freebsd-tips revision 99995
1199482SrdivackyThis fortune brought to you by: 2199482Srdivacky$FreeBSD: head/games/fortune/datfiles/freebsd-tips 99995 2002-07-14 22:50:12Z dwmalone $ 3199482Srdivacky% 4199482SrdivackyHaving trouble using fetch through a firewall? Try setting the environment 5199482Srdivackyvariable FTP_PASSIVE_MODE to yes, and see fetch(3) for more details. 6199482Srdivacky% 7199482SrdivackyBy pressing "Scroll Lock" you can use the arrow keys to scroll backward 8199482Srdivackythrough the console output. Press "Scroll Lock" again to turn it off. 9199482Srdivacky% 10199482SrdivackyWant colour in your directory listings? Use "ls -G". "ls -F" is also useful, 11199482Srdivackyand they can be combined as "ls -FG". 12234353Sdim% 13210299SedIf you need to ask a question on the FreeBSD-questions mailing list then 14199482Srdivacky 15199482Srdivacky http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/\ 16199482Srdivacky freebsd-questions/index.html 17199482Srdivacky 18199482Srdivackycontains lots of useful advice to help you get the best results. 19199482Srdivacky% 20199482SrdivackyIf you'd like to keep track of applications in the FreeBSD ports tree, take a 21199482Srdivackylook at FreshPorts; 22212904Sdim 23207619Srdivacky http://www.freshports.org/ 24234353Sdim% 25212904SdimTo search for files that match a particular name, use find(1); for example 26199482Srdivacky 27226633Sdim find / -name "*GENERIC*" -ls 28234353Sdim 29226633Sdimwill search '/', and all subdirectories, for files with 'GENERIC' in the name. 30199482Srdivacky -- Stephen Hilton <nospam@hiltonbsd.com> 31199482Srdivacky% 32199482SrdivackyIn tcsh, you can `set autolist' to have the shell automatically show 33205408Srdivackyall the possible matches when doing filename/directory expansion. 34205408Srdivacky% 35205408SrdivackyYou can `set autologout = 30' to have tcsh log you off automatically 36205408Srdivackyif you leave the shell idle for more than 30 minutes. 37226633Sdim% 38205408SrdivackyIf you `set filec' (file completion) in tcsh and write a part of the 39205408Srdivackyfilename, pressing TAB will show you the available choices when there 40205408Srdivackyis more than one, or complete the filename if there's only one match. 41205408Srdivacky% 42205408SrdivackyYou can press up-arrow or down-arrow to walk through a list of 43205408Srdivackyprevious commands in tcsh. 44205408Srdivacky% 45199482SrdivackyYou can disable tcsh's terminal beep if you `set nobeep'. 46199482Srdivacky% 47199482SrdivackyIf you `set watch (0 any any)' in tcsh, you will be notified when 48199482Srdivackysomeone logs in or out of your system. 49226633Sdim% 50226633SdimNice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%m %# ' 51200583Srdivacky% 52200583SrdivackyNice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m%# ' 53199482Srdivacky% 54199482SrdivackyNice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m:%~%# ' 55199482Srdivacky% 56226633SdimNice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m:%/%# ' 57199482Srdivacky% 58199482SrdivackyNice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '[%B%m%b] %B%~%b%# ' 59199482Srdivacky% 60218893SdimSimple tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%# ' 61226633Sdim% 62226633SdimIf you want df(1) and other commands to display disk sizes in 63218893Sdimkilobytes instead of 512-byte blocks, set BLOCKSIZE in your 64218893Sdimenvironment to 'K'. You can also use 'M' for Megabytes or 'G' for 65218893SdimGigabytes. If you want df(1) to automatically select the best size 66218893Sdimthen use 'df -h'. 67218893Sdim% 68218893SdimTo change an environment variable in tcsh you use: setenv NAME "value" 69218893Sdimwhere NAME is the name of the variable and "value" its new value. 