freebsd-tips revision 163144
178266SnikThis fortune brought to you by: 278266Snik$FreeBSD: head/games/fortune/datfiles/freebsd-tips 163144 2006-10-09 04:11:34Z chinsan $ 378266Snik% 488035SmikehHaving trouble using fetch through a firewall? Try setting the environment 588035Smikehvariable FTP_PASSIVE_MODE to yes, and see fetch(3) for more details. 678266Snik% 778266SnikBy pressing "Scroll Lock" you can use the arrow keys to scroll backward 878266Snikthrough the console output. Press "Scroll Lock" again to turn it off. 978266Snik% 1078266SnikWant colour in your directory listings? Use "ls -G". "ls -F" is also useful, 1178266Snikand they can be combined as "ls -FG". 1278266Snik% 1378266SnikIf you need to ask a question on the FreeBSD-questions mailing list then 1478266Snik 1578266Snik http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/\ 1678266Snik freebsd-questions/index.html 1778266Snik 1878266Snikcontains lots of useful advice to help you get the best results. 1978266Snik% 2078266SnikIf you'd like to keep track of applications in the FreeBSD ports tree, take a 2178266Sniklook at FreshPorts; 2278266Snik 2378266Snik http://www.freshports.org/ 2478266Snik% 2578266SnikTo search for files that match a particular name, use find(1); for example 2678266Snik 2778266Snik find / -name "*GENERIC*" -ls 2878266Snik 2978266Snikwill search '/', and all subdirectories, for files with 'GENERIC' in the name. 3078266Snik -- Stephen Hilton <nospam@hiltonbsd.com> 3178266Snik% 3278266SnikIn tcsh, you can `set autolist' to have the shell automatically show 3378266Snikall the possible matches when doing filename/directory expansion. 3478266Snik% 3578266SnikYou can `set autologout = 30' to have tcsh log you off automatically 3684001Smurrayif you leave the shell idle for more than 30 minutes. 3778266Snik% 3878266SnikIf you `set filec' (file completion) in tcsh and write a part of the 3978266Snikfilename, pressing TAB will show you the available choices when there 4078266Snikis more than one, or complete the filename if there's only one match. 4178266Snik% 4278266SnikYou can press up-arrow or down-arrow to walk through a list of 4378266Snikprevious commands in tcsh. 4478266Snik% 4578266SnikYou can disable tcsh's terminal beep if you `set nobeep'. 4678266Snik% 47106986SjoergIf you `set watch = (0 any any)' in tcsh, you will be notified when 4878266Sniksomeone logs in or out of your system. 4978266Snik% 5078266SnikNice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%m %# ' 5178266Snik% 5278266SnikNice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m%# ' 5378266Snik% 5478266SnikNice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m:%~%# ' 5578266Snik% 5678266SnikNice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%n@%m:%/%# ' 5778266Snik% 5878266SnikNice tcsh prompt: set prompt = '[%B%m%b] %B%~%b%# ' 5978266Snik% 6078266SnikSimple tcsh prompt: set prompt = '%# ' 6178266Snik% 6278266SnikIf you want df(1) and other commands to display disk sizes in 6378266Snikkilobytes instead of 512-byte blocks, set BLOCKSIZE in your 6495677Sdougbenvironment to 'K'. You can also use 'M' for Megabytes or 'G' for 6593516SjoeGigabytes. If you want df(1) to automatically select the best size 6693516Sjoethen use 'df -h'. 6778266Snik% 6878266SnikTo change an environment variable in tcsh you use: setenv NAME "value" 6978266Snikwhere NAME is the name of the variable and "value" its new value. 7078266Snik% 7178266SnikTo change an environment variable in /bin/sh use: 7278266Snik 7378266Snik $ VARIABLE="value" 7478266Snik $ export VARIABLE 7578266Snik% 7682604SalexYou can use /etc/make.conf to control the options used to compile software 77105482Sblackendon this system. Example entries are in 78148797Skrion/usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf. 7978266Snik% 8078266SnikTo do a fast search for a file, try 8178266Snik 8278266Snik locate filename 8378266Snik 8479027Smpplocate uses a database that is updated every Saturday (assuming your computer 8578266Snikis running FreeBSD at the time) to quickly find files based on name only. 8678266Snik% 8778266SnikIn order to search for a string in some files, use 'grep' like this: 8878266Snik 8978266Snik grep "string" filename1 [filename2 filename3 ...] 