europe revision 114173
1114173Swollman# @(#)europe 7.83 264499Swollman 32742Swollman# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 42742Swollman# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 52742Swollman# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 62742Swollman 758787Sru# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29): 82742Swollman# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 958787Sru# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition), 1058787Sru# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999). 112742Swollman# 1286222Swollman# Gwillim Law writes that a good source 1320094Swollman# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport 1420094Swollman# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 1520094Swollman# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 1620094Swollman# of the IATA's data after 1990. 1720094Swollman# 1858787Sru# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991, 1958787Sru# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. 2020094Swollman# 2143543Swollman# Other sources occasionally used include: 222742Swollman# 2343543Swollman# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 2443543Swollman# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), 2543543Swollman# which I found in the UCLA library. 2643543Swollman# 2743543Swollman# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH), 2843543Swollman# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm"> 2943543Swollman# History of Summer Time 3043543Swollman# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese) 3143543Swollman 3243543Swollman# 332742Swollman# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 342742Swollman# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 3519878Swollman# Corrections are welcome! 36114173Swollman# std dst 2dst 37114173Swollman# LMT Local Mean Time 38114173Swollman# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic 39114173Swollman# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland* 40114173Swollman# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland* 41114173Swollman# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer 42114173Swollman# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer 43114173Swollman# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe 44114173Swollman# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)* 45114173Swollman# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)* 46114173Swollman# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe 47114173Swollman# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)* 48114173Swollman# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe 49114173Swollman# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow 502742Swollman# 512742Swollman# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, 5258787Sru# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 532742Swollman 5419878Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04), 5514343Swollman# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, 569908Swollman# Luxembourg, the Netherlands. 579908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. 589908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. 599908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. 609908Swollman# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for 619908Swollman# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% 629908Swollman# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous 639908Swollman# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. 649908Swollman# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) 659908Swollman# ... 6614343Swollman# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. 6714343Swollman# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. 689908Swollman# ... 699908Swollman# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. 709908Swollman# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact 719908Swollman# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the 729908Swollman# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed 739908Swollman# in the Directive. 749908Swollman 7519878Swollman 762742Swollman############################################################################### 772742Swollman 7843014Swollman# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire) 792742Swollman 8019878Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06): 812742Swollman# 822742Swollman# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about 832742Swollman# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo 842742Swollman# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph 852742Swollman# of the text said: 862742Swollman# 872742Swollman# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands 8821217Swollman# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude 892742Swollman# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed 902742Swollman# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They 912742Swollman# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, 922742Swollman# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking 932742Swollman# along the towpath within a few yards of it.' 942742Swollman# 952742Swollman# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's 9621217Swollman# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should 972742Swollman# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. 982742Swollman# 992742Swollman# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] 1002742Swollman 10119878Swollman# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18): 1022742Swollman# 1032742Swollman# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. 1042742Swollman# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, 1052742Swollman# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. 10658787Sru# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828) 10758787Sru# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903). 1082742Swollman# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway 1092742Swollman# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most 11058787Sru# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the 1112742Swollman# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be 11258787Sru# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it. 11358787Sru# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian, 11458787Sru# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many 1152742Swollman# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public 11658787Sru# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock 11758787Sru# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, 1182742Swollman# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal 1192742Swollman# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading 1202742Swollman# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. 1212742Swollman# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition 12258787Sru# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02. 1232742Swollman# 1242742Swollman# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single 12558787Sru# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much 12658787Sru# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time. 1272742Swollman 12843543Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1999-01-30): 12917200Swollman# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915), 13043543Swollman# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society 13158787Sru# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907) 13217200Swollman# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, 13317200Swollman# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. 13417200Swollman# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, 13517200Swollman# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. 13617200Swollman# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. 13764499Swollman# See: 13864499Swollman# <a href="http://www.the-times.co.uk/news/pages/tim/2000/05/18/x-timcrtcrt01011.html"> 13964499Swollman# Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18) 14064499Swollman# </a> 14175267Swollman# A monument was erected in 1927 to Willett, in an open space in a 45-acre wood 14275267Swollman# near Chiselhurst, Kent that was purchased by popular subscription and open 14375267Swollman# to the public. 14417200Swollman 14519878Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): 14619878Swollman# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving'' 14719878Swollman# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this 14819878Swollman# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the 14919878Swollman# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''. 15019878Swollman 15119878Swollman# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19): 1522742Swollman# 1532742Swollman# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's 1542742Swollman# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. 1552742Swollman 1562742Swollman# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) 1572742Swollman# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john> 1582742Swollman# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. 1592742Swollman# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in 1602742Swollman# politics making a fortune, not computing. 1612742Swollman 16243014Swollman# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14): 16343014Swollman# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the 16443014Swollman# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published 16543014Swollman# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and 16643014Swollman# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T." 16743014Swollman 16858787Sru# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02): 16958787Sru# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the 17058787Sru# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516) 17158787Sru# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945). 1722742Swollman 17375267Swollman# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03): 17467578Swollman# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir 17567578Swollman# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any 17667578Swollman# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't 17767578Swollman# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British 17867578Swollman# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally. 17975267Swollman# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png 18067578Swollman# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png 18158787Sru 18267578Swollman# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21): 18367578Swollman# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time 18467578Swollman# which is to be introduced in May.... 18567578Swollman# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time" 18667578Swollman# which could not be said to run counter to any official description. 18767578Swollman 18867578Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02): 18967578Swollman# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common 19067578Swollman# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first, 19167578Swollman# so we use `BDST'. 19267578Swollman 19358787Sru# Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length 19458787Sru# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom. 19558787Sru# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating 19658787Sru# and extending this list, which can be found in 19758787Sru# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/"> 19858787Sru# History of legal time in Britain 19993799Swollman# </a> 20058787Sru 20158787Sru# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06): 20243014Swollman# 20343014Swollman# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC; 20443014Swollman# see Lord Tanlaw's speech 20543014Swollman# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0"> 20643014Swollman# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976) 20743014Swollman# </a>. 2082742Swollman 20986222Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18): 2102742Swollman# 21158787Sru# For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948. 2122742Swollman# 21358787Sru# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect: 21430711Swollman# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until 2152742Swollman# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. 2162742Swollman# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. 2172742Swollman# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. 2182742Swollman# It actually just had one transition. 21930711Swollman# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II. 2202742Swollman# Actually, it conformed to Britain. 22117200Swollman# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. 22217200Swollman# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. 22317200Swollman# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). 2242742Swollman# 22575267Swollman# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks: 2262742Swollman# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT 22730711Swollman# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to 2282742Swollman# conform with Great Britain. 22958787Sru# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise. 23058787Sru# 23158787Sru# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful; 23258787Sru# we'll ignore it for now. 23317200Swollman# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. 2342742Swollman# 23517200Swollman# 2362742Swollman# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks. 23786222Swollman# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory 23886222Swollman# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was 23986222Swollman# to London. For example: 24086222Swollman# 24186222Swollman# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time." 24286222Swollman# -- James Joyce, Ulysses 2432742Swollman 24458787Sru# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28): 24558787Sru# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31) 24658787Sru# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time 24758787Sru# (CT), equivalent to French civil time. 24858787Sru# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that 24958787Sru# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door) 25058787Sru# and Frethun run in CT. 25158787Sru# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities, 25258787Sru# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities, 25358787Sru# and that the time depends on who you're talking to. 25458787Sru# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason, 25558787Sru# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST. 25658787Sru# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST. 25758787Sru 25817200Swollman# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): 25917200Swollman# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, 26017200Swollman# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC. 26117200Swollman# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate 26217200Swollman# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of 26317200Swollman# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is 26417200Swollman# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". 26517200Swollman 2662742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 26743014Swollman# Summer Time Act, 1916 2682742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST 2692742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT 27043014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358 2712742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST 2722742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT 27343014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274 2742742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST 2752742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT 27643014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297 2772742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST 2782742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT 27943014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 2802742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST 28143014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844 2822742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT 28343014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363 2842742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 2852742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT 28643014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 2872742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST 28858787SruRule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT 28943014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1922 2902742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 2912742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 29243014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 2932742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 29443014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1925 2952742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 29643014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 2972742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 29843014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 2992742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 30043014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3012742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 30243014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3032742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 30443014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3052742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 30643014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379 30743014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 30843014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883 30943014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST 31043014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476 31119878SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 3122742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 31343014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506 31419878SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 31543014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932 3162742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST 31743014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 31843014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 31943014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 32043014Swollman# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208 32143014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 32243014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 32343014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1947 3242742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST 32519878SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST 3262742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST 3272742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT 32843014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) 3292742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 33043014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT 33143014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) 3322742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 33343014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT 33443014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) 33543014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) 33643014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) 33743014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST 3382742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT 33943014Swollman# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925 34043014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 34143014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 34243014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3432742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 34443014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 3452742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 34643014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 34743014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71) 34843014Swollman# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465) 34943014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81) 3502742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST 35143014SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 35243014Swollman# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101) 35343014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201) 35443014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148) 3552742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST 35643014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117) 35717200SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST 35843014Swollman# The British Standard Time Act, 1968 35943014Swollman# (no summer time) 36043014Swollman# The Summer Time Act, 1972 3612742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 3622742SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 36343014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089) 36443014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673) 36543014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223) 36643014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931) 3679908SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST 3689908SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT 36943014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985) 37043014Swollman# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729) 37143014Swollman# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798) 3729908SwollmanRule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT 37343014Swollman# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982) 37417200Swollman# See EU for rules starting in 1996. 3752742Swollman 3762742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 37758787SruZone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 37817200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 37917200Swollman 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 3809908Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 38117200Swollman 0:00 EU GMT/BST 3822742SwollmanZone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 38386222Swollman -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin/Dunsink MT 38443014Swollman -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time 38517200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 38617200Swollman 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 3879908Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 38817200Swollman 0:00 EU GMT/BST 38986222SwollmanZone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 39086222Swollman -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 39143014Swollman -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s 39219878Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 39317200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 39417200Swollman 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 3952742Swollman 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 39617200Swollman 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 3972742Swollman 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 39817200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 39917200Swollman 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 40017200Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 40117200Swollman 0:00 EU GMT/IST 4022742Swollman 4032742Swollman############################################################################### 4042742Swollman 4052742Swollman# Continental Europe 4062742Swollman 40717200Swollman# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, 40817200Swollman# Common Market, etc. 4099908Swollman 4109908Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 41119878SwollmanRule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S 41217200SwollmanRule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 41317200SwollmanRule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - 41417200SwollmanRule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 41519878SwollmanRule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S 41617200SwollmanRule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - 41775267Swollman# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See: 41875267Swollman# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html" 41975267Swollman# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 42075267Swollman# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements. 42175267Swollman# </a> 4229908Swollman 42317200Swollman# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. 42419878SwollmanRule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 4252742SwollmanRule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 4262742SwollmanRule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - 4279908SwollmanRule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 42819878SwollmanRule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 4299908SwollmanRule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 4302742Swollman 43119878Swollman# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. 43219878Swollman# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time. 43319878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 43419878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 43519878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 43619878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 43719878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S 43819878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 43919878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S 44019878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 44119878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 4422742Swollman# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 44319878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - 44419878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 44519878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 44619878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 44719878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 44819878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 44919878SwollmanRule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 4502742Swollman 45120094Swollman# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time. 45220094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 45320094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 45420094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 45520094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 45620094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S 45720094SwollmanRule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 45820094Swollman 4592742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 46020094SwollmanRule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time 46120094SwollmanRule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time 46220094SwollmanRule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time 46358787SruRule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST 46420094SwollmanRule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST 46520094SwollmanRule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S 46620094SwollmanRule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - 46720094SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 46843014SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 46920094SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S 47020094SwollmanRule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 47143014Swollman# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24): 47220094SwollmanRule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 47320094SwollmanRule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 47443014Swollman# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in 47543014Swollman# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14): 47620094SwollmanRule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 47720094SwollmanRule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 47843014Swollman# 47920094SwollmanRule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S 48020094SwollmanRule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 - 48120094SwollmanRule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 48220094SwollmanRule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 48320094SwollmanRule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 4842742Swollman 4852742Swollman# These are for backward compatibility with older versions. 4862742Swollman 4872742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 48819878SwollmanZone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT 48919878SwollmanZone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 49019878SwollmanZone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 49119878SwollmanZone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT 4922742Swollman 49319878Swollman# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST 49419878Swollman# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage. 4952742Swollman 49619878Swollman# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12): 49719878Swollman# The official German names ... are 49819878Swollman# 49919878Swollman# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00 50019878Swollman# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00 50119878Swollman# 50219878Swollman# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG), 50319878Swollman# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111).... 50419878Swollman# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution 50519878Swollman# 50619878Swollman# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) 50719878Swollman# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit" 50819878Swollman# Postfach 3345 50919878Swollman# D-38023 Braunschweig 51019878Swollman# phone: +49 531 592-0 51119878Swollman# 51219878Swollman# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB 51319878Swollman# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the 51419878Swollman# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as 51519878Swollman# 51619878Swollman# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00 51719878Swollman# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00 5182742Swollman 51919878Swollman 5202742Swollman# Albania 5212742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 52219878SwollmanRule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S 5232742SwollmanRule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 52419878SwollmanRule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S 5252742SwollmanRule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - 52619878SwollmanRule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 5272742SwollmanRule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 52819878SwollmanRule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 5292742SwollmanRule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 53019878SwollmanRule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 5312742SwollmanRule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 53219878SwollmanRule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S 5332742SwollmanRule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 53419878SwollmanRule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S 5352742SwollmanRule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 53619878SwollmanRule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S 5372742SwollmanRule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 53819878SwollmanRule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S 5392742SwollmanRule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 54019878SwollmanRule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S 5412742SwollmanRule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - 54219878SwollmanRule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 5432742SwollmanRule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 54419878SwollmanRule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 5452742SwollmanRule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 54619878SwollmanRule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 5472742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 5482742SwollmanZone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 54919878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 55030711Swollman 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul 55120094Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 5522742Swollman 5532742Swollman# Andorra 5542742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 5552742SwollmanZone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 5562742Swollman 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 55719878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 55819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 5592742Swollman 5602742Swollman# Austria 561114173Swollman 562114173Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-28): Shanks gives 1918-06-16 and 563114173Swollman# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and 564114173Swollman# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged" 565114173Swollman# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition 566114173Swollman# Shanks gives 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV, and guess 02:00 567114173Swollman# for 1945-04-12. 568114173Swollman 5692742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 57019878SwollmanRule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S 5712742SwollmanRule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - 57219878SwollmanRule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 5732742SwollmanRule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 57419878SwollmanRule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 57519878SwollmanRule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 576114173SwollmanRule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S 577114173SwollmanRule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 5782742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 5792742SwollmanZone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr 580114173Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920 581114173Swollman 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s 582114173Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 583114173Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s 584114173Swollman 1:00 - CET 1946 58519878Swollman 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 58619878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 5872742Swollman 5882742Swollman# Belarus 5892742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 5902742SwollmanZone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 59143014Swollman 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time 5922742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 59343014Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28 59443014Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3 59558787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 59658787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 59719878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 59858787Sru 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s 59958787Sru 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s 60020094Swollman 2:00 Russia EE%sT 6012742Swollman 6022742Swollman# Belgium 60330711Swollman# 60430711Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02): 60530711Swollman# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from: 60630711Swollman# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique, 60730711Swollman# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991 60830711Swollman# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC), 60930711Swollman# pp 8-9. 61030711Swollman# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium: 61130711Swollman# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121. 61230711Swollman# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references. 