less.man revision 63128
160786Sps 260786Sps 360786Sps 460786SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 560786Sps 660786Sps 760786SpsNNAAMMEE 860786Sps less - opposite of more 960786Sps 1060786SpsSSYYNNOOPPSSIISS 1160786Sps lleessss --?? 1260786Sps lleessss ----hheellpp 1360786Sps lleessss --VV 1460786Sps lleessss ----vveerrssiioonn 1560786Sps lleessss [[--[[++]]aaBBccCCddeeEEffggGGiiIImmMMnnNNqqQQrrssSSuuUUVVwwXX]] 1660786Sps [[--bb _b_u_f_s]] [[--hh _l_i_n_e_s]] [[--jj _l_i_n_e]] [[--kk _k_e_y_f_i_l_e]] 1760786Sps [[--{{ooOO}} _l_o_g_f_i_l_e]] [[--pp _p_a_t_t_e_r_n]] [[--PP _p_r_o_m_p_t]] [[--tt _t_a_g]] 1860786Sps [[--TT _t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e]] [[--xx _t_a_b]] [[--yy _l_i_n_e_s]] [[--[[zz]] _l_i_n_e_s]] 1960786Sps [[++[[++]]_c_m_d]] [[----]] [[_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e]]...... 2060786Sps (See the OPTIONS section for alternate option syntax with 2160786Sps long option names.) 2260786Sps 2360786Sps 2460786SpsDDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN 2560786Sps _L_e_s_s is a program similar to _m_o_r_e (1), but which allows 2660786Sps backward movement in the file as well as forward movement. 2760786Sps Also, _l_e_s_s does not have to read the entire input file 2860786Sps before starting, so with large input files it starts up 2960786Sps faster than text editors like _v_i (1). _L_e_s_s uses termcap 3060786Sps (or terminfo on some systems), so it can run on a variety 3160786Sps of terminals. There is even limited support for hardcopy 3260786Sps terminals. (On a hardcopy terminal, lines which should be 3360786Sps printed at the top of the screen are prefixed with a 3460786Sps caret.) 3560786Sps 3660786Sps Commands are based on both _m_o_r_e and _v_i_. Commands may be 3760786Sps preceded by a decimal number, called N in the descriptions 3860786Sps below. The number is used by some commands, as indicated. 3960786Sps 4060786Sps 4160786SpsCCOOMMMMAANNDDSS 4260786Sps In the following descriptions, ^X means control-X. ESC 4360786Sps stands for the ESCAPE key; for example ESC-v means the two 4460786Sps character sequence "ESCAPE", then "v". 4560786Sps 4660786Sps h or H Help: display a summary of these commands. If you 4760786Sps forget all the other commands, remember this one. 4860786Sps 4960786Sps SPACE or ^V or f or ^F 5060786Sps Scroll forward N lines, default one window (see 5160786Sps option -z below). If N is more than the screen 5260786Sps size, only the final screenful is displayed. Warn- 5360786Sps ing: some systems use ^V as a special literaliza- 5460786Sps tion character. 5560786Sps 5660786Sps z Like SPACE, but if N is specified, it becomes the 5760786Sps new window size. 5860786Sps 5960786Sps ESC-SPACE 6060786Sps Like SPACE, but scrolls a full screenful, even if 6160786Sps 6260786Sps 6360786Sps 6463128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 1 6560786Sps 6660786Sps 6760786Sps 6860786Sps 6960786Sps 7060786SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 7160786Sps 7260786Sps 7360786Sps it reaches end-of-file in the process. 7460786Sps 7560786Sps RETURN or ^N or e or ^E or j or ^J 7660786Sps Scroll forward N lines, default 1. The entire N 7760786Sps lines are displayed, even if N is more than the 7860786Sps screen size. 7960786Sps 8060786Sps d or ^D 8160786Sps Scroll forward N lines, default one half of the 8260786Sps screen size. If N is specified, it becomes the new 8360786Sps default for subsequent d and u commands. 8460786Sps 8560786Sps b or ^B or ESC-v 8660786Sps Scroll backward N lines, default one window (see 8760786Sps option -z below). If N is more than the screen 8860786Sps size, only the final screenful is displayed. 8960786Sps 9060786Sps w Like ESC-v, but if N is specified, it becomes the 9160786Sps new window size. 9260786Sps 9360786Sps y or ^Y or ^P or k or ^K 9460786Sps Scroll backward N lines, default 1. The entire N 9560786Sps lines are displayed, even if N is more than the 9660786Sps screen size. Warning: some systems use ^Y as a 9760786Sps special job control character. 9860786Sps 9960786Sps u or ^U 10060786Sps Scroll backward N lines, default one half of the 10160786Sps screen size. If N is specified, it becomes the new 10260786Sps default for subsequent d and u commands. 10360786Sps 10460786Sps ESC-) or RIGHTARROW 10563128Sps Scroll horizontally right N characters, default 10663128Sps half the screen width (see the -# option). While 10763128Sps the text is scrolled, it acts as though the -S 10863128Sps option (chop lines) were in effect. Note that if 10963128Sps you wish to enter a number N, you must use ESC-), 11063128Sps not RIGHTARROW, because the arrow is taken to be a 11163128Sps line editing command (see the LINE EDITING sec- 11263128Sps tion). 11360786Sps 11460786Sps ESC-( or LEFTARROW 11563128Sps Scroll horizontally left N characters, default half 11663128Sps the screen width (see the -# option). 11760786Sps 11860786Sps r or ^R or ^L 11960786Sps Repaint the screen. 12060786Sps 12163128Sps R Repaint the screen, discarding any buffered input. 12263128Sps Useful if the file is changing while it is being 12360786Sps viewed. 12460786Sps 12563128Sps F Scroll forward, and keep trying to read when the 12663128Sps end of file is reached. Normally this command 12760786Sps 12860786Sps 12960786Sps 13063128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 2 13160786Sps 13260786Sps 13360786Sps 13460786Sps 13560786Sps 13660786SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 13760786Sps 13860786Sps 13963128Sps would be used when already at the end of the file. 14063128Sps It is a way to monitor the tail of a file which is 14163128Sps growing while it is being viewed. (The behavior is 14260786Sps similar to the "tail -f" command.) 14360786Sps 14460786Sps g or < or ESC-< 14563128Sps Go to line N in the file, default 1 (beginning of 14663128Sps file). (Warning: this may be slow if N is large.) 14760786Sps 14860786Sps G or > or ESC-> 14963128Sps Go to line N in the file, default the end of the 15060786Sps file. (Warning: this may be slow if N is large, or 15163128Sps if N is not specified and standard input, rather 15260786Sps than a file, is being read.) 15360786Sps 15460786Sps p or % Go to a position N percent into the file. N should 15560786Sps be between 0 and 100. 15660786Sps 15763128Sps { If a left curly bracket appears in the top line 15863128Sps displayed on the screen, the { command will go to 15963128Sps the matching right curly bracket. The matching 16063128Sps right curly bracket is positioned on the bottom 16160786Sps line of the screen. If there is more than one left 16263128Sps curly bracket on the top line, a number N may be 16360786Sps used to specify the N-th bracket on the line. 16460786Sps 16560786Sps } If a right curly bracket appears in the bottom line 16663128Sps displayed on the screen, the } command will go to 16760786Sps the matching left curly bracket. The matching left 16863128Sps curly bracket is positioned on the top line of the 16963128Sps screen. If there is more than one right curly 17063128Sps bracket on the top line, a number N may be used to 17160786Sps specify the N-th bracket on the line. 17260786Sps 17363128Sps ( Like {, but applies to parentheses rather than 17460786Sps curly brackets. 17560786Sps 17663128Sps ) Like }, but applies to parentheses rather than 17760786Sps curly brackets. 17860786Sps 17963128Sps [ Like {, but applies to square brackets rather than 18060786Sps curly brackets. 18160786Sps 18263128Sps ] Like }, but applies to square brackets rather than 18360786Sps curly brackets. 18460786Sps 18563128Sps ESC-^F Followed by two characters, acts like {, but uses 18663128Sps the two characters as open and close brackets, 18763128Sps respectively. For example, "ESC ^F < >" could be 18863128Sps used to go forward to the > which matches the < in 18960786Sps the top displayed line. 19060786Sps 19163128Sps ESC-^B Followed by two characters, acts like }, but uses 19263128Sps the two characters as open and close brackets, 19360786Sps 19460786Sps 19560786Sps 19663128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 3 19760786Sps 19860786Sps 19960786Sps 20060786Sps 20160786Sps 20260786SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 20360786Sps 20460786Sps 20563128Sps respectively. For example, "ESC ^B < >" could be 20663128Sps used to go backward to the < which matches the > in 20763128Sps the bottom displayed line. 20863128Sps 20960786Sps m Followed by any lowercase letter, marks the current 21060786Sps position with that letter. 21160786Sps 21263128Sps ' (Single quote.) Followed by any lowercase letter, 21360786Sps returns to the position which was previously marked 21460786Sps with that letter. Followed by another single 21563128Sps quote, returns to the position at which the last 21660786Sps "large" movement command was executed. Followed by 21760786Sps a ^ or $, jumps to the beginning or end of the file 21863128Sps respectively. Marks are preserved when a new file 21960786Sps is examined, so the ' command can be used to switch 22060786Sps between input files. 22160786Sps 22260786Sps ^X^X Same as single quote. 22360786Sps 22460786Sps /pattern 22563128Sps Search forward in the file for the N-th line con- 22660786Sps taining the pattern. N defaults to 1. The pattern 22763128Sps is a regular expression, as recognized by _e_d_. The 22860786Sps search starts at the second line displayed (but see 22960786Sps the -a and -j options, which change this). 23060786Sps 23163128Sps Certain characters are special if entered at the 23263128Sps beginning of the pattern; they modify the type of 23360786Sps search rather than become part of the pattern: 23460786Sps 23560786Sps ^N or ! 23660786Sps Search for lines which do NOT match the pat- 23760786Sps tern. 23860786Sps 23960786Sps ^E or * 24063128Sps Search multiple files. That is, if the 24163128Sps search reaches the END of the current file 24263128Sps without finding a match, the search contin- 24363128Sps ues in the next file in the command line 24460786Sps list. 24560786Sps 24660786Sps ^F or @ 24763128Sps Begin the search at the first line of the 24860786Sps FIRST file in the command line list, regard- 24963128Sps less of what is currently displayed on the 25063128Sps screen or the settings of the -a or -j 25160786Sps options. 25260786Sps 25360786Sps ^K Highlight any text which matches the pattern 25460786Sps on the current screen, but don't move to the 25560786Sps first match (KEEP current position). 