70218893Sdim% 71199482SrdivackyTo change an environment variable in /bin/sh use: 72226633Sdim 73199482Srdivacky $ VARIABLE="value" 74199482Srdivacky $ export VARIABLE 75199482Srdivacky% 76199482SrdivackyYou can use /etc/make.conf to control the options used to compile software 77226633Sdimon this system. Example entries are in /usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf. 78199482Srdivacky% 79199482SrdivackyTo do a fast search for a file, try 80199482Srdivacky 81199482Srdivacky locate filename 82226633Sdim 83212904Sdimlocate uses a database that is updated every Saturday (assuming your computer 84218893Sdimis running FreeBSD at the time) to quickly find files based on name only. 85226633Sdim% 86226633SdimIn order to search for a string in some files, use 'grep' like this: 87199482Srdivacky 88212904Sdim grep "string" filename1 [filename2 filename3 ...] 89226633Sdim 90226633SdimThis will print out the lines in the files that contain the string. grep can 91234353Sdimalso do a lot more advanced searches - type 'man grep' for details. 92212904Sdim% 93212904SdimYou can use the 'fetch' command to retrieve files over ftp or http. 94212904Sdim 95226633Sdim fetch http://www.freebsd.org/index.html 96212904Sdim 97218893Sdimwill download the front page of the FreeBSD web site. 98226633Sdim% 99212904SdimIn order to make fetch (the FreeBSD downloading tool) ask for 100212904Sdimusername/password when it encounter a password-protected web page, you can set 101212904Sdimthe environment variable HTTP_AUTH to 'basic:*'. 102212904Sdim% 103199482SrdivackyYou can permanently set environment variables for your shell by putting them 104199482Srdivackyin a startup file for the shell. The name of the startup file varies 105218893Sdimdepending on the shell - csh and tcsh uses .login, bash, sh, ksh and zsh use 106218893Sdim.profile. When using bash, sh, ksh or zsh, don't forget to export the 107226633Sdimvariable. 108218893Sdim% 109226633SdimIf you are running xterm, the default TERM variable will be 'xterm'. If you 110226633Sdimset this environment variable to 'xterm-color' instead, a lot of programs will 111200583Srdivackyuse colors. You can do this by 112212904Sdim 113200583Srdivacky TERM=xterm-color; export TERM 114218893Sdim 115212904Sdimin Bourne-derived shells, and 116199482Srdivacky 117199482Srdivacky setenv TERM xterm-color 118234353Sdim 119234353Sdimin csh-derived shells. 120234353Sdim% 121234353SdimIf you do not want to get beeps in X11 (X Windows), you can turn them off with 122234353Sdim 123234353Sdim xset b off 124234353Sdim% 125234353SdimYou can look through a file in a nice text-based interface by typing 126234353Sdim 127234353Sdim less filename 128234353Sdim% 129234353SdimThe default editor in FreeBSD is vi, which is efficient to use when you have 130234353Sdimlearned it, but somewhat user-unfriendly. To use ee (an easier but less 131234353Sdimpowerful editor) instead, set the environment variable EDITOR to /usr/bin/ee 132234353Sdim% 133234353SdimIf you accidently end up inside vi, you can quit it by pressing Escape, colon 134234353Sdim(:), q (q), bang (!) and pressing return. 135234353Sdim% 136234353SdimYou can use aliases to decrease the amount of typing you need to do to get 137234353Sdimcommands you commonly use. Examples of fairly popular aliases include (in 138234353Sdimbourne shell style, as in /bin/sh, bash, ksh, and zsh): 139234353Sdim 140234353Sdim alias lf="ls -FA" 141234353Sdim alias ll="ls -lA" 142234353Sdim alias su="su -m" 143234353Sdim 144234353SdimIn csh or tcsh, these would be 145234353Sdim 146234353Sdim alias lf ls -FA 147234353Sdim alias ll ls -lA 148234353Sdim alias su su -m 149234353Sdim 150234353SdimTo remove an alias, you can usually use 'unalias aliasname'. To list all 151234353Sdimaliases, you can usually type just 'alias'. 152234353Sdim% 153234353SdimIn order to support national characters for european languages in tools like 154234353Sdimless without creating other nationalisation aspects, set the environment 155234353Sdimvariable LC_ALL to 'en_US.ISO8859-1'. 156234353Sdim% 157234353SdimYou can search for documentation on a keyword by typing 158234353Sdim 159234353Sdim apropos keyword 160234353Sdim% 161234353SdimMan pages are divided into section depending on topic. There are 9 different 162234353Sdimsections numbered from 1 (General Commands) to 9 (Kernel Developer's Manual). 