61330711Swollman# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium. 61430711Swollman# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect. 61575267Swollman# 6162742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 61730711SwollmanRule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S 61830711SwollmanRule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 61919878SwollmanRule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 62030711SwollmanRule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 6212742SwollmanRule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 62230711SwollmanRule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 6232742SwollmanRule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 62419878SwollmanRule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 62530711SwollmanRule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 62619878SwollmanRule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S 62719878SwollmanRule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 62819878SwollmanRule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 62943543Swollman# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd 63043543Swollman# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier), 63143543Swollman# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15 63243543Swollman# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT. 63319878SwollmanRule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 63419878SwollmanRule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 63519878SwollmanRule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 63630711SwollmanRule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 63719878SwollmanRule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S 63819878SwollmanRule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S 63919878SwollmanRule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 64030711SwollmanRule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 64119878SwollmanRule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S 64219878SwollmanRule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 64319878SwollmanRule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 64419878SwollmanRule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 64519878SwollmanRule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S 64619878SwollmanRule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S 64719878SwollmanRule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S 6482742SwollmanRule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - 64930711SwollmanRule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S 65030711SwollmanRule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - 65119878SwollmanRule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 6522742SwollmanRule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 65319878SwollmanRule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S 6542742SwollmanRule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 6552742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 65630711SwollmanZone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880 65730711Swollman 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT 65830711Swollman 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8 65930711Swollman 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00 66030711Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u 66130711Swollman 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s 66230711Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3 66319878Swollman 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 66419878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 6652742Swollman 6662742Swollman# Bosnia and Herzegovina 667114173Swollman# see Serbia and Montenegro 6682742Swollman 6692742Swollman# Bulgaria 67058787Sru# 67158787Sru# From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 67258787Sru# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says: 67358787Sru# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ... 67458787Sru# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October 67558787Sru# 6762742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 67719878SwollmanRule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S 6782742SwollmanRule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 67919878SwollmanRule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S 6802742SwollmanRule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - 6812742SwollmanRule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - 6822742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 6832742SwollmanZone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 68419878Swollman 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? 6852742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 68619878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00 6872742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 68819878Swollman 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00 68920094Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 69058787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 69158787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 6922742Swollman 6932742Swollman# Croatia 694114173Swollman# see Serbia and Montenegro 6952742Swollman 6962742Swollman# Czech Republic 6972742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 69819878SwollmanRule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 6992742SwollmanRule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 70019878SwollmanRule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S 7012742SwollmanRule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 70219878SwollmanRule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S 70319878SwollmanRule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 70419878SwollmanRule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S 7052742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 7062742SwollmanZone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 70719878Swollman 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 70819878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 70919878Swollman 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 71019878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 7112742Swollman 71243014Swollman# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland 7132742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 71419878SwollmanRule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 7152742SwollmanRule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - 71619878SwollmanRule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 71719878SwollmanRule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 7182742SwollmanRule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - 71919878SwollmanRule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S 7202742SwollmanRule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - 72119878SwollmanRule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 7222742SwollmanRule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - 72319878SwollmanRule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S 7242742SwollmanRule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - 7252742Swollman# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways 7262742Swollman# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks. 7272742Swollman# 7282742Swollman# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman. 7292742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 7302742SwollmanZone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 73119878Swollman 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time 73219878Swollman 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 73319878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 73419878Swollman 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 73519878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 7362742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 7379908Swollman 0:00 - WET 1981 73819878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 73920094Swollman# 74020094Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 74120094Swollman# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, 74220094Swollman# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU 74320094Swollman# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab 74420094Swollman# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU 74520094Swollman# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980. 74620094Swollman 74786222Swollman# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing 74886222Swollman# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15), 74986222Swollman# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen: 75020094Swollman# 75186222Swollman# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC 75286222Swollman# is according to the following time line: 75386222Swollman# 75486222Swollman# The military zone near Thule UTC-4 75586222Swollman# Standard Greenland time UTC-3 75686222Swollman# Scoresbysund UTC-1 75786222Swollman# Danmarkshavn UTC 75886222Swollman# 75986222Swollman# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be 76086222Swollman# introduced. 76186222Swollman 76293799Swollman# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01): 763114173Swollman# 76493799Swollman# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at 76593799Swollman# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have 76693799Swollman# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have 76793799Swollman# info from earlier correspondence.] 76893799Swollman# 76993799Swollman# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule 77093799Swollman# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight 77193799Swollman# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time.... 77293799Swollman# 77393799Swollman# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund 77493799Swollman# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst. 77593799Swollman# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the 77693799Swollman# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th 77793799Swollman# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in 77893799Swollman# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the 77993799Swollman# DPC research station at Zackenberg. 78093799Swollman# 78193799Swollman# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use 78293799Swollman# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab). 78393799Swollman# 78493799Swollman# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it 78593799Swollman# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time 78693799Swollman# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules. 78793799Swollman# 78893799Swollman# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and 78993799Swollman# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators 79093799Swollman# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of 79193799Swollman# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be 79293799Swollman# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this. 79393799Swollman 79493799Swollman# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19): 79593799Swollman# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place 79693799Swollman# there at 2:00 AM. 79793799Swollman 79893799Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2001-11-19): 79986222Swollman# The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab. 80086222Swollman# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996. 80193799Swollman# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error, 80293799Swollman# so go with Shanks for all Thule transitions. 80386222Swollman# 80420094Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 80593799SwollmanRule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 80693799SwollmanRule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S 80793799SwollmanRule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 80893799SwollmanRule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S 80920094Swollman# 81020094Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 81186222SwollmanZone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 81286222Swollman -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 81386222Swollman -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996 81486222Swollman 0:00 - GMT 81567578SwollmanZone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit 81619878Swollman -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 81719878Swollman -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29 81820094Swollman -1:00 EU EG%sT 81920094SwollmanZone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk 8202742Swollman -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 82120094Swollman -3:00 EU WG%sT 82267578SwollmanZone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base 82320094Swollman -4:00 Thule A%sT 8242742Swollman 8252742Swollman# Estonia 8269908Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15): 8279908Swollman# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards 8289908Swollman# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, 8299908Swollman# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... 83020094Swollman# 83120094Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28): 83220094Swollman# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s, 83320094Swollman# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:] 83420094Swollman# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different 83520094Swollman# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules 83620094Swollman# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia.... 83720094Swollman# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on 83820094Swollman# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to 83920094Swollman# summer time next spring.'' 84043543Swollman 84143543Swollman# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited: 84243543Swollman# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390"> 84343543Swollman# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law 84443543Swollman# </a> 84543543Swollman# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between 84643543Swollman# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120). 84743543Swollman# 84843543Swollman# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation 84943543Swollman# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg" 85043543Swollman# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time). 85143543Swollman 85258787Sru# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09) 85358787Sru# via Steffen Thorsen: 85458787Sru# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time, 85558787Sru# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6.... 85658787Sru# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European 85758787Sru# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory 85858787Sru# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do 85975267Swollman# after that. 86058787Sru 86158787Sru# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29): 86258787Sru# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation 86358787Sru# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all 86458787Sru# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01. 86558787Sru 86693799Swollman# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21): 86793799Swollman# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics. 86893799Swollman# Now we are using again EU rules. 86993799Swollman# 87093799Swollman# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28): 87193799Swollman# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21. 87293799Swollman 8732742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 8742742SwollmanZone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 87519878Swollman 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 87619878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 87719878Swollman 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May 8782742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 87920094Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 88019878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 88120094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 88219878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 88343543Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22 88458787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1 88593799Swollman 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21 88693799Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 8872742Swollman 8882742Swollman# Finland 8899908Swollman# 8909908Swollman# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC): 8919908Swollman# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, 8929908Swollman# and it's supposed to change at 4am... 8939908Swollman# 8949908Swollman# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994): 8959908Swollman# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981. 8969908Swollman# Go with Strang instead. 