9078266Snik 9178266SnikThis will print out the lines in the files that contain the string. grep can 9278266Snikalso do a lot more advanced searches - type 'man grep' for details. 9378266Snik% 9478266SnikYou can use the 'fetch' command to retrieve files over ftp or http. 9578266Snik 9678266Snik fetch http://www.freebsd.org/index.html 9778266Snik 9878266Snikwill download the front page of the FreeBSD web site. 9978266Snik% 10078266SnikIn order to make fetch (the FreeBSD downloading tool) ask for 101143833Smurrayusername/password when it encounters a password-protected web page, you can set 10278266Snikthe environment variable HTTP_AUTH to 'basic:*'. 10378266Snik% 10478266SnikYou can permanently set environment variables for your shell by putting them 10578266Snikin a startup file for the shell. The name of the startup file varies 10678772Sbriandepending on the shell - csh and tcsh uses .login, bash, sh, ksh and zsh use 10778772Sbrian.profile. When using bash, sh, ksh or zsh, don't forget to export the 10878772Sbrianvariable. 10978266Snik% 11078266SnikIf you are running xterm, the default TERM variable will be 'xterm'. If you 11178266Snikset this environment variable to 'xterm-color' instead, a lot of programs will 11278266Snikuse colors. You can do this by 11378266Snik 11478266Snik TERM=xterm-color; export TERM 11578266Snik 11678266Snikin Bourne-derived shells, and 11778266Snik 11878266Snik setenv TERM xterm-color 11978266Snik 12078266Snikin csh-derived shells. 12178266Snik% 12278266SnikIf you do not want to get beeps in X11 (X Windows), you can turn them off with 12378266Snik 12478266Snik xset b off 12578266Snik% 12678266SnikYou can look through a file in a nice text-based interface by typing 12778266Snik 12878266Snik less filename 12978266Snik% 13078266SnikThe default editor in FreeBSD is vi, which is efficient to use when you have 13178266Sniklearned it, but somewhat user-unfriendly. To use ee (an easier but less 13278266Snikpowerful editor) instead, set the environment variable EDITOR to /usr/bin/ee 13378266Snik% 134125955ScpercivaIf you accidentally end up inside vi, you can quit it by pressing Escape, colon 13578266Snik(:), q (q), bang (!) and pressing return. 13678266Snik% 13778266SnikYou can use aliases to decrease the amount of typing you need to do to get 13878266Snikcommands you commonly use. Examples of fairly popular aliases include (in 139125955ScpercivaBourne shell style, as in /bin/sh, bash, ksh, and zsh): 14078266Snik 14178266Snik alias lf="ls -FA" 14278266Snik alias ll="ls -lA" 14378266Snik alias su="su -m" 14478266Snik 14578266SnikIn csh or tcsh, these would be 14678266Snik 14778266Snik alias lf ls -FA 14878266Snik alias ll ls -lA 14978266Snik alias su su -m 15078266Snik 15178266SnikTo remove an alias, you can usually use 'unalias aliasname'. To list all 15278266Snikaliases, you can usually type just 'alias'. 15378266Snik% 154125955ScpercivaIn order to support national characters for European languages in tools like 15578266Snikless without creating other nationalisation aspects, set the environment 15678266Snikvariable LC_ALL to 'en_US.ISO8859-1'. 15778266Snik% 15878266SnikYou can search for documentation on a keyword by typing 15978266Snik 16078266Snik apropos keyword 16178266Snik% 16278266SnikMan pages are divided into section depending on topic. There are 9 different 16378266Sniksections numbered from 1 (General Commands) to 9 (Kernel Developer's Manual). 16478266SnikYou can get an introduction to each topic by typing 16578266Snik 16678266Snik man <number> intro 16778266Snik 16878266SnikIn other words, to get the intro to general commands, type 16978266Snik 17078266Snik man 1 intro 17178266Snik% 17278266SnikFreeBSD is started up by the program 'init'. The first thing init does when 17378266Snikstarting multiuser mode (ie, starting the computer up for normal use) is to 174148797Skrionrun the shell script /etc/rc. By reading /etc/rc and the /etc/rc.d/ scripts, 175148797Skrionyou can learn a lot about how the system is put together, which again will 176148797Skrionmake you more confident about what happens when you do something with it. 17778266Snik% 17878266SnikIf you want to play CDs with FreeBSD, a utility for this is already included. 