163234353SdimYou can get an introduction to each topic by typing 164234353Sdim 165234353Sdim man <number> intro 166234353Sdim 167234353SdimIn other words, to get the intro to general commands, type 168234353Sdim 169234353Sdim man 1 intro 170234353Sdim% 171234353SdimFreeBSD is started up by the program 'init'. The first thing init does when 172234353Sdimstarting multiuser mode (ie, starting the computer up for normal use) is to 173234353Sdimrun the shell script /etc/rc. By reading /etc/rc, you can learn a lot about 174234353Sdimhow the system is put together, which again will make you more confident about 175234353Sdimwhat happens when you do something with it. 176234353Sdim% 177234353SdimIf you want to play CDs with FreeBSD, a utility for this is already included. 178234353SdimType 'cdcontrol' then 'help' to learn more. (You may need to set the CDROM 179234353Sdimenvironment variable in order to make cdcontrol want to start.) 180234353Sdim% 181234353SdimIf you have a CD-ROM drive in your machine, you can make the CD-ROM that is 182234353Sdimpresently inserted available by typing 'mount /cdrom' as root. The CD-ROM 183234353Sdimwill be available under /cdrom/. Remember to do 'umount /cdrom' before 184234353Sdimremoving the CD-ROM (it will usually not be possible to remove the CD-ROM 185234353Sdimwithout doing this.) 186234353Sdim 187234353SdimNote: This tip may not work in all configurations. 188234353Sdim% 189234353SdimYou can install extra packages for FreeBSD by using the ports system. 190234353SdimIf you have installed it, you can download, compile, and install software by 191234353Sdimjust typing 192234353Sdim 193234353Sdim # cd /usr/ports/<category>/<portname> 194234353Sdim # make install && make clean 195234353Sdim 196234353Sdimas root. The ports infrastructure will download the software, change it so 197234353Sdimit works on FreeBSD, compile it, install it, register the installation so it 198234353Sdimwill be possible to automatically uninstall it, and clean out the temporary 199234353Sdimworking space it used. You can remove an installed port you decide you do not 200234353Sdimwant after all by typing 201234353Sdim 202234353Sdim # cd /usr/ports/<category>/<portname> 203234353Sdim # make deinstall 204234353Sdim 205234353Sdimas root. 206234353Sdim% 207234353SdimNice bash prompt: PS1='(\[$(tput md)\]\t <\w>\[$(tput me)\]) $(echo $?) \$ ' 208234353Sdim -- Mathieu <mathieu@hal.interactionvirtuelle.com> 209234353Sdim% 210234353SdimTo see the output from when your computer started, run dmesg(8). If it has 211234353Sdimbeen replaced with other messages, look at /var/run/dmesg.boot. 212234353Sdim -- Francisco Reyes <lists@natserv.com> 213234353Sdim% 214234353SdimYou can use "whereis" to locate standard binary, manual page and source 215234353Sdimdirectories for the specified programs. This can be particularly handy 216234353Sdimwhen you are trying to find where in the ports tree an application is. 217234353Sdim 218234353SdimTry "whereis netscape" and "whereis whereis". 219234353Sdim -- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr> 220234353Sdim% 221234353SdimYou can press Ctrl-D to quickly exit from a shell, or logout from a 222234353Sdimlogin shell. 223234353Sdim -- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr> 224234353Sdim% 225234353SdimYou can use "pkg_info" to see a list of packages you have installed. 226234353Sdim -- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr> 227234353Sdim% 228234353SdimYou can change the video mode on all consoles by adding something like 229234353Sdimthe following to /etc/rc.conf: 230234353Sdim 231234353Sdim allscreens="80x30" 232234353Sdim 233234353SdimYou can use "vidcontrol -i mode | grep T" for a list of supported text 234234353Sdimmodes. 235234353Sdim -- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr> 236234353Sdim% 237234353SdimAny user that is a member of the wheel group can use "su -" to simulate 238234353Sdima root login. You can add a user to the wheel group by editing /etc/group. 239234353Sdim -- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr> 240234353Sdim% 241234353SdimOver quota? "du -s * | sort -n " will give you a sorted list of your 242234353Sdimdirectory sizes. 243234353Sdim -- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com> 244234353Sdim% 245234353SdimHandy bash(1) prompt: PS1="\u@\h \w \!