742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 9492742SwollmanZone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 95019878Swollman 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 95119878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 95219878Swollman 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May 9532742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 95420094Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 95519878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 95620094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 95719878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 95843543Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22 95958787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1 96093799Swollman 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21 96193799Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 9622742Swollman 9632742Swollman# Finland 9649908Swollman# 965149514Swollman# From Hannu Strang (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC): 9669908Swollman# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, 9679908Swollman# and it's supposed to change at 4am... 9689908Swollman# 969149514Swollman# From Paul Eggert (25 Sep 1994): 9709908Swollman# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981. 9719908Swollman# Go with Strang instead. 9729908Swollman# 9732742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 97419878SwollmanRule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 9752742SwollmanRule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 9762742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 9772742SwollmanZone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 97819878Swollman 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 97919878Swollman 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00 98019878Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 9812742Swollman 982136638Swollman# Aaland Is 983136638SwollmanLink Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn 984136638Swollman 985136638Swollman 9862742Swollman# France 98775267Swollman 98875267Swollman# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20): 98919878Swollman# 99075267Swollman# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions 99175267Swollman# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993 99275267Swollman# 99375267Swollman# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur, 99475267Swollman# Paris, 1991 99575267Swollman# 99675267Swollman# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie, 99775267Swollman# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987 99875267Swollman 99975267Swollman 100075267Swollman# 10012742Swollman# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman. 10022742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 100319878SwollmanRule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S 100443014SwollmanRule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 - 100519878SwollmanRule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S 100619878SwollmanRule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S 100719878SwollmanRule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 100819878SwollmanRule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 10092742SwollmanRule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 101019878SwollmanRule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 10112742SwollmanRule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 101219878SwollmanRule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 101343543Swollman# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st 101443543Swollman# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions 101543543Swollman# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks. 10162742SwollmanRule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 101719878SwollmanRule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S 101819878SwollmanRule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 101919878SwollmanRule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 102019878SwollmanRule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 102119878SwollmanRule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 102219878SwollmanRule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 102319878SwollmanRule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 102419878SwollmanRule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S 102519878SwollmanRule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 102619878SwollmanRule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 102719878SwollmanRule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 102819878SwollmanRule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 102919878SwollmanRule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 103019878SwollmanRule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 103119878SwollmanRule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 103219878SwollmanRule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 103319878SwollmanRule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 10342742SwollmanRule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 103519878SwollmanRule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 103675267Swollman# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes 103775267Swollman# that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations. 103875267Swollman# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez, 103975267Swollman# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La 104075267Swollman# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes, 104175267Swollman# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin, 104275267Swollman# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois, 104375267Swollman# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe). 104443014SwollmanRule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 104543014Swollman# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00, 1046149514Swollman# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12), 104743014Swollman# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes 104843014Swollman# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT. 104943014SwollmanRule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S 105043014SwollmanRule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M 105119878SwollmanRule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S 105243014SwollmanRule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M 105343014SwollmanRule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S 105443014SwollmanRule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M 105519878SwollmanRule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S 105643014SwollmanRule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M 10572742SwollmanRule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 105843014Swollman# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00; 105943014Swollman# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT. 106043014SwollmanRule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S 106143014SwollmanRule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 - 106214343Swollman# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05, 106314343Swollman# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. 106414343Swollman# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based 106514343Swollman# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. 10662742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 106743014SwollmanZone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 106875267Swollman 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT 106975267Swollman# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre. 107043014Swollman 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00 107175267Swollman# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation; 107275267Swollman# go with Shanks. 107319878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 107443014Swollman 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 107519878Swollman 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 107619878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 10772742Swollman 107819878Swollman# Germany 10798049Swollman 1080149514Swollman# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29): 108143014Swollman# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische 108243014Swollman# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916. 1083114173Swollman# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.] 108443014Swollman 1085114173Swollman# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23): 1086114173Swollman# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a 1087114173Swollman# href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/"> 1088114173Swollman# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>. 1089114173Swollman 1090114173Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08): 1091114173Swollman# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf"> 1092114173Swollman# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20. 1093114173Swollman# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so 1094114173Swollman# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4. 1095114173Swollman 1096114173Swollman 10972742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 109819878SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1099114173SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1100114173SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S 11012742SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 110219878SwollmanRule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 110343014SwollmanRule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 110443014SwollmanRule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 110519878SwollmanRule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 110643014SwollmanRule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M 110719878SwollmanRule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S 110819878SwollmanRule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 110919878SwollmanRule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 11102742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 11112742SwollmanZone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 111219878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 111319878Swollman 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 111419878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 11152742Swollman 1116138323Swollman# Georgia 1117138323Swollman# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi. 1118138323Swollman# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni) 1119138323Swollman# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part. 1120138323Swollman 11212742Swollman# Gibraltar 11222742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 11232742SwollmanZone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 11242742Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 112519878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1982 112619878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 11272742Swollman 11282742Swollman# Greece 11292742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 11302742Swollman# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks. 113119878SwollmanRule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S 11322742SwollmanRule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 11332742Swollman# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks. 113419878SwollmanRule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S 11352742Swollman# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks. 11362742SwollmanRule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 113719878SwollmanRule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 11382742SwollmanRule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 11392742Swollman# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks. 114019878SwollmanRule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 11412742SwollmanRule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - 114219878SwollmanRule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S 11432742SwollmanRule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - 114419878SwollmanRule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S 11452742SwollmanRule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - 114619878SwollmanRule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 11472742SwollmanRule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - 11482742SwollmanRule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - 114919878SwollmanRule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S 11502742SwollmanRule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - 115119878SwollmanRule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 11522742SwollmanRule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 11532742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 11542742SwollmanZone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 115519878Swollman 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 115619878Swollman 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 115719878Swollman 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 115819878Swollman 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 115919878Swollman # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981; 116021217Swollman # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 116119878Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 11622742Swollman 11632742Swollman# Hungary 11642742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 116519878SwollmanRule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S 116617200SwollmanRule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 - 116719878SwollmanRule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S 11682742SwollmanRule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - 116919878SwollmanRule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S 11702742SwollmanRule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - 117119878SwollmanRule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S 11722742SwollmanRule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - 117319878SwollmanRule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 11742742SwollmanRule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 117519878SwollmanRule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S 117619878SwollmanRule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S 11772742SwollmanRule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - 117819878SwollmanRule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S 11792742SwollmanRule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 118019878SwollmanRule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 11812742SwollmanRule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 118219878SwollmanRule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S 11832742SwollmanRule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 118419878SwollmanRule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S 11852742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 11862742SwollmanZone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 118719878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 118819878Swollman 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00 118919878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00 119019878Swollman 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 119119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 11922742Swollman 11932742Swollman# Iceland 11942742Swollman# 1195149514Swollman# From Adam David (1993-11-06): 11962742Swollman# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. 11972742Swollman# 119819878Swollman# (1993-12-05): 11992742Swollman# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of 12002742Swollman# Iceland Almanak. 12012742Swollman# 12022742Swollman# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour 12032742Swollman# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts 12042742Swollman# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which 12052742Swollman# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. 12062742Swollman# 12072742Swollman# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks 12082742Swollman# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the 12092742Swollman# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always 12102742Swollman# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. 12112742Swollman# 121219878Swollman# (1993-12-10): 12132742Swollman# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the 12142742Swollman# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus 12152742Swollman# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. 12162742Swollman# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day 12172742Swollman# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. 12182742Swollman# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" 12192742Swollman# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it 122019878Swollman# might mean something else (???). 12212742Swollman# 1222149514Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29): 12232742Swollman# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points. 12242742Swollman# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that 122558787Sru# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. 12262742Swollman# 12272742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 122819878SwollmanRule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S 122919878SwollmanRule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 - 123019878SwollmanRule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 - 123119878SwollmanRule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S 123219878SwollmanRule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 - 123319878SwollmanRule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 123419878SwollmanRule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 - 123519878SwollmanRule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S 123619878SwollmanRule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 - 123719878SwollmanRule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S 123819878SwollmanRule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 - 12392742Swollman# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter 124019878SwollmanRule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 124119878SwollmanRule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 12422742Swollman# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter 124319878SwollmanRule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 12442742Swollman# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week 124519878SwollmanRule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 - 124619878SwollmanRule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 124719878SwollmanRule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 - 12482742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 12492742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 125019878Swollman -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time? 125119878Swollman -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 12522742Swollman 0:00 - GMT 12532742Swollman 12542742Swollman# Italy 125519878Swollman# 125675267Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06): 125775267Swollman# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893, 125886222Swollman# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32). 125975267Swollman# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time. 126075267Swollman# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff, 126175267Swollman# so record only the time in Rome. 126275267Swollman# 126317200Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06): 126417200Swollman# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri 126575267Swollman# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html"> 126643014Swollman# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14) 126743014Swollman# </a> 126843014Swollman# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute 126943014Swollman# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: 127017200Swollman# 127117200Swollman# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with: 127217200Swollman# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W 127317200Swollman# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 127417200Swollman# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S 127517200Swollman# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W 127617200Swollman# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S 127717200Swollman# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W 127817200Swollman# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S 127917200Swollman# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 128017200Swollman# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S 128117200Swollman# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 128219878Swollman# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur) 128317200Swollman# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s 128417200Swollman# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s 128517200Swollman# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S 128617200Swollman# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S 128717200Swollman# 12882742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 128919878SwollmanRule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S 129017200SwollmanRule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 129119878SwollmanRule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S 12922742SwollmanRule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 129319878SwollmanRule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S 12942742SwollmanRule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 129519878SwollmanRule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S 129619878SwollmanRule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S 129717200SwollmanRule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - 129819878SwollmanRule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S 129917200SwollmanRule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - 130019878SwollmanRule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S 130117200SwollmanRule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - 130219878SwollmanRule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S 13032742SwollmanRule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - 130419878SwollmanRule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S 13052742SwollmanRule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - 130619878SwollmanRule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S 13072742SwollmanRule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - 130819878SwollmanRule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 13092742SwollmanRule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - 131019878SwollmanRule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 131119878SwollmanRule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S 13122742SwollmanRule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 131319878SwollmanRule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 13142742SwollmanRule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 13152742SwollmanRule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 131619878SwollmanRule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S 13172742SwollmanRule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 131819878SwollmanRule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S 131919878SwollmanRule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S 13202742SwollmanRule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 132119878SwollmanRule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S 132219878SwollmanRule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S 13232742SwollmanRule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 13242742SwollmanRule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 13252742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 13262742SwollmanZone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 132719878Swollman 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time 132819878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 132919878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 133019878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 133119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 13322742Swollman 13339908SwollmanLink Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican 13349908SwollmanLink Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino 13359908Swollman 13362742Swollman# Latvia 133743014Swollman 1338149514Swollman# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17): 133943014Swollman 134043014Swollman# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy 134143014Swollman# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the 134243014Swollman# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about 134343014Swollman# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981.... 134443014Swollman# 134543014Swollman# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ... 134643014Swollman# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24 134743014Swollman# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 134843014Swollman# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00) 134943014Swollman# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00). 135043014Swollman# 135143014Swollman# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ... 135243014Swollman# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13 135343014Swollman# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 135443014Swollman# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 135543014Swollman# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of 135643014Swollman# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day). 135743014Swollman# 135843014Swollman# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ... 135943014Swollman# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14 136043014Swollman# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, 136143014Swollman# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the 136243014Swollman# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia 136343014Swollman# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 136443014Swollman# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of 136543014Swollman# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00 136643014Swollman# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is 136743014Swollman# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock.... 136843014Swollman# 136943014Swollman# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of 137043014Swollman# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of 137143014Swollman# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union. 137243014Swollman 137358787Sru# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06): 137458787Sru# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in 137558787Sru# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm"> 137658787Sru# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of 137758787Sru# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only). 137858787Sru 137975267Swollman# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html"> 138075267Swollman# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow: 138175267Swollman# </a> 138275267Swollman# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will 138375267Swollman# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported. 138475267Swollman# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their 138575267Swollman# clocks one hour in the spring.... 138675267Swollman# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few 138775267Swollman# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European 138875267Swollman# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving 138975267Swollman# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government 139075267Swollman# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it 139175267Swollman# appears that they will not do so.... 139275267Swollman 139320094Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 139443014SwollmanRule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 139543014SwollmanRule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 13962742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 13972742SwollmanZone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 139819878Swollman 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time 139919878Swollman 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer 140019878Swollman 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 140119878Swollman 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 140219878Swollman 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11 14032742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 140420094Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 140543014Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13 140643014Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s 140743014Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s 140843014Swollman 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21 140958787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29 1410121098Swollman 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2 141175267Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 14122742Swollman 14132742Swollman# Liechtenstein 14142742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14152742SwollmanZone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 141619878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1981 141719878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 14182742Swollman 14192742Swollman# Lithuania 142058787Sru 142158787Sru# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 142258787Sru# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is 142358787Sru# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too. 142458787Sru 1425149514Swollman# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07): 142658787Sru# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone 142758787Sru# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed. 142858787Sru 142958787Sru# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29), 143058787Sru# via Steffen Thorsen: 143158787Sru# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours) 143258787Sru# to be valid here starting from October 31, 143358787Sru# as decided by the national government on Wednesday.... 143458787Sru# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a 143558787Sru# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was 143675267Swollman# already done by Estonia. 143758787Sru 143864499Swollman# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm"> 143964499Swollman# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism 144064499Swollman# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving. 144164499Swollman 1442114173Swollman# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07): 1443114173Swollman# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will 1444114173Swollman# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid 1445114173Swollman# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its 1446114173Swollman# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of 1447114173Swollman# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at 1448114173Swollman# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm 1449114173Swollman 1450114173Swollman 14512742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14522742SwollmanZone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 145319878Swollman 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 145419878Swollman 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 145519878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 14562742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 145719878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 145820094Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 145919878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 146020094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 146119878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 146243014Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 146343014Swollman 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u 146458787Sru 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u 1465114173Swollman 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1 1466114173Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 14672742Swollman 14682742Swollman# Luxembourg 14692742Swollman# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks. 14702742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 147119878SwollmanRule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 14722742SwollmanRule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 147319878SwollmanRule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S 14742742SwollmanRule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - 147519878SwollmanRule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 14762742SwollmanRule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 147719878SwollmanRule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S 14782742SwollmanRule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - 147919878SwollmanRule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 14802742SwollmanRule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - 148119878SwollmanRule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S 14822742SwollmanRule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - 148319878SwollmanRule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S 14842742SwollmanRule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 148519878SwollmanRule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S 14862742SwollmanRule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - 148719878SwollmanRule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S 14882742SwollmanRule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 148919878SwollmanRule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 149019878SwollmanRule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S 149119878SwollmanRule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S 149219878SwollmanRule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S 149319878SwollmanRule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S 14942742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14952742SwollmanZone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 149619878Swollman 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 149719878Swollman 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 149819878Swollman 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 149919878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 150019878Swollman 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 150119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 15022742Swollman 15032742Swollman# Macedonia 1504114173Swollman# see Serbia and Montenegro 15052742Swollman 15062742Swollman# Malta 15072742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 150819878SwollmanRule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S 15092742SwollmanRule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - 151019878SwollmanRule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S 15112742SwollmanRule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - 151219878SwollmanRule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S 15132742SwollmanRule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 151419878SwollmanRule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 15152742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 15162742SwollmanZone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta 151719878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 151819878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 151919878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 152019878Swollman 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 152119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 15222742Swollman 15232742Swollman# Moldova 152475267Swollman 152575267Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11): 152675267Swollman# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that 152775267Swollman# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00. 