8979908Swollman# 8982742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 89919878SwollmanRule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 9002742SwollmanRule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 9012742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 9022742SwollmanZone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 90319878Swollman 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 90419878Swollman 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00 90519878Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 9062742Swollman 9072742Swollman# France 90875267Swollman 90975267Swollman# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20): 91019878Swollman# 91175267Swollman# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions 91275267Swollman# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993 91375267Swollman# 91475267Swollman# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur, 91575267Swollman# Paris, 1991 91675267Swollman# 91775267Swollman# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie, 91875267Swollman# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987 91975267Swollman 92075267Swollman 92175267Swollman# 9222742Swollman# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman. 9232742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 92419878SwollmanRule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S 92543014SwollmanRule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 - 92619878SwollmanRule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S 92719878SwollmanRule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S 92819878SwollmanRule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 92919878SwollmanRule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 9302742SwollmanRule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 93119878SwollmanRule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 9322742SwollmanRule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 93319878SwollmanRule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 93443543Swollman# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st 93543543Swollman# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions 93643543Swollman# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks. 9372742SwollmanRule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 93819878SwollmanRule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S 93919878SwollmanRule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 94019878SwollmanRule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 94119878SwollmanRule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 94219878SwollmanRule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 94319878SwollmanRule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 94419878SwollmanRule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 94519878SwollmanRule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S 94619878SwollmanRule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 94719878SwollmanRule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 94819878SwollmanRule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 94919878SwollmanRule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 95019878SwollmanRule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 95119878SwollmanRule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 95219878SwollmanRule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 95319878SwollmanRule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 95419878SwollmanRule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 9552742SwollmanRule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 95619878SwollmanRule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 95775267Swollman# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes 95875267Swollman# that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations. 95975267Swollman# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez, 96075267Swollman# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La 96175267Swollman# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes, 96275267Swollman# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin, 96375267Swollman# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois, 96475267Swollman# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe). 96543014SwollmanRule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 96643014Swollman# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00, 96743014Swollman# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12), 96843014Swollman# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes 96943014Swollman# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT. 97043014SwollmanRule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S 97143014SwollmanRule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M 97219878SwollmanRule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S 97343014SwollmanRule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M 97443014SwollmanRule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S 97543014SwollmanRule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M 97619878SwollmanRule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S 97743014SwollmanRule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M 9782742SwollmanRule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 97943014Swollman# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00; 98043014Swollman# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT. 98143014SwollmanRule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S 98243014SwollmanRule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 - 98314343Swollman# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05, 98414343Swollman# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. 98514343Swollman# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based 98614343Swollman# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. 9872742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 98843014SwollmanZone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 98975267Swollman 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT 99075267Swollman# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre. 99143014Swollman 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00 99275267Swollman# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation; 99375267Swollman# go with Shanks. 99419878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 99543014Swollman 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 99619878Swollman 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 99719878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 9982742Swollman 99919878Swollman# Germany 10008049Swollman 100143014Swollman# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29): 100243014Swollman# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische 100343014Swollman# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916. 1004114173Swollman# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.] 100543014Swollman 1006114173Swollman# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23): 1007114173Swollman# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a 1008114173Swollman# href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/"> 1009114173Swollman# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>. 1010114173Swollman 1011114173Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08): 1012114173Swollman# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf"> 1013114173Swollman# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20. 1014114173Swollman# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so 1015114173Swollman# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4. 1016114173Swollman 1017114173Swollman 10182742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 101919878SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1020114173SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1021114173SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S 10222742SwollmanRule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 102319878SwollmanRule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 102443014SwollmanRule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 102543014SwollmanRule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 102619878SwollmanRule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 102743014SwollmanRule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M 102819878SwollmanRule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S 102919878SwollmanRule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 103019878SwollmanRule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 10312742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 10322742SwollmanZone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 103319878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 103419878Swollman 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 103519878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 10362742Swollman 10372742Swollman# Gibraltar 10382742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 10392742SwollmanZone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 10402742Swollman 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 104119878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1982 104219878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 10432742Swollman 10442742Swollman# Greece 10452742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 10462742Swollman# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks. 104719878SwollmanRule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S 10482742SwollmanRule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 10492742Swollman# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks. 105019878SwollmanRule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S 10512742Swollman# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks. 10522742SwollmanRule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 105319878SwollmanRule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 10542742SwollmanRule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 10552742Swollman# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks. 105619878SwollmanRule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 10572742SwollmanRule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - 105819878SwollmanRule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S 10592742SwollmanRule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - 106019878SwollmanRule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S 10612742SwollmanRule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - 106219878SwollmanRule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 10632742SwollmanRule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - 10642742SwollmanRule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - 106519878SwollmanRule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S 10662742SwollmanRule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - 106719878SwollmanRule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 10682742SwollmanRule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 10692742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 10702742SwollmanZone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 107119878Swollman 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 107219878Swollman 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 107319878Swollman 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 107419878Swollman 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 107519878Swollman # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981; 107621217Swollman # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 107719878Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 10782742Swollman 10792742Swollman# Hungary 10802742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 108119878SwollmanRule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S 108217200SwollmanRule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 - 108319878SwollmanRule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S 10842742SwollmanRule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - 108519878SwollmanRule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S 10862742SwollmanRule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - 108719878SwollmanRule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S 10882742SwollmanRule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - 108919878SwollmanRule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 10902742SwollmanRule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 109119878SwollmanRule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S 109219878SwollmanRule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S 10932742SwollmanRule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - 109419878SwollmanRule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S 10952742SwollmanRule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 109619878SwollmanRule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 10972742SwollmanRule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 109819878SwollmanRule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S 10992742SwollmanRule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 110019878SwollmanRule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S 11012742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 11022742SwollmanZone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 110319878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 110419878Swollman 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00 110519878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00 110619878Swollman 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 110719878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 11082742Swollman 11092742Swollman# Iceland 11102742Swollman# 111119878Swollman# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06): 11122742Swollman# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. 11132742Swollman# 111419878Swollman# (1993-12-05): 11152742Swollman# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of 11162742Swollman# Iceland Almanak. 11172742Swollman# 11182742Swollman# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour 11192742Swollman# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts 11202742Swollman# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which 11212742Swollman# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. 11222742Swollman# 11232742Swollman# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks 11242742Swollman# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the 11252742Swollman# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always 11262742Swollman# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. 11272742Swollman# 112819878Swollman# (1993-12-10): 11292742Swollman# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the 11302742Swollman# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus 11312742Swollman# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. 11322742Swollman# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day 11332742Swollman# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. 11342742Swollman# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" 11352742Swollman# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it 113619878Swollman# might mean something else (???). 11372742Swollman# 113858787Sru# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29): 11392742Swollman# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points. 11402742Swollman# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that 114158787Sru# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. 11422742Swollman# 11432742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 114419878SwollmanRule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S 114519878SwollmanRule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 - 114619878SwollmanRule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 - 114719878SwollmanRule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S 114819878SwollmanRule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 - 114919878SwollmanRule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 115019878SwollmanRule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 - 115119878SwollmanRule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S 115219878SwollmanRule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 - 115319878SwollmanRule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S 115419878SwollmanRule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 - 11552742Swollman# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter 115619878SwollmanRule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 115719878SwollmanRule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 11582742Swollman# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter 115919878SwollmanRule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 11602742Swollman# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week 116119878SwollmanRule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 - 116219878SwollmanRule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 116319878SwollmanRule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 - 11642742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 11652742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 116619878Swollman -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time? 116719878Swollman -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 11682742Swollman 0:00 - GMT 11692742Swollman 11702742Swollman# Italy 117119878Swollman# 117275267Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06): 117375267Swollman# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893, 117486222Swollman# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32). 117575267Swollman# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time. 117675267Swollman# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff, 117775267Swollman# so record only the time in Rome. 117875267Swollman# 117917200Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06): 118017200Swollman# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri 118175267Swollman# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html"> 118243014Swollman# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14) 118343014Swollman# </a> 118443014Swollman# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute 118543014Swollman# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: 118617200Swollman# 118717200Swollman# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with: 118817200Swollman# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W 118917200Swollman# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 119017200Swollman# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S 119117200Swollman# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W 119217200Swollman# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S 119317200Swollman# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W 119417200Swollman# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S 119517200Swollman# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 119617200Swollman# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S 119717200Swollman# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 119819878Swollman# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur) 119917200Swollman# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s 120017200Swollman# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s 120117200Swollman# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S 120217200Swollman# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S 120317200Swollman# 12042742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 120519878SwollmanRule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S 120617200SwollmanRule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 120719878SwollmanRule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S 12082742SwollmanRule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 120919878SwollmanRule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S 12102742SwollmanRule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 121119878SwollmanRule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S 121219878SwollmanRule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S 121317200SwollmanRule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - 121419878SwollmanRule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S 121517200SwollmanRule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - 121619878SwollmanRule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S 121717200SwollmanRule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - 121819878SwollmanRule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S 12192742SwollmanRule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - 122019878SwollmanRule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S 12212742SwollmanRule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - 122219878SwollmanRule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S 12232742SwollmanRule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - 122419878SwollmanRule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 12252742SwollmanRule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - 122619878SwollmanRule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 122719878SwollmanRule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S 12282742SwollmanRule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 122919878SwollmanRule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 12302742SwollmanRule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 12312742SwollmanRule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 123219878SwollmanRule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S 12332742SwollmanRule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 123419878SwollmanRule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S 123519878SwollmanRule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S 12362742SwollmanRule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 123719878SwollmanRule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S 123819878SwollmanRule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S 12392742SwollmanRule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 12402742SwollmanRule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 12412742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 12422742SwollmanZone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 124319878Swollman 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time 124419878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 124519878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 124619878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 124719878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 12482742Swollman 12499908SwollmanLink Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican 12509908SwollmanLink Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino 12519908Swollman 12522742Swollman# Latvia 125343014Swollman 125443014Swollman# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17): 125543014Swollman 125643014Swollman# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy 125743014Swollman# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the 125843014Swollman# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about 125943014Swollman# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981.... 126043014Swollman# 126143014Swollman# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ... 126243014Swollman# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24 126343014Swollman# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 126443014Swollman# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00) 126543014Swollman# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00). 126643014Swollman# 126743014Swollman# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ... 126843014Swollman# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13 126943014Swollman# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 127043014Swollman# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 127143014Swollman# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of 127243014Swollman# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day). 127343014Swollman# 127443014Swollman# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ... 127543014Swollman# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14 127643014Swollman# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, 127743014Swollman# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the 127843014Swollman# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia 127943014Swollman# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 128043014Swollman# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of 128143014Swollman# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00 128243014Swollman# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is 128343014Swollman# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock.... 128443014Swollman# 128543014Swollman# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of 128643014Swollman# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of 128743014Swollman# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union. 128843014Swollman 128958787Sru# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06): 129058787Sru# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in 129158787Sru# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm"> 129258787Sru# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of 129358787Sru# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only). 129458787Sru 129575267Swollman# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html"> 129675267Swollman# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow: 129775267Swollman# </a> 129875267Swollman# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will 129975267Swollman# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported. 130075267Swollman# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their 130175267Swollman# clocks one hour in the spring.... 130275267Swollman# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few 130375267Swollman# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European 130475267Swollman# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving 130575267Swollman# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government 130675267Swollman# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it 130775267Swollman# appears that they will not do so.... 130875267Swollman 130920094Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 131043014SwollmanRule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 131143014SwollmanRule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 13122742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 13132742SwollmanZone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 131419878Swollman 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time 131519878Swollman 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer 131619878Swollman 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 131719878Swollman 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 131819878Swollman 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11 13192742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 132020094Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 132143014Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13 132243014Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s 132343014Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s 132443014Swollman 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21 132558787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29 132675267Swollman 2:00 - EET 2001 132775267Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 13282742Swollman 13292742Swollman# Liechtenstein 13302742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 13312742SwollmanZone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 133219878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1981 133319878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 13342742Swollman 13352742Swollman# Lithuania 133658787Sru 133758787Sru# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 133858787Sru# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is 133958787Sru# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too. 134058787Sru 134158787Sru# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07): 134258787Sru# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone 134358787Sru# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed. 134458787Sru 134558787Sru# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29), 134658787Sru# via Steffen Thorsen: 134758787Sru# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours) 134858787Sru# to be valid here starting from October 31, 134958787Sru# as decided by the national government on Wednesday.... 135058787Sru# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a 135158787Sru# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was 135275267Swollman# already done by Estonia. 135358787Sru 135464499Swollman# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm"> 135564499Swollman# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism 135664499Swollman# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving. 135764499Swollman 1358114173Swollman# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07): 1359114173Swollman# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will 1360114173Swollman# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid 1361114173Swollman# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its 1362114173Swollman# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of 1363114173Swollman# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at 1364114173Swollman# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm 1365114173Swollman 1366114173Swollman 13672742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 13682742SwollmanZone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 136919878Swollman 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 137019878Swollman 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 137119878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 13722742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 137319878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 137420094Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 137519878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 137620094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 137719878Swollman 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 137843014Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 137943014Swollman 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u 138058787Sru 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u 1381114173Swollman 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1 1382114173Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 13832742Swollman 13842742Swollman# Luxembourg 13852742Swollman# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks. 13862742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 138719878SwollmanRule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 13882742SwollmanRule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 138919878SwollmanRule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S 13902742SwollmanRule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - 139119878SwollmanRule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 13922742SwollmanRule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 139319878SwollmanRule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S 13942742SwollmanRule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - 139519878SwollmanRule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 13962742SwollmanRule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - 139719878SwollmanRule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S 13982742SwollmanRule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - 139919878SwollmanRule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S 14002742SwollmanRule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 140119878SwollmanRule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S 14022742SwollmanRule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - 140319878SwollmanRule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S 14042742SwollmanRule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 140519878SwollmanRule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 140619878SwollmanRule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S 140719878SwollmanRule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S 140819878SwollmanRule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S 140919878SwollmanRule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S 14102742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14112742SwollmanZone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 141219878Swollman 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 141319878Swollman 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 141419878Swollman 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 141519878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 141619878Swollman 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 141719878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 14182742Swollman 14192742Swollman# Macedonia 1420114173Swollman# see Serbia and Montenegro 14212742Swollman 14222742Swollman# Malta 14232742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 142419878SwollmanRule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S 14252742SwollmanRule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - 142619878SwollmanRule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S 14272742SwollmanRule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - 142819878SwollmanRule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S 14292742SwollmanRule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 143019878SwollmanRule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 14312742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14322742SwollmanZone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta 143319878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 143419878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 143519878Swollman 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 143619878Swollman 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 143719878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 14382742Swollman 14392742Swollman# Moldova 144075267Swollman 144175267Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11): 144275267Swollman# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that 144375267Swollman# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00. 144475267Swollman# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence 144575267Swollman# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree). 144675267Swollman# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area 144775267Swollman# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time. 144875267Swollman# But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via 144975267Swollman# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau. 145075267Swollman# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now. 145175267Swollman 14522742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 145358787SruZone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880 145458787Sru 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT 145558787Sru 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 145658787Sru 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15 145758787Sru 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17 145858787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24 145958787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 146058787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6 146158787Sru 2:00 - EET 1991 146258787Sru 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 146358787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 146458787Sru# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules. 146558787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 14662742Swollman 14672742Swollman# Monaco 146814343Swollman# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21. 14692742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 14702742SwollmanZone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 147114343Swollman 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 147219878Swollman 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 147319878Swollman 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 147419878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 14752742Swollman 14762742Swollman# Netherlands 147786222Swollman 147814343Swollman# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, 147914343Swollman# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. 148086222Swollman 148186222Swollman# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01): 148286222Swollman# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00 148386222Swollman# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including 148486222Swollman# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time 148586222Swollman# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the 148686222Swollman# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was 148786222Swollman# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law. 148886222Swollman# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and 148986222Swollman# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd"). 149086222Swollman# 149186222Swollman# (2001-04-08): 149286222Swollman# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to 149386222Swollman# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common 149486222Swollman# practice of following Amsterdam mean time. 149586222Swollman# 149686222Swollman# (2001-04-09): 149786222Swollman# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the 149886222Swollman# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe 149986222Swollman# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was 150086222Swollman# actually followed. 