europe revision 136638
1136638Swollman# @(#)europe 7.88 264499Swollman 32742Swollman# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 42742Swollman# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 52742Swollman# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 62742Swollman 758787Sru# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29): 82742Swollman# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 958787Sru# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition), 1058787Sru# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999). 112742Swollman# 1286222Swollman# Gwillim Law writes that a good source 1320094Swollman# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport 1420094Swollman# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 1520094Swollman# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 1620094Swollman# of the IATA's data after 1990. 1720094Swollman# 1858787Sru# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991, 1958787Sru# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. 2020094Swollman# 2143543Swollman# Other sources occasionally used include: 222742Swollman# 2343543Swollman# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 2443543Swollman# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), 2543543Swollman# which I found in the UCLA library. 2643543Swollman# 27121098Swollman# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf"> 28121098Swollman# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition 29121098Swollman# </a> (1914-03) 30121098Swollman# 3143543Swollman# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH), 3243543Swollman# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm"> 3343543Swollman# History of Summer Time 3443543Swollman# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese) 3543543Swollman 3643543Swollman# 372742Swollman# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 382742Swollman# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 3919878Swollman# Corrections are welcome! 40114173Swollman# std dst 2dst 41114173Swollman# LMT Local Mean Time 42114173Swollman# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic 43114173Swollman# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland* 44114173Swollman# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland* 45114173Swollman# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer 46114173Swollman# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer 47114173Swollman# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe 48114173Swollman# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)* 49114173Swollman# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)* 50114173Swollman# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe 51114173Swollman# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)* 52114173Swollman# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe 53114173Swollman# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow 542742Swollman# 552742Swollman# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, 5658787Sru# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 572742Swollman 5819878Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04), 5914343Swollman# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, 609908Swollman# Luxembourg, the Netherlands. 619908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. 629908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. 639908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. 649908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for 659908Swollman# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% 669908Swollman# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous 679908Swollman# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. 689908Swollman# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) 699908Swollman# ... 7014343Swollman# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. 7114343Swollman# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. 729908Swollman# ... 739908Swollman# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. 749908Swollman# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact 759908Swollman# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the 769908Swollman# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed 779908Swollman# in the Directive. 789908Swollman 7919878Swollman 802742Swollman############################################################################### 812742Swollman 8243014Swollman# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire) 832742Swollman 8419878Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06): 852742Swollman# 862742Swollman# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about 872742Swollman# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo 882742Swollman# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph 892742Swollman# of the text said: 902742Swollman# 912742Swollman# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands 9221217Swollman# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude 932742Swollman# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed 942742Swollman# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They 952742Swollman# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, 962742Swollman# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking 972742Swollman# along the towpath within a few yards of it.' 982742Swollman# 992742Swollman# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's 10021217Swollman# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should 1012742Swollman# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. 1022742Swollman# 1032742Swollman# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] 1042742Swollman 10519878Swollman# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18): 1062742Swollman# 1072742Swollman# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. 1082742Swollman# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, 1092742Swollman# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. 11058787Sru# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828) 11158787Sru# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903). 1122742Swollman# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway 1132742Swollman# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most 11458787Sru# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the 1152742Swollman# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be 11658787Sru# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it. 11758787Sru# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian, 11858787Sru# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many 1192742Swollman# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public 12058787Sru# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock 12158787Sru# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, 1222742Swollman# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal 1232742Swollman# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading 1242742Swollman# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. 1252742Swollman# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition 12658787Sru# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02. 1272742Swollman# 1282742Swollman# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single 12958787Sru# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much 13058787Sru# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time. 1312742Swollman 132136638Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27): 13317200Swollman# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915), 13443543Swollman# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society 13558787Sru# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907) 13617200Swollman# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, 13717200Swollman# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. 13817200Swollman# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, 13917200Swollman# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. 140121098Swollman# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and 141121098Swollman# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. 142121098Swollman# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18). 143121098Swollman# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in 144136638Swollman# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular 145121098Swollman# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith, 146121098Swollman# designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial, 147121098Swollman# which is permanently set to Summer Time. 14817200Swollman 149121098Swollman# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28): 150121098Swollman# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of 151121098Swollman# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country 152121098Swollman# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which 153121098Swollman# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the 154121098Swollman# foundations of civilization throughout the world. 155121098Swollman# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm"> 156121098Swollman# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly 157121098Swollman# </a> 158121098Swollman 15919878Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): 16019878Swollman# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving'' 16119878Swollman# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this 16219878Swollman# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the 16319878Swollman# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''. 16419878Swollman 16519878Swollman# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19): 1662742Swollman# 1672742Swollman# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's 1682742Swollman# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. 1692742Swollman 1702742Swollman# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) 1712742Swollman# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john> 1722742Swollman# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. 1732742Swollman# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in 1742742Swollman# politics making a fortune, not computing. 1752742Swollman 17643014Swollman# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14): 17743014Swollman# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the 17843014Swollman# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published 17943014Swollman# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and 18043014Swollman# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T." 18143014Swollman 18258787Sru# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02): 18358787Sru# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the 18458787Sru# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516) 18558787Sru# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945). 1862742Swollman 18775267Swollman# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03): 18867578Swollman# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir 18967578Swollman# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any 19067578Swollman# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't 19167578Swollman# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British 19267578Swollman# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally. 19375267Swollman# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png 19467578Swollman# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png 19558787Sru 19667578Swollman# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21): 19767578Swollman# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time 19867578Swollman# which is to be introduced in May.... 19967578Swollman# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time" 20067578Swollman# which could not be said to run counter to any official description. 20167578Swollman 20267578Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02): 20367578Swollman# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common 20467578Swollman# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first, 20567578Swollman# so we use `BDST'. 20667578Swollman 20758787Sru# Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length 20858787Sru# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom. 20958787Sru# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating 21058787Sru# and extending this list, which can be found in 21158787Sru# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/"> 21258787Sru# History of legal time in Britain 21393799Swollman# </a> 21458787Sru 21558787Sru# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06): 21643014Swollman# 21743014Swollman# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC; 21843014Swollman# see Lord Tanlaw's speech 21943014Swollman# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0"> 22043014Swollman# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976) 22143014Swollman# </a>. 2222742Swollman 22386222Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18): 2242742Swollman# 22558787Sru# For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948. 2262742Swollman# 22758787Sru# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect: 22830711Swollman# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until 2292742Swollman# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. 2302742Swollman# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. 2312742Swollman# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. 2322742Swollman# It actually just had one transition. 23330711Swollman# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II. 2342742Swollman# Actually, it conformed to Britain. 23517200Swollman# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. 23617200Swollman# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. 23717200Swollman# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). 2382742Swollman# 23975267Swollman# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks: 2402742Swollman# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT 24130711Swollman# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to 2422742Swollman# conform with Great Britain. 24358787Sru# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise. 24458787Sru# 24558787Sru# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful; 24658787Sru# we'll ignore it for now. 24717200Swollman# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. 2482742Swollman# 24917200Swollman# 2502742Swollman# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks. 25186222Swollman# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory 25286222Swollman# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was 25386222Swollman# to London. For example: 25486222Swollman# 25586222Swollman# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time." 25686222Swollman# -- James Joyce, Ulysses 2572742Swollman 25858787Sru# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28): 25958787Sru# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31) 26058787Sru# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time 26158787Sru# (CT), equivalent to French civil time. 26258787Sru# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that 26358787Sru# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door) 26458787Sru# and Frethun run in CT. 26558787Sru# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities, 26658787Sru# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities, 26758787Sru# and that the time depends on who you're talking to. 26858787Sru# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason, 26958787Sru# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST. 27058787Sru# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST. 27158787Sru 27217200Swollman# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): 27317200Swollman# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, 27417200Swollman# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC. 27517200Swollman# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate 27617200Swollman# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of 27717200Swollman# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is 27817200Swollman# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". 