$ " 246234353Sdim -- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com> 247234353Sdim% 248234353SdimEver wonder what those numbers after command names were, as in cat(1)? It's 249234353Sdimthe section of the manual the man page is in. "man man" will tell you more. 250234353Sdim -- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com> 251234353Sdim% 252234353Sdim"man hier" will explain the way FreeBSD filesystems are normally laid out. 253234353Sdim -- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com> 254234353Sdim% 255234353Sdim"man tuning" gives some tips how to tune performance of your FreeBSD system. 256234353Sdim -- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com> 257234353Sdim% 258234353Sdim"man firewall" will give advice for building a FreeBSD firewall 259234353Sdim -- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com> 260234353Sdim% 261234353SdimYou can often get answers to your questions about FreeBSD by searching in the 262234353SdimFreeBSD mailing list archives at 263234353Sdim 264234353Sdim http://www.freebsd.org/search.html 265234353Sdim% 266234353SdimYou can adjust the volume of various parts of the sound system in your 267234353Sdimcomputer by typing 'mixer <type> <volume>'. To get a list of what you can 268234353Sdimadjust, just type 'mixer'. 269234353Sdim% 270234353SdimYou can automatically download and install binary packages by doing 271234353Sdim 272234353Sdim pkg_add -r <URL> 273234353Sdim 274234353Sdimwhere you replace <URL> with the URL to the package. This will also 275234353Sdimautomatically install the packages the package you download is dependent on 276234353Sdim(ie, the packages it needs in order to work.) 277234353Sdim% 278234353SdimYou can get a good standard workstation install by using the 279234353Sdiminstant-workstation port/package. If you have ports installed, you can 280234353Sdiminstall it by doing 281234353Sdim 282234353Sdim # cd /usr/ports/misc/instant-workstation 283234353Sdim # make install && make clean 284234353Sdim 285234353Sdimas root. This will install a collection of packages that is convenient to 286234353Sdimhave on a workstation. 287234353Sdim% 288234353SdimYou can get a good generic server install by using the 289234353Sdiminstant-server port/package. If you have ports installed, you can 290234353Sdiminstall it by doing 291234353Sdim 292234353Sdim # cd /usr/ports/misc/instant-server 293234353Sdim # make install && make clean 294234353Sdim 295234353Sdimas root. This will install a collection of packages that is appropriate for 296234353Sdimrunning a "generic" server. 297234353Sdim% 298234353SdimYou can make a log of your terminal session with script(1). 299234353Sdim% 300234353Sdim"man ports" gives many useful hints about installing FreeBSD ports. 301234353Sdim% 302234353Sdim"man security" gives very good advice on how to tune the security of your 303234353SdimFreeBSD system. 304234353Sdim% 305234353SdimWant to find a specific port, just type the following under /usr/ports, 306234353Sdimor one its subdirectories: 307234353Sdim 308234353Sdim "make search port=<port-name>" 309234353Sdim or 310234353Sdim "make search key="<keyword>" 311234353Sdim% 312234353SdimWant to see how much virtual memory you're using? Just type "swapinfo" to 313234353Sdimbe shown information about the usage of your swap partitions. 314234353Sdim% 315234353Sdimports/net/netcat port is useful not only for redirecting input/output 316234353Sdimto TCP or UDP connections, but also for proxying them. See inetd(8) for 317234353Sdimdetails. 318234353Sdim% 319234353SdimIf other operating systems have damaged your Master Boot Record, you can 320234353Sdimreinstall it either with /stand/sysinstall or with boot0cfg(8). See 321234353Sdim"man boot0cfg" for details. 322234353Sdim% 323234353SdimNeed to see the calendar for this month? Simply type "cal". To see the 324234353Sdimwhole year, type "cal -y". 325234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 326234353Sdim% 327234353SdimNeed to quickly return to your home directory? Type "cd". 