152875267Swollman# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence 152975267Swollman# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree). 153075267Swollman# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area 153175267Swollman# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time. 1532149514Swollman# But [two people] separately reported via 153375267Swollman# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau. 153475267Swollman# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now. 153575267Swollman 15362742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 153758787SruZone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880 153858787Sru 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT 153958787Sru 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 154058787Sru 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15 154158787Sru 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17 154258787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24 154358787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 154458787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6 154558787Sru 2:00 - EET 1991 154658787Sru 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 154758787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 154858787Sru# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules. 154958787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 15502742Swollman 15512742Swollman# Monaco 155214343Swollman# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21. 15532742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 15542742SwollmanZone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 155514343Swollman 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 155619878Swollman 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 155719878Swollman 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 155819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 15592742Swollman 15602742Swollman# Netherlands 156186222Swollman 156214343Swollman# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, 156314343Swollman# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. 156486222Swollman 156586222Swollman# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01): 156686222Swollman# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00 156786222Swollman# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including 156886222Swollman# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time 156986222Swollman# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the 157086222Swollman# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was 157186222Swollman# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law. 157286222Swollman# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and 157386222Swollman# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd"). 157486222Swollman# 157586222Swollman# (2001-04-08): 157686222Swollman# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to 157786222Swollman# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common 157886222Swollman# practice of following Amsterdam mean time. 157986222Swollman# 158086222Swollman# (2001-04-09): 158186222Swollman# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the 158286222Swollman# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe 158386222Swollman# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was 158486222Swollman# actually followed. 158586222Swollman# 158686222Swollman# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to 158786222Swollman# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of 158886222Swollman# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most 158986222Swollman# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically 159086222Swollman# adopted Amsterdam mean time. 159186222Swollman# 159286222Swollman# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety 159386222Swollman# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it 159486222Swollman# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe 159586222Swollman# Amsterdam mean time. 159686222Swollman 159786222Swollman# The data before 1945 are taken from 159875267Swollman# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>. 159986222Swollman 16002742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 160175267SwollmanRule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time 160275267SwollmanRule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time 16032742SwollmanRule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST 16042742SwollmanRule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT 16052742SwollmanRule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 160686222SwollmanRule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT 160775267SwollmanRule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 160819878SwollmanRule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT 160975267SwollmanRule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 161075267SwollmanRule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 161175267SwollmanRule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 161286222Swollman# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week 161386222Swollman# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend. 16142742SwollmanRule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 16152742SwollmanRule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 16162742SwollmanRule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 16172742SwollmanRule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 161819878SwollmanRule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 161919878SwollmanRule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 162019878SwollmanRule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S 162119878SwollmanRule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 162275267SwollmanRule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 162386222Swollman# 162486222Swollman# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted 162586222Swollman# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer. 16262742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 162786222SwollmanZone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835 162886222Swollman 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1 162986222Swollman 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time 163019878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 163119878Swollman 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 163219878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 16332742Swollman 16342742Swollman# Norway 1635149514Swollman# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks. 16362742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 163719878SwollmanRule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S 16382742SwollmanRule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 163919878SwollmanRule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 16402742SwollmanRule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 164119878SwollmanRule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 16422742SwollmanRule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 164319878SwollmanRule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S 16442742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 164586222SwollmanZone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1 164619878Swollman 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 164719878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 164819878Swollman 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 164919878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 165043014Swollman 165143014Swollman# Svalbard & Jan Mayen 165286222Swollman 165386222Swollman# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01): 165486222Swollman# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and 165586222Swollman# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the 165686222Swollman# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared 165786222Swollman# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan 165886222Swollman# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From 165986222Swollman# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and 166086222Swollman# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation 166186222Swollman# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came 166286222Swollman# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a 166386222Swollman# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From 166486222Swollman# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been 166586222Swollman# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100) 166686222Swollman# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by 166786222Swollman# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever 166886222Swollman# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since 166986222Swollman# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere 167086222Swollman# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive). 167186222Swollman 167286222Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01): 167386222Swollman# 167486222Swollman# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II, 1675138323Swollman# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was 167686222Swollman# keeping Berlin time. 167786222Swollman# 167886222Swollman# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists 167986222Swollman# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in 168086222Swollman# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite 168186222Swollman# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a 168286222Swollman# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly 168386222Swollman# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that 168486222Swollman# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules. 168586222Swollman# 168686222Swollman# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an 168786222Swollman# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says 168886222Swollman# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ 168986222Swollman# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were 169086222Swollman# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return, 169186222Swollman# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954) 1692149514Swollman# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html> 169386222Swollman# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named 169486222Swollman# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945. 169586222Swollman# 169686222Swollman# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can 169786222Swollman# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the 169886222Swollman# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now: 169919878SwollmanLink Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen 170086222SwollmanLink Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen 17012742Swollman 17022742Swollman# Poland 17032742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 17042742SwollmanRule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 170519878SwollmanRule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S 17062742Swollman# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks. 17072742SwollmanRule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - 17082742Swollman# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks. 170919878SwollmanRule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S 17102742SwollmanRule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 1711149514Swollman# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski, 1712149514Swollman# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U., 1713149514Swollman# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1> 1714149514Swollman# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference. 1715149514Swollman# He also gives these further references: 1716149514Swollman# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm> 1717149514Swollman# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf> 1718149514SwollmanRule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S 1719149514SwollmanRule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 1720149514SwollmanRule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 1721149514SwollmanRule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1722149514SwollmanRule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 1723149514SwollmanRule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 172419878SwollmanRule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S 17252742SwollmanRule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 172619878SwollmanRule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S 172719878SwollmanRule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S 17282742SwollmanRule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - 172919878SwollmanRule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S 1730149514SwollmanRule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 17312742SwollmanRule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 17322742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 17332742SwollmanZone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 173419878Swollman 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 173519878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 173619878Swollman 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 173719878Swollman 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 173819878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 1739149514Swollman 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 1740149514Swollman 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988 174158787Sru 1:00 EU CE%sT 17422742Swollman 17432742Swollman# Portugal 174420094Swollman# 1745149514Swollman# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12): 174620094Swollman# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone 174720094Swollman# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 174820094Swollman# 1749149514Swollman# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve 175020094Swollman# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. 175120094Swollman# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 175220094Swollman# 175320094Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12): 175420094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions 175520094Swollman# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos. 175620094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00. 175720094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00. 175820094Swollman# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal 175920094Swollman# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter. 176020094Swollman# 17612742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 176243543Swollman# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not 176343543Swollman# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules. 176443543Swollman# Go with Shanks. 176519878SwollmanRule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S 17662742Swollman# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks. 17672742SwollmanRule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 176819878SwollmanRule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 17692742SwollmanRule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 177019878SwollmanRule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 177119878SwollmanRule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 177219878SwollmanRule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S 177319878SwollmanRule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 177419878SwollmanRule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 17752742SwollmanRule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 177619878SwollmanRule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 17772742SwollmanRule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 177819878SwollmanRule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 177919878SwollmanRule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 178019878SwollmanRule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 178119878SwollmanRule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 17822742Swollman# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks. 17832742SwollmanRule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 178419878SwollmanRule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 17852742Swollman# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman. 178619878SwollmanRule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 17872742Swollman# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks. 17882742SwollmanRule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 17892742Swollman# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. 179019878SwollmanRule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 179119878SwollmanRule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 17922742Swollman# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks. 179319878SwollmanRule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 179419878SwollmanRule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 179519878SwollmanRule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 17962742Swollman# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 17972742SwollmanRule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 179819878SwollmanRule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S 17992742Swollman# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. 18002742SwollmanRule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - 180119878SwollmanRule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 180219878SwollmanRule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S 180343014SwollmanRule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 180419878SwollmanRule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S 18052742SwollmanRule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - 180643014SwollmanRule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M 180719878SwollmanRule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S 180843014SwollmanRule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M 180919878SwollmanRule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S 18102742SwollmanRule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 181119878SwollmanRule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 18122742SwollmanRule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 18132742Swollman# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. 18142742Swollman# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks. 181519878SwollmanRule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 18162742SwollmanRule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 181719878SwollmanRule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S 18182742SwollmanRule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - 181919878SwollmanRule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S 18202742SwollmanRule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 18212742SwollmanRule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 182219878SwollmanRule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 182319878SwollmanRule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 182419878SwollmanRule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 18252742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1826121098Swollman# Shanks says that the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24; 1827121098Swollman# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett. 18282742SwollmanZone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 1829121098Swollman -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time 183019878Swollman 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 183119878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 183219878Swollman 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 183320094Swollman 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 183419878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 183519878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 18362742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada 183786222Swollman -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time 183819878Swollman -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time 183919878Swollman -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 184020094Swollman -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 184120094Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u 184220094Swollman -1:00 EU AZO%sT 18432742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal 184486222Swollman -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time 184519878Swollman -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time 184619878Swollman 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 184719878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 18482742Swollman 18492742Swollman# Romania 185058787Sru# 185158787Sru# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07): 185258787Sru# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html"> 185358787Sru# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at 185458787Sru# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info, 185558787Sru# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997, 185658787Sru# the same year as Bulgaria. 185758787Sru# 18582742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 185919878SwollmanRule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S 18602742SwollmanRule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 186119878SwollmanRule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S 186219878SwollmanRule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S 18632742SwollmanRule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 186419878SwollmanRule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 18652742SwollmanRule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 186620094SwollmanRule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 186720094SwollmanRule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 18682742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 18692742SwollmanZone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 187019878Swollman 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 187119878Swollman 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 187220094Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 187320094Swollman 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994 187458787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 187558787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 18762742Swollman 18772742Swollman# Russia 187821217Swollman 1879149514Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1999-11-12): 188058787Sru# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations. 