17978266SnikType 'cdcontrol' then 'help' to learn more. (You may need to set the CDROM 18078266Snikenvironment variable in order to make cdcontrol want to start.) 18178266Snik% 18278266SnikIf you have a CD-ROM drive in your machine, you can make the CD-ROM that is 18378266Snikpresently inserted available by typing 'mount /cdrom' as root. The CD-ROM 18478512Smphwill be available under /cdrom/. Remember to do 'umount /cdrom' before 18578266Snikremoving the CD-ROM (it will usually not be possible to remove the CD-ROM 18678266Snikwithout doing this.) 18778266Snik 18878266SnikNote: This tip may not work in all configurations. 18978266Snik% 19078266SnikYou can install extra packages for FreeBSD by using the ports system. 19178266SnikIf you have installed it, you can download, compile, and install software by 19278266Snikjust typing 19378266Snik 19478266Snik # cd /usr/ports/<category>/<portname> 19578266Snik # make install && make clean 19678266Snik 19778266Snikas root. The ports infrastructure will download the software, change it so 19878266Snikit works on FreeBSD, compile it, install it, register the installation so it 19978266Snikwill be possible to automatically uninstall it, and clean out the temporary 20078266Snikworking space it used. You can remove an installed port you decide you do not 20178266Snikwant after all by typing 20278266Snik 20378266Snik # cd /usr/ports/<category>/<portname> 20478266Snik # make deinstall 20578266Snik 20678266Snikas root. 20778266Snik% 20878266SnikNice bash prompt: PS1='(\[$(tput md)\]\t <\w>\[$(tput me)\]) $(echo $?) \$ ' 20978266Snik -- Mathieu <mathieu@hal.interactionvirtuelle.com> 21078266Snik% 21178266SnikTo see the output from when your computer started, run dmesg(8). If it has 21278266Snikbeen replaced with other messages, look at /var/run/dmesg.boot. 21378266Snik -- Francisco Reyes <lists@natserv.com> 21478266Snik% 215148797SkrionYou can use "whereis" to search standard binary, manual page and source 21678266Snikdirectories for the specified programs. This can be particularly handy 21778266Snikwhen you are trying to find where in the ports tree an application is. 21878266Snik 21978266SnikTry "whereis netscape" and "whereis whereis". 22078266Snik -- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr> 22178266Snik% 22278266SnikYou can press Ctrl-D to quickly exit from a shell, or logout from a 22378266Sniklogin shell. 22478266Snik -- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr> 22578266Snik% 22678266SnikYou can use "pkg_info" to see a list of packages you have installed. 22778266Snik -- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr> 22878266Snik% 22978266SnikYou can change the video mode on all consoles by adding something like 23078266Snikthe following to /etc/rc.conf: 23178266Snik 23278266Snik allscreens="80x30" 23378266Snik 23478266SnikYou can use "vidcontrol -i mode | grep T" for a list of supported text 23578266Snikmodes. 23678266Snik -- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr> 23778266Snik% 23878266SnikAny user that is a member of the wheel group can use "su -" to simulate 23978266Snika root login. You can add a user to the wheel group by editing /etc/group. 24078796Sdd -- Konstantinos Konstantinidis <kkonstan@duth.gr> 24178271Snik% 24278271SnikOver quota? "du -s * | sort -n " will give you a sorted list of your 24378271Snikdirectory sizes. 24478271Snik -- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com> 24578271Snik% 24678271SnikHandy bash(1) prompt: PS1="\u@\h \w \!$ " 24778271Snik -- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com> 24878271Snik% 24978271SnikEver wonder what those numbers after command names were, as in cat(1)? It's 25078271Snikthe section of the manual the man page is in. "man man" will tell you more. 25178271Snik -- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com> 25278271Snik% 25378271Snik"man hier" will explain the way FreeBSD filesystems are normally laid out. 25478271Snik -- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com> 25578271Snik% 25678271Snik"man tuning" gives some tips how to tune performance of your FreeBSD system. 