25660786Sps 25760786Sps ^R Don't interpret regular expression metachar- 25863128Sps acters; that is, do a simple textual 25960786Sps 26060786Sps 26160786Sps 26263128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 4 26360786Sps 26460786Sps 26560786Sps 26660786Sps 26760786Sps 26860786SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 26960786Sps 27060786Sps 27163128Sps comparison. 27260786Sps 27363128Sps ?pattern 27463128Sps Search backward in the file for the N-th line con- 27563128Sps taining the pattern. The search starts at the line 27663128Sps immediately before the top line displayed. 27763128Sps 27860786Sps Certain characters are special as in the / command: 27960786Sps 28060786Sps ^N or ! 28160786Sps Search for lines which do NOT match the pat- 28260786Sps tern. 28360786Sps 28460786Sps ^E or * 28563128Sps Search multiple files. That is, if the 28663128Sps search reaches the beginning of the current 28763128Sps file without finding a match, the search 28863128Sps continues in the previous file in the com- 28960786Sps mand line list. 29060786Sps 29160786Sps ^F or @ 29263128Sps Begin the search at the last line of the 29363128Sps last file in the command line list, regard- 29463128Sps less of what is currently displayed on the 29563128Sps screen or the settings of the -a or -j 29660786Sps options. 29760786Sps 29860786Sps ^K As in forward searches. 29960786Sps 30060786Sps ^R As in forward searches. 30160786Sps 30260786Sps ESC-/pattern 30360786Sps Same as "/*". 30460786Sps 30560786Sps ESC-?pattern 30660786Sps Same as "?*". 30760786Sps 30863128Sps n Repeat previous search, for N-th line containing 30960786Sps the last pattern. If the previous search was modi- 31063128Sps fied by ^N, the search is made for the N-th line 31160786Sps NOT containing the pattern. If the previous search 31263128Sps was modified by ^E, the search continues in the 31363128Sps next (or previous) file if not satisfied in the 31463128Sps current file. If the previous search was modified 31563128Sps by ^R, the search is done without using regular 31663128Sps expressions. There is no effect if the previous 31760786Sps search was modified by ^F or ^K. 31860786Sps 31963128Sps N Repeat previous search, but in the reverse direc- 32060786Sps tion. 32160786Sps 32263128Sps ESC-n Repeat previous search, but crossing file bound- 32363128Sps aries. The effect is as if the previous search 32460786Sps were modified by *. 32560786Sps 32660786Sps 32760786Sps 32863128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 5 32960786Sps 33060786Sps 33160786Sps 33260786Sps 33360786Sps 33463128SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 33560786Sps 33660786Sps 33763128Sps ESC-N Repeat previous search, but in the reverse direc- 33863128Sps tion and crossing file boundaries. 33960786Sps 34060786Sps ESC-u Undo search highlighting. Turn off highlighting of 34163128Sps strings matching the current search pattern. If 34263128Sps highlighting is already off because of a previous 34363128Sps ESC-u command, turn highlighting back on. Any 34460786Sps search command will also turn highlighting back on. 34563128Sps (Highlighting can also be disabled by toggling the 34660786Sps -G option; in that case search commands do not turn 34760786Sps highlighting back on.) 34860786Sps 34960786Sps :e [filename] 35063128Sps Examine a new file. If the filename is missing, 35163128Sps the "current" file (see the :n and :p commands 35263128Sps below) from the list of files in the command line 35360786Sps is re-examined. A percent sign (%) in the filename 35463128Sps is replaced by the name of the current file. A 35563128Sps pound sign (#) is replaced by the name of the pre- 35663128Sps viously examined file. However, two consecutive 35763128Sps percent signs are simply replaced with a single 35863128Sps percent sign. This allows you to enter a filename 35963128Sps that contains a percent sign in the name. Simi- 36063128Sps larly, two consecutive pound signs are replaced 36160786Sps with a single pound sign. The filename is inserted 36263128Sps into the command line list of files so that it can 36363128Sps be seen by subsequent :n and :p commands. If the 36463128Sps filename consists of several files, they are all 36563128Sps inserted into the list of files and the first one 36663128Sps is examined. If the filename contains one or more 36763128Sps spaces, the entire filename should be enclosed in 36860786Sps double quotes (also see the -" option). 36960786Sps 37060786Sps ^X^V or E 37160786Sps Same as :e. Warning: some systems use ^V as a spe- 37263128Sps cial literalization character. On such systems, 37360786Sps you may not be able to use ^V. 37460786Sps 37560786Sps :n Examine the next file (from the list of files given 37663128Sps in the command line). If a number N is specified, 37760786Sps the N-th next file is examined. 37860786Sps 37960786Sps :p Examine the previous file in the command line list. 38063128Sps If a number N is specified, the N-th previous file 38160786Sps is examined. 38260786Sps 38363128Sps :x Examine the first file in the command line list. 38463128Sps If a number N is specified, the N-th file in the 38560786Sps list is examined. 38660786Sps 38760786Sps :d Remove the current file from the list of files. 38860786Sps 38960786Sps = or ^G or :f 39063128Sps Prints some information about the file being 39160786Sps 39260786Sps 39360786Sps 39463128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 6 39560786Sps 39660786Sps 39760786Sps 39860786Sps 39960786Sps 40060786SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 40160786Sps 40260786Sps 40363128Sps viewed, including its name and the line number and 40463128Sps byte offset of the bottom line being displayed. If 40563128Sps possible, it also prints the length of the file, 40663128Sps the number of lines in the file and the percent of 40760786Sps the file above the last displayed line. 40860786Sps 40963128Sps - Followed by one of the command line option letters 41063128Sps (see OPTIONS below), this will change the setting 41163128Sps of that option and print a message describing the 41263128Sps new setting. If a ^P (CONTROL-P) is entered imme- 41363128Sps diately after the dash, the setting of the option 41463128Sps is changed but no message is printed. If the 41563128Sps option letter has a numeric value (such as -b or 41663128Sps -h), or a string value (such as -P or -t), a new 41763128Sps value may be entered after the option letter. If 41863128Sps no new value is entered, a message describing the 41963128Sps current setting is printed and nothing is changed. 42060786Sps 42163128Sps -- Like the - command, but takes a long option name 42263128Sps (see OPTIONS below) rather than a single option 42363128Sps letter. You must press RETURN after typing the 42463128Sps option name. A ^P immediately after the second 42563128Sps dash suppresses printing of a message describing 42660786Sps the new setting, as in the - command. 42760786Sps 42863128Sps -+ Followed by one of the command line option letters 42963128Sps this will reset the option to its default setting 43063128Sps and print a message describing the new setting. 43163128Sps (The "-+_X" command does the same thing as "-+_X" on 43263128Sps the command line.) This does not work for string- 43360786Sps valued options. 43460786Sps 43563128Sps --+ Like the -+ command, but takes a long option name 43660786Sps rather than a single option letter. 43760786Sps 43860786Sps -! Followed by one of the command line option letters, 43960786Sps this will reset the option to the "opposite" of its 44063128Sps default setting and print a message describing the 44163128Sps new setting. This does not work for numeric or 44260786Sps string-valued options. 44360786Sps 44463128Sps --! Like the -! command, but takes a long option name 44560786Sps rather than a single option letter. 44660786Sps 44763128Sps _ (Underscore.) Followed by one of the command line 44863128Sps option letters, this will print a message describ- 44963128Sps ing the current setting of that option. The set- 45060786Sps ting of the option is not changed. 45160786Sps 45263128Sps __ (Double underscore.) Like the _ (underscore) com- 45363128Sps mand, but takes a long option name rather than a 45463128Sps single option letter. You must press RETURN after 45560786Sps typing the option name. 45660786Sps 45760786Sps 45860786Sps 45960786Sps 46063128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 7 46160786Sps 46260786Sps 46360786Sps 46460786Sps 46560786Sps 46660786SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 46760786Sps 46860786Sps 46963128Sps +cmd Causes the specified cmd to be executed each time a 47063128Sps new file is examined. For example, +G causes _l_e_s_s 47163128Sps to initially display each file starting at the end 47260786Sps rather than the beginning. 47360786Sps 47460786Sps V Prints the version number of _l_e_s_s being run. 47560786Sps 47660786Sps q or Q or :q or :Q or ZZ 47760786Sps Exits _l_e_s_s_. 47860786Sps 47963128Sps The following four commands may or may not be valid, 48060786Sps depending on your particular installation. 48160786Sps 48260786Sps 48363128Sps v Invokes an editor to edit the current file being 48463128Sps viewed. The editor is taken from the environment 48563128Sps variable VISUAL if defined, or EDITOR if VISUAL is 48663128Sps not defined, or defaults to "vi" if neither VISUAL 48763128Sps nor EDITOR is defined. See also the discussion of 48860786Sps LESSEDIT under the section on PROMPTS below. 48960786Sps 49060786Sps ! shell-command 49163128Sps Invokes a shell to run the shell-command given. A 49263128Sps percent sign (%) in the command is replaced by the 49363128Sps name of the current file. A pound sign (#) is 49463128Sps replaced by the name of the previously examined 49563128Sps file. "!!" repeats the last shell command. "!" 49663128Sps with no shell command simply invokes a shell. On 49763128Sps Unix systems, the shell is taken from the environ- 49863128Sps ment variable SHELL, or defaults to "sh". On MS- 49963128Sps DOS and OS/2 systems, the shell is the normal com- 50060786Sps mand processor. 