188120094Swollman# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, 188258787Sru# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow 188358787Sru# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s. 18842742Swollman# 1885149514Swollman# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29): 188686222Swollman# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! 188786222Swollman# I do not know why they have decided to make this change; 188886222Swollman# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching 188986222Swollman# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. 189086222Swollman# 1891149514Swollman# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04): 189220094Swollman# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with 1893136638Swollman# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... 189420094Swollman# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor 189520094Swollman# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there. 189620094Swollman# 1897149514Swollman# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30): 189820094Swollman# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from 189920094Swollman# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... 190020094Swollman# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. 190120094Swollman# 190275267Swollman# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from 190375267Swollman# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07): 190475267Swollman# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was 190575267Swollman# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with 190675267Swollman# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began 190775267Swollman# enforcing curfew at the wrong time. 190875267Swollman# 190986222Swollman# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05): 191086222Swollman# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in 191186222Swollman# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the 191286222Swollman# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan 191386222Swollman# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok 191486222Swollman# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are 191586222Swollman# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have 191686222Swollman# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan. 191786222Swollman# 19182742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 191986222Swollman# 192086222Swollman# Kaliningradskaya oblast'. 192186222SwollmanZone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 192220094Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 192358787Sru 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946 192420094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 192520094Swollman 2:00 Russia EE%sT 192686222Swollman# 192786222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 192886222Swollman# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast', 192986222Swollman# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast', 193086222Swollman# Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast', 193186222Swollman# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya, 193286222Swollman# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya, 193386222Swollman# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, 193486222Swollman# Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi, 193586222Swollman# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast', 193686222Swollman# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El, 193786222Swollman# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast', 193886222Swollman# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug, 193986222Swollman# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast', 194086222Swollman# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast', 194186222Swollman# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast', 194286222Swollman# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast', 194386222Swollman# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan, 194486222Swollman# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast', 194586222Swollman# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast', 194686222Swollman# Yaroslavskaya oblast' 19472742SwollmanZone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 194858787Sru 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time 194958787Sru 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 195020094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 19512742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 195220094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 195358787Sru 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 195420094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 195586222Swollman# 195686222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 195786222Swollman# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika 195858787SruZone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00 195958787Sru 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev 196058787Sru 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 196158787Sru 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 196258787Sru 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 196358787Sru 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00 196458787Sru 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time 196586222Swollman# 196686222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 196786222Swollman# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug, 196886222Swollman# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast', 196986222Swollman# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast', 197086222Swollman# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast', 197186222Swollman# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug. 197258787SruZone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00 197358787Sru 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time 197443766Sbde 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 197558787Sru 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 197643766Sbde 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time 197786222Swollman# 197886222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 197986222Swollman# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'. 198058787SruZone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14 198158787Sru 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme 198243766Sbde 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 198358787Sru 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 198443766Sbde 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 198586222Swollman# 198686222Swollman# Novosibirskaya oblast'. 198758787SruZone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00 198858787Sru 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time 198943766Sbde 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 199058787Sru 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 199158787Sru 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks 199243766Sbde 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 199386222Swollman# 199486222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 199586222Swollman# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj, 199686222Swollman# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast', 199786222Swollman# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug. 199858787SruZone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6 199958787Sru 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time 200043766Sbde 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 200158787Sru 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 200243766Sbde 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 200386222Swollman# 200486222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 200586222Swollman# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast', 200686222Swollman# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug. 20072742SwollmanZone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 200858787Sru 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time 200958787Sru 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time 201043766Sbde 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 201158787Sru 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 201243766Sbde 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 201386222Swollman# 2014136638Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 201586222Swollman# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast', 201686222Swollman# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'. 2017136638Swollman# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij, 2018136638Swollman# Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj, 2019136638Swollman# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij, 2020136638Swollman# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij, 2021136638Swollman# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij, 2022136638Swollman# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij. 202358787SruZone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 202458787Sru 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 202543766Sbde 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 202658787Sru 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 202743766Sbde 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 202886222Swollman# 2029136638Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 203086222Swollman# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj, 203186222Swollman# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 2032136638Swollman# The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij, 2033136638Swollman# Ust'-Yanskij. 203458787SruZone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15 203558787Sru 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time 203643766Sbde 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 203758787Sru 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 203843766Sbde 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 203986222Swollman# 204086222Swollman# Sakhalinskaya oblast'. 204186222Swollman# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long. 204286222SwollmanZone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23 204386222Swollman 9:00 - CJT 1938 204486222Swollman 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25 204586222Swollman 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T. 204686222Swollman 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 204786222Swollman 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s 204886222Swollman 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 204986222Swollman# 2050136638Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 205186222Swollman# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 2052136638Swollman# Probably also: Kuril Islands. 2053136638Swollman# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij, 2054136638Swollman# Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij. 20552742SwollmanZone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 205658787Sru 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time 205743766Sbde 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 205858787Sru 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 205943766Sbde 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 206086222Swollman# 206186222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 206286222Swollman# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug. 206386222Swollman# 206486222Swollman# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. 206558787SruZone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10 206658787Sru 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time 206743766Sbde 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 206858787Sru 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 206943766Sbde 12:00 Russia PET%sT 207086222Swollman# 207186222Swollman# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug 20722742SwollmanZone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 207358787Sru 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time 207458787Sru 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s 207558787Sru 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 207658787Sru 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 207758787Sru 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 20782742Swollman 2079114173Swollman# Serbia and Montenegro 2080114173Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2081114173SwollmanZone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 2082114173Swollman 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 2083114173Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 2084114173Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 2085149514Swollman# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of 2086114173Swollman# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time. 2087114173Swollman# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj. 2088114173Swollman 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 2089114173Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 2090114173SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia 2091114173SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina 2092114173SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia 2093114173SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia 2094114173Swollman 209514343Swollman# Slovakia 209614343SwollmanLink Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava 20979908Swollman 20982742Swollman# Slovenia 2099114173Swollman# see Serbia and Montenegro 21002742Swollman 21012742Swollman# Spain 21022742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 21032742Swollman# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks. 210419878SwollmanRule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S 21052742SwollmanRule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - 210619878SwollmanRule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 210719878SwollmanRule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 21082742Swollman# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks. 210919878SwollmanRule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 21102742Swollman# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks. 21112742SwollmanRule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 211219878SwollmanRule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 21132742Swollman# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks. 21142742SwollmanRule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 211519878SwollmanRule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 211619878SwollmanRule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 211719878SwollmanRule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 21182742Swollman# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks. 211919878SwollmanRule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S 21202742SwollmanRule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 212119878SwollmanRule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S 212219878SwollmanRule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 212319878SwollmanRule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S 21242742Swollman# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks. 212543014SwollmanRule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 212619878SwollmanRule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S 212743014SwollmanRule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M 212819878SwollmanRule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S 212919878SwollmanRule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S 213019878SwollmanRule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S 213114343SwollmanRule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 213219878SwollmanRule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 21332742SwollmanRule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - 213419878SwollmanRule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S 21352742SwollmanRule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 213619878SwollmanRule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S 21372742SwollmanRule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 213819878SwollmanRule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S 21392742SwollmanRule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 214019878Swollman# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978. 214119878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S 214219878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 214319878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S 214419878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 214519878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 214619878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - 214719878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 214819878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 214919878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 - 21502742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 21512742SwollmanZone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 215219878Swollman 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30 215319878Swollman 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 215419878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 215519878SwollmanZone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 215619878Swollman 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 215719878Swollman 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 215819878Swollman 0:00 - WET 1924 215919878Swollman 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 216019878Swollman 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 216119878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1986 216219878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 21632742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. 216419878Swollman -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time 21652742Swollman 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 216619878Swollman 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 216719878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 216820094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u. 216920094Swollman# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU. 21702742Swollman 217119878Swollman# Sweden 217286222Swollman 217386222Swollman# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks: 217486222Swollman# 217586222Swollman# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879: 217686222Swollman# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all 217786222Swollman# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at 217886222Swollman# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the 217986222Swollman# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31. 218086222Swollman# 218186222Swollman# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30" 218286222Swollman# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the 218386222Swollman# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT.... 218486222Swollman# 218586222Swollman# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk 218686222Swollman# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning 218786222Swollman# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at 218886222Swollman# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English 218986222Swollman# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west 219086222Swollman# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 219186222Swollman# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time 219286222Swollman# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT. 219386222Swollman# 219486222Swollman# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states 219586222Swollman# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is 219686222Swollman# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00.... 219786222Swollman# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later". 219886222Swollman# 219986222Swollman# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish 220086222Swollman# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are 220186222Swollman# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available 220286222Swollman# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type 220386222Swollman# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click 220486222Swollman# the Sok-button). 220586222Swollman# 220686222Swollman# (2001-05-13): 220786222Swollman# 220886222Swollman# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00 220986222Swollman# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show 221086222Swollman# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some 221186222Swollman# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already 221286222Swollman# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another 221386222Swollman# hour before the event took place. 221486222Swollman# 221586222Swollman# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left. 221686222Swollman 22172742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 221886222SwollmanZone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1 221986222Swollman 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time 222086222Swollman 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00 222186222Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00 222219878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1980 222319878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 22242742Swollman 22252742Swollman# Switzerland 222658787Sru# From Howse: 22272742Swollman# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace 22282742Swollman# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep 22292742Swollman# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... 