europe revision 93799
1# @(#)europe 7.82 2 3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 6 7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29): 8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition), 10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999). 11# 12# Gwillim Law writes that a good source 13# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport 14# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 15# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 16# of the IATA's data after 1990. 17# 18# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991, 19# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. 20# 21# Other sources occasionally used include: 22# 23# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 24# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), 25# which I found in the UCLA library. 26# 27# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH), 28# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm"> 29# History of Summer Time 30# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese) 31 32# 33# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 34# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 35# Corrections are welcome! 36# std dst 37# LMT Local Mean Time 38# -4:00 AST Atlantic 39# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland* 40# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland* 41# 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer 42# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer 43# 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe 44# 0:19:32 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)* 45# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)* 46# 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe 47# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)* 48# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe 49# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow 50# 51# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, 52# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 53 54# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04), 55# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, 56# Luxembourg, the Netherlands. 57# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. 58# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. 59# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. 60# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for 61# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% 62# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous 63# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. 64# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) 65# ... 66# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. 67# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. 68# ... 69# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. 70# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact 71# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the 72# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed 73# in the Directive. 74 75 76############################################################################### 77 78# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire) 79 80# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06): 81# 82# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about 83# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo 84# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph 85# of the text said: 86# 87# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands 88# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude 89# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed 90# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They 91# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, 92# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking 93# along the towpath within a few yards of it.' 94# 95# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's 96# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should 97# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. 98# 99# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] 100 101# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18): 102# 103# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. 104# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, 105# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. 106# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828) 107# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903). 108# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway 109# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most 110# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the 111# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be 112# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it. 113# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian, 114# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many 115# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public 116# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock 117# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, 118# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal 119# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading 120# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. 121# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition 122# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02. 123# 124# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single 125# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much 126# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time. 127 128# From Paul Eggert (1999-01-30): 129# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915), 130# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society 131# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907) 132# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, 133# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. 134# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, 135# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. 136# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. 137# See: 138# <a href="http://www.the-times.co.uk/news/pages/tim/2000/05/18/x-timcrtcrt01011.html"> 139# Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18) 140# </a> 141# A monument was erected in 1927 to Willett, in an open space in a 45-acre wood 142# near Chiselhurst, Kent that was purchased by popular subscription and open 143# to the public. 144 145# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): 146# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving'' 147# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this 148# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the 149# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''. 150 151# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19): 152# 153# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's 154# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. 155 156# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) 157# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john> 158# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. 159# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in 160# politics making a fortune, not computing. 161 162# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14): 163# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the 164# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published 165# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and 166# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T." 167 168# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02): 169# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the 170# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516) 171# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945). 172 173# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03): 174# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir 175# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any 176# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't 177# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British 178# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally. 179# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png 180# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png 181 182# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21): 183# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time 184# which is to be introduced in May.... 185# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time" 186# which could not be said to run counter to any official description. 187 188# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02): 189# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common 190# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first, 191# so we use `BDST'. 192 193# Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length 194# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom. 195# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating 196# and extending this list, which can be found in 197# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/"> 198# History of legal time in Britain 199# </a> 200 201# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06): 202# 203# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC; 204# see Lord Tanlaw's speech 205# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0"> 206# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976) 207# </a>. 208 209# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18): 210# 211# For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948. 212# 213# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect: 214# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until 215# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. 216# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. 217# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. 218# It actually just had one transition. 219# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II. 220# Actually, it conformed to Britain. 221# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. 222# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. 223# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). 224# 225# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks: 226# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT 227# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to 228# conform with Great Britain. 229# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise. 230# 231# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful; 232# we'll ignore it for now. 233# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. 234# 235# 236# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks. 237# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory 238# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was 239# to London. For example: 240# 241# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time." 242# -- James Joyce, Ulysses 243 244# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28): 245# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31) 246# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time 247# (CT), equivalent to French civil time. 248# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that 249# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door) 250# and Frethun run in CT. 251# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities, 252# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities, 253# and that the time depends on who you're talking to. 254# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason, 255# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST. 256# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST. 257 258# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): 259# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, 260# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC. 261# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate 262# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of 263# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is 264# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". 265 266# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 267# Summer Time Act, 1916 268Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST 269Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT 270# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358 271Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST 272Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT 273# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274 274Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST 275Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT 276# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297 277Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST 278Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT 279# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 280Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST 281# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844 282Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT 283# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363 284Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 285Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT 286# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 287Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST 288Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT 289# The Summer Time Act, 1922 290Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 291Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 292Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 293Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 294# The Summer Time Act, 1925 295Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 296Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 297Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 298Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 299Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 300Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 301Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 302Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 303Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 304Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 305Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 306# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379 307Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 308# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883 309Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST 310# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476 311Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 312Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 313# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506 314Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 315# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932 316Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST 317# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 318Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 319Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 320# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208 321Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 322Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 323# The Summer Time Act, 1947 324Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST 325Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST 326Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST 327Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT 328# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) 329Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 330Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT 331# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) 332Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 333Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT 334# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) 335# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) 336# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) 337Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST 338Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT 339# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925 340Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 341Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 342Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 343Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 344Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 345Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 346Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 347# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71) 348# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465) 349# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81) 350Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST 351Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 352# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101) 353# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201) 354# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148) 355Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST 356# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117) 357Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST 358# The British Standard Time Act, 1968 359# (no summer time) 360# The Summer Time Act, 1972 361Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 362Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 363# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089) 364# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673) 365# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223) 366# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931) 367Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST 368Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT 369# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985) 370# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729) 371# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798) 372Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT 373# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982) 374# See EU for rules starting in 1996. 375 376# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 377Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 378 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 379 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 380 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 381 0:00 EU GMT/BST 382Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 383 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin/Dunsink MT 384 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time 385 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 386 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 387 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 388 0:00 EU GMT/BST 389Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 390 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 391 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s 392 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 393 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 394 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 395 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 396 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 397 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 398 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 399 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 400 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 401 0:00 EU GMT/IST 402 403############################################################################### 404 405# Continental Europe 406 407# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, 408# Common Market, etc. 409 410# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 411Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S 412Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 413Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - 414Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 415Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S 416Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - 417# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See: 418# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html" 419# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 420# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements. 421# </a> 422 423# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. 424Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 425Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 426Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - 427Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 428Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 429Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 430 431# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. 432# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time. 433Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 434Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 435Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 436Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 437Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S 438Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 439Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S 440Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 441Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 442# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 443Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - 444Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 445Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 446Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 447Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 448Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 449Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 450 451# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time. 452Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 453Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 454Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 455Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 456Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S 457Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 458 459# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 460Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time 461Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time 462Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time 463Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST 464Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST 465Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S 466Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - 467Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 468Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 469Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S 470Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 471# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24): 472Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 473Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 474# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in 475# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14): 476Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 477Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 478# 479Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S 480Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 - 481Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 482Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 483Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 484 485# These are for backward compatibility with older versions. 486 487# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 488Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT 489Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 490Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 491Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT 492 493# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST 494# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage. 495 496# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12): 497# The official German names ... are 498# 499# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00 500# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00 501# 502# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG), 503# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111).... 504# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution 505# 506# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) 507# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit" 508# Postfach 3345 509# D-38023 Braunschweig 510# phone: +49 531 592-0 511# 512# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB 513# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the 514# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as 515# 516# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00 517# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00 518 519 520# Albania 521# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 522Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S 523Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 524Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S 525Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - 526Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 527Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 528Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 529Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 530Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 531Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 532Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S 533Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 534Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S 535Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 536Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S 537Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 538Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S 539Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 540Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S 541Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - 542Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 543Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 544Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 545Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 546Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 547# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 548Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 549 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 550 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul 551 1:00 EU CE%sT 552 553# Andorra 554# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 555Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 556 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 557 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 558 1:00 EU CE%sT 559 560# Austria 561# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 562Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S 563Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - 564Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 565Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 566Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 567Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 568Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 569Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 570# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 571Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr 572 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00 573 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00 574 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 575 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 576 1:00 EU CE%sT 577 578# Belarus 579# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 580Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 581 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time 582 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 583 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28 584 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3 585 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 586 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 587 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 588 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s 589 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s 590 2:00 Russia EE%sT 591 592# Belgium 593# 594# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02): 595# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from: 596# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique, 597# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991 598# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC), 599# pp 8-9. 600# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium: 601# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121. 602# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references. 603# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium. 604# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect. 605# 606# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 607Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S 608Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 609Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 610Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 611Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 612Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 613Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 614Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 615Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 616Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S 617Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 618Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 619# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd 620# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier), 621# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15 622# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT. 623Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 624Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 625Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 626Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 627Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S 628Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S 629Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 630Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 631Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S 632Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 633Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 634Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 635Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S 636Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S 637Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S 638Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - 639Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S 640Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - 641Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 642Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 643Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S 644Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 645# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 646Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880 647 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT 648 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8 649 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00 650 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u 651 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s 652 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3 653 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 654 1:00 EU CE%sT 655 656# Bosnia and Herzegovina 657# see Yugoslavia 658 659# Bulgaria 660# 661# From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 662# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says: 663# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ... 664# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October 665# 666# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 667Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S 668Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 669Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S 670Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - 671Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - 672# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 673Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 674 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? 675 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 676 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00 677 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 678 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00 679 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 680 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 681 2:00 EU EE%sT 682 683# Croatia 684# see Yugosloavia 685 686# Czech Republic 687# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 688Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 689Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 690Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S 691Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 692Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S 693Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 694Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S 695# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 696Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 697 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 698 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 699 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 700 1:00 EU CE%sT 701 702# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland 703# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 704Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 705Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - 706Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 707Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 708Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - 709Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S 710Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - 711Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 712Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - 713Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S 714Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - 715# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways 716# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks. 717# 718# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman. 719# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 720Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 721 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time 722 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 723 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 724 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 725 1:00 EU CE%sT 726Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 727 0:00 - WET 1981 728 0:00 EU WE%sT 729# 730# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 731# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, 732# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU 733# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab 734# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU 735# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980. 736 737# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing 738# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15), 739# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen: 740# 741# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC 742# is according to the following time line: 743# 744# The military zone near Thule UTC-4 745# Standard Greenland time UTC-3 746# Scoresbysund UTC-1 747# Danmarkshavn UTC 748# 749# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be 750# introduced. 751 752# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01): 753# 754# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at 755# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have 756# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have 757# info from earlier correspondence.] 758# 759# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule 760# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight 761# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time.... 762# 763# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund 764# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst. 765# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the 766# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th 767# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in 768# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the 769# DPC research station at Zackenberg. 770# 771# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use 772# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab). 773# 774# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it 775# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time 776# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules. 777# 778# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and 779# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators 780# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of 781# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be 782# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this. 783 784# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19): 785# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place 786# there at 2:00 AM. 787 788# From Paul Eggert (2001-11-19): 789# The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab. 790# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996. 791# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error, 792# so go with Shanks for all Thule transitions. 793# 794# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 795Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 796Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S 797Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 798Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S 799# 800# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 801Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 802 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 803 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996 804 0:00 - GMT 805Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit 806 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 807 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29 808 -1:00 EU EG%sT 809Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk 810 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 811 -3:00 EU WG%sT 812Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base 813 -4:00 Thule A%sT 814 815# Estonia 816# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15): 817# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards 818# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, 819# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... 820# 821# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28): 822# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s, 823# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:] 824# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different 825# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules 826# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia.... 827# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on 828# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to 829# summer time next spring.'' 830 831# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited: 832# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390"> 833# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law 834# </a> 835# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between 836# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120). 837# 838# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation 839# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg" 840# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time). 841 842# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09) 843# via Steffen Thorsen: 844# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time, 845# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6.... 846# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European 847# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory 848# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do 849# after that. 850 851# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29): 852# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation 853# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all 854# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01. 855 856# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21): 857# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics. 858# Now we are using again EU rules. 859# 860# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28): 861# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21. 862 863# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 864Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 865 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 866 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 867 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May 868 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 869 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 870 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 871 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 872 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 873 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22 874 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1 875 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21 876 2:00 EU EE%sT 877 878# Finland 879# 880# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC): 881# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, 882# and it's supposed to change at 4am... 883# 884# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994): 885# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981. 886# Go with Strang instead. 887# 888# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 889Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 890Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 891# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 892Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 893 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 894 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00 895 2:00 EU EE%sT 896 897# France 898 899# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20): 900# 901# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions 902# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993 903# 904# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur, 905# Paris, 1991 906# 907# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie, 908# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987 909 910 911# 912# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman. 913# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 914Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S 915Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 - 916Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S 917Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S 918Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 919Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 920Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 921Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 922Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 923Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 924# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st 925# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions 926# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks. 927Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 928Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S 929Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 930Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 931Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 932Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 933Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 934Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 935Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S 936Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 937Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 938Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 939Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 940Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 941Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 942Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 943Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 944Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 945Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 946Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 947# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes 948# that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations. 949# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez, 950# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La 951# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes, 952# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin, 953# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois, 954# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe). 955Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 956# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00, 957# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12), 958# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes 959# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT. 960Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S 961Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M 962Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S 963Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M 964Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S 965Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M 966Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S 967Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M 968Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 969# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00; 970# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT. 971Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S 972Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 - 973# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05, 974# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. 975# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based 976# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. 977# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 978Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 979 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT 980# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre. 981 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00 982# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation; 983# go with Shanks. 