150186222Swollman# 150286222Swollman# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to 150386222Swollman# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of 150486222Swollman# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most 150586222Swollman# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically 150686222Swollman# adopted Amsterdam mean time. 150786222Swollman# 150886222Swollman# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety 150986222Swollman# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it 151086222Swollman# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe 151186222Swollman# Amsterdam mean time. 151286222Swollman 151386222Swollman# The data before 1945 are taken from 151475267Swollman# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>. 151586222Swollman 15162742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 151775267SwollmanRule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time 151875267SwollmanRule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time 15192742SwollmanRule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST 15202742SwollmanRule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT 15212742SwollmanRule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 152286222SwollmanRule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT 152375267SwollmanRule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 152419878SwollmanRule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT 152575267SwollmanRule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 152675267SwollmanRule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 152775267SwollmanRule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 152886222Swollman# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week 152986222Swollman# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend. 15302742SwollmanRule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 15312742SwollmanRule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 15322742SwollmanRule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 15332742SwollmanRule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 153419878SwollmanRule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 153519878SwollmanRule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 153619878SwollmanRule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S 153719878SwollmanRule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 153875267SwollmanRule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 153986222Swollman# 154086222Swollman# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted 154186222Swollman# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer. 15422742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 154386222SwollmanZone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835 154486222Swollman 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1 154586222Swollman 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time 154619878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 154719878Swollman 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 154819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 15492742Swollman 15502742Swollman# Norway 15512742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 15522742Swollman# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks. 155319878SwollmanRule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S 15542742SwollmanRule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 155543543Swollman# Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04, 155643543Swollman# 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks. 155719878SwollmanRule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 15582742SwollmanRule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 155919878SwollmanRule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 15602742SwollmanRule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 156119878SwollmanRule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S 15622742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 156386222SwollmanZone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1 156419878Swollman 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 156519878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 156619878Swollman 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 156719878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 156843014Swollman 156943014Swollman# Svalbard & Jan Mayen 157086222Swollman 157186222Swollman# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01): 157286222Swollman# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and 157386222Swollman# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the 157486222Swollman# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared 157586222Swollman# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan 157686222Swollman# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From 157786222Swollman# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and 157886222Swollman# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation 157986222Swollman# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came 158086222Swollman# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a 158186222Swollman# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From 158286222Swollman# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been 158386222Swollman# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100) 158486222Swollman# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by 158586222Swollman# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever 158686222Swollman# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since 158786222Swollman# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere 158886222Swollman# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive). 158986222Swollman 159086222Swollman# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01): 159186222Swollman# 159286222Swollman# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II, 159386222Swollman# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Olso was 159486222Swollman# keeping Berlin time. 159586222Swollman# 159686222Swollman# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists 159786222Swollman# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in 159886222Swollman# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite 159986222Swollman# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a 160086222Swollman# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly 160186222Swollman# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that 160286222Swollman# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules. 160386222Swollman# 160486222Swollman# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an 160586222Swollman# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says 160686222Swollman# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ 160786222Swollman# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were 160886222Swollman# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return, 160986222Swollman# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954) 161086222Swollman# <http://www.utpress.utoronto.ca/publishing/rights/dege_warnorthof80.htm> 161186222Swollman# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named 161286222Swollman# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945. 161386222Swollman# 161486222Swollman# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can 161586222Swollman# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the 161686222Swollman# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now: 161719878SwollmanLink Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen 161886222SwollmanLink Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen 16192742Swollman 16202742Swollman# Poland 16212742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 16222742SwollmanRule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 162319878SwollmanRule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S 16242742Swollman# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks. 16252742SwollmanRule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - 16262742Swollman# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks. 162719878SwollmanRule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S 16282742SwollmanRule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 162919878SwollmanRule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S 16302742SwollmanRule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 - 163119878SwollmanRule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 16322742SwollmanRule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 163319878SwollmanRule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 16342742Swollman# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 163519878SwollmanRule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S 16362742SwollmanRule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 163719878SwollmanRule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S 163819878SwollmanRule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S 16392742SwollmanRule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - 164019878SwollmanRule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S 164119878SwollmanRule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S 16422742SwollmanRule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 16432742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 16442742SwollmanZone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 164519878Swollman 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 164619878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 164719878Swollman 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 164819878Swollman 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 164919878Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 165019878Swollman 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00 165158787Sru 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999 165220094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_ 165358787Sru# <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml"> 165458787Sru# http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24) 165543014Swollman# </a> 165643014Swollman# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00. 165720094Swollman# Stick with W-Eur for now. 165858787Sru# 165958787Sru# From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10): 166058787Sru# According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would 166158787Sru# follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not 166258787Sru# worth further discussion. 166358787Sru# 166458787Sru# From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10): 166558787Sru# Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997 166658787Sru# or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to 166758787Sru# EU rules in 1999. 166858787Sru 1:00 EU CE%sT 16692742Swollman 16702742Swollman# Portugal 167120094Swollman# 167220094Swollman# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12): 167320094Swollman# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone 167420094Swollman# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 167520094Swollman# 167620094Swollman# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve 167720094Swollman# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. 167820094Swollman# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 167920094Swollman# 168020094Swollman# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12): 168120094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions 168220094Swollman# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos. 168320094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00. 168420094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00. 168520094Swollman# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal 168620094Swollman# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter. 168720094Swollman# 16882742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 168943543Swollman# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not 169043543Swollman# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules. 169143543Swollman# Go with Shanks. 169219878SwollmanRule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S 16932742Swollman# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks. 16942742SwollmanRule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 169519878SwollmanRule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 16962742SwollmanRule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 169719878SwollmanRule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 169819878SwollmanRule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 169919878SwollmanRule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S 170019878SwollmanRule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 170119878SwollmanRule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 17022742SwollmanRule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 170319878SwollmanRule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 17042742SwollmanRule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 170519878SwollmanRule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 170619878SwollmanRule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 170719878SwollmanRule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 170819878SwollmanRule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 17092742Swollman# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks. 17102742SwollmanRule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 171119878SwollmanRule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 17122742Swollman# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman. 171319878SwollmanRule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 17142742Swollman# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks. 17152742SwollmanRule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 17162742Swollman# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. 171719878SwollmanRule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 171819878SwollmanRule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 17192742Swollman# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks. 172019878SwollmanRule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 172119878SwollmanRule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 172219878SwollmanRule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 17232742Swollman# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 17242742SwollmanRule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 172519878SwollmanRule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S 17262742Swollman# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. 17272742SwollmanRule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - 172819878SwollmanRule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 172919878SwollmanRule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S 173043014SwollmanRule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 173119878SwollmanRule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S 17322742SwollmanRule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - 173343014SwollmanRule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M 173419878SwollmanRule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S 173543014SwollmanRule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M 173619878SwollmanRule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S 17372742SwollmanRule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 173819878SwollmanRule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 17392742SwollmanRule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 17402742Swollman# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. 17412742Swollman# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks. 174219878SwollmanRule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 17432742SwollmanRule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 174419878SwollmanRule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S 17452742SwollmanRule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - 174619878SwollmanRule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S 17472742SwollmanRule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 17482742SwollmanRule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 174919878SwollmanRule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 175019878SwollmanRule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 175119878SwollmanRule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 17522742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 17532742SwollmanZone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 175419878Swollman -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time 175519878Swollman 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 175619878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 175719878Swollman 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 175820094Swollman 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 175919878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 176019878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 17612742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada 176286222Swollman -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time 176319878Swollman -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time 176419878Swollman -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 176520094Swollman -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 176620094Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u 176720094Swollman -1:00 EU AZO%sT 17682742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal 176986222Swollman -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time 177019878Swollman -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time 177119878Swollman 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 177219878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 17732742Swollman 17742742Swollman# Romania 177558787Sru# 177658787Sru# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07): 177758787Sru# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html"> 177858787Sru# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at 177958787Sru# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info, 178058787Sru# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997, 178158787Sru# the same year as Bulgaria. 