27917200Swollman 2802742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 28143014Swollman# Summer Time Act, 1916 2822742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST 2832742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT 28443014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358 2852742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST 2862742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT 28743014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274 2882742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST 2892742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT 29043014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297 2912742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST 2922742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT 29343014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 2942742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST 29543014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844 2962742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT 29743014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363 2982742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 2992742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT 30043014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 3012742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST 30258787SruRule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT 30343014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1922 3042742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 3052742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 30643014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3072742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 30843014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1925 3092742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 31043014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3112742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 31243014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3132742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 31443014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3152742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 31643014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3172742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 31843014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3192742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 32043014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379 32143014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 32243014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883 32343014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST 32443014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476 32519878SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 3262742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 32743014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506 32819878SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 32943014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932 3302742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST 33143014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 33243014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 33343014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 33443014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208 33543014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 33643014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 33743014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1947 3382742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST 33919878SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST 3402742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST 3412742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT 34243014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) 3432742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 34443014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT 34543014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) 3462742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 34743014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT 34843014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) 34943014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) 35043014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) 35143014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST 3522742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT 35343014Swollman# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925 35443014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 35543014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 35643014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3572742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 35843014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3592742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 36043014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 36143014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71) 36243014Swollman# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465) 36343014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81) 3642742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST 36543014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 36643014Swollman# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101) 36743014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201) 36843014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148) 3692742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST 37043014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117) 37117200SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST 37243014Swollman# The British Standard Time Act, 1968 37343014Swollman# (no summer time) 37443014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1972 3752742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 3762742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 37743014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089) 37843014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673) 37943014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223) 38043014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931) 3819908SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST 3829908SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT 38343014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985) 38443014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729) 38543014Swollman# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798) 3869908SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT 38743014Swollman# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982) 38817200Swollman# See EU for rules starting in 1996. 3892742Swollman 3902742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 39158787SruZone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 39217200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 39317200Swollman 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 3949908Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 39517200Swollman 0:00 EU GMT/BST 3962742SwollmanZone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 39786222Swollman -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin/Dunsink MT 39843014Swollman -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time 39917200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 40017200Swollman 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 4019908Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 40217200Swollman 0:00 EU GMT/BST 40386222SwollmanZone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 40486222Swollman -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 40543014Swollman -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s 40619878Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 40717200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 40817200Swollman 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 4092742Swollman 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 41017200Swollman 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 4112742Swollman 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 41217200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 41317200Swollman 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 41417200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 41517200Swollman 0:00 EU GMT/IST 4162742Swollman 4172742Swollman############################################################################### 4182742Swollman 4192742Swollman# Continental Europe 4202742Swollman 42117200Swollman# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, 42217200Swollman# Common Market, etc. 4239908Swollman 4249908Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 42519878SwollmanRule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S 42617200SwollmanRule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 42717200SwollmanRule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - 42817200SwollmanRule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 42919878SwollmanRule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S 43017200SwollmanRule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - 43175267Swollman# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See: 43275267Swollman# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html" 43375267Swollman# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 43475267Swollman# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements. 43575267Swollman# </a> 4369908Swollman 43717200Swollman# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. 43819878SwollmanRule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 4392742SwollmanRule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 4402742SwollmanRule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - 4419908SwollmanRule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 44219878SwollmanRule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 4439908SwollmanRule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 4442742Swollman 44519878Swollman# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. 44619878Swollman# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time. 44719878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 44819878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 44919878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 45019878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 45119878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S 45219878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 45319878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S 45419878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 45519878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 4562742Swollman# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 45719878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - 45819878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 45919878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 46019878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 46119878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 46219878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 46319878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 4642742Swollman 46520094Swollman# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time. 46620094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 46720094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 46820094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 46920094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 47020094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S 47120094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 47220094Swollman 4732742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 47420094SwollmanRule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time 47520094SwollmanRule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time 47620094SwollmanRule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time 47758787SruRule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST 47820094SwollmanRule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST 47920094SwollmanRule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S 48020094SwollmanRule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - 48120094SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 48243014SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 48320094SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S 48420094SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 48543014Swollman# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24): 48620094SwollmanRule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 48720094SwollmanRule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 48843014Swollman# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in 48943014Swollman# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14): 49020094SwollmanRule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 49120094SwollmanRule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 49243014Swollman# 49320094SwollmanRule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S 49420094SwollmanRule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 - 49520094SwollmanRule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 49620094SwollmanRule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 49720094SwollmanRule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 4982742Swollman 4992742Swollman# These are for backward compatibility with older versions. 5002742Swollman 5012742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 50219878SwollmanZone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT 50319878SwollmanZone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 50419878SwollmanZone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 50519878SwollmanZone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT 5062742Swollman 50719878Swollman# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST 50819878Swollman# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage. 5092742Swollman 51019878Swollman# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12): 51119878Swollman# The official German names ... are 51219878Swollman# 51319878Swollman# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00 51419878Swollman# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00 51519878Swollman# 51619878Swollman# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG), 51719878Swollman# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111).... 51819878Swollman# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution 51919878Swollman# 52019878Swollman# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) 52119878Swollman# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit" 52219878Swollman# Postfach 3345 52319878Swollman# D-38023 Braunschweig 52419878Swollman# phone: +49 531 592-0 52519878Swollman# 52619878Swollman# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB 52719878Swollman# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the 52819878Swollman# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as 52919878Swollman# 53019878Swollman# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00 53119878Swollman# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00 5322742Swollman 53319878Swollman 5342742Swollman# Albania 5352742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 53619878SwollmanRule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S 5372742SwollmanRule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 53819878SwollmanRule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S 5392742SwollmanRule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - 54019878SwollmanRule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 5412742SwollmanRule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 54219878SwollmanRule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 5432742SwollmanRule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 54419878SwollmanRule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 5452742SwollmanRule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 54619878SwollmanRule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S 5472742SwollmanRule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 54819878SwollmanRule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S 5492742SwollmanRule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 55019878SwollmanRule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S 5512742SwollmanRule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 55219878SwollmanRule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S 5532742SwollmanRule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 55419878SwollmanRule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S 5552742SwollmanRule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - 55619878SwollmanRule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 5572742SwollmanRule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 55819878SwollmanRule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 5592742SwollmanRule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 56019878SwollmanRule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 5612742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 5622742SwollmanZone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 56319878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 56430711Swollman 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul 56520094Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 5662742Swollman 5672742Swollman# Andorra 5682742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 5692742SwollmanZone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 5702742Swollman 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 57119878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 57219878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 5732742Swollman 5742742Swollman# Austria 575114173Swollman 576114173Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-28): Shanks gives 1918-06-16 and 577114173Swollman# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and 578114173Swollman# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged" 579114173Swollman# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition 580114173Swollman# Shanks gives 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV, and guess 02:00 581114173Swollman# for 1945-04-12. 582114173Swollman 5832742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 58419878SwollmanRule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S 5852742SwollmanRule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - 58619878SwollmanRule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 5872742SwollmanRule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 58819878SwollmanRule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 58919878SwollmanRule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 590114173SwollmanRule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S 591114173SwollmanRule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 5922742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 5932742SwollmanZone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr 594114173Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920 595114173Swollman 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s 596114173Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 597114173Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s 598114173Swollman 1:00 - CET 1946 59919878Swollman 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 60019878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 6012742Swollman 6022742Swollman# Belarus 6032742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 6042742SwollmanZone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 60543014Swollman 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time 6062742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 60743014Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28 60843014Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3 60958787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 61058787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 61119878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 61258787Sru 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s 61358787Sru 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s 61420094Swollman 2:00 Russia EE%sT 6152742Swollman 6162742Swollman# Belgium 61730711Swollman# 61830711Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02): 61930711Swollman# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from: 62030711Swollman# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique, 62130711Swollman# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991 62230711Swollman# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC), 62330711Swollman# pp 8-9. 62430711Swollman# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium: 62530711Swollman# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121. 62630711Swollman# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references. 62730711Swollman# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium. 62830711Swollman# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect. 62975267Swollman# 6302742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 63130711SwollmanRule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S 63230711SwollmanRule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 63319878SwollmanRule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 63430711SwollmanRule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 6352742SwollmanRule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 63630711SwollmanRule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 6372742SwollmanRule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 63819878SwollmanRule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 63930711SwollmanRule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 64019878SwollmanRule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S 64119878SwollmanRule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 64219878SwollmanRule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 64343543Swollman# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd 64443543Swollman# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier), 64543543Swollman# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15 64643543Swollman# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT. 64719878SwollmanRule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 64819878SwollmanRule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 64919878SwollmanRule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 65030711SwollmanRule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 65119878SwollmanRule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S 65219878SwollmanRule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S 65319878SwollmanRule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 65430711SwollmanRule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 65519878SwollmanRule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S 65619878SwollmanRule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 65719878SwollmanRule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 65819878SwollmanRule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 65919878SwollmanRule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S 66019878SwollmanRule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S 66119878SwollmanRule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S 6622742SwollmanRule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - 66330711SwollmanRule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S 66430711SwollmanRule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - 66519878SwollmanRule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 6662742SwollmanRule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 66719878SwollmanRule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S 6682742SwollmanRule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 6692742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 67030711SwollmanZone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880 67130711Swollman 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT 67230711Swollman 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8 67330711Swollman 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00 67430711Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u 67530711Swollman 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s 67630711Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3 67719878Swollman 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 67819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 6792742Swollman 6802742Swollman# Bosnia and Herzegovina 681114173Swollman# see Serbia and Montenegro 6822742Swollman 6832742Swollman# Bulgaria 68458787Sru# 68558787Sru# From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 68658787Sru# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says: 68758787Sru# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ... 68858787Sru# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October 68958787Sru# 6902742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 69119878SwollmanRule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S 6922742SwollmanRule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 69319878SwollmanRule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S 6942742SwollmanRule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - 6952742SwollmanRule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - 6962742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 6972742SwollmanZone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 69819878Swollman 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? 6992742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 70019878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00 7012742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 70219878Swollman 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00 70320094Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 70458787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 70558787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 7062742Swollman 7072742Swollman# Croatia 708114173Swollman# see Serbia and Montenegro 7092742Swollman 710136638Swollman# Cyprus 711136638Swollman# See the `asia' file. 712136638Swollman 7132742Swollman# Czech Republic 7142742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 71519878SwollmanRule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 7162742SwollmanRule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 71719878SwollmanRule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S 7182742SwollmanRule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 71919878SwollmanRule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S 72019878SwollmanRule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 72119878SwollmanRule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S 7222742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 7232742SwollmanZone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 72419878Swollman 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 72519878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 72619878Swollman 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 72719878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 7282742Swollman 72943014Swollman# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland 7302742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 73119878SwollmanRule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 7322742SwollmanRule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - 73319878SwollmanRule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 73419878SwollmanRule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 7352742SwollmanRule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - 73619878SwollmanRule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S 7372742SwollmanRule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - 73819878SwollmanRule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 7392742SwollmanRule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - 74019878SwollmanRule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S 7412742SwollmanRule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - 7422742Swollman# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways 7432742Swollman# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks. 7442742Swollman# 7452742Swollman# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman. 7462742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 7472742SwollmanZone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 74819878Swollman 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time 74919878Swollman 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 75019878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 75119878Swollman 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 75219878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 7532742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 7549908Swollman 0:00 - WET 1981 75519878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 75620094Swollman# 75720094Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 75820094Swollman# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, 75920094Swollman# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU 76020094Swollman# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab 76120094Swollman# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU 76220094Swollman# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980. 76320094Swollman 76486222Swollman# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing 76586222Swollman# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15), 76686222Swollman# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen: 76720094Swollman# 76886222Swollman# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC 76986222Swollman# is according to the following time line: 77086222Swollman# 77186222Swollman# The military zone near Thule UTC-4 77286222Swollman# Standard Greenland time UTC-3 77386222Swollman# Scoresbysund UTC-1 77486222Swollman# Danmarkshavn UTC 77586222Swollman# 77686222Swollman# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be 77786222Swollman# introduced. 77886222Swollman 77993799Swollman# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01): 780114173Swollman# 78193799Swollman# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at 78293799Swollman# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have 78393799Swollman# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have 78493799Swollman# info from earlier correspondence.] 78593799Swollman# 78693799Swollman# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule 78793799Swollman# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight 78893799Swollman# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time.... 78993799Swollman# 79093799Swollman# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund 79193799Swollman# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst. 79293799Swollman# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the 79393799Swollman# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th 79493799Swollman# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in 79593799Swollman# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the 79693799Swollman# DPC research station at Zackenberg. 79793799Swollman# 79893799Swollman# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use 79993799Swollman# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab). 80093799Swollman# 80193799Swollman# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it 80293799Swollman# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time 80393799Swollman# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules. 80493799Swollman# 80593799Swollman# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and 80693799Swollman# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators 80793799Swollman# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of 80893799Swollman# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be 80993799Swollman# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this. 81093799Swollman 81193799Swollman# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19): 81293799Swollman# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place 81393799Swollman# there at 2:00 AM. 81493799Swollman 81593799Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2001-11-19): 81686222Swollman# The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab. 81786222Swollman# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996. 81893799Swollman# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error, 81993799Swollman# so go with Shanks for all Thule transitions. 82086222Swollman# 82120094Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 82293799SwollmanRule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 82393799SwollmanRule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S 82493799SwollmanRule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 82593799SwollmanRule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S 82620094Swollman# 82720094Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 82886222SwollmanZone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 82986222Swollman -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 83086222Swollman -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996 83186222Swollman 0:00 - GMT 83267578SwollmanZone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit 83319878Swollman -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 83419878Swollman -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29 83520094Swollman -1:00 EU EG%sT 83620094SwollmanZone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk 8372742Swollman -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 83820094Swollman -3:00 EU WG%sT 83967578SwollmanZone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base 84020094Swollman -4:00 Thule A%sT 8412742Swollman 8422742Swollman# Estonia 8439908Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15): 8449908Swollman# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards 8459908Swollman# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, 8469908Swollman# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... 84720094Swollman# 84820094Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28): 84920094Swollman# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s, 85020094Swollman# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:] 85120094Swollman# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different 85220094Swollman# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules 85320094Swollman# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia.... 85420094Swollman# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on 85520094Swollman# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to 85620094Swollman# summer time next spring.'' 85743543Swollman 85843543Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited: 85943543Swollman# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390"> 86043543Swollman# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law 86143543Swollman# </a> 86243543Swollman# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between 86343543Swollman# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120). 86443543Swollman# 86543543Swollman# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation 86643543Swollman# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg" 86743543Swollman# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time). 86843543Swollman 86958787Sru# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09) 87058787Sru# via Steffen Thorsen: 87158787Sru# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time, 87258787Sru# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6.... 87358787Sru# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European 87458787Sru# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory 87558787Sru# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do 87675267Swollman# after that. 87758787Sru 87858787Sru# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29): 87958787Sru# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation 88058787Sru# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all 88158787Sru# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01. 88258787Sru 88393799Swollman# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21): 88493799Swollman# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics. 88593799Swollman# Now we are using again EU rules. 88693799Swollman# 88793799Swollman# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28): 88893799Swollman# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21. 88993799Swollman 8902742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 8912742SwollmanZone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 89219878Swollman 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 89319878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 89419878Swollman 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May 8952742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 89620094Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 89719878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 89820094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 89919878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 90043543Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22 90158787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1 90293799Swollman 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21 90393799Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 9042742Swollman 9052742Swollman# Finland 9069908Swollman# 9079908Swollman# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC): 9089908Swollman# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, 9099908Swollman# and it's supposed to change at 4am... 9109908Swollman# 9119908Swollman# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994): 9129908Swollman# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981. 9139908Swollman# Go with Strang instead. 9149908Swollman# 9152742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 91619878SwollmanRule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 9172742SwollmanRule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 9182742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 9192742SwollmanZone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 92019878Swollman 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 92119878Swollman 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00 92219878Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 9232742Swollman 924136638Swollman# Aaland Is 925136638SwollmanLink Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn 926136638Swollman 927136638Swollman 9282742Swollman# France 92975267Swollman 93075267Swollman# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20): 93119878Swollman# 93275267Swollman# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions 93375267Swollman# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993 93475267Swollman# 93575267Swollman# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur, 93675267Swollman# Paris, 1991 93775267Swollman# 93875267Swollman# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie, 93975267Swollman# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987 94075267Swollman 94175267Swollman 94275267Swollman# 9432742Swollman# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman. 9442742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 94519878SwollmanRule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S 94643014SwollmanRule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 - 94719878SwollmanRule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S 94819878SwollmanRule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S 94919878SwollmanRule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 95019878SwollmanRule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 9512742SwollmanRule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 95219878SwollmanRule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 9532742SwollmanRule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 95419878SwollmanRule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 95543543Swollman# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st 95643543Swollman# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions 95743543Swollman# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks. 9582742SwollmanRule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 95919878SwollmanRule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S 96019878SwollmanRule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 96119878SwollmanRule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 96219878SwollmanRule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 96319878SwollmanRule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 96419878SwollmanRule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 96519878SwollmanRule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 96619878SwollmanRule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S 96719878SwollmanRule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 96819878SwollmanRule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 96919878SwollmanRule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 97019878SwollmanRule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 97119878SwollmanRule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 97219878SwollmanRule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 97319878SwollmanRule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 97419878SwollmanRule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 97519878SwollmanRule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 9762742SwollmanRule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 97719878SwollmanRule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 97875267Swollman# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes 97975267Swollman# that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations. 98075267Swollman# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez, 98175267Swollman# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La 98275267Swollman# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes, 98375267Swollman# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin, 98475267Swollman# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois, 98575267Swollman# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe). 98643014SwollmanRule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 98743014Swollman# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00, 98843014Swollman# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12), 98943014Swollman# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes 99043014Swollman# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT. 99143014SwollmanRule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S 99243014SwollmanRule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M 99319878SwollmanRule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S 99443014SwollmanRule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M 99543014SwollmanRule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S 99643014SwollmanRule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M 99719878SwollmanRule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S 99843014SwollmanRule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M 9992742SwollmanRule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 100043014Swollman# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00; 100143014Swollman# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT. 100243014SwollmanRule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S 100343014SwollmanRule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 - 100414343Swollman# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05, 100514343Swollman# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. 100614343Swollman# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based 100714343Swollman# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. 10082742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 100943014SwollmanZone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 101075267Swollman 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT 101175267Swollman# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre. 101243014Swollman 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00 101375267Swollman# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation; 101475267Swollman# go with Shanks. 101519878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 101643014Swollman 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 101719878Swollman 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 101819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 10192742Swollman 102019878Swollman# Germany 10218049Swollman 102243014Swollman# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29): 102343014Swollman# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische 102443014Swollman# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916. 1025114173Swollman# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.] 102643014Swollman 1027114173Swollman# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23): 1028114173Swollman# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a 1029114173Swollman# href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/"> 1030114173Swollman# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>. 1031114173Swollman 1032114173Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08): 1033114173Swollman# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf"> 1034114173Swollman# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20. 1035114173Swollman# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so 1036114173Swollman# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4. 1037114173Swollman 1038114173Swollman 10392742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 104019878SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1041114173SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1042114173SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S 10432742SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 104419878SwollmanRule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 104543014SwollmanRule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 104643014SwollmanRule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 104719878SwollmanRule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 104843014SwollmanRule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M 104919878SwollmanRule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S 105019878SwollmanRule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 105119878SwollmanRule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 10522742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 10532742SwollmanZone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 105419878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 105519878Swollman 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 105619878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 10572742Swollman 10582742Swollman# Gibraltar 10592742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 10602742SwollmanZone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 10612742Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 106219878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1982 106319878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 10642742Swollman 10652742Swollman# Greece 10662742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 10672742Swollman# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks. 106819878SwollmanRule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S 10692742SwollmanRule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 10702742Swollman# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks. 107119878SwollmanRule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S 10722742Swollman# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks. 10732742SwollmanRule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 107419878SwollmanRule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 10752742SwollmanRule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 10762742Swollman# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks. 107719878SwollmanRule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 10782742SwollmanRule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - 107919878SwollmanRule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S 10802742SwollmanRule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - 108119878SwollmanRule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S 10822742SwollmanRule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - 108319878SwollmanRule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 10842742SwollmanRule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - 10852742SwollmanRule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - 108619878SwollmanRule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S 10872742SwollmanRule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - 108819878SwollmanRule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 10892742SwollmanRule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 10902742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 10912742SwollmanZone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 109219878Swollman 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 109319878Swollman 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 109419878Swollman 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 109519878Swollman 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 109619878Swollman # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981; 109721217Swollman # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 109819878Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 10992742Swollman 11002742Swollman# Hungary 11012742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 110219878SwollmanRule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S 110317200SwollmanRule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 - 110419878SwollmanRule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S 11052742SwollmanRule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - 110619878SwollmanRule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S 11072742SwollmanRule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - 110819878SwollmanRule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S 11092742SwollmanRule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - 111019878SwollmanRule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 11112742SwollmanRule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 111219878SwollmanRule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S 111319878SwollmanRule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S 11142742SwollmanRule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - 111519878SwollmanRule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S 11162742SwollmanRule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 111719878SwollmanRule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 11182742SwollmanRule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 111919878SwollmanRule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S 11202742SwollmanRule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 112119878SwollmanRule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S 11222742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 11232742SwollmanZone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 112419878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 112519878Swollman 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00 112619878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00 112719878Swollman 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 112819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 11292742Swollman 11302742Swollman# Iceland 11312742Swollman# 113219878Swollman# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06): 11332742Swollman# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. 11342742Swollman# 113519878Swollman# (1993-12-05): 11362742Swollman# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of 11372742Swollman# Iceland Almanak. 11382742Swollman# 11392742Swollman# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour 11402742Swollman# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts 11412742Swollman# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which 11422742Swollman# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. 11432742Swollman# 11442742Swollman# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks 11452742Swollman# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the 11462742Swollman# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always 11472742Swollman# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. 11482742Swollman# 114919878Swollman# (1993-12-10): 11502742Swollman# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the 11512742Swollman# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus 11522742Swollman# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. 11532742Swollman# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day 11542742Swollman# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. 11552742Swollman# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" 11562742Swollman# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it 115719878Swollman# might mean something else (???). 11582742Swollman# 115958787Sru# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29): 11602742Swollman# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points. 11612742Swollman# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that 116258787Sru# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. 11632742Swollman# 11642742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 116519878SwollmanRule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S 116619878SwollmanRule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 - 116719878SwollmanRule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 - 116819878SwollmanRule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S 116919878SwollmanRule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 - 117019878SwollmanRule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 117119878SwollmanRule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 - 117219878SwollmanRule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S 117319878SwollmanRule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 - 117419878SwollmanRule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S 117519878SwollmanRule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 - 11762742Swollman# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter 117719878SwollmanRule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 117819878SwollmanRule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 11792742Swollman# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter 118019878SwollmanRule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 11812742Swollman# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week 118219878SwollmanRule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 - 118319878SwollmanRule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 118419878SwollmanRule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 - 11852742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 11862742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 118719878Swollman -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time? 118819878Swollman -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 11892742Swollman 0:00 - GMT 11902742Swollman 11912742Swollman# Italy 119219878Swollman# 119375267Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06): 119475267Swollman# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893, 119586222Swollman# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32). 119675267Swollman# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time. 119775267Swollman# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff, 119875267Swollman# so record only the time in Rome. 119975267Swollman# 120017200Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06): 120117200Swollman# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri 120275267Swollman# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html"> 120343014Swollman# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14) 120443014Swollman# </a> 120543014Swollman# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute 120643014Swollman# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: 120717200Swollman# 120817200Swollman# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with: 120917200Swollman# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W 121017200Swollman# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 121117200Swollman# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S 121217200Swollman# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W 121317200Swollman# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S 121417200Swollman# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W 121517200Swollman# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S 121617200Swollman# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 121717200Swollman# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S 121817200Swollman# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 121919878Swollman# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur) 122017200Swollman# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s 122117200Swollman# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s 122217200Swollman# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S 122317200Swollman# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S 122417200Swollman# 12252742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 122619878SwollmanRule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S 122717200SwollmanRule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 122819878SwollmanRule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S 12292742SwollmanRule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 123019878SwollmanRule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S 12312742SwollmanRule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 123219878SwollmanRule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S 123319878SwollmanRule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S 123417200SwollmanRule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - 123519878SwollmanRule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S 123617200SwollmanRule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - 123719878SwollmanRule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S 123817200SwollmanRule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - 123919878SwollmanRule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S 12402742SwollmanRule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - 124119878SwollmanRule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S 12422742SwollmanRule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - 124319878SwollmanRule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S 12442742SwollmanRule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - 124519878SwollmanRule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 12462742SwollmanRule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - 124719878SwollmanRule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 124819878SwollmanRule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S 12492742SwollmanRule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 125019878SwollmanRule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 12512742SwollmanRule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 12522742SwollmanRule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 125319878SwollmanRule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S 12542742SwollmanRule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 125519878SwollmanRule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S 125619878SwollmanRule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S 12572742SwollmanRule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 125819878SwollmanRule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S 125919878SwollmanRule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S 12602742SwollmanRule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 12612742SwollmanRule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 12622742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 12632742SwollmanZone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 126419878Swollman 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time 126519878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 126619878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 126719878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 126819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 12692742Swollman 12709908SwollmanLink Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican 12719908SwollmanLink Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino 12729908Swollman 12732742Swollman# Latvia 127443014Swollman 127543014Swollman# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17): 127643014Swollman 127743014Swollman# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy 127843014Swollman# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the 127943014Swollman# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about 128043014Swollman# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981.... 128143014Swollman# 128243014Swollman# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ... 128343014Swollman# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24 128443014Swollman# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 128543014Swollman# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00) 128643014Swollman# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00). 128743014Swollman# 128843014Swollman# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ... 128943014Swollman# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13 129043014Swollman# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 129143014Swollman# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 129243014Swollman# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of 129343014Swollman# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day). 129443014Swollman# 129543014Swollman# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ... 129643014Swollman# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14 129743014Swollman# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, 129843014Swollman# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the 129943014Swollman# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia 130043014Swollman# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 130143014Swollman# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of 130243014Swollman# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00 130343014Swollman# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is 130443014Swollman# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock.... 130543014Swollman# 130643014Swollman# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of 130743014Swollman# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of 130843014Swollman# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union. 130943014Swollman 131058787Sru# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06): 131158787Sru# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in 131258787Sru# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm"> 131358787Sru# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of 131458787Sru# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only). 131558787Sru 131675267Swollman# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html"> 131775267Swollman# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow: 131875267Swollman# </a> 131975267Swollman# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will 132075267Swollman# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported. 132175267Swollman# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their 132275267Swollman# clocks one hour in the spring.... 132375267Swollman# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few 132475267Swollman# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European 132575267Swollman# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving 132675267Swollman# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government 132775267Swollman# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it 132875267Swollman# appears that they will not do so.... 132975267Swollman 133020094Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 133143014SwollmanRule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 133243014SwollmanRule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 13332742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 13342742SwollmanZone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 133519878Swollman 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time 133619878Swollman 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer 133719878Swollman 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 133819878Swollman 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 133919878Swollman 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11 13402742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 134120094Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 134243014Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13 134343014Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s 134443014Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s 134543014Swollman 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21 134658787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29 1347121098Swollman 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2 134875267Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 13492742Swollman 13502742Swollman# Liechtenstein 13512742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 13522742SwollmanZone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 135319878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1981 135419878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 13552742Swollman 13562742Swollman# Lithuania 135758787Sru 135858787Sru# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 135958787Sru# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is 136058787Sru# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too. 136158787Sru 136258787Sru# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07): 136358787Sru# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone 136458787Sru# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed. 136558787Sru 136658787Sru# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29), 136758787Sru# via Steffen Thorsen: 136858787Sru# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours) 136958787Sru# to be valid here starting from October 31, 137058787Sru# as decided by the national government on Wednesday.... 137158787Sru# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a 137258787Sru# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was 137375267Swollman# already done by Estonia. 137458787Sru 137564499Swollman# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm"> 137664499Swollman# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism 137764499Swollman# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving. 137864499Swollman 1379114173Swollman# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07): 1380114173Swollman# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will 1381114173Swollman# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid 1382114173Swollman# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its 1383114173Swollman# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of 1384114173Swollman# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at 1385114173Swollman# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm 1386114173Swollman 1387114173Swollman 13882742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 13892742SwollmanZone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 139019878Swollman 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 139119878Swollman 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 139219878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 13932742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 139419878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 139520094Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 139619878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 139720094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 139819878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 139943014Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 140043014Swollman 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u 140158787Sru 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u 1402114173Swollman 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1 1403114173Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 14042742Swollman 14052742Swollman# Luxembourg 14062742Swollman# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks. 14072742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 140819878SwollmanRule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 14092742SwollmanRule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 141019878SwollmanRule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S 14112742SwollmanRule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - 141219878SwollmanRule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 14132742SwollmanRule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 141419878SwollmanRule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S 14152742SwollmanRule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - 141619878SwollmanRule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 14172742SwollmanRule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - 141819878SwollmanRule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S 14192742SwollmanRule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - 142019878SwollmanRule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S 14212742SwollmanRule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 142219878SwollmanRule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S 14232742SwollmanRule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - 142419878SwollmanRule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S 14252742SwollmanRule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 142619878SwollmanRule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 142719878SwollmanRule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S 142819878SwollmanRule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S 142919878SwollmanRule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S 143019878SwollmanRule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S 14312742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14322742SwollmanZone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 143319878Swollman 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 143419878Swollman 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 143519878Swollman 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 143619878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 143719878Swollman 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 143819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 14392742Swollman 14402742Swollman# Macedonia 1441114173Swollman# see Serbia and Montenegro 14422742Swollman 14432742Swollman# Malta 14442742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 144519878SwollmanRule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S 14462742SwollmanRule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - 144719878SwollmanRule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S 14482742SwollmanRule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - 144919878SwollmanRule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S 14502742SwollmanRule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 145119878SwollmanRule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 14522742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14532742SwollmanZone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta 145419878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 145519878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 145619878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 145719878Swollman 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 145819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 14592742Swollman 14602742Swollman# Moldova 146175267Swollman 146275267Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11): 146375267Swollman# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that 146475267Swollman# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00. 146575267Swollman# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence 146675267Swollman# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree). 146775267Swollman# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area 146875267Swollman# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time. 146975267Swollman# But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via 147075267Swollman# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau. 147175267Swollman# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now. 147275267Swollman 14732742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 147458787SruZone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880 147558787Sru 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT 147658787Sru 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 147758787Sru 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15 147858787Sru 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17 147958787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24 148058787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 148158787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6 148258787Sru 2:00 - EET 1991 148358787Sru 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 148458787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 148558787Sru# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules. 148658787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 14872742Swollman 14882742Swollman# Monaco 148914343Swollman# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21. 14902742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14912742SwollmanZone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 149214343Swollman 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 149319878Swollman 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 149419878Swollman 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 149519878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 14962742Swollman 14972742Swollman# Netherlands 149886222Swollman 149914343Swollman# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, 150014343Swollman# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. 150186222Swollman 150286222Swollman# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01): 150386222Swollman# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00 150486222Swollman# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including 150586222Swollman# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time 150686222Swollman# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the 150786222Swollman# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was 150886222Swollman# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law. 150986222Swollman# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and 151086222Swollman# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd"). 151186222Swollman# 151286222Swollman# (2001-04-08): 151386222Swollman# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to 151486222Swollman# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common 151586222Swollman# practice of following Amsterdam mean time. 151686222Swollman# 151786222Swollman# (2001-04-09): 151886222Swollman# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the 151986222Swollman# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe 152086222Swollman# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was 152186222Swollman# actually followed. 152286222Swollman# 152386222Swollman# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to 152486222Swollman# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of 152586222Swollman# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most 152686222Swollman# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically 152786222Swollman# adopted Amsterdam mean time. 152886222Swollman# 152986222Swollman# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety 153086222Swollman# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it 153186222Swollman# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe 153286222Swollman# Amsterdam mean time. 153386222Swollman 153486222Swollman# The data before 1945 are taken from 153575267Swollman# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>. 153686222Swollman 15372742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 153875267SwollmanRule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time 153975267SwollmanRule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time 15402742SwollmanRule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST 15412742SwollmanRule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT 15422742SwollmanRule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 154386222SwollmanRule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT 154475267SwollmanRule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 154519878SwollmanRule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT 154675267SwollmanRule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 154775267SwollmanRule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 154875267SwollmanRule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 154986222Swollman# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week 155086222Swollman# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend. 15512742SwollmanRule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 15522742SwollmanRule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 15532742SwollmanRule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 15542742SwollmanRule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 155519878SwollmanRule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 155619878SwollmanRule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 155719878SwollmanRule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S 155819878SwollmanRule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 155975267SwollmanRule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 156086222Swollman# 156186222Swollman# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted 156286222Swollman# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer. 15632742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 156486222SwollmanZone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835 156586222Swollman 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1 156686222Swollman 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time 156719878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 156819878Swollman 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 156919878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 15702742Swollman 15712742Swollman# Norway 15722742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 15732742Swollman# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks. 157419878SwollmanRule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S 15752742SwollmanRule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 157643543Swollman# Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04, 157743543Swollman# 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks. 157819878SwollmanRule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 15792742SwollmanRule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 158019878SwollmanRule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 15812742SwollmanRule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 158219878SwollmanRule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S 15832742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 158486222SwollmanZone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1 158519878Swollman 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 158619878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 158719878Swollman 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 158819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 158943014Swollman 159043014Swollman# Svalbard & Jan Mayen 159186222Swollman 159286222Swollman# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01): 159386222Swollman# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and 159486222Swollman# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the 159586222Swollman# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared 159686222Swollman# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan 159786222Swollman# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From 159886222Swollman# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and 159986222Swollman# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation 160086222Swollman# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came 160186222Swollman# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a 160286222Swollman# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From 160386222Swollman# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been 160486222Swollman# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100) 160586222Swollman# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by 160686222Swollman# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever 160786222Swollman# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since 160886222Swollman# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere 160986222Swollman# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive). 161086222Swollman 161186222Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01): 161286222Swollman# 161386222Swollman# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II, 161486222Swollman# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Olso was 161586222Swollman# keeping Berlin time. 161686222Swollman# 161786222Swollman# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists 161886222Swollman# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in 161986222Swollman# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite 162086222Swollman# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a 162186222Swollman# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly 162286222Swollman# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that 162386222Swollman# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules. 162486222Swollman# 162586222Swollman# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an 162686222Swollman# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says 162786222Swollman# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ 162886222Swollman# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were 162986222Swollman# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return, 163086222Swollman# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954) 163186222Swollman# <http://www.utpress.utoronto.ca/publishing/rights/dege_warnorthof80.htm> 163286222Swollman# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named 163386222Swollman# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945. 163486222Swollman# 163586222Swollman# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can 163686222Swollman# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the 163786222Swollman# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now: 163819878SwollmanLink Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen 163986222SwollmanLink Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen 16402742Swollman 16412742Swollman# Poland 16422742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 16432742SwollmanRule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 164419878SwollmanRule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S 16452742Swollman# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks. 16462742SwollmanRule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - 16472742Swollman# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks. 164819878SwollmanRule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S 16492742SwollmanRule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 165019878SwollmanRule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S 16512742SwollmanRule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 - 165219878SwollmanRule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 16532742SwollmanRule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 165419878SwollmanRule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 16552742Swollman# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 165619878SwollmanRule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S 16572742SwollmanRule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 165819878SwollmanRule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S 165919878SwollmanRule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S 16602742SwollmanRule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - 166119878SwollmanRule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S 166219878SwollmanRule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S 16632742SwollmanRule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 16642742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 16652742SwollmanZone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 166619878Swollman 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 166719878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 166819878Swollman 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 166919878Swollman 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 167019878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 167119878Swollman 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00 167258787Sru 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999 167320094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_ 167458787Sru# <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml"> 167558787Sru# http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24) 167643014Swollman# </a> 167743014Swollman# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00. 167820094Swollman# Stick with W-Eur for now. 167958787Sru# 168058787Sru# From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10): 168158787Sru# According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would 168258787Sru# follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not 168358787Sru# worth further discussion. 168458787Sru# 168558787Sru# From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10): 168658787Sru# Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997 168758787Sru# or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to 168858787Sru# EU rules in 1999. 168958787Sru 1:00 EU CE%sT 16902742Swollman 16912742Swollman# Portugal 169220094Swollman# 169320094Swollman# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12): 169420094Swollman# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone 169520094Swollman# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 169620094Swollman# 169720094Swollman# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve 169820094Swollman# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. 169920094Swollman# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 170020094Swollman# 170120094Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12): 170220094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions 170320094Swollman# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos. 170420094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00. 170520094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00. 170620094Swollman# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal 170720094Swollman# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter. 170820094Swollman# 17092742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 171043543Swollman# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not 171143543Swollman# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules. 171243543Swollman# Go with Shanks. 171319878SwollmanRule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S 17142742Swollman# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks. 17152742SwollmanRule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 171619878SwollmanRule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 17172742SwollmanRule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 171819878SwollmanRule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 171919878SwollmanRule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 172019878SwollmanRule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S 172119878SwollmanRule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 172219878SwollmanRule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 17232742SwollmanRule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 172419878SwollmanRule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 17252742SwollmanRule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 172619878SwollmanRule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 172719878SwollmanRule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 172819878SwollmanRule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 172919878SwollmanRule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 17302742Swollman# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks. 17312742SwollmanRule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 173219878SwollmanRule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 17332742Swollman# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman. 173419878SwollmanRule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 17352742Swollman# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks. 17362742SwollmanRule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 17372742Swollman# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. 173819878SwollmanRule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 173919878SwollmanRule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 17402742Swollman# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks. 174119878SwollmanRule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 174219878SwollmanRule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 174319878SwollmanRule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 17442742Swollman# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 17452742SwollmanRule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 174619878SwollmanRule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S 17472742Swollman# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. 17482742SwollmanRule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - 174919878SwollmanRule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 175019878SwollmanRule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S 175143014SwollmanRule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 175219878SwollmanRule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S 17532742SwollmanRule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - 175443014SwollmanRule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M 175519878SwollmanRule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S 175643014SwollmanRule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M 175719878SwollmanRule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S 17582742SwollmanRule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 175919878SwollmanRule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 17602742SwollmanRule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 17612742Swollman# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. 17622742Swollman# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks. 176319878SwollmanRule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 17642742SwollmanRule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 176519878SwollmanRule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S 17662742SwollmanRule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - 176719878SwollmanRule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S 17682742SwollmanRule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 17692742SwollmanRule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 177019878SwollmanRule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 177119878SwollmanRule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 177219878SwollmanRule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 17732742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1774121098Swollman# Shanks says that the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24; 1775121098Swollman# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett. 17762742SwollmanZone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 1777121098Swollman -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time 177819878Swollman 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 177919878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 178019878Swollman 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 178120094Swollman 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 178219878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 178319878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 17842742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada 178586222Swollman -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time 178619878Swollman -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time 178719878Swollman -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 178820094Swollman -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 178920094Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u 179020094Swollman -1:00 EU AZO%sT 17912742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal 179286222Swollman -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time 179319878Swollman -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time 179419878Swollman 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 179519878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 17962742Swollman 17972742Swollman# Romania 179858787Sru# 179958787Sru# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07): 180058787Sru# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html"> 180158787Sru# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at 180258787Sru# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info, 180358787Sru# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997, 180458787Sru# the same year as Bulgaria. 