22302742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 22312742Swollman# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''): 223219878SwollmanRule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S 22339908SwollmanRule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - 223458787Sru# From Shanks: 223519878SwollmanRule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 22369908SwollmanRule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 22372742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 22382742SwollmanZone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12 223919878Swollman 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 224019878Swollman 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 224119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 22422742Swollman 22432742Swollman# Turkey 22442742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 224519878SwollmanRule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 22462742SwollmanRule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 224719878SwollmanRule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S 22482742SwollmanRule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - 224919878SwollmanRule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 22502742SwollmanRule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 225119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S 22522742SwollmanRule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 22532742Swollman# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks. 225419878SwollmanRule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S 22552742SwollmanRule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 225619878SwollmanRule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 225719878SwollmanRule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S 22582742SwollmanRule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 - 225919878SwollmanRule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S 22602742SwollmanRule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - 226119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 22622742Swollman# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 22632742SwollmanRule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 226419878SwollmanRule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S 22652742SwollmanRule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 226619878SwollmanRule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 22672742SwollmanRule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 226819878SwollmanRule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S 22692742SwollmanRule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 227019878SwollmanRule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S 227119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S 227219878SwollmanRule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S 22732742SwollmanRule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 227419878SwollmanRule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S 22752742SwollmanRule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 227619878SwollmanRule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 22772742SwollmanRule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 227819878SwollmanRule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S 22792742SwollmanRule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 228019878SwollmanRule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S 22812742SwollmanRule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 - 228219878SwollmanRule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 22832742SwollmanRule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 - 228419878SwollmanRule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 22852742SwollmanRule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 228619878SwollmanRule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 228719878SwollmanRule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 22882742SwollmanRule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 - 228919878SwollmanRule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S 22902742SwollmanRule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 - 229119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S 229219878SwollmanRule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S 22932742SwollmanRule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 229419878SwollmanRule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S 22952742SwollmanRule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 22962742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 22972742SwollmanZone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 229819878Swollman 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time? 229919878Swollman 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15 230019878Swollman 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time 230119878Swollman 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986 230220094Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 230320094Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 23042742SwollmanLink Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. 23052742Swollman 23062742Swollman# Ukraine 2307114173Swollman# 2308114173Swollman# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice, 2309114173Swollman# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27): 2310114173Swollman# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment 2311114173Swollman# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says: 2312114173Swollman# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday 2313114173Swollman# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of 2314114173Swollman# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am" 2315114173Swollman 23162742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 231758787Sru# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev. 23182742SwollmanZone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 231958787Sru 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time 23202742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 232158787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20 232258787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6 232358787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 232458787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 232558787Sru 2:00 - EET 1992 232658787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 232720094Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 232858787Sru# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991. 232958787SruZone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct 233058787Sru 1:00 - CET 1940 233158787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 233258787Sru 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26 233358787Sru 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29 233458787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 233558787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 233658787Sru 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00 233758787Sru 2:00 - EET 1992 233858787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 233958787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 234058787Sru# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991. 234158787Sru# Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes. 234258787SruZone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880 234358787Sru 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T 234458787Sru 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 234558787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25 234658787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25 234758787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00 234858787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 234958787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 235058787Sru# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997. 23512742SwollmanZone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 235258787Sru 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T 23532742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 235458787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov 235558787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13 235658787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 235758787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 235858787Sru 2:00 - EET 1992 2359149514Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1999-11-12): 236058787Sru# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched 236120094Swollman# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections. 236258787Sru# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened 236358787Sru# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May. 236458787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May 236543014Swollman# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev. 236658787Sru 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s 236758787Sru 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s 236843014Swollman# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST. 236943014Swollman# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks. 237064499Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997 237164499Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u 237243014Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 23732742Swollman 23742742Swollman############################################################################### 23752742Swollman 23762742Swollman# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from 23772742Swollman# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986. 23782742Swollman# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else. 23792742Swollman# 23802742Swollman# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but 23812742Swollman# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules. 23822742Swollman# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at 23832742Swollman# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey 23842742Swollman# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time 23852742Swollman# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST) 23862742Swollman 23872742Swollman# ... 23882742Swollman# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100 2389149514Swollman# From: Tom Hofmann 23902742Swollman# ... 23912742Swollman# 23922742Swollman# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when 23932742Swollman# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only 23942742Swollman# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according 23952742Swollman# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on 23962742Swollman# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following 23972742Swollman# years... 23982742Swollman# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions 23992742Swollman# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST 24002742Swollman# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep 24012742Swollman# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now. 24022742Swollman# 24032742Swollman# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the 24042742Swollman# Soviet Union (as far as I know). 24052742Swollman# 24062742Swollman# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG, 24072742Swollman# 4002 Basle, Switzerland 2408149514Swollman# ... 24092742Swollman 24102742Swollman# ... 24112742Swollman# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100 2412149514Swollman# From: Dik T. Winter 24132742Swollman# ... 24142742Swollman# 24152742Swollman# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct. 24162742Swollman# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information 24172742Swollman# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969. 24182742Swollman# 24192742Swollman# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on 24202742Swollman# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September... 24212742Swollman# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that 24222742Swollman# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982 24232742Swollman# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in 24242742Swollman# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch 24252742Swollman# dates... 24262742Swollman# 24272742Swollman# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g. 24282742Swollman# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST... 24292742Swollman# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not 24302742Swollman# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations 24312742Swollman# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always 24322742Swollman# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the 24332742Swollman# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours 24342742Swollman# in advance of normal time. 24352742Swollman# 24362742Swollman# ... 24372742Swollman# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland 2438149514Swollman# ... 24392742Swollman 244019878Swollman# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): 24412742Swollman# ... 24422742Swollman# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates). 24432742Swollman# Since 1978. Change at midnight. 24442742Swollman# ... 24452742Swollman# Monaco: has same DST as France. 24462742Swollman# ... 2447