178258787Sru# 17832742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 178419878SwollmanRule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S 17852742SwollmanRule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 178619878SwollmanRule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S 178719878SwollmanRule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S 17882742SwollmanRule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 178919878SwollmanRule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 17902742SwollmanRule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 179120094SwollmanRule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 179220094SwollmanRule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 17932742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 17942742SwollmanZone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 179519878Swollman 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 179619878Swollman 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 179720094Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 179820094Swollman 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994 179958787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 180058787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 18012742Swollman 18022742Swollman# Russia 180321217Swollman 180458787Sru# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12): 180558787Sru# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations. 180620094Swollman# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, 180758787Sru# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow 180858787Sru# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s. 18092742Swollman# 181086222Swollman# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29): 181186222Swollman# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! 181286222Swollman# I do not know why they have decided to make this change; 181386222Swollman# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching 181486222Swollman# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. 181586222Swollman# 181620094Swollman# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04): 181720094Swollman# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with 181820094Swollman# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... 181920094Swollman# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor 182020094Swollman# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there. 182120094Swollman# 182220094Swollman# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30): 182320094Swollman# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from 182420094Swollman# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... 182520094Swollman# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. 182620094Swollman# 182775267Swollman# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from 182875267Swollman# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07): 182975267Swollman# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was 183075267Swollman# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with 183175267Swollman# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began 183275267Swollman# enforcing curfew at the wrong time. 183375267Swollman# 183486222Swollman# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05): 183586222Swollman# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in 183686222Swollman# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the 183786222Swollman# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan 183886222Swollman# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok 183986222Swollman# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are 184086222Swollman# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have 184186222Swollman# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan. 184286222Swollman# 18432742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 184486222Swollman# 184586222Swollman# Kaliningradskaya oblast'. 184686222SwollmanZone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 184720094Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 184858787Sru 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946 184920094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 185020094Swollman 2:00 Russia EE%sT 185186222Swollman# 185286222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 185386222Swollman# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast', 185486222Swollman# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast', 185586222Swollman# Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast', 185686222Swollman# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya, 185786222Swollman# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya, 185886222Swollman# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, 185986222Swollman# Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi, 186086222Swollman# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast', 186186222Swollman# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El, 186286222Swollman# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast', 186386222Swollman# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug, 186486222Swollman# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast', 186586222Swollman# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast', 186686222Swollman# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast', 186786222Swollman# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast', 186886222Swollman# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan, 186986222Swollman# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast', 187086222Swollman# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast', 187186222Swollman# Yaroslavskaya oblast' 18722742SwollmanZone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 187358787Sru 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time 187458787Sru 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 187520094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 18762742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 187720094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 187858787Sru 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 187920094Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 188086222Swollman# 188186222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 188286222Swollman# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika 188358787SruZone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00 188458787Sru 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev 188558787Sru 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 188658787Sru 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 188758787Sru 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 188858787Sru 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00 188958787Sru 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time 189086222Swollman# 189186222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 189286222Swollman# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug, 189386222Swollman# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast', 189486222Swollman# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast', 189586222Swollman# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast', 189686222Swollman# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug. 189758787SruZone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00 189858787Sru 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time 189943766Sbde 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 190058787Sru 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 190143766Sbde 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time 190286222Swollman# 190386222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 190486222Swollman# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'. 190558787SruZone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14 190658787Sru 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme 190743766Sbde 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 190858787Sru 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 190943766Sbde 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 191086222Swollman# 191186222Swollman# Novosibirskaya oblast'. 191258787SruZone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00 191358787Sru 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time 191443766Sbde 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 191558787Sru 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 191658787Sru 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks 191743766Sbde 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 191886222Swollman# 191986222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 192086222Swollman# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj, 192186222Swollman# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast', 192286222Swollman# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug. 192358787SruZone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6 192458787Sru 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time 192543766Sbde 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 192658787Sru 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 192743766Sbde 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 192886222Swollman# 192986222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 193086222Swollman# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast', 193186222Swollman# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug. 19322742SwollmanZone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 193358787Sru 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time 193458787Sru 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time 193543766Sbde 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 193658787Sru 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 193743766Sbde 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 193886222Swollman# 193986222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 194086222Swollman# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast', 194186222Swollman# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'. 194286222Swollman# 194386222Swollman# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:] 194486222Swollman# Aldansky, Amginsky, Anabarsky, Bulunsky, Churapchinsky, 194586222Swollman# Eveno-Bytantaisky, Gorny, Khangalassky, Kobyaisky, Lensky, 194686222Swollman# Megino-Kangalassky, Mirninsky, Namsky, Nyurbinsky, Olenyoksky, 194786222Swollman# Olyokminsky, Srednekolymsky, Suntarsky, Tattinsky, Ust-Aldansky, 194886222Swollman# Verkhnekolymsky, Verkhnevilyuisky, Vilyuisky, Zhigansky. 194958787SruZone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 195058787Sru 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 195143766Sbde 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 195258787Sru 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 195343766Sbde 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 195486222Swollman# 195586222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 195686222Swollman# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj, 195786222Swollman# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 195886222Swollman# 195986222Swollman# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:] 196086222Swollman# Tomponsky, Ust-Maisky, Ust-Yansky, Verkhoyansky. 196158787SruZone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15 196258787Sru 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time 196343766Sbde 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 196458787Sru 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 196543766Sbde 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 196686222Swollman# 196786222Swollman# Sakhalinskaya oblast'. 196886222Swollman# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long. 196986222SwollmanZone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23 197086222Swollman 9:00 - CJT 1938 197186222Swollman 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25 197286222Swollman 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T. 197386222Swollman 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 197486222Swollman 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s 197586222Swollman 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 197686222Swollman# 197786222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 197886222Swollman# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 197986222Swollman# 198086222Swollman# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:] 198186222Swollman# Abyisky, Allaikhovsky, Momsky, Nizhnekolymsky, Oimyakonsky. 19822742SwollmanZone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 198358787Sru 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time 198443766Sbde 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 198558787Sru 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 198643766Sbde 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 198786222Swollman# 198886222Swollman# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 198986222Swollman# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug. 199086222Swollman# 199186222Swollman# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. 199258787SruZone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10 199358787Sru 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time 199443766Sbde 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 199558787Sru 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 199643766Sbde 12:00 Russia PET%sT 199786222Swollman# 199886222Swollman# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug 19992742SwollmanZone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 200058787Sru 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time 200158787Sru 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s 200258787Sru 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 200358787Sru 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 200458787Sru 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 20052742Swollman 2006114173Swollman# Serbia and Montenegro 2007114173Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2008114173SwollmanZone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 2009114173Swollman 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 2010114173Swollman 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 2011114173Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 2012114173Swollman# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of 2013114173Swollman# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time. 2014114173Swollman# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj. 2015114173Swollman 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 2016114173Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 2017114173SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia 2018114173SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina 2019114173SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia 2020114173SwollmanLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia 2021114173Swollman 202214343Swollman# Slovakia 202314343SwollmanLink Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava 20249908Swollman 20252742Swollman# Slovenia 2026114173Swollman# see Serbia and Montenegro 20272742Swollman 20282742Swollman# Spain 20292742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 20302742Swollman# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks. 203119878SwollmanRule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S 20322742SwollmanRule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - 203319878SwollmanRule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 203419878SwollmanRule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 20352742Swollman# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks. 203619878SwollmanRule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 20372742Swollman# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks. 20382742SwollmanRule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 203919878SwollmanRule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 20402742Swollman# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks. 20412742SwollmanRule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 204219878SwollmanRule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 204319878SwollmanRule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 204419878SwollmanRule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 20452742Swollman# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks. 204619878SwollmanRule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S 20472742SwollmanRule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 204819878SwollmanRule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S 204919878SwollmanRule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 205019878SwollmanRule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S 20512742Swollman# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks. 205243014SwollmanRule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 205319878SwollmanRule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S 205443014SwollmanRule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M 205519878SwollmanRule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S 205619878SwollmanRule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S 205719878SwollmanRule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S 205814343SwollmanRule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 205919878SwollmanRule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 20602742SwollmanRule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - 206119878SwollmanRule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S 20622742SwollmanRule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 206319878SwollmanRule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S 20642742SwollmanRule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 206519878SwollmanRule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S 20662742SwollmanRule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 206719878Swollman# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978. 