180558787Sru# 18062742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 180719878SwollmanRule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S 18082742SwollmanRule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 180919878SwollmanRule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S 181019878SwollmanRule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S 18112742SwollmanRule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 181219878SwollmanRule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 18132742SwollmanRule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 181420094SwollmanRule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 181520094SwollmanRule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 18162742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 18172742SwollmanZone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 181819878Swollman 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 181919878Swollman 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 182020094Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 182120094Swollman 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994 182258787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 182358787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 18242742Swollman 18252742Swollman# Russia 182621217Swollman 182758787Sru# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12): 182858787Sru# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations. 182920094Swollman# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, 183058787Sru# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow 183158787Sru# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s. 18322742Swollman# 183386222Swollman# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29): 183486222Swollman# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! 183586222Swollman# I do not know why they have decided to make this change; 183686222Swollman# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching 183786222Swollman# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. 183886222Swollman# 183920094Swollman# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04): 184020094Swollman# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with 1841136638Swollman# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... 184220094Swollman# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor 184320094Swollman# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there. 184420094Swollman# 184520094Swollman# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30): 184620094Swollman# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from 184720094Swollman# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... 184820094Swollman# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. 184920094Swollman# 185075267Swollman# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from 185175267Swollman# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07): 185275267Swollman# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was 185375267Swollman# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with 185475267Swollman# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began 185575267Swollman# enforcing curfew at the wrong time. 185675267Swollman# 185786222Swollman# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05): 185886222Swollman# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in 185986222Swollman# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the 186086222Swollman# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan 186186222Swollman# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok 186286222Swollman# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are 186386222Swollman# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have 186486222Swollman# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan. 186586222Swollman# 18662742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 186786222Swollman# 186886222Swollman# Kaliningradskaya oblast'. 186986222SwollmanZone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 187020094Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 187158787Sru 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946 187220094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 187320094Swollman 2:00 Russia EE%sT 187486222Swollman# 187586222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 187686222Swollman# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast', 187786222Swollman# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast', 187886222Swollman# Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast', 187986222Swollman# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya, 188086222Swollman# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya, 188186222Swollman# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, 188286222Swollman# Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi, 188386222Swollman# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast', 188486222Swollman# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El, 188586222Swollman# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast', 188686222Swollman# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug, 188786222Swollman# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast', 188886222Swollman# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast', 188986222Swollman# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast', 189086222Swollman# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast', 189186222Swollman# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan, 189286222Swollman# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast', 189386222Swollman# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast', 189486222Swollman# Yaroslavskaya oblast' 18952742SwollmanZone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 189658787Sru 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time 189758787Sru 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 189820094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 18992742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 190020094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 190158787Sru 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 190220094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 190386222Swollman# 190486222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 190586222Swollman# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika 190658787SruZone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00 190758787Sru 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev 190858787Sru 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 190958787Sru 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 191058787Sru 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 191158787Sru 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00 191258787Sru 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time 191386222Swollman# 191486222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 191586222Swollman# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug, 191686222Swollman# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast', 191786222Swollman# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast', 191886222Swollman# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast', 191986222Swollman# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug. 192058787SruZone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00 192158787Sru 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time 192243766Sbde 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 192358787Sru 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 192443766Sbde 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time 192586222Swollman# 192686222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 192786222Swollman# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'. 192858787SruZone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14 192958787Sru 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme 193043766Sbde 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 193158787Sru 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 193243766Sbde 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 193386222Swollman# 193486222Swollman# Novosibirskaya oblast'. 193558787SruZone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00 193658787Sru 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time 193743766Sbde 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 193858787Sru 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 193958787Sru 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks 194043766Sbde 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 194186222Swollman# 194286222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 194386222Swollman# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj, 194486222Swollman# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast', 194586222Swollman# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug. 194658787SruZone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6 194758787Sru 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time 194843766Sbde 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 194958787Sru 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 195043766Sbde 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 195186222Swollman# 195286222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 195386222Swollman# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast', 195486222Swollman# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug. 19552742SwollmanZone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 195658787Sru 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time 195758787Sru 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time 195843766Sbde 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 195958787Sru 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 196043766Sbde 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 196186222Swollman# 1962136638Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 196386222Swollman# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast', 196486222Swollman# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'. 1965136638Swollman# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij, 1966136638Swollman# Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj, 1967136638Swollman# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij, 1968136638Swollman# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij, 1969136638Swollman# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij, 1970136638Swollman# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij. 197158787SruZone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 197258787Sru 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 197343766Sbde 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 197458787Sru 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 197543766Sbde 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 197686222Swollman# 1977136638Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 197886222Swollman# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj, 197986222Swollman# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 1980136638Swollman# The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij, 1981136638Swollman# Ust'-Yanskij. 198258787SruZone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15 198358787Sru 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time 198443766Sbde 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 198558787Sru 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 198643766Sbde 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 198786222Swollman# 198886222Swollman# Sakhalinskaya oblast'. 198986222Swollman# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long. 199086222SwollmanZone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23 199186222Swollman 9:00 - CJT 1938 199286222Swollman 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25 199386222Swollman 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T. 199486222Swollman 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 199586222Swollman 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s 199686222Swollman 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 199786222Swollman# 1998136638Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 199986222Swollman# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 2000136638Swollman# Probably also: Kuril Islands. 2001136638Swollman# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij, 2002136638Swollman# Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij. 20032742SwollmanZone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 200458787Sru 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time 200543766Sbde 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 200658787Sru 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 200743766Sbde 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 200886222Swollman# 200986222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 201086222Swollman# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug. 201186222Swollman# 201286222Swollman# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. 201358787SruZone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10 201458787Sru 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time 201543766Sbde 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 201658787Sru 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 201743766Sbde 12:00 Russia PET%sT 201886222Swollman# 201986222Swollman# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug 20202742SwollmanZone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 202158787Sru 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time 202258787Sru 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s 202358787Sru 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 202458787Sru 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 202558787Sru 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 20262742Swollman 2027114173Swollman# Serbia and Montenegro 2028114173Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2029114173SwollmanZone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 2030114173Swollman 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 2031114173Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 2032114173Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 2033114173Swollman# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of 2034114173Swollman# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time. 2035114173Swollman# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj. 2036114173Swollman 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 2037114173Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 2038114173SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia 2039114173SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina 2040114173SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia 2041114173SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia 2042114173Swollman 204314343Swollman# Slovakia 204414343SwollmanLink Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava 20459908Swollman 20462742Swollman# Slovenia 2047114173Swollman# see Serbia and Montenegro 20482742Swollman 20492742Swollman# Spain 20502742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 20512742Swollman# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks. 205219878SwollmanRule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S 20532742SwollmanRule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - 205419878SwollmanRule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 205519878SwollmanRule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 20562742Swollman# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks. 205719878SwollmanRule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 20582742Swollman# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks. 20592742SwollmanRule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 206019878SwollmanRule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 20612742Swollman# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks. 20622742SwollmanRule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 206319878SwollmanRule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 206419878SwollmanRule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 206519878SwollmanRule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 20662742Swollman# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks. 206719878SwollmanRule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S 20682742SwollmanRule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 206919878SwollmanRule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S 207019878SwollmanRule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 207119878SwollmanRule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S 20722742Swollman# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks. 207343014SwollmanRule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 207419878SwollmanRule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S 207543014SwollmanRule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M 207619878SwollmanRule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S 207719878SwollmanRule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S 207819878SwollmanRule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S 207914343SwollmanRule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 208019878SwollmanRule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 20812742SwollmanRule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - 208219878SwollmanRule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S 20832742SwollmanRule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 208419878SwollmanRule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S 20852742SwollmanRule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 208619878SwollmanRule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S 20872742SwollmanRule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 208819878Swollman# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978. 