50160786Sps 50260786Sps | <m> shell-command 50360786Sps <m> represents any mark letter. Pipes a section of 50463128Sps the input file to the given shell command. The 50563128Sps section of the file to be piped is between the 50663128Sps first line on the current screen and the position 50763128Sps marked by the letter. <m> may also be ^ or $ to 50860786Sps indicate beginning or end of file respectively. If 50960786Sps <m> is . or newline, the current screen is piped. 51060786Sps 51160786Sps s filename 51263128Sps Save the input to a file. This only works if the 51360786Sps input is a pipe, not an ordinary file. 51460786Sps 51560786Sps 51660786SpsOOPPTTIIOONNSS 51763128Sps Command line options are described below. Most options 51860786Sps may be changed while _l_e_s_s is running, via the "-" command. 51960786Sps 52063128Sps Most options may be given in one of two forms: either a 52163128Sps dash followed by a single letter, or two dashes followed 52263128Sps by a long option name. A long option name may be 52360786Sps 52460786Sps 52560786Sps 52663128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 8 52760786Sps 52860786Sps 52960786Sps 53060786Sps 53160786Sps 53260786SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 53360786Sps 53460786Sps 53563128Sps abbreviated as long as the abbreviation is unambiguous. 53663128Sps For example, --quit-at-eof may be abbreviated --quit, but 53763128Sps not --qui, since both --quit-at-eof and --quiet begin with 53863128Sps --qui. Some long option names are in uppercase, such as 53963128Sps --QUIT-AT-EOF, as distinct from --quit-at-eof. Such 54063128Sps option names need only have their first letter capital- 54163128Sps ized; the remainder of the name may be in either case. 54260786Sps For example, --Quit-at-eof is equivalent to --QUIT-AT-EOF. 54360786Sps 54463128Sps Options are also taken from the environment variable 54563128Sps "LESS". For example, to avoid typing "less -options ..." 54660786Sps each time _l_e_s_s is invoked, you might tell _c_s_h_: 54760786Sps 54860786Sps setenv LESS "-options" 54960786Sps 55060786Sps or if you use _s_h_: 55160786Sps 55260786Sps LESS="-options"; export LESS 55360786Sps 55463128Sps On MS-DOS, you don't need the quotes, but you should 55563128Sps replace any percent signs in the options string by double 55660786Sps percent signs. 55760786Sps 55863128Sps The environment variable is parsed before the command 55963128Sps line, so command line options override the LESS environ- 56060786Sps ment variable. If an option appears in the LESS variable, 56163128Sps it can be reset to its default value on the command line 56260786Sps by beginning the command line option with "-+". 56360786Sps 56460786Sps For options like -P or -D which take a following string, a 56563128Sps dollar sign ($) must be used to signal the end of the 56660786Sps string. For example, to set two -D options on MS-DOS, you 56760786Sps must have a dollar sign between them, like this: 56860786Sps 56960786Sps LESS="-Dn9.1$-Ds4.1" 57060786Sps 57160786Sps 57260786Sps -? or --help 57363128Sps This option displays a summary of the commands 57463128Sps accepted by _l_e_s_s (the same as the h command). 57563128Sps (Depending on how your shell interprets the ques- 57663128Sps tion mark, it may be necessary to quote the ques- 57760786Sps tion mark, thus: "-\?".) 57860786Sps 57960786Sps -a or --search-skip-screen 58063128Sps Causes searches to start after the last line dis- 58163128Sps played on the screen, thus skipping all lines dis- 58263128Sps played on the screen. By default, searches start 58360786Sps at the second line on the screen (or after the last 58460786Sps found line; see the -j option). 58560786Sps 58660786Sps -b_n or --buffers=_n 58763128Sps Specifies the number of buffers _l_e_s_s will use for 58863128Sps each file. Buffers are 1K, and by default 10 58960786Sps 59060786Sps 59160786Sps 59263128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 9 59360786Sps 59460786Sps 59560786Sps 59660786Sps 59760786Sps 59860786SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 59960786Sps 60060786Sps 60163128Sps buffers are used for each file (except if the file 60263128Sps is a pipe; see the -B option). The number _n speci- 60363128Sps fies a different number of buffers to use. 60463128Sps 60560786Sps -B or --auto-buffers 60663128Sps By default, when data is read from a pipe, buffers 60763128Sps are allocated automatically as needed. If a large 60863128Sps amount of data is read from the pipe, this can 60963128Sps cause a large amount of memory to be allocated. 61060786Sps The -B option disables this automatic allocation of 61163128Sps buffers for pipes, so that only the number of 61260786Sps buffers specified by the -b option are used. Warn- 61363128Sps ing: use of -B can result in erroneous display, 61463128Sps since only the most recently viewed part of the 61560786Sps file is kept in memory; any earlier data is lost. 61660786Sps 61760786Sps -c or --clear-screen 61863128Sps Causes full screen repaints to be painted from the 61963128Sps top line down. By default, full screen repaints 62063128Sps are done by scrolling from the bottom of the 62160786Sps screen. 62260786Sps 62360786Sps -C or --CLEAR-SCREEN 62460786Sps The -C option is like -c, but the screen is cleared 62560786Sps before it is repainted. 62660786Sps 62760786Sps -d or --dumb 62860786Sps The -d option suppresses the error message normally 62963128Sps displayed if the terminal is dumb; that is, lacks 63063128Sps some important capability, such as the ability to 63160786Sps clear the screen or scroll backward. The -d option 63260786Sps does not otherwise change the behavior of _l_e_s_s on a 63360786Sps dumb terminal). 63460786Sps 63560786Sps -Dxx_c_o_l_o_r or --color=xx_c_o_l_o_r 63660786Sps [MS-DOS only] Sets the color of the text displayed. 63763128Sps xx is a single character which selects the type of 63863128Sps text whose color is being set: n=normal, s=stand- 63963128Sps out, d=bold, u=underlined, k=blink. _c_o_l_o_r is a 64063128Sps pair of numbers separated by a period. The first 64163128Sps number selects the foreground color and the second 64260786Sps selects the background color of the text. A single 64360786Sps number _N is the same as _N_._0. 64460786Sps 64560786Sps -e or --quit-at-eof 64663128Sps Causes _l_e_s_s to automatically exit the second time 64763128Sps it reaches end-of-file. By default, the only way 64860786Sps to exit _l_e_s_s is via the "q" command. 64960786Sps 65060786Sps -E or --QUIT-AT-EOF 65160786Sps Causes _l_e_s_s to automatically exit the first time it 65260786Sps reaches end-of-file. 65360786Sps 65460786Sps 65560786Sps 65660786Sps 65760786Sps 65863128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 10 65960786Sps 66060786Sps 66160786Sps 66260786Sps 66363128Sps 66460786SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 66560786Sps 66660786Sps 66763128Sps -f or --force 66863128Sps Forces non-regular files to be opened. (A non-reg- 66963128Sps ular file is a directory or a device special file.) 67063128Sps Also suppresses the warning message when a binary 67163128Sps file is opened. By default, _l_e_s_s will refuse to 67260786Sps open non-regular files. 67360786Sps 67460786Sps -F or --quit-if-one-screen 67563128Sps Causes _l_e_s_s to automatically exit if the entire 67660786Sps file can be displayed on the first screen. 67760786Sps 67860786Sps -g or --hilite-search 67963128Sps Normally, _l_e_s_s will highlight ALL strings which 68063128Sps match the last search command. The -g option 68160786Sps changes this behavior to highlight only the partic- 68260786Sps ular string which was found by the last search com- 68363128Sps mand. This can cause _l_e_s_s to run somewhat faster 68460786Sps than the default. 68560786Sps 68660786Sps -G or --HILITE-SEARCH 68763128Sps The -G option suppresses all highlighting of 68860786Sps strings found by search commands. 68960786Sps 69060786Sps -h_n or ---max-back-scroll=_n 69160786Sps Specifies a maximum number of lines to scroll back- 69263128Sps ward. If it is necessary to scroll backward more 69363128Sps than _n lines, the screen is repainted in a forward 69463128Sps direction instead. (If the terminal does not have 69560786Sps the ability to scroll backward, -h0 is implied.) 69660786Sps 69760786Sps -i or --ignore-case 69863128Sps Causes searches to ignore case; that is, uppercase 69963128Sps and lowercase are considered identical. This 70063128Sps option is ignored if any uppercase letters appear 70160786Sps in the search pattern; in other words, if a pattern 70263128Sps contains uppercase letters, then that search does 70360786Sps not ignore case. 70460786Sps 70560786Sps -I or --IGNORE-CASE 70663128Sps Like -i, but searches ignore case even if the pat- 70760786Sps tern contains uppercase letters. 70860786Sps 70960786Sps -j_n or --jump-target=_n 71063128Sps Specifies a line on the screen where the "target" 71163128Sps line is to be positioned. A target line is the 71260786Sps object of a text search, tag search, jump to a line 71363128Sps number, jump to a file percentage, or jump to a 71460786Sps marked position. The screen line is specified by a 71563128Sps number: the top line on the screen is 1, the next 71663128Sps is 2, and so on. The number may be negative to 71763128Sps specify a line relative to the bottom of the 71863128Sps screen: the bottom line on the screen is -1, the 71963128Sps second to the bottom is -2, and so on. If the -j 72063128Sps option is used, searches begin at the line 72160786Sps 72260786Sps 72360786Sps 72463128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 11 72560786Sps 72660786Sps 72760786Sps 72860786Sps 72960786Sps 73060786SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 73160786Sps 73260786Sps 73363128Sps immediately after the target line. For example, if 73463128Sps "-j4" is used, the target line is the fourth line 73563128Sps on the screen, so searches begin at the fifth line 73663128Sps on the screen. 73763128Sps 73863128Sps -J or --status-column 73963128Sps Displays a status column at the left edge of the 74063128Sps screen. The status column is used only if the -w 74163128Sps or -W option is in effect. 74263128Sps 74360786Sps -k_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e or --lesskey-file=_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e 74460786Sps Causes _l_e_s_s to open and interpret the named file as 74563128Sps a _l_e_s_s_k_e_y (1) file. Multiple -k options may be 74663128Sps specified. If the LESSKEY or LESSKEY_SYSTEM envi- 74763128Sps ronment variable is set, or if a lesskey file is 74860786Sps found in a standard place (see KEY BINDINGS), it is 74960786Sps also used as a _l_e_s_s_k_e_y file. 75060786Sps 75160786Sps -m or --long-prompt 75263128Sps Causes _l_e_s_s to prompt verbosely (like _m_o_r_e), with 75360786Sps the percent into the file. By default, _l_e_s_s 75460786Sps prompts with a colon. 