984 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 985 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 986 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 987 1:00 EU CE%sT 988 989# Germany 990 991# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29): 992# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische 993# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916. 994# 995# <a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm"> 996# Realisation of Legal Time in Germany 997# </a> 998 999# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1000Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1001# Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes 1002# the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem) 1003# (1961-11-25), which gives dates only. Guess 3:00 transition times. 1004Rule Germany 1945 only - May 31 3:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1005Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 23 3:00 1:00 S 1006Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 1007Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 1008Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 1009Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1010Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 1011# The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times; 1012# go with Shanks. 1013Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M 1014Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S 1015Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 1016Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 1017# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1018Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 1019 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1020 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 1021 1:00 EU CE%sT 1022 1023# Gibraltar 1024# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1025Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 1026 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 1027 1:00 - CET 1982 1028 1:00 EU CE%sT 1029 1030# Greece 1031# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1032# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks. 1033Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S 1034Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 1035# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks. 1036Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S 1037# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks. 1038Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 1039Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 1040Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 1041# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks. 1042Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 1043Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - 1044Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S 1045Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - 1046Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S 1047Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - 1048Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1049Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - 1050Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - 1051Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S 1052Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - 1053Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 1054Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 1055# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1056Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 1057 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 1058 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 1059 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 1060 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 1061 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981; 1062 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 1063 2:00 EU EE%sT 1064 1065# Hungary 1066# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1067Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S 1068Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 - 1069Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S 1070Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - 1071Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S 1072Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - 1073Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S 1074Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - 1075Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 1076Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1077Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S 1078Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1079Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - 1080Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S 1081Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1082Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 1083Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1084Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S 1085Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 1086Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S 1087# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1088Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 1089 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 1090 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00 1091 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00 1092 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 1093 1:00 EU CE%sT 1094 1095# Iceland 1096# 1097# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06): 1098# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. 1099# 1100# (1993-12-05): 1101# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of 1102# Iceland Almanak. 1103# 1104# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour 1105# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts 1106# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which 1107# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. 1108# 1109# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks 1110# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the 1111# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always 1112# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. 1113# 1114# (1993-12-10): 1115# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the 1116# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus 1117# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. 1118# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day 1119# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. 1120# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" 1121# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it 1122# might mean something else (???). 1123# 1124# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29): 1125# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points. 1126# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that 1127# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. 1128# 1129# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1130Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S 1131Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 - 1132Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 - 1133Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S 1134Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 - 1135Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 1136Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 - 1137Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1138Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 - 1139Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S 1140Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 - 1141# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter 1142Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1143Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1144# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter 1145Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1146# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week 1147Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 - 1148Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1149Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 - 1150# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1151Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 1152 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time? 1153 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 1154 0:00 - GMT 1155 1156# Italy 1157# 1158# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06): 1159# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893, 1160# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32). 1161# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time. 1162# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff, 1163# so record only the time in Rome. 1164# 1165# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06): 1166# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri 1167# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html"> 1168# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14) 1169# </a> 1170# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute 1171# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: 1172# 1173# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with: 1174# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W 1175# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1176# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S 1177# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W 1178# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S 1179# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W 1180# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S 1181# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1182# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S 1183# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1184# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur) 1185# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1186# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1187# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S 1188# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S 1189# 1190# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1191Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S 1192Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1193Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1194Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1195Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S 1196Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1197Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S 1198Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1199Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - 1200Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S 1201Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - 1202Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S 1203Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - 1204Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1205Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - 1206Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S 1207Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - 1208Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S 1209Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - 1210Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1211Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - 1212Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 1213Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S 1214Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1215Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1216Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1217Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1218Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S 1219Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1220Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S 1221Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1222Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1223Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S 1224Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S 1225Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1226Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1227# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1228Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 1229 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time 1230 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1231 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 1232 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 1233 1:00 EU CE%sT 1234 1235Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican 1236Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino 1237 1238# Latvia 1239 1240# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17): 1241 1242# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy 1243# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the 1244# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about 1245# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981.... 1246# 1247# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ... 1248# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24 1249# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1250# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00) 1251# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00). 1252# 1253# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ... 1254# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13 1255# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1256# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1257# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of 1258# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day). 1259# 1260# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ... 1261# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14 1262# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, 1263# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the 1264# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia 1265# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1266# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of 1267# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00 1268# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is 1269# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock.... 1270# 1271# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of 1272# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of 1273# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union. 1274 1275# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06): 1276# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in 1277# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm"> 1278# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of 1279# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only). 1280 1281# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html"> 1282# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow: 1283# </a> 1284# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will 1285# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported. 1286# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their 1287# clocks one hour in the spring.... 1288# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few 1289# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European 1290# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving 1291# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government 1292# