160786Sps 260786Sps SSUUMMMMAARRYY OOFF LLEESSSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS 360786Sps 460786Sps Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, _N. 560786Sps Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if _N is given. 6240121Sdelphij A key preceded by a caret indicates the Ctrl key; thus ^K is ctrl-K. 760786Sps 860786Sps h H Display this help. 960786Sps q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit. 1060786Sps --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1160786Sps 1260786Sps MMOOVVIINNGG 1360786Sps 1460786Sps e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or _N lines). 1560786Sps y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or _N lines). 1660786Sps f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or _N lines). 1760786Sps b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or _N lines). 1860786Sps z * Forward one window (and set window to _N). 1960786Sps w * Backward one window (and set window to _N). 2060786Sps ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file. 2160786Sps d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to _N). 2260786Sps u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to _N). 23128345Stjr ESC-) RightArrow * Left one half screen width (or _N positions). 24128345Stjr ESC-( LeftArrow * Right one half screen width (or _N positions). 2560786Sps F Forward forever; like "tail -f". 2660786Sps r ^R ^L Repaint screen. 2760786Sps R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input. 2860786Sps --------------------------------------------------- 2960786Sps Default "window" is the screen height. 3060786Sps Default "half-window" is half of the screen height. 3160786Sps --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3260786Sps 3360786Sps SSEEAARRCCHHIINNGG 3460786Sps 3560786Sps /_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search forward for (_N-th) matching line. 3660786Sps ?_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search backward for (_N-th) matching line. 3760786Sps n * Repeat previous search (for _N-th occurrence). 3860786Sps N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction. 3960786Sps ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files. 4060786Sps ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files. 4160786Sps ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting. 42191930Sdelphij &_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Display only matching lines 4360786Sps --------------------------------------------------- 44240121Sdelphij A search pattern may be preceded by one or more of: 4560786Sps ^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines. 4660786Sps ^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE). 4760786Sps ^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?). 4860786Sps ^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position). 4960786Sps ^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS. 5060786Sps --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5160786Sps 5260786Sps JJUUMMPPIINNGG 5360786Sps 5460786Sps g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line _N). 5560786Sps G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line _N). 5660786Sps p % * Go to beginning of file (or _N percent into file). 5789019Sps t * Go to the (_N-th) next tag. 5889019Sps T * Go to the (_N-th) previous tag. 5960786Sps { ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ]. 6060786Sps } ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [. 6160786Sps ESC-^F _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find close bracket _<_c_2_>. 6260786Sps ESC-^B _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find open bracket _<_c_1_> 6360786Sps --------------------------------------------------- 6460786Sps Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket 6560786Sps matching the (_N-th) open bracket in the top line. 6660786Sps Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket 6760786Sps matching the (_N-th) close bracket in the bottom line. 6860786Sps 6960786Sps m_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Mark the current position with <letter>. 7060786Sps '_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Go to a previously marked position. 7160786Sps '' Go to the previous position. 7260786Sps ^X^X Same as '. 7360786Sps --------------------------------------------------- 7460786Sps A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter. 7560786Sps Certain marks are predefined: 7660786Sps ^ means beginning of the file 7760786Sps $ means end of the file 7860786Sps --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7960786Sps 8060786Sps CCHHAANNGGIINNGG FFIILLEESS 8160786Sps 8260786Sps :e [_f_i_l_e] Examine a new file. 8360786Sps ^X^V Same as :e. 8460786Sps :n * Examine the (_N-th) next file from the command line. 8560786Sps :p * Examine the (_N-th) previous file from the command line. 8660786Sps :x * Examine the first (or _N-th) file from the command line. 8760786Sps :d Delete the current file from the command line list. 8860786Sps = ^G :f Print current file name. 8960786Sps --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9060786Sps 9160786Sps MMIISSCCEELLLLAANNEEOOUUSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS 9260786Sps 9360786Sps -_<_f_l_a_g_> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below]. 9460786Sps --_<_n_a_m_e_> Toggle a command line option, by name. 9560786Sps __<_f_l_a_g_> Display the setting of a command line option. 9660786Sps ___<_n_a_m_e_> Display the setting of an option, by name. 9760786Sps +_c_m_d Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined. 9860786Sps 9960786Sps !_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Execute the shell command with $SHELL. 10060786Sps |XX_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Pipe file between current pos & mark XX to shell command. 10160786Sps v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR. 10260786Sps V Print version number of "less". 10360786Sps --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10460786Sps 10560786Sps OOPPTTIIOONNSS 10660786Sps 10760786Sps Most options may be changed either on the command line, 10860786Sps or from within less by using the - or -- command. 10960786Sps Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single 110251154Sdelphij character preceded by a -, or a name preceded by --. 11160786Sps 11260786Sps -? ........ --help 11360786Sps Display help (from command line). 11460786Sps -a ........ --search-skip-screen 115240121Sdelphij Search skips current screen. 116221715Sdelphij -A ........ --SEARCH-SKIP-SCREEN 117240121Sdelphij Search starts just after target line. 11860786Sps -b [_N] .... --buffers=[_N] 11960786Sps Number of buffers. 12060786Sps -B ........ --auto-buffers 12160786Sps Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes. 122170256Sdelphij -c ........ --clear-screen 123170256Sdelphij Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling. 12460786Sps -d ........ --dumb 12560786Sps Dumb terminal. 12660786Sps -D [_x_n_._n] . --color=_x_n_._n 12760786Sps Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only) 12860786Sps -e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF 12960786Sps Quit at end of file. 13060786Sps -f ........ --force 13160786Sps Force open non-regular files. 13260786Sps -F ........ --quit-if-one-screen 13360786Sps Quit if entire file fits on first screen. 13460786Sps -g ........ --hilite-search 13560786Sps Highlight only last match for searches. 13660786Sps -G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH 13760786Sps Don't highlight any matches for searches. 13860786Sps -h [_N] .... --max-back-scroll=[_N] 13960786Sps Backward scroll limit. 14060786Sps -i ........ --ignore-case 14160786Sps Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase. 14260786Sps -I ........ --IGNORE-CASE 14360786Sps Ignore case in all searches. 14460786Sps -j [_N] .... --jump-target=[_N] 14560786Sps Screen position of target lines. 14663128Sps -J ........ --status-column 14763128Sps Display a status column at left edge of screen. 14860786Sps -k [_f_i_l_e] . --lesskey-file=[_f_i_l_e] 14960786Sps Use a lesskey file. 150221715Sdelphij -K --quit-on-intr 151221715Sdelphij Exit less in response to ctrl-C. 152128345Stjr -L ........ --no-lessopen 153128345Stjr Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable. 15460786Sps -m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT 15560786Sps Set prompt style. 15660786Sps -n -N .... --line-numbers --LINE-NUMBERS 157170256Sdelphij Don't use line numbers. 15860786Sps -o [_f_i_l_e] . --log-file=[_f_i_l_e] 15960786Sps Copy to log file (standard input only). 16060786Sps -O [_f_i_l_e] . --LOG-FILE=[_f_i_l_e] 16160786Sps Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite). 16260786Sps -p [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] --pattern=[_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] 16360786Sps Start at pattern (from command line). 16460786Sps -P [_p_r_o_m_p_t] --prompt=[_p_r_o_m_p_t] 16560786Sps Define new prompt. 16660786Sps -q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT 16760786Sps Quiet the terminal bell. 16860786Sps -r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS 16960786Sps Output "raw" control characters. 17060786Sps -s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines 17160786Sps Squeeze multiple blank lines. 17260786Sps -S ........ --chop-long-lines 173240121Sdelphij Chop (truncate) long lines rather than wrapping. 17460786Sps -t [_t_a_g] .. --tag=[_t_a_g] 17560786Sps Find a tag. 17660786Sps -T [_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e] --tag-file=[_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e] 17760786Sps Use an alternate tags file. 17860786Sps -u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL 17960786Sps Change handling of backspaces. 18060786Sps -V ........ --version 18160786Sps Display the version number of "less". 18260786Sps -w ........ --hilite-unread 18360786Sps Highlight first new line after forward-screen. 18460786Sps -W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD 18560786Sps Highlight first new line after any forward movement. 18689019Sps -x [_N[,...]] --tabs=[_N[,...]] 18760786Sps Set tab stops. 18860786Sps -X ........ --no-init 18960786Sps Don't use termcap init/deinit strings. 19060786Sps -y [_N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[_N] 19160786Sps Forward scroll limit. 19260786Sps -z [_N] .... --window=[_N] 19360786Sps Set size of window. 19460786Sps -" [_c[_c]] . --quotes=[_c[_c]] 19560786Sps Set shell quote characters. 19660786Sps -~ ........ --tilde 19760786Sps Don't display tildes after end of file. 19863128Sps -# [_N] .... --shift=[_N] 19963128Sps Horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width) 200221715Sdelphij ........ --no-keypad 201240121Sdelphij Don't send termcap keypad init/deinit strings. 202221715Sdelphij ........ --follow-name 203221715Sdelphij The F command changes files if the input file is renamed. 20463128Sps 205221715Sdelphij 20660786Sps --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20760786Sps 20860786Sps LLIINNEE EEDDIITTIINNGG 20960786Sps 21060786Sps These keys can be used to edit text being entered 21160786Sps on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen. 21260786Sps 21360786Sps RightArrow ESC-l Move cursor right one character. 21460786Sps LeftArrow ESC-h Move cursor left one character. 215240121Sdelphij ctrl-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w Move cursor right one word. 216240121Sdelphij ctrl-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b Move cursor left one word. 21760786Sps HOME ESC-0 Move cursor to start of line. 21860786Sps END ESC-$ Move cursor to end of line. 21960786Sps BACKSPACE Delete char to left of cursor. 22060786Sps DELETE ESC-x Delete char under cursor. 221240121Sdelphij ctrl-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE Delete word to left of cursor. 222240121Sdelphij ctrl-DELETE ESC-DELETE ESC-X Delete word under cursor. 223240121Sdelphij ctrl-U ESC (MS-DOS only) Delete entire line. 22460786Sps UpArrow ESC-k Retrieve previous command line. 22560786Sps DownArrow ESC-j Retrieve next command line. 22660786Sps TAB Complete filename & cycle. 22760786Sps SHIFT-TAB ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle. 228240121Sdelphij ctrl-L Complete filename, list all. 22960786Sps 230170256Sdelphij 231