75560786Sps 75660786Sps -M or --LONG-PROMPT 75763128Sps Causes _l_e_s_s to prompt even more verbosely than 75860786Sps _m_o_r_e_. 75960786Sps 76060786Sps -n or --line-numbers 76163128Sps Suppresses line numbers. The default (to use line 76263128Sps numbers) may cause _l_e_s_s to run more slowly in some 76363128Sps cases, especially with a very large input file. 76463128Sps Suppressing line numbers with the -n option will 76563128Sps avoid this problem. Using line numbers means: the 76660786Sps line number will be displayed in the verbose prompt 76763128Sps and in the = command, and the v command will pass 76860786Sps the current line number to the editor (see also the 76960786Sps discussion of LESSEDIT in PROMPTS below). 77060786Sps 77160786Sps -N or --LINE-NUMBERS 77263128Sps Causes a line number to be displayed at the begin- 77360786Sps ning of each line in the display. 77460786Sps 77560786Sps -o_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e or --log-file=_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e 77663128Sps Causes _l_e_s_s to copy its input to the named file as 77763128Sps it is being viewed. This applies only when the 77860786Sps input file is a pipe, not an ordinary file. If the 77960786Sps file already exists, _l_e_s_s will ask for confirmation 78060786Sps before overwriting it. 78160786Sps 78260786Sps -O_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e or --LOG-FILE=_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e 78363128Sps The -O option is like -o, but it will overwrite an 78460786Sps existing file without asking for confirmation. 78560786Sps 78663128Sps If no log file has been specified, the -o and -O 78760786Sps 78860786Sps 78960786Sps 79063128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 12 79160786Sps 79260786Sps 79360786Sps 79460786Sps 79560786Sps 79660786SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 79760786Sps 79860786Sps 79963128Sps options can be used from within _l_e_s_s to specify a 80063128Sps log file. Without a file name, they will simply 80163128Sps report the name of the log file. The "s" command 80263128Sps is equivalent to specifying -o from within _l_e_s_s_. 80363128Sps 80463128Sps -p_p_a_t_t_e_r_n or --pattern=_p_a_t_t_e_r_n 80563128Sps The -p option on the command line is equivalent to 80663128Sps specifying +/_p_a_t_t_e_r_n; that is, it tells _l_e_s_s to 80763128Sps start at the first occurrence of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in the 80863128Sps file. 80963128Sps 81060786Sps -P_p_r_o_m_p_t or --prompt=_p_r_o_m_p_t 81160786Sps Provides a way to tailor the three prompt styles to 81260786Sps your own preference. This option would normally be 81363128Sps put in the LESS environment variable, rather than 81463128Sps being typed in with each _l_e_s_s command. Such an 81563128Sps option must either be the last option in the LESS 81663128Sps variable, or be terminated by a dollar sign. -Ps 81763128Sps followed by a string changes the default (short) 81860786Sps prompt to that string. -Pm changes the medium (-m) 81963128Sps prompt. -PM changes the long (-M) prompt. -Ph 82060786Sps changes the prompt for the help screen. -P= 82163128Sps changes the message printed by the = command. All 82260786Sps prompt strings consist of a sequence of letters and 82360786Sps special escape sequences. See the section on 82460786Sps PROMPTS for more details. 82560786Sps 82660786Sps -q or --quiet or --silent 82763128Sps Causes moderately "quiet" operation: the terminal 82863128Sps bell is not rung if an attempt is made to scroll 82960786Sps past the end of the file or before the beginning of 83063128Sps the file. If the terminal has a "visual bell", it 83163128Sps is used instead. The bell will be rung on certain 83263128Sps other errors, such as typing an invalid character. 83363128Sps The default is to ring the terminal bell in all 83460786Sps such cases. 83560786Sps 83660786Sps -Q or --QUIET or --SILENT 83760786Sps Causes totally "quiet" operation: the terminal bell 83860786Sps is never rung. 83960786Sps 84060786Sps -r or --raw-control-chars 84163128Sps Causes "raw" control characters to be displayed. 84263128Sps The default is to display control characters using 84360786Sps the caret notation; for example, a control-A (octal 84463128Sps 001) is displayed as "^A". Warning: when the -r 84563128Sps option is used, _l_e_s_s cannot keep track of the 84660786Sps actual appearance of the screen (since this depends 84763128Sps on how the screen responds to each type of control 84863128Sps character). Thus, various display problems may 84960786Sps result, such as long lines being split in the wrong 85060786Sps place. 85160786Sps 85260786Sps 85360786Sps 85460786Sps 85560786Sps 85663128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 13 85760786Sps 85860786Sps 85960786Sps 86060786Sps 86160786Sps 86260786SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 86360786Sps 86460786Sps 86563128Sps -R or --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS 86663128Sps Like -r, but tries to keep track of the screen 86763128Sps appearance where possible. This works only if the 86863128Sps input consists of normal text and possibly some 86963128Sps ANSI "color" escape sequences, which are sequences 87063128Sps of the form: 87163128Sps 87263128Sps ESC [ ... m 87363128Sps 87463128Sps where the "..." is zero or more characters other 87563128Sps than "m". For the purpose of keeping track of 87663128Sps screen appearance, all control characters and all 87760786Sps ANSI color escape sequences are assumed to not move 87863128Sps the cursor. You can make _l_e_s_s think that charac- 87963128Sps ters other than "m" can end ANSI color escape 88063128Sps sequences by setting the environment variable 88163128Sps LESSANSIENDCHARS to the list of characters which 88260786Sps can end a color escape sequence. 88360786Sps 88460786Sps -s or --squeeze-blank-lines 88563128Sps Causes consecutive blank lines to be squeezed into 88663128Sps a single blank line. This is useful when viewing 88760786Sps _n_r_o_f_f output. 88860786Sps 88960786Sps -S or --chop-long-lines 89063128Sps Causes lines longer than the screen width to be 89160786Sps chopped rather than folded. That is, the remainder 89260786Sps of a long line is simply discarded. The default is 89363128Sps to fold long lines; that is, display the remainder 89460786Sps on the next line. 89560786Sps 89660786Sps -t_t_a_g or --tag=_t_a_g 89763128Sps The -t option, followed immediately by a TAG, will 89863128Sps edit the file containing that tag. For this to 89963128Sps work, there must be a file called "tags" in the 90063128Sps current directory, which was previously built by 90163128Sps the _c_t_a_g_s (1) command. This option may also be 90260786Sps specified from within _l_e_s_s (using the - command) as 90360786Sps a way of examining a new file. The command ":t" is 90460786Sps equivalent to specifying -t from within _l_e_s_s_. 90560786Sps 90660786Sps -T_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e or --tag-file=_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e 90760786Sps Specifies a tags file to be used instead of "tags". 90860786Sps 90960786Sps -u or --underline-special 91063128Sps Causes backspaces and carriage returns to be 91163128Sps treated as printable characters; that is, they are 91260786Sps sent to the terminal when they appear in the input. 91360786Sps 91460786Sps -U or --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL 91563128Sps Causes backspaces, tabs and carriage returns to be 91663128Sps treated as control characters; that is, they are 91760786Sps handled as specified by the -r option. 91860786Sps 91960786Sps 92060786Sps 92160786Sps 92263128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 14 92360786Sps 92460786Sps 92560786Sps 92660786Sps 92760786Sps 92860786SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 92960786Sps 93060786Sps 93163128Sps By default, if neither -u nor -U is given, 93263128Sps backspaces which appear adjacent to an underscore 93363128Sps character are treated specially: the underlined 93463128Sps text is displayed using the terminal's hardware 93563128Sps underlining capability. Also, backspaces which 93663128Sps appear between two identical characters are treated 93763128Sps specially: the overstruck text is printed using the 93863128Sps terminal's hardware boldface capability. Other 93963128Sps backspaces are deleted, along with the preceding 94063128Sps character. Carriage returns immediately followed 94163128Sps by a newline are deleted. other carriage returns 94263128Sps are handled as specified by the -r option. Text 94363128Sps which is overstruck or underlined can be searched 94460786Sps for if neither -u nor -U is in effect. 94560786Sps 94660786Sps -V or --version 94760786Sps Displays the version number of _l_e_s_s_. 94860786Sps 94960786Sps -w or --hilite-unread 95060786Sps Temporarily highlights the first "new" line after a 95163128Sps forward movement of a full page. The first "new" 95263128Sps line is the line immediately following the line 95360786Sps previously at the bottom of the screen. Also high- 95460786Sps lights the target line after a g or p command. The 95563128Sps highlight is removed at the next command which 95663128Sps causes movement. The entire line is highlighted, 95763128Sps unless the -J option is in effect, in which case 95863128Sps only the status column is highlighted. 95960786Sps 96060786Sps -W or --HILITE-UNREAD 96163128Sps Like -w, but temporarily highlights the first new 96260786Sps line after any forward movement command larger than 96360786Sps one line. 96460786Sps 96560786Sps -x_n or --tabs=_n 96663128Sps Sets tab stops every _n positions. The default for 96760786Sps _n is 8. 96860786Sps 96960786Sps -X or --no-init 97063128Sps Disables sending the termcap initialization and 97163128Sps deinitialization strings to the terminal. This is 97263128Sps sometimes desirable if the deinitialization string 97363128Sps does something unnecessary, like clearing the 97460786Sps screen. 97560786Sps 97660786Sps -y_n or --max-forw-scroll=_n 97763128Sps Specifies a maximum number of lines to scroll for- 97863128Sps ward. If it is necessary to scroll forward more 97960786Sps than _n lines, the screen is repainted instead. The 98060786Sps -c or -C option may be used to repaint from the top 98163128Sps of the screen if desired. By default, any forward 98260786Sps movement causes scrolling. 98360786Sps 98460786Sps 98560786Sps 98660786Sps 98760786Sps 98863128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 15 98960786Sps 99060786Sps 99160786Sps 99260786Sps 99360786Sps 99460786SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 99560786Sps 99660786Sps 99763128Sps -[z]_n or --window=_n 99863128Sps Changes the default scrolling window size to _n 99963128Sps lines. The default is one screenful. The z and w 100063128Sps commands can also be used to change the window 100163128Sps size. The "z" may be omitted for compatibility 100263128Sps with _m_o_r_e_. If the number _n is negative, it indi- 100363128Sps cates _n lines less than the current screen size. 100463128Sps For example, if the screen is 24 lines, _-_z_-_4 sets 100563128Sps the scrolling window to 20 lines. If the screen is 100663128Sps resized to 40 lines, the scrolling window automati- 100763128Sps cally changes to 36 lines. 100863128Sps 100963128Sps -"_c_c or --quotes=_c_c 101063128Sps Changes the filename quoting character. This may 101163128Sps be necessary if you are trying to name a file which 101263128Sps contains both spaces and quote characters. Fol- 101360786Sps lowed by a single character, this changes the quote 101463128Sps character to that character. Filenames containing 101560786Sps a space should then be surrounded by that character 101663128Sps rather than by double quotes. Followed by two 101763128Sps characters, changes the open quote to the first 101863128Sps character, and the close quote to the second char- 101960786Sps acter. Filenames containing a space should then be 102063128Sps preceded by the open quote character and followed 102160786Sps by the close quote character. Note that even after 102260786Sps the quote characters are changed, this option 102360786Sps remains -" (a dash followed by a double quote). 102460786Sps 102560786Sps -~ or --tilde 102660786Sps Normally lines after end of file are displayed as a 102763128Sps single tilde (~). This option causes lines after 102860786Sps end of file to be displayed as blank lines. 102960786Sps 103063128Sps -# or --shift 103163128Sps Specifies the default number of positions to scroll 103263128Sps horizontally in the RIGHTARROW and LEFTARROW com- 103363128Sps mands. If the number specified is zero, it sets 103463128Sps the default number of positions to one half of the 103563128Sps screen width. 103663128Sps 103763128Sps -- A command line argument of "--" marks the end of 103860786Sps option arguments. Any arguments following this are 103963128Sps interpreted as filenames. This can be useful when 104060786Sps viewing a file whose name begins with a "-" or "+". 104160786Sps 104260786Sps + If a command line option begins with ++, the remain- 104363128Sps der of that option is taken to be an initial com- 104463128Sps mand to _l_e_s_s_. For example, +G tells _l_e_s_s to start 104563128Sps at the end of the file rather than the beginning, 104660786Sps and +/xyz tells it to start at the first occurrence 104760786Sps of "xyz" in the file. As a special case, +<number> 104863128Sps acts like +<number>g; that is, it starts the dis- 104960786Sps play at the specified line number (however, see the 105060786Sps caveat under the "g" command above). If the option 105160786Sps 105260786Sps 105360786Sps 105463128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 16 105560786Sps 105660786Sps 105760786Sps 105860786Sps 105960786Sps 106063128SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 106160786Sps 106260786Sps 106363128Sps starts with ++, the initial command applies to 106463128Sps every file being viewed, not just the first one. 106563128Sps The + command described previously may also be used 106663128Sps to set (or change) an initial command for every 106763128Sps file. 106860786Sps 106960786Sps 107063128SpsLLIINNEE EEDDIITTIINNGG 107163128Sps When entering command line at the bottom of the screen 107263128Sps (for example, a filename for the :e command, or the pat- 107363128Sps tern for a search command), certain keys can be used to 107463128Sps manipulate the command line. Most commands have an alter- 107563128Sps nate form in [ brackets ] which can be used if a key does 107663128Sps not exist on a particular keyboard. (The bracketed forms 107763128Sps do not work in the MS-DOS version.) Any of these special 107863128Sps keys may be entered literally by preceding it with the 107963128Sps "literal" character, either ^V or ^A. A backslash itself 108063128Sps may also be entered literally by entering two backslashes. 108160786Sps 108263128Sps LEFTARROW [ ESC-h ] 108363128Sps Move the cursor one space to the left. 108460786Sps 108560786Sps RIGHTARROW [ ESC-l ] 108660786Sps Move the cursor one space to the right. 108760786Sps 108860786Sps ^LEFTARROW [ ESC-b or ESC-LEFTARROW ] 108963128Sps (That is, CONTROL and LEFTARROW simultaneously.) 109060786Sps Move the cursor one word to the left. 109160786Sps 109260786Sps ^RIGHTARROW [ ESC-w or ESC-RIGHTARROW ] 109363128Sps (That is, CONTROL and RIGHTARROW simultaneously.) 109460786Sps Move the cursor one word to the right. 109560786Sps 109660786Sps HOME [ ESC-0 ] 109760786Sps Move the cursor to the beginning of the line. 109860786Sps 109960786Sps END [ ESC-$ ] 110060786Sps Move the cursor to the end of the line. 110160786Sps 110260786Sps BACKSPACE 110363128Sps Delete the character to the left of the cursor, or 110460786Sps cancel the command if the command line is empty. 110560786Sps 110660786Sps DELETE or [ ESC-x ] 110760786Sps Delete the character under the cursor. 110860786Sps 110960786Sps ^BACKSPACE [ ESC-BACKSPACE ] 111063128Sps (That is, CONTROL and BACKSPACE simultaneously.) 111160786Sps Delete the word to the left of the cursor. 111260786Sps 111360786Sps ^DELETE [ ESC-X or ESC-DELETE ] 111463128Sps (That is, CONTROL and DELETE simultaneously.) 111560786Sps Delete the word under the cursor. 111660786Sps 111760786Sps 111860786Sps 111960786Sps 112063128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 17 112160786Sps 112260786Sps 112360786Sps 112460786Sps 112560786Sps 112663128SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 112760786Sps 112860786Sps 112963128Sps UPARROW [ ESC-k ] 113063128Sps Retrieve the previous command line. 113160786Sps 113263128Sps DOWNARROW [ ESC-j ] 113363128Sps Retrieve the next command line. 113460786Sps 113563128Sps TAB Complete the partial filename to the left of the 113663128Sps cursor. If it matches more than one filename, the 113763128Sps first match is entered into the command line. 113863128Sps Repeated TABs will cycle thru the other matching 113963128Sps filenames. If the completed filename is a direc- 114063128Sps tory, a "/" is appended to the filename. (On MS- 114163128Sps DOS systems, a "\" is appended.) The environment 114263128Sps variable LESSSEPARATOR can be used to specify a 114363128Sps different character to append to a directory name. 114460786Sps 114563128Sps BACKTAB [ ESC-TAB ] 114663128Sps Like, TAB, but cycles in the reverse direction thru 114763128Sps the matching filenames. 114860786Sps 114963128Sps ^L Complete the partial filename to the left of the 115063128Sps cursor. If it matches more than one filename, all 115163128Sps matches are entered into the command line (if they 115260786Sps fit). 115360786Sps 115460786Sps ^U (Unix) or ESC (MS-DOS) 115563128Sps Delete the entire command line, or cancel the com- 115663128Sps mand if the command line is empty. If you have 115763128Sps changed your line-kill character in Unix to some- 115860786Sps thing other than ^U, that character is used instead 115960786Sps of ^U. 116060786Sps 116160786Sps 116260786SpsKKEEYY BBIINNDDIINNGGSS 116360786Sps You may define your own _l_e_s_s commands by using the program 116460786Sps _l_e_s_s_k_e_y (1) to create a lesskey file. This file specifies 116563128Sps a set of command keys and an action associated with each 116663128Sps key. You may also use _l_e_s_s_k_e_y to change the line-editing 116760786Sps keys (see LINE EDITING), and to set environment variables. 116860786Sps If the environment variable LESSKEY is set, _l_e_s_s uses that 116960786Sps as the name of the lesskey file. Otherwise, _l_e_s_s looks in 117063128Sps a standard place for the lesskey file: On Unix systems, 117163128Sps _l_e_s_s looks for a lesskey file called "$HOME/.less". On 117263128Sps MS-DOS and Windows systems, _l_e_s_s looks for a lesskey file 117363128Sps called "$HOME/_less", and if it is not found there, then 117463128Sps looks for a lesskey file called "_less" in any directory 117563128Sps specified in the PATH environment variable. On OS/2 sys- 117663128Sps tems, _l_e_s_s looks for a lesskey file called 117760786Sps "$HOME/less.ini", and if it is not found, then looks for a 117863128Sps lesskey file called "less.ini" in any directory specified 117963128Sps in the INIT environment variable, and if it not found 118063128Sps there, then looks for a lesskey file called "less.ini" in 118163128Sps any directory specified in the PATH environment variable. 118260786Sps See the _l_e_s_s_k_e_y manual page for more details. 118360786Sps 118460786Sps 118560786Sps 118663128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 18 118760786Sps 118860786Sps 118960786Sps 119060786Sps 119160786Sps 119263128SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 119360786Sps 119460786Sps 119563128Sps A system-wide lesskey file may also be set up to provide 119663128Sps key bindings. If a key is defined in both a local lesskey 119763128Sps file and in the system-wide file, key bindings in the 119863128Sps local file take precedence over those in the system-wide 119963128Sps file. If the environment variable LESSKEY_SYSTEM is set, 120063128Sps _l_e_s_s uses that as the name of the system-wide lesskey 120163128Sps file. Otherwise, _l_e_s_s looks in a standard place for the 120263128Sps system-wide lesskey file: On Unix systems, the system-wide 120363128Sps lesskey file is /usr/local/bin/.sysless. (However, if 120463128Sps _l_e_s_s was built with a different binary directory than 120563128Sps /usr/local/bin, that directory is where the .sysless file 120663128Sps is found.) On MS-DOS and Windows systems, the system-wide 120763128Sps lesskey file is c:\_sysless. On OS/2 systems, the system- 120863128Sps wide lesskey file is c:\sysless.ini. 120960786Sps 121060786Sps 121163128SpsIINNPPUUTT PPRREEPPRROOCCEESSSSOORR 121263128Sps You may define an "input preprocessor" for _l_e_s_s_. Before 121363128Sps _l_e_s_s opens a file, it first gives your input preprocessor 121463128Sps a chance to modify the way the contents of the file are 121563128Sps displayed. An input preprocessor is simply an executable 121663128Sps program (or shell script), which writes the contents of 121760786Sps the file to a different file, called the replacement file. 121860786Sps The contents of the replacement file are then displayed in 121963128Sps place of the contents of the original file. However, it 122060786Sps will appear to the user as if the original file is opened; 122163128Sps that is, _l_e_s_s will display the original filename as the 122260786Sps name of the current file. 122360786Sps 122463128Sps An input preprocessor receives one command line argument, 122563128Sps the original filename, as entered by the user. It should 122663128Sps create the replacement file, and when finished, print the 122763128Sps name of the replacement file to its standard output. If 122860786Sps the input preprocessor does not output a replacement file- 122963128Sps name, _l_e_s_s uses the original file, as normal. The input 123063128Sps preprocessor is not called when viewing standard input. 123160786Sps To set up an input preprocessor, set the LESSOPEN environ- 123263128Sps ment variable to a command line which will invoke your 123363128Sps input preprocessor. This command line should include one 123463128Sps occurrence of the string "%s", which will be replaced by 123560786Sps the filename when the input preprocessor command is 123660786Sps invoked. 123760786Sps 123860786Sps When _l_e_s_s closes a file opened in such a way, it will call 123960786Sps another program, called the input postprocessor, which may 124063128Sps perform any desired clean-up action (such as deleting the 124160786Sps replacement file created by LESSOPEN). This program 124260786Sps receives two command line arguments, the original filename 124363128Sps as entered by the user, and the name of the replacement 124460786Sps file. To set up an input postprocessor, set the LESSCLOSE 124563128Sps environment variable to a command line which will invoke 124663128Sps your input postprocessor. It may include two occurrences 124763128Sps of the string "%s"; the first is replaced with the origi- 124863128Sps nal name of the file and the second with the name of the 124963128Sps 125063128Sps 125163128Sps 125263128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 19 125363128Sps 125463128Sps 125563128Sps 125663128Sps 125763128Sps 125863128SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 125963128Sps 126063128Sps 126160786Sps replacement file, which was output by LESSOPEN. 126260786Sps 126363128Sps For example, on many Unix systems, these two scripts will 126463128Sps allow you to keep files in compressed format, but still 126560786Sps let _l_e_s_s view them directly: 126660786Sps 126760786Sps lessopen.sh: 126860786Sps #! /bin/sh 126960786Sps case "$1" in 127060786Sps *.Z) uncompress -c $1 >/tmp/less.$$ 2>/dev/null 127160786Sps if [ -s /tmp/less.$$ ]; then 127260786Sps echo /tmp/less.$$ 127360786Sps else 127460786Sps rm -f /tmp/less.$$ 127560786Sps fi 127660786Sps ;; 127760786Sps esac 127860786Sps 127960786Sps lessclose.sh: 128060786Sps #! /bin/sh 128160786Sps rm $2 128260786Sps 128360786Sps To use these scripts, put them both where they can be exe- 128463128Sps cuted and set LESSOPEN="lessopen.sh %s", and 128560786Sps LESSCLOSE="lessclose.sh %s %s". More complex LESSOPEN and 128663128Sps LESSCLOSE scripts may be written to accept other types of 128760786Sps compressed files, and so on. 128860786Sps 128963128Sps It is also possible to set up an input preprocessor to 129063128Sps pipe the file data directly to _l_e_s_s_, rather than putting 129160786Sps the data into a replacement file. This avoids the need to 129260786Sps decompress the entire file before starting to view it. An 129363128Sps input preprocessor that works this way is called an input 129463128Sps pipe. An input pipe, instead of writing the name of a 129560786Sps replacement file on its standard output, writes the entire 129663128Sps contents of the replacement file on its standard output. 129763128Sps If the input pipe does not write any characters on its 129863128Sps standard output, then there is no replacement file and 129963128Sps _l_e_s_s uses the original file, as normal. To use an input 130060786Sps pipe, make the first character in the LESSOPEN environment 130160786Sps variable a vertical bar (|) to signify that the input pre- 130260786Sps processor is an input pipe. 130360786Sps 130463128Sps For example, on many Unix systems, this script will work 130560786Sps like the previous example scripts: 130660786Sps 130760786Sps lesspipe.sh: 130860786Sps #! /bin/sh 130960786Sps case "$1" in 131060786Sps *.Z) uncompress -c $1 2>/dev/null 131160786Sps ;; 131260786Sps esac 131360786Sps 131463128Sps To use this script, put it where it can be executed and 131563128Sps 131663128Sps 131763128Sps 131863128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 20 131963128Sps 132063128Sps 132163128Sps 132263128Sps 132363128Sps 132463128SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 132563128Sps 132663128Sps 132763128Sps set LESSOPEN="|lesspipe.sh %s". When an input pipe is 132863128Sps used, a LESSCLOSE postprocessor can be used, but it is 132963128Sps usually not necessary since there is no replacement file 133063128Sps to clean up. In this case, the replacement file name 133160786Sps passed to the LESSCLOSE postprocessor is "-". 133260786Sps 133360786Sps 133460786SpsNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCHHAARRAACCTTEERR SSEETTSS 133560786Sps There are three types of characters in the input file: 133660786Sps 133760786Sps normal characters 133860786Sps can be displayed directly to the screen. 133960786Sps 134060786Sps control characters 134163128Sps should not be displayed directly, but are expected 134260786Sps to be found in ordinary text files (such as 134360786Sps backspace and tab). 134460786Sps 134560786Sps binary characters 134660786Sps should not be displayed directly and are not 134760786Sps expected to be found in text files. 134860786Sps 134960786Sps A "character set" is simply a description of which charac- 135063128Sps ters are to be considered normal, control, and binary. 135160786Sps The LESSCHARSET environment variable may be used to select 135260786Sps a character set. Possible values for LESSCHARSET are: 135360786Sps 135463128Sps ascii BS, TAB, NL, CR, and formfeed are control charac- 135563128Sps ters, all chars with values between 32 and 126 are 135660786Sps normal, and all others are binary. 135760786Sps 135860786Sps iso8859 135963128Sps Selects an ISO 8859 character set. This is the 136063128Sps same as ASCII, except characters between 160 and 136160786Sps 255 are treated as normal characters. 136260786Sps 136360786Sps latin1 Same as iso8859. 136460786Sps 136560786Sps dos Selects a character set appropriate for MS-DOS. 136660786Sps 136760786Sps ebcdic Selects an EBCDIC character set. 136860786Sps 136960786Sps koi8-r Selects a Russian character set. 137060786Sps 137163128Sps next Selects a character set appropriate for NeXT com- 137260786Sps puters. 137360786Sps 137460786Sps utf-8 Selects the UTF-8 encoding of the ISO 10646 charac- 137560786Sps ter set. 137660786Sps 137763128Sps If the LESSCHARSET environment variable is not set, the 137863128Sps default character set is latin1. However, if the string 137963128Sps "UTF-8" is found in the LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE or LANG environ- 138063128Sps ment variables, then the default character set is utf-8 138160786Sps 138260786Sps 138360786Sps 138463128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 21 138560786Sps 138660786Sps 138760786Sps 138860786Sps 138960786Sps 139063128SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 139160786Sps 139260786Sps 139363128Sps instead. 139460786Sps 139563128Sps In special cases, it may be desired to tailor _l_e_s_s to use 139663128Sps a character set other than the ones definable by LESS- 139763128Sps CHARSET. In this case, the environment variable LESS- 139863128Sps CHARDEF can be used to define a character set. It should 139963128Sps be set to a string where each character in the string rep- 140063128Sps resents one character in the character set. The character 140163128Sps "." is used for a normal character, "c" for control, and 140263128Sps "b" for binary. A decimal number may be used for repeti- 140363128Sps tion. For example, "bccc4b." would mean character 0 is 140463128Sps binary, 1, 2 and 3 are control, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are binary, 140563128Sps and 8 is normal. All characters after the last are taken 140663128Sps to be the same as the last, so characters 9 through 255 140763128Sps would be normal. (This is an example, and does not neces- 140863128Sps sarily represent any real character set.) 140960786Sps 141063128Sps This table shows the value of LESSCHARDEF which is equiva- 141163128Sps lent to each of the possible values for LESSCHARSET: 141260786Sps 141363128Sps ascii 8bcccbcc18b95.b 141463128Sps dos 8bcccbcc12bc5b95.b. 141560786Sps ebcdic 5bc6bcc7bcc41b.9b7.9b5.b..8b6.10b6.b9.7b 141660786Sps 9.8b8.17b3.3b9.7b9.8b8.6b10.b.b.b. 141760786Sps iso8859 8bcccbcc18b95.33b. 141860786Sps koi8-r 8bcccbcc18b95.b128. 141960786Sps latin1 8bcccbcc18b95.33b. 142060786Sps next 8bcccbcc18b95.bb125.bb 142160786Sps 142263128Sps If neither LESSCHARSET nor LESSCHARDEF is set, but your 142363128Sps system supports the _s_e_t_l_o_c_a_l_e interface, _l_e_s_s will use 142463128Sps setlocale to determine the character set. setlocale is 142563128Sps controlled by setting the LANG or LC_CTYPE environment 142660786Sps variables. 