25778271Snik -- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com> 25878271Snik% 25978271Snik"man firewall" will give advice for building a FreeBSD firewall 26078271Snik -- David Scheidt <dscheidt@tumbolia.com> 26178283Seivind% 26278283SeivindYou can often get answers to your questions about FreeBSD by searching in the 26378283SeivindFreeBSD mailing list archives at 26478283Seivind 265148797Skrion http://www.freebsd.org/search/search.html 26678283Seivind% 26778283SeivindYou can adjust the volume of various parts of the sound system in your 26878283Seivindcomputer by typing 'mixer <type> <volume>'. To get a list of what you can 26978283Seivindadjust, just type 'mixer'. 27078283Seivind% 27178283SeivindYou can automatically download and install binary packages by doing 27278283Seivind 27378283Seivind pkg_add -r <URL> 27478283Seivind 27578283Seivindwhere you replace <URL> with the URL to the package. This will also 27678283Seivindautomatically install the packages the package you download is dependent on 27778283Seivind(ie, the packages it needs in order to work.) 27878283Seivind% 27978283SeivindYou can get a good standard workstation install by using the 28078283Seivindinstant-workstation port/package. If you have ports installed, you can 28178283Seivindinstall it by doing 28278283Seivind 28378283Seivind # cd /usr/ports/misc/instant-workstation 28478283Seivind # make install && make clean 28578283Seivind 28678283Seivindas root. This will install a collection of packages that is convenient to 28778283Seivindhave on a workstation. 28878283Seivind% 28978283SeivindYou can get a good generic server install by using the 29078283Seivindinstant-server port/package. If you have ports installed, you can 29178283Seivindinstall it by doing 29278283Seivind 29378283Seivind # cd /usr/ports/misc/instant-server 29478283Seivind # make install && make clean 29578283Seivind 29678283Seivindas root. This will install a collection of packages that is appropriate for 29778283Seivindrunning a "generic" server. 29881558Smharo% 29995677SdougbYou can make a log of your terminal session with script(1). 30081558Smharo% 30195677Sdougb"man ports" gives many useful hints about installing FreeBSD ports. 30281558Smharo% 30393518Sjoe"man security" gives very good advice on how to tune the security of your 30493518SjoeFreeBSD system. 30593518Sjoe% 30693518SjoeWant to find a specific port, just type the following under /usr/ports, 30793518Sjoeor one its subdirectories: 30893518Sjoe 309134243Sblackend "make search name=<port-name>" 31093518Sjoe or 311134243Sblackend "make search key=<keyword>" 31293518Sjoe% 31393518SjoeWant to see how much virtual memory you're using? Just type "swapinfo" to 31493518Sjoebe shown information about the usage of your swap partitions. 31593518Sjoe% 31695677Sdougbports/net/netcat port is useful not only for redirecting input/output 317148797Skrionto TCP or UDP connections, but also for proxying them with inetd(8). 31881558Smharo% 31995677SdougbIf other operating systems have damaged your Master Boot Record, you can 32095677Sdougbreinstall it either with /stand/sysinstall or with boot0cfg(8). See 32178352Snik"man boot0cfg" for details. 32281558Smharo% 32395677SdougbNeed to see the calendar for this month? Simply type "cal". To see the 32499534Smpwhole year, type "cal -y". 32578355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 32681558Smharo% 32795677SdougbNeed to quickly return to your home directory? Type "cd". 32878355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 32981558Smharo% 33095677SdougbTo see the last time that you logged in, use lastlogin(8). 33178355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 33281558Smharo% 33395677SdougbTo clear the screen, use "clear". To re-display your screen buffer, press 33495677Sdougbthe scroll lock key and use your page up button. When you're finished, 33595677Sdougbpress the scroll lock key again to get your prompt back. 33678355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 33781558Smharo% 338105517StomTo save disk space in your home directory, compress files you rarely 339105517Stomuse with "gzip filename". 