206819878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S 206919878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 207019878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S 207119878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 207219878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 207319878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - 207419878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 207519878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 207619878SwollmanRule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 - 20772742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 20782742SwollmanZone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 207919878Swollman 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30 208019878Swollman 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 208119878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 208219878SwollmanZone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 208319878Swollman 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 208419878Swollman 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 208519878Swollman 0:00 - WET 1924 208619878Swollman 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 208719878Swollman 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 208819878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1986 208919878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 20902742SwollmanZone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. 209119878Swollman -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time 20922742Swollman 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 209319878Swollman 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 209419878Swollman 0:00 EU WE%sT 209520094Swollman# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u. 209620094Swollman# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU. 20972742Swollman 209819878Swollman# Sweden 209986222Swollman 210086222Swollman# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks: 210186222Swollman# 210286222Swollman# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879: 210386222Swollman# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all 210486222Swollman# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at 210586222Swollman# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the 210686222Swollman# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31. 210786222Swollman# 210886222Swollman# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30" 210986222Swollman# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the 211086222Swollman# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT.... 211186222Swollman# 211286222Swollman# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk 211386222Swollman# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning 211486222Swollman# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at 211586222Swollman# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English 211686222Swollman# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west 211786222Swollman# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 211886222Swollman# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time 211986222Swollman# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT. 212086222Swollman# 212186222Swollman# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states 212286222Swollman# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is 212386222Swollman# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00.... 212486222Swollman# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later". 212586222Swollman# 212686222Swollman# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish 212786222Swollman# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are 212886222Swollman# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available 212986222Swollman# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type 213086222Swollman# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click 213186222Swollman# the Sok-button). 213286222Swollman# 213386222Swollman# (2001-05-13): 213486222Swollman# 213586222Swollman# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00 213686222Swollman# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show 213786222Swollman# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some 213886222Swollman# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already 213986222Swollman# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another 214086222Swollman# hour before the event took place. 214186222Swollman# 214286222Swollman# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left. 214386222Swollman 21442742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 214586222SwollmanZone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1 214686222Swollman 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time 214786222Swollman 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00 214886222Swollman 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00 214919878Swollman 1:00 - CET 1980 215019878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 21512742Swollman 21522742Swollman# Switzerland 215358787Sru# From Howse: 21542742Swollman# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace 21552742Swollman# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep 21562742Swollman# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... 21572742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 21582742Swollman# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''): 215919878SwollmanRule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S 21609908SwollmanRule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - 216158787Sru# From Shanks: 216219878SwollmanRule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 21639908SwollmanRule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 21642742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 21652742SwollmanZone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12 216619878Swollman 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 216719878Swollman 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 216819878Swollman 1:00 EU CE%sT 21692742Swollman 21702742Swollman# Turkey 21712742Swollman# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 217219878SwollmanRule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 21732742SwollmanRule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 217419878SwollmanRule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S 21752742SwollmanRule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - 217619878SwollmanRule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 21772742SwollmanRule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 217819878SwollmanRule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S 21792742SwollmanRule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 21802742Swollman# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks. 218119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S 21822742SwollmanRule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 218319878SwollmanRule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 218419878SwollmanRule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S 21852742SwollmanRule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 - 218619878SwollmanRule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S 21872742SwollmanRule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - 218819878SwollmanRule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 21892742Swollman# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 21902742SwollmanRule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 219119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S 21922742SwollmanRule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 219319878SwollmanRule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 21942742SwollmanRule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 219519878SwollmanRule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S 21962742SwollmanRule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 219719878SwollmanRule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S 219819878SwollmanRule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S 219919878SwollmanRule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S 22002742SwollmanRule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 220119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S 22022742SwollmanRule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 220319878SwollmanRule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 22042742SwollmanRule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 220519878SwollmanRule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S 22062742SwollmanRule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 220719878SwollmanRule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S 22082742SwollmanRule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 - 220919878SwollmanRule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 22102742SwollmanRule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 - 221119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 22122742SwollmanRule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 221319878SwollmanRule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 221419878SwollmanRule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 22152742SwollmanRule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 - 221619878SwollmanRule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S 22172742SwollmanRule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 - 221819878SwollmanRule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S 221919878SwollmanRule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S 22202742SwollmanRule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 222119878SwollmanRule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S 22222742SwollmanRule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 22232742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 22242742SwollmanZone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 222519878Swollman 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time? 222619878Swollman 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15 222719878Swollman 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time 222819878Swollman 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986 222920094Swollman 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 223020094Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 22312742SwollmanLink Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. 22322742Swollman 22332742Swollman# Ukraine 2234114173Swollman# 2235114173Swollman# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice, 2236114173Swollman# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27): 2237114173Swollman# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment 2238114173Swollman# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says: 2239114173Swollman# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday 2240114173Swollman# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of 2241114173Swollman# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am" 2242114173Swollman 22432742Swollman# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 224458787Sru# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev. 22452742SwollmanZone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 224658787Sru 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time 22472742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 224858787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20 224958787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6 225058787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 225158787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 225258787Sru 2:00 - EET 1992 225358787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 225420094Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 225558787Sru# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991. 225658787SruZone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct 225758787Sru 1:00 - CET 1940 225858787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 225958787Sru 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26 226058787Sru 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29 226158787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 226258787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 226358787Sru 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00 226458787Sru 2:00 - EET 1992 226558787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 226658787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 226758787Sru# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991. 226858787Sru# Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes. 226958787SruZone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880 227058787Sru 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T 227158787Sru 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 227258787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25 227358787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25 227458787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00 227558787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 227658787Sru 2:00 EU EE%sT 227758787Sru# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997. 22782742SwollmanZone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 227958787Sru 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T 22802742Swollman 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 228158787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov 228258787Sru 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13 228358787Sru 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 228458787Sru 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 228558787Sru 2:00 - EET 1992 228658787Sru# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12): 228758787Sru# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched 228820094Swollman# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections. 228958787Sru# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened 229058787Sru# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May. 229158787Sru 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May 229243014Swollman# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev. 229358787Sru 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s 229458787Sru 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s 229543014Swollman# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST. 229643014Swollman# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks. 229764499Swollman 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997 229864499Swollman 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u 229943014Swollman 2:00 EU EE%sT 23002742Swollman 23012742Swollman############################################################################### 23022742Swollman 23032742Swollman# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from 23042742Swollman# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986. 23052742Swollman# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else. 23062742Swollman# 23072742Swollman# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but 23082742Swollman# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules. 23092742Swollman# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at 23102742Swollman# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey 23112742Swollman# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time 23122742Swollman# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST) 23132742Swollman 23142742Swollman# ... 23152742Swollman# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100 23162742Swollman# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann) 23172742Swollman# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp> 23182742Swollman# ... 23192742Swollman# 23202742Swollman# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when 23212742Swollman# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only 23222742Swollman# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according 23232742Swollman# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on 23242742Swollman# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following 23252742Swollman# years... 23262742Swollman# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions 23272742Swollman# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST 23282742Swollman# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep 23292742Swollman# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now. 23302742Swollman# 23312742Swollman# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the 23322742Swollman# Soviet Union (as far as I know). 23332742Swollman# 23342742Swollman# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG, 23352742Swollman# 4002 Basle, Switzerland 23362742Swollman# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho 23372742Swollman 23382742Swollman# ... 23392742Swollman# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100 23402742Swollman# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter) 23412742Swollman# ... 23422742Swollman# 23432742Swollman# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct. 23442742Swollman# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information 23452742Swollman# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969. 23462742Swollman# 23472742Swollman# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on 23482742Swollman# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September... 23492742Swollman# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that 23502742Swollman# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982 23512742Swollman# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in 23522742Swollman# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch 23532742Swollman# dates... 23542742Swollman# 23552742Swollman# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g. 23562742Swollman# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST... 23572742Swollman# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not 23582742Swollman# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations 23592742Swollman# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always 23602742Swollman# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the 23612742Swollman# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours 23622742Swollman# in advance of normal time. 23632742Swollman# 23642742Swollman# ... 23652742Swollman# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland 23662742Swollman# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl 23672742Swollman# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax 23682742Swollman 236919878Swollman# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): 23702742Swollman# ... 23712742Swollman# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates). 23722742Swollman# Since 1978. Change at midnight. 23732742Swollman# ... 23742742Swollman# Monaco: has same DST as France. 23752742Swollman# ... 2376