328234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 329234353Sdim% 330234353SdimTo see the last time that you logged in, use lastlogin(8). 331234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 332234353Sdim% 333234353SdimTo clear the screen, use "clear". To re-display your screen buffer, press 334234353Sdimthe scroll lock key and use your page up button. When you're finished, 335234353Sdimpress the scroll lock key again to get your prompt back. 336234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 337234353Sdim% 338234353SdimTo save disk space in your home directory, can compress files you 339234353Sdimrarely use with "gzip filename". 340234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 341234353Sdim% 342234353SdimTo read a compressed file without having to first uncompress it, use 343234353Sdim"zcat" or "zmore" to view it. 344234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 345234353Sdim% 346234353SdimTo see how much disk space is left on your partitions, use 347234353Sdim 348234353Sdim df -h 349234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 350234353Sdim% 351234353SdimTo see the 10 largest files on a directory or partition, use 352234353Sdim 353199482Srdivacky du /partition_or_directory_name | sort -rn | head 354226633Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 355199482Srdivacky% 356199482SrdivackyTo determine whether a file is a text file, executable, or some other type 357199482Srdivackyof file, use 358234353Sdim 359234353Sdim file filename 360234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 361234353Sdim% 362234353SdimTime to change your password? Type "passwd" and follow the prompts. 363234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 364234353Sdim% 365234353SdimWant to know how many words, lines, or bytes are contained in a file? Type 366234353Sdim"wc filename". 367234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 368234353Sdim% 369234353SdimNeed to print a manpage? Use 370234353Sdim 371234353Sdim man name_of_manpage | col -bx | lpr 372234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 373234353Sdim% 374234353SdimNeed to remove all those ^M characters from a DOS file? Try 375234353Sdim 376234353Sdim col -bx < dosfile > newfile 377234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 378234353Sdim% 379234353SdimForget what directory you are in? Type "pwd". 380234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 381234353Sdim% 382234353SdimIf you are in the C shell and have just installed a new program, you won't 383234353Sdimbe able to run it unless you first type "rehash". 384234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 385234353Sdim% 386234353SdimNeed to leave your terminal for a few minutes and don't want to logout? 387234353SdimUse "lock -p". When you return, use your password as the key to unlock the 388234353Sdimterminal. 389234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 390234353Sdim% 391234353SdimNeed to find the location of a program? Use "locate program_name". 392234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 393234353Sdim% 394234353SdimForget how to spell a word or a variation of a word? Use 395234353Sdim 396234353Sdim look portion_of_word_you_know 397234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 398234353Sdim% 399234353SdimTo see the last 10 lines of a long file, use "tail filename". To see the 400234353Sdimfirst 10 lines, use "head filename". 401234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 402234353Sdim% 403234353SdimTo see how long it takes a command to run, type the word "time" before the 404234353Sdimcommand name. 405234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 406234353Sdim% 407234353SdimTo quickly create an empty file, use "touch filename". 408234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 409234353Sdim% 410234353SdimTo find out the hostname associated with an IP address, use 411234353Sdim 412234353Sdim dig -x IP_address 413234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 414234353Sdim% 415234353SdimIf you use the C shell, add the following line to the .cshrc file in your 416234353Sdimhome directory to prevent core files from being written to disk: 417234353Sdim 418234353Sdim limit coredumpsize 0 419234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 420234353Sdim% 421234353SdimIf you need a reminder to leave your terminal, type "leave +hhmm" where 422234353Sdim"hhmm" represents in how many hours and minutes you need to leave. 