142760786Sps 142863128Sps Control and binary characters are displayed in standout 142963128Sps (reverse video). Each such character is displayed in 143060786Sps caret notation if possible (e.g. ^A for control-A). Caret 143160786Sps notation is used only if inverting the 0100 bit results in 143260786Sps a normal printable character. Otherwise, the character is 143363128Sps displayed as a hex number in angle brackets. This format 143460786Sps can be changed by setting the LESSBINFMT environment vari- 143563128Sps able. LESSBINFMT may begin with a "*" and one character 143660786Sps to select the display attribute: "*k" is blinking, "*d" is 143763128Sps bold, "*u" is underlined, "*s" is standout, and "*n" is 143863128Sps normal. If LESSBINFMT does not begin with a "*", normal 143963128Sps attribute is assumed. The remainder of LESSBINFMT is a 144063128Sps string which may include one printf-style escape sequence 144160786Sps (a % followed by x, X, o, d, etc.). For example, if LESS- 144263128Sps BINFMT is "*u[%x]", binary characters are displayed in 144363128Sps underlined hexadecimal surrounded by brackets. The 144460786Sps default if no LESSBINFMT is specified is "*s<%X>". 144560786Sps 144660786Sps 144760786Sps 144860786Sps 144960786Sps 145063128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 22 145160786Sps 145260786Sps 145360786Sps 145460786Sps 145560786Sps 145663128SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 145760786Sps 145860786Sps 145963128SpsPPRROOMMPPTTSS 146063128Sps The -P option allows you to tailor the prompt to your 146163128Sps preference. The string given to the -P option replaces 146263128Sps the specified prompt string. Certain characters in the 146363128Sps string are interpreted specially. The prompt mechanism is 146463128Sps rather complicated to provide flexibility, but the ordi- 146563128Sps nary user need not understand the details of constructing 146663128Sps personalized prompt strings. 146760786Sps 146863128Sps A percent sign followed by a single character is expanded 146963128Sps according to what the following character is: 147060786Sps 147163128Sps %b_X Replaced by the byte offset into the current input 147263128Sps file. The b is followed by a single character 147363128Sps (shown as _X above) which specifies the line whose 147463128Sps byte offset is to be used. If the character is a 147563128Sps "t", the byte offset of the top line in the display 147663128Sps is used, an "m" means use the middle line, a "b" 147763128Sps means use the bottom line, a "B" means use the line 147863128Sps just after the bottom line, and a "j" means use the 147963128Sps "target" line, as specified by the -j option. 148060786Sps 148160786Sps %B Replaced by the size of the current input file. 148260786Sps 148360786Sps %c Replaced by the column number of the text appearing 148460786Sps in the first column of the screen. 148560786Sps 148663128Sps %d_X Replaced by the page number of a line in the input 148763128Sps file. The line to be used is determined by the _X, 148860786Sps as with the %b option. 148960786Sps 149063128Sps %D Replaced by the number of pages in the input file, 149163128Sps or equivalently, the page number of the last line 149260786Sps in the input file. 149360786Sps 149460786Sps %E Replaced by the name of the editor (from the VISUAL 149563128Sps environment variable, or the EDITOR environment 149663128Sps variable if VISUAL is not defined). See the dis- 149760786Sps cussion of the LESSEDIT feature below. 149860786Sps 149960786Sps %f Replaced by the name of the current input file. 150060786Sps 150163128Sps %i Replaced by the index of the current file in the 150260786Sps list of input files. 150360786Sps 150463128Sps %l_X Replaced by the line number of a line in the input 150563128Sps file. The line to be used is determined by the _X, 150660786Sps as with the %b option. 150760786Sps 150860786Sps %L Replaced by the line number of the last line in the 150960786Sps input file. 151060786Sps 151160786Sps %m Replaced by the total number of input files. 151260786Sps 151360786Sps 151460786Sps 151560786Sps 151663128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 23 151760786Sps 151860786Sps 151960786Sps 152060786Sps 152160786Sps 152263128SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 152360786Sps 152460786Sps 152563128Sps %p_X Replaced by the percent into the current input 152663128Sps file, based on byte offsets. The line used is 152763128Sps determined by the _X as with the %b option. 152860786Sps 152963128Sps %P_X Replaced by the percent into the current input 153063128Sps file, based on line numbers. The line used is 153163128Sps determined by the _X as with the %b option. 153260786Sps 153363128Sps %s Same as %B. 153460786Sps 153563128Sps %t Causes any trailing spaces to be removed. Usually 153663128Sps used at the end of the string, but may appear any- 153763128Sps where. 153860786Sps 153963128Sps %x Replaced by the name of the next input file in the 154063128Sps list. 154160786Sps 154263128Sps If any item is unknown (for example, the file size if 154363128Sps input is a pipe), a question mark is printed instead. 154460786Sps 154563128Sps The format of the prompt string can be changed depending 154663128Sps on certain conditions. A question mark followed by a sin- 154763128Sps gle character acts like an "IF": depending on the follow- 154863128Sps ing character, a condition is evaluated. If the condition 154963128Sps is true, any characters following the question mark and 155063128Sps condition character, up to a period, are included in the 155163128Sps prompt. If the condition is false, such characters are 155263128Sps not included. A colon appearing between the question mark 155363128Sps and the period can be used to establish an "ELSE": any 155463128Sps characters between the colon and the period are included 155563128Sps in the string if and only if the IF condition is false. 155663128Sps Condition characters (which follow a question mark) may 155763128Sps be: 155860786Sps 155963128Sps ?a True if any characters have been included in the 156060786Sps prompt so far. 156160786Sps 156263128Sps ?b_X True if the byte offset of the specified line is 156360786Sps known. 156460786Sps 156560786Sps ?B True if the size of current input file is known. 156660786Sps 156760786Sps ?c True if the text is horizontally shifted (%c is not 156860786Sps zero). 156960786Sps 157063128Sps ?d_X True if the page number of the specified line is 157160786Sps known. 157260786Sps 157360786Sps ?e True if at end-of-file. 157460786Sps 157563128Sps ?f True if there is an input filename (that is, if 157660786Sps input is not a pipe). 157760786Sps 157863128Sps ?l_X True if the line number of the specified line is 157963128Sps 158063128Sps 158163128Sps 158263128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 24 158363128Sps 158463128Sps 158563128Sps 158663128Sps 158763128Sps 158863128SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 158963128Sps 159063128Sps 159160786Sps known. 159260786Sps 159363128Sps ?L True if the line number of the last line in the 159460786Sps file is known. 159560786Sps 159660786Sps ?m True if there is more than one input file. 159760786Sps 159863128Sps ?n True if this is the first prompt in a new input 159960786Sps file. 160060786Sps 160163128Sps ?p_X True if the percent into the current input file, 160263128Sps based on byte offsets, of the specified line is 160360786Sps known. 160460786Sps 160563128Sps ?P_X True if the percent into the current input file, 160663128Sps based on line numbers, of the specified line is 160760786Sps known. 160860786Sps 160960786Sps ?s Same as "?B". 161060786Sps 161160786Sps ?x True if there is a next input file (that is, if the 161260786Sps current input file is not the last one). 161360786Sps 161460786Sps Any characters other than the special ones (question mark, 161563128Sps colon, period, percent, and backslash) become literally 161663128Sps part of the prompt. Any of the special characters may be 161763128Sps included in the prompt literally by preceding it with a 161860786Sps backslash. 161960786Sps 162060786Sps Some examples: 162160786Sps 162260786Sps ?f%f:Standard input. 162360786Sps 162463128Sps This prompt prints the filename, if known; otherwise the 162560786Sps string "Standard input". 162660786Sps 162760786Sps ?f%f .?ltLine %lt:?pt%pt\%:?btByte %bt:-... 162860786Sps 162960786Sps This prompt would print the filename, if known. The file- 163063128Sps name is followed by the line number, if known, otherwise 163163128Sps the percent if known, otherwise the byte offset if known. 163263128Sps Otherwise, a dash is printed. Notice how each question 163360786Sps mark has a matching period, and how the % after the %pt is 163460786Sps included literally by escaping it with a backslash. 163560786Sps 163660786Sps ?n?f%f .?m(file %i of %m) ..?e(END) ?x- Next\: %x..%t 163760786Sps 163863128Sps This prints the filename if this is the first prompt in a 163963128Sps file, followed by the "file N of N" message if there is 164060786Sps more than one input file. Then, if we are at end-of-file, 164163128Sps the string "(END)" is printed followed by the name of the 164263128Sps next file, if there is one. Finally, any trailing spaces 164363128Sps are truncated. This is the default prompt. For refer- 164463128Sps ence, here are the defaults for the other two prompts (-m 164563128Sps 164663128Sps 164763128Sps 164863128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 25 164963128Sps 165063128Sps 165163128Sps 165263128Sps 165363128Sps 165463128SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 165563128Sps 165663128Sps 165763128Sps and -M respectively). Each is broken into two lines here 165860786Sps for readability only. 165960786Sps 166060786Sps ?n?f%f .?m(file %i of %m) ..?e(END) ?x- Next\: %x.: 166160786Sps ?pB%pB\%:byte %bB?s/%s...%t 166260786Sps 166360786Sps ?f%f .?n?m(file %i of %m) ..?ltlines %lt-%lb?L/%L. : 166460786Sps byte %bB?s/%s. .?e(END) ?x- Next\: %x.:?pB%pB\%..%t 166560786Sps 166660786Sps And here is the default message produced by the = command: 166760786Sps 166860786Sps ?f%f .?m(file %i of %m) .?ltlines %lt-%lb?L/%L. . 166960786Sps byte %bB?s/%s. ?e(END) :?pB%pB\%..%t 167060786Sps 167163128Sps The prompt expansion features are also used for another 167263128Sps purpose: if an environment variable LESSEDIT is defined, 167363128Sps it is used as the command to be executed when the v com- 167463128Sps mand is invoked. The LESSEDIT string is expanded in the 167563128Sps same way as the prompt strings. The default value for 167660786Sps LESSEDIT is: 167760786Sps 167860786Sps %E ?lm+%lm. %f 167960786Sps 168060786Sps Note that this expands to the editor name, followed by a + 168163128Sps and the line number, followed by the file name. If your 168263128Sps editor does not accept the "+linenumber" syntax, or has 168360786Sps other differences in invocation syntax, the LESSEDIT vari- 168460786Sps able can be changed to modify this default. 168560786Sps 168660786Sps 168760786SpsSSEECCUURRIITTYY 168860786Sps When the environment variable LESSSECURE is set to 1, _l_e_s_s 168963128Sps runs in a "secure" mode. This means these features are 169060786Sps disabled: 169160786Sps 169260786Sps ! the shell command 169360786Sps 169460786Sps | the pipe command 169560786Sps 169660786Sps :e the examine command. 169760786Sps 169860786Sps v the editing command 169960786Sps 170060786Sps s -o log files 170160786Sps 170260786Sps -k use of lesskey files 170360786Sps 170460786Sps -t use of tags files 170560786Sps 170660786Sps metacharacters in filenames, such as * 170760786Sps 170860786Sps filename completion (TAB, ^L) 170960786Sps 171063128Sps Less can also be compiled to be permanently in "secure" 171160786Sps 171260786Sps 171360786Sps 171463128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 26 171560786Sps 171660786Sps 171760786Sps 171860786Sps 171960786Sps 172063128SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 172160786Sps 172260786Sps 172363128Sps mode. 172460786Sps 172560786Sps 172663128SpsEENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS 172763128Sps Environment variables may be specified either in the sys- 172863128Sps tem environment as usual, or in a _l_e_s_s_k_e_y (1) file. If 172963128Sps environment variables are defined in more than one place, 173063128Sps variables defined in a local lesskey file take precedence 173163128Sps over variables defined in the system environment, which 173263128Sps take precedence over variables defined in the system-wide 173363128Sps lesskey file. 173460786Sps 173563128Sps COLUMNS 173663128Sps Sets the number of columns on the screen. Takes 173763128Sps precedence over the number of columns specified by 173863128Sps the TERM variable. (But if you have a windowing 173963128Sps system which supports TIOCGWINSZ or WIOCGETD, the 174063128Sps window system's idea of the screen size takes 174163128Sps precedence over the LINES and COLUMNS environment 174263128Sps variables.) 174360786Sps 174463128Sps EDITOR The name of the editor (used for the v command). 174560786Sps 174663128Sps HOME Name of the user's home directory (used to find a 174760786Sps lesskey file on Unix systems). 174860786Sps 174960786Sps HOMEDRIVE, HOMEPATH 175063128Sps Concatenation of the HOMEDRIVE and HOMEPATH envi- 175163128Sps ronment variables is the name of the user's home 175263128Sps directory if the HOME variable is not set (only in 175360786Sps the Windows version). 175460786Sps 175563128Sps INIT Name of the user's init directory (used to find a 175660786Sps lesskey file on OS/2 systems). 175760786Sps 175860786Sps LANG Language for determining the character set. 175960786Sps 176060786Sps LC_CTYPE 176160786Sps Language for determining the character set. 176260786Sps 176360786Sps LESS Options which are passed to _l_e_s_s automatically. 176460786Sps 176560786Sps LESSANSIENDCHARS 176663128Sps Characters which are assumed to end an ANSI color 176760786Sps escape sequence (default "m"). 176860786Sps 176960786Sps LESSBINFMT 177063128Sps Format for displaying non-printable, non-control 177160786Sps characters. 177260786Sps 177360786Sps LESSCHARDEF 177460786Sps Defines a character set. 177560786Sps 177663128Sps 177763128Sps 177863128Sps 177963128Sps 178063128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 27 178163128Sps 178263128Sps 178363128Sps 178463128Sps 178563128Sps 178663128SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 178763128Sps 178863128Sps 178960786Sps LESSCHARSET 179060786Sps Selects a predefined character set. 179160786Sps 179260786Sps LESSCLOSE 179363128Sps Command line to invoke the (optional) input-post- 179460786Sps processor. 179560786Sps 179660786Sps LESSECHO 179763128Sps Name of the lessecho program (default "lessecho"). 179863128Sps The lessecho program is needed to expand metachar- 179963128Sps acters, such as * and ?, in filenames on Unix sys- 180060786Sps tems. 180160786Sps 180260786Sps LESSEDIT 180363128Sps Editor prototype string (used for the v command). 180460786Sps See discussion under PROMPTS. 180560786Sps 180660786Sps LESSKEY 180760786Sps Name of the default lesskey(1) file. 180860786Sps 180960786Sps LESSKEY_SYSTEM 181060786Sps Name of the default system-wide lesskey(1) file. 181160786Sps 181260786Sps LESSMETACHARS 181363128Sps List of characters which are considered "metachar- 181460786Sps acters" by the shell. 181560786Sps 181660786Sps LESSMETAESCAPE 181763128Sps Prefix which less will add before each metacharac- 181863128Sps ter in a command sent to the shell. If LESS- 181963128Sps METAESCAPE is an empty string, commands containing 182060786Sps metacharacters will not be passed to the shell. 182160786Sps 182260786Sps LESSOPEN 182360786Sps Command line to invoke the (optional) input-prepro- 182460786Sps cessor. 182560786Sps 182660786Sps LESSSECURE 182763128Sps Runs less in "secure" mode. See discussion under 182860786Sps SECURITY. 182960786Sps 183060786Sps LESSSEPARATOR 183163128Sps String to be appended to a directory name in file- 183260786Sps name completion. 183360786Sps 183463128Sps LINES Sets the number of lines on the screen. Takes 183563128Sps precedence over the number of lines specified by 183663128Sps the TERM variable. (But if you have a windowing 183763128Sps system which supports TIOCGWINSZ or WIOCGETD, the 183863128Sps window system's idea of the screen size takes 183963128Sps precedence over the LINES and COLUMNS environment 184060786Sps variables.) 184160786Sps 184263128Sps PATH User's search path (used to find a lesskey file on 184363128Sps 184463128Sps 184563128Sps 184663128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 28 184763128Sps 184863128Sps 184963128Sps 185063128Sps 185163128Sps 185263128SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 185363128Sps 185463128Sps 185560786Sps MS-DOS and OS/2 systems). 185660786Sps 185760786Sps SHELL The shell used to execute the ! command, as well as 185860786Sps to expand filenames. 185960786Sps 186060786Sps TERM The type of terminal on which _l_e_s_s is being run. 186160786Sps 186260786Sps VISUAL The name of the editor (used for the v command). 186360786Sps 186460786Sps 186560786SpsSSEEEE AALLSSOO 186660786Sps lesskey(1) 186760786Sps 186860786Sps 186960786SpsWWAARRNNIINNGGSS 187063128Sps The = command and prompts (unless changed by -P) report 187160786Sps the line numbers of the lines at the top and bottom of the 187260786Sps screen, but the byte and percent of the line after the one 187360786Sps at the bottom of the screen. 187460786Sps 187563128Sps If the :e command is used to name more than one file, and 187660786Sps one of the named files has been viewed previously, the new 187760786Sps files may be entered into the list in an unexpected order. 187860786Sps 187963128Sps On certain older terminals (the so-called "magic cookie" 188063128Sps terminals), search highlighting will cause an erroneous 188163128Sps display. On such terminals, search highlighting is dis- 188263128Sps abled by default to avoid possible problems. 188360786Sps 188463128Sps In certain cases, when search highlighting is enabled and 188563128Sps a search pattern begins with a ^, more text than the 188663128Sps matching string may be highlighted. (This problem does 188763128Sps not occur when less is compiled to use the POSIX regular 188863128Sps expression package.) 188960786Sps 189063128Sps On some systems, _s_e_t_l_o_c_a_l_e claims that ASCII characters 0 189163128Sps thru 31 are control characters rather than binary charac- 189263128Sps ters. This causes _l_e_s_s to treat some binary files as 189363128Sps ordinary, non-binary files. To workaround this problem, 189463128Sps set the environment variable LESSCHARSET to "ascii" (or 189563128Sps whatever character set is appropriate). 189660786Sps 189763128Sps See http://www.flash.net/~marknu/less for the latest list 189863128Sps of known bugs in this version of less. 189960786Sps 190060786Sps 190163128SpsCCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT 190263128Sps Copyright (C) 2000 Mark Nudelman 190360786Sps 190463128Sps less is part of the GNU project and is free software. You 190563128Sps can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of 190663128Sps either (1) the GNU General Public License as published by 190763128Sps the Free Software Foundation; or (2) the Less License. 190863128Sps See the file README in the less distribution for more 190960786Sps 191060786Sps 191160786Sps 191263128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 29 191360786Sps 191460786Sps 191560786Sps 191660786Sps 191760786Sps 191863128SpsLESS(1) LESS(1) 191960786Sps 192063128Sps 192163128Sps details regarding redistribution. You should have 192263128Sps received a copy of the GNU General Public License along 192363128Sps with the source for less; see the file COPYING. If not, 192463128Sps write to the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place, 192563128Sps Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. You should also 192663128Sps have received a copy of the Less License; see the file 192760786Sps LICENSE. 192860786Sps 192963128Sps less is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 193063128Sps but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied war- 193163128Sps ranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PUR- 193260786Sps POSE. See the GNU General Public License for more 193360786Sps details. 193460786Sps 193560786Sps 193660786SpsAAUUTTHHOORR 193760786Sps Mark Nudelman <marknu@flash.net> 193863128Sps Send bug reports or comments to the above address or to 193960786Sps bug-less@gnu.org. 194060786Sps 194160786Sps 194260786Sps 194360786Sps 194460786Sps 194560786Sps 194660786Sps 194760786Sps 194860786Sps 194960786Sps 195063128Sps 195163128Sps 195263128Sps 195363128Sps 195463128Sps 195563128Sps 195663128Sps 195763128Sps 195863128Sps 195963128Sps 196063128Sps 196163128Sps 196263128Sps 196363128Sps 196463128Sps 196563128Sps 196663128Sps 196763128Sps 196863128Sps 196963128Sps 197063128Sps 197163128Sps 197263128Sps 197363128Sps 197463128Sps 197563128Sps 197663128Sps 197763128Sps 197863128Sps Version 358: 08 Jul 2000 30 197963128Sps 198063128Sps 1981