34078355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 34181558Smharo% 34295677SdougbTo read a compressed file without having to first uncompress it, use 34395677Sdougb"zcat" or "zmore" to view it. 34478355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 34581558Smharo% 34695677SdougbTo see how much disk space is left on your partitions, use 34778355Snik 34878355Snik df -h 34978355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 35081558Smharo% 35195677SdougbTo see the 10 largest files on a directory or partition, use 35278355Snik 35378355Snik du /partition_or_directory_name | sort -rn | head 35478355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 35581558Smharo% 35695677SdougbTo determine whether a file is a text file, executable, or some other type 35795677Sdougbof file, use 35878355Snik 35978355Snik file filename 36078355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 36181558Smharo% 36295677SdougbTime to change your password? Type "passwd" and follow the prompts. 36378355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 36481558Smharo% 36595677SdougbWant to know how many words, lines, or bytes are contained in a file? Type 36695677Sdougb"wc filename". 36778355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 36881558Smharo% 36995677SdougbNeed to print a manpage? Use 37078355Snik 37178458Sdd man name_of_manpage | col -bx | lpr 37278355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 37381558Smharo% 37495677SdougbNeed to remove all those ^M characters from a DOS file? Try 37578355Snik 376142806Syar tr -d \\r < dosfile > newfile 377142806Syar -- Originally by Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 37881558Smharo% 37995677SdougbForget what directory you are in? Type "pwd". 38078355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 38181558Smharo% 38295677SdougbIf you are in the C shell and have just installed a new program, you won't 38395677Sdougbbe able to run it unless you first type "rehash". 38478355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 38581558Smharo% 38695677SdougbNeed to leave your terminal for a few minutes and don't want to logout? 38795677SdougbUse "lock -p". When you return, use your password as the key to unlock the 38895677Sdougbterminal. 38978355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 39081558Smharo% 39195677SdougbNeed to find the location of a program? Use "locate program_name". 39278355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 39381558Smharo% 39495677SdougbForget how to spell a word or a variation of a word? Use 39578355Snik 39678355Snik look portion_of_word_you_know 39778355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 39881558Smharo% 39995677SdougbTo see the last 10 lines of a long file, use "tail filename". To see the 40095677Sdougbfirst 10 lines, use "head filename". 40178355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 40281558Smharo% 40395677SdougbTo see how long it takes a command to run, type the word "time" before the 40495677Sdougbcommand name. 40578355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 40681558Smharo% 40795677SdougbTo quickly create an empty file, use "touch filename". 40878355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 40981558Smharo% 41095677SdougbTo find out the hostname associated with an IP address, use 41178355Snik 41278355Snik dig -x IP_address 41378355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 41481558Smharo% 41595677SdougbIf you use the C shell, add the following line to the .cshrc file in your 41695677Sdougbhome directory to prevent core files from being written to disk: 41778355Snik 41878355Snik limit coredumpsize 0 41978355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 42081558Smharo% 42199995SdwmaloneIf you need a reminder to leave your terminal, type "leave +hhmm" where 42295677Sdougb"hhmm" represents in how many hours and minutes you need to leave. 