423234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 424234353Sdim% 425234353SdimNeed to do a search in a manpage or in a file you've sent to a pager? Use 426234353Sdim"/search_word". To repeat the same search, type "n" for next. 427234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 428234353Sdim% 429199482SrdivackyForget when Easter is? Try "ncal -e". If you need the date for Orthodox 430199482SrdivackyEaster, use "ncal -o" instead. 431199482Srdivacky -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 432199482Srdivacky% 433199482SrdivackyNeed to see your routing table? Type "netstat -rn". The entry with the G 434199482Srdivackyflag is your gateway. 435199482Srdivacky -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 436199482Srdivacky% 437199482SrdivackyNeed to see which daemons are listening for connection requests? Use 438199990Srdivacky"sockstat -4l" for IPv4, and "sockstat -l" for IPv4 and IPv6. 439234353Sdim -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 440199482Srdivacky% 441199482SrdivackyCan't remember is you've installed a certain port or not? Try "pkg_info | 442199482Srdivackygrep port_name". 443199482Srdivacky -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 444199482Srdivacky% 445199482SrdivackyGot some time to kill? Try typing "hangman". 446199990Srdivacky -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 447199482Srdivacky% 448199482SrdivackyTo erase a line you've written at the command prompt, use "Ctrl-U". 449199482Srdivacky -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 450199482Srdivacky% 451199482SrdivackyTo repeat the last command in the C shell, type "!!". 452199482Srdivacky -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 453199482Srdivacky% 454199482SrdivackyNeed to quickly empty a file? Use "echo > filename". 455207619Srdivacky -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 456199482Srdivacky% 457199482SrdivackyTo see all of the directories on your FreeBSD system, type 458199482Srdivacky 459199990Srdivacky ls -R / | more 460199482Srdivacky -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 461199482Srdivacky% 462199482SrdivackyTo see the IP addresses currently set on your active interfaces, type 463199482Srdivacky"ifconfig -u". 464199482Srdivacky -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 465199482Srdivacky% 466199482SrdivackyTo see the MAC addresses of the NICs on your system, type 467199482Srdivacky 468199482Srdivacky ifconfig -a 469207619Srdivacky -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 470199482Srdivacky% 471199482SrdivackyYou can save your kernel startup configuration with kget(8). The 472199482SrdivackyConfiguration can be edited at boot time with 'boot -c' command in loader. 473200583SrdivackySee boot(8), loader(8) for details. 474200583Srdivacky% 475199482SrdivackyYou can open up a new split-screen window in (n)vi with :N or :E and then 476199482Srdivackyuse ^w to switch between the two. 477199482Srdivacky% 478199482Srdivackysh (the default bourne shell in FreeBSD) supports command-line editing. Just 479199482Srdivacky``set -o emacs'' or ``set -o vi'' to enable it. 480199482Srdivacky% 481210299SedWhen you've made modifications to a file in vi(1) and then find that 482210299Sedyou can't write it, type ``<ESC>!rm -f %'' then ``:w!'' to force the 483210299Sedwrite 484199482Srdivacky 485199482SrdivackyThis won't work if you don't have write permissions to the directory 486207619Srdivackyand probably won't be suitable if you're editing through a symbolic link. 487199482Srdivacky% 488199482SrdivackyIf you want to quickly check for duplicate package/port installations, 489199482Srdivackytry the following pkg_info command. 490199482Srdivacky 491199482Srdivacky pkg_info | sort | sed -e 's/-[0-9].*$//' | \ 492199482Srdivacky uniq -c | grep -v '^[[:space:]]*1' 493199482Srdivacky