208919878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S 209019878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 209119878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S 209219878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 209319878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 209419878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - 209519878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 209619878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 209719878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 - 20982742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 20992742SwollmanZone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 210019878Swollman 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30 210119878Swollman 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 210219878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 210319878SwollmanZone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 210419878Swollman 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 210519878Swollman 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 210619878Swollman 0:00 - WET 1924 210719878Swollman 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 210819878Swollman 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 210919878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1986 211019878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 21112742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. 211219878Swollman -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time 21132742Swollman 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 211419878Swollman 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 211519878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 211620094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u. 211720094Swollman# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU. 21182742Swollman 211919878Swollman# Sweden 212086222Swollman 212186222Swollman# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks: 212286222Swollman# 212386222Swollman# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879: 212486222Swollman# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all 212586222Swollman# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at 212686222Swollman# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the 212786222Swollman# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31. 212886222Swollman# 212986222Swollman# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30" 213086222Swollman# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the 213186222Swollman# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT.... 213286222Swollman# 213386222Swollman# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk 213486222Swollman# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning 213586222Swollman# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at 213686222Swollman# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English 213786222Swollman# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west 213886222Swollman# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 213986222Swollman# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time 214086222Swollman# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT. 214186222Swollman# 214286222Swollman# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states 214386222Swollman# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is 214486222Swollman# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00.... 214586222Swollman# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later". 214686222Swollman# 214786222Swollman# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish 214886222Swollman# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are 214986222Swollman# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available 215086222Swollman# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type 215186222Swollman# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click 215286222Swollman# the Sok-button). 215386222Swollman# 215486222Swollman# (2001-05-13): 215586222Swollman# 215686222Swollman# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00 215786222Swollman# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show 215886222Swollman# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some 215986222Swollman# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already 216086222Swollman# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another 216186222Swollman# hour before the event took place. 216286222Swollman# 216386222Swollman# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left. 216486222Swollman 21652742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 216686222SwollmanZone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1 216786222Swollman 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time 216886222Swollman 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00 216986222Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00 217019878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1980 217119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 21722742Swollman 21732742Swollman# Switzerland 217458787Sru# From Howse: 21752742Swollman# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace 21762742Swollman# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep 21772742Swollman# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... 21782742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 21792742Swollman# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''): 218019878SwollmanRule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S 21819908SwollmanRule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - 218258787Sru# From Shanks: 218319878SwollmanRule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 21849908SwollmanRule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 21852742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 21862742SwollmanZone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12 218719878Swollman 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 218819878Swollman 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 218919878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 21902742Swollman 21912742Swollman# Turkey 21922742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 219319878SwollmanRule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 21942742SwollmanRule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 219519878SwollmanRule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S 21962742SwollmanRule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - 219719878SwollmanRule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 21982742SwollmanRule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 219919878SwollmanRule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S 22002742SwollmanRule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 22012742Swollman# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks. 220219878SwollmanRule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S 22032742SwollmanRule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 220419878SwollmanRule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 220519878SwollmanRule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S 22062742SwollmanRule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 - 220719878SwollmanRule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S 22082742SwollmanRule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - 220919878SwollmanRule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 22102742Swollman# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 22112742SwollmanRule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 221219878SwollmanRule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S 22132742SwollmanRule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 221419878SwollmanRule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 22152742SwollmanRule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 221619878SwollmanRule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S 22172742SwollmanRule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 221819878SwollmanRule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S 221919878SwollmanRule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S 222019878SwollmanRule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S 22212742SwollmanRule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 222219878SwollmanRule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S 22232742SwollmanRule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 222419878SwollmanRule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 22252742SwollmanRule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 222619878SwollmanRule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S 22272742SwollmanRule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 222819878SwollmanRule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S 22292742SwollmanRule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 - 223019878SwollmanRule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 22312742SwollmanRule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 - 223219878SwollmanRule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 22332742SwollmanRule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 223419878SwollmanRule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 223519878SwollmanRule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 22362742SwollmanRule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 - 223719878SwollmanRule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S 22382742SwollmanRule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 - 223919878SwollmanRule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S 224019878SwollmanRule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S 22412742SwollmanRule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 224219878SwollmanRule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S 22432742SwollmanRule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 22442742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 22452742SwollmanZone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 224619878Swollman 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time? 224719878Swollman 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15 224819878Swollman 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time 224919878Swollman 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986 225020094Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 225120094Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 22522742SwollmanLink Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. 22532742Swollman 22542742Swollman# Ukraine 2255114173Swollman# 2256114173Swollman# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice, 2257114173Swollman# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27): 2258114173Swollman# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment 2259114173Swollman# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says: 2260114173Swollman# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday 2261114173Swollman# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of 2262114173Swollman# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am" 2263114173Swollman 22642742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 226558787Sru# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev. 22662742SwollmanZone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 226758787Sru 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time 22682742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 226958787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20 227058787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6 227158787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 227258787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 227358787Sru 2:00 - EET 1992 227458787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 227520094Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 227658787Sru# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991. 227758787SruZone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct 227858787Sru 1:00 - CET 1940 227958787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 228058787Sru 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26 228158787Sru 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29 228258787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 228358787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 228458787Sru 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00 228558787Sru 2:00 - EET 1992 228658787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 228758787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 228858787Sru# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991. 228958787Sru# Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes. 229058787SruZone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880 229158787Sru 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T 229258787Sru 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 229358787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25 229458787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25 229558787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00 229658787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 229758787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 229858787Sru# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997. 22992742SwollmanZone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 230058787Sru 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T 23012742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 230258787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov 230358787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13 230458787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 230558787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 230658787Sru 2:00 - EET 1992 230758787Sru# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12): 230858787Sru# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched 230920094Swollman# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections. 231058787Sru# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened 231158787Sru# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May. 231258787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May 231343014Swollman# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev. 231458787Sru 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s 231558787Sru 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s 231643014Swollman# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST. 231743014Swollman# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks. 231864499Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997 231964499Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u 232043014Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 23212742Swollman 23222742Swollman############################################################################### 23232742Swollman 23242742Swollman# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from 23252742Swollman# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986. 23262742Swollman# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else. 23272742Swollman# 23282742Swollman# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but 23292742Swollman# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules. 23302742Swollman# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at 23312742Swollman# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey 23322742Swollman# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time 23332742Swollman# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST) 23342742Swollman 23352742Swollman# ... 23362742Swollman# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100 23372742Swollman# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann) 23382742Swollman# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp> 23392742Swollman# ... 23402742Swollman# 23412742Swollman# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when 23422742Swollman# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only 23432742Swollman# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according 23442742Swollman# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on 23452742Swollman# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following 23462742Swollman# years... 23472742Swollman# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions 23482742Swollman# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST 23492742Swollman# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep 23502742Swollman# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now. 23512742Swollman# 23522742Swollman# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the 23532742Swollman# Soviet Union (as far as I know). 23542742Swollman# 23552742Swollman# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG, 23562742Swollman# 4002 Basle, Switzerland 23572742Swollman# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho 23582742Swollman 23592742Swollman# ... 23602742Swollman# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100 23612742Swollman# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter) 23622742Swollman# ... 23632742Swollman# 23642742Swollman# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct. 23652742Swollman# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information 23662742Swollman# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969. 23672742Swollman# 23682742Swollman# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on 23692742Swollman# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September... 23702742Swollman# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that 23712742Swollman# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982 23722742Swollman# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in 23732742Swollman# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch 23742742Swollman# dates... 23752742Swollman# 23762742Swollman# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g. 23772742Swollman# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST... 23782742Swollman# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not 23792742Swollman# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations 23802742Swollman# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always 23812742Swollman# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the 23822742Swollman# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours 23832742Swollman# in advance of normal time. 23842742Swollman# 23852742Swollman# ... 23862742Swollman# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland 23872742Swollman# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl 23882742Swollman# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax 23892742Swollman 239019878Swollman# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): 23912742Swollman# ... 23922742Swollman# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates). 23932742Swollman# Since 1978. Change at midnight. 23942742Swollman# ... 23952742Swollman# Monaco: has same DST as France. 23962742Swollman# ... 2397