42378355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 42481558Smharo% 42595677SdougbNeed to do a search in a manpage or in a file you've sent to a pager? Use 42695677Sdougb"/search_word". To repeat the same search, type "n" for next. 42778355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 42881558Smharo% 42995677SdougbForget when Easter is? Try "ncal -e". If you need the date for Orthodox 43095677SdougbEaster, use "ncal -o" instead. 43178355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 43281558Smharo% 43395677SdougbNeed to see your routing table? Type "netstat -rn". The entry with the G 43495677Sdougbflag is your gateway. 43578355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 43681558Smharo% 43795677SdougbNeed to see which daemons are listening for connection requests? Use 43895677Sdougb"sockstat -4l" for IPv4, and "sockstat -l" for IPv4 and IPv6. 43978355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 44081558Smharo% 441139631SjosefCan't remember if you've installed a certain port or not? Try "pkg_info 442139631Sjosef-Ix port_name". 44381558Smharo% 44495677SdougbTo erase a line you've written at the command prompt, use "Ctrl-U". 44578355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 44681558Smharo% 44795677SdougbTo repeat the last command in the C shell, type "!!". 44878355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 44981558Smharo% 450118366SschweikhNeed to quickly empty a file? Use ": > filename". 45178355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 45281558Smharo% 45395677SdougbTo see all of the directories on your FreeBSD system, type 45478355Snik 45578471Snik ls -R / | more 45678355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 45781558Smharo% 45895677SdougbTo see the IP addresses currently set on your active interfaces, type 45995677Sdougb"ifconfig -u". 46078355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 46181558Smharo% 46295677SdougbTo see the MAC addresses of the NICs on your system, type 46378355Snik 46478471Snik ifconfig -a 46578355Snik -- Dru <genesis@istar.ca> 46678471Snik% 46778773SbrianYou can open up a new split-screen window in (n)vi with :N or :E and then 46878773Sbrianuse ^w to switch between the two. 46978774Sbrian% 470125955Scpercivash (the default Bourne shell in FreeBSD) supports command-line editing. Just 47178774Sbrian``set -o emacs'' or ``set -o vi'' to enable it. 47278777Sbrian% 47378777SbrianWhen you've made modifications to a file in vi(1) and then find that 47478777Sbrianyou can't write it, type ``<ESC>!rm -f %'' then ``:w!'' to force the 47578777Sbrianwrite 47678777Sbrian 47778777SbrianThis won't work if you don't have write permissions to the directory 47878777Sbrianand probably won't be suitable if you're editing through a symbolic link. 47990516Skeramida% 48090516SkeramidaIf you want to quickly check for duplicate package/port installations, 48190516Skeramidatry the following pkg_info command. 48290516Skeramida 48390516Skeramida pkg_info | sort | sed -e 's/-[0-9].*$//' | \ 48490516Skeramida uniq -c | grep -v '^[[:space:]]*1' 485102943Sjmallett% 486102943SjmallettWant to use sed(1) to edit a file in place? Well, to replace every 'e' with 487102943Sjmallettan 'o', in a file named 'foo', you can do: 488102943Sjmallett 489102943Sjmallett sed -i.bak s/e/o/g foo 490102943Sjmallett 491102943SjmallettAnd you'll get a backup of the original in a file named 'foo.bak', but if you 492102943Sjmallettwant no backup: 493102943Sjmallett 494102943Sjmallett sed -i '' s/e/o/g foo 495124230Sblackend% 496124230SblackendTo obtain a neat PostScript rendering of a manual page, use ``-t'' switch 497124230Sblackendof the man(1) utility: ``man -t <topic>''. For example: 498124230Sblackend 499124230Sblackend man -t grep > grep.ps # Save the PostScript version to a file 500124230Sblackendor 501124230Sblackend man -t printf | lp # Send the PostScript directly to printer 502163144Schinsan% 503163144SchinsanWant to strip UTF-8 BOM(Byte Order Mark) from given files? 504163144Schinsan 505163144Schinsan sed -e '1s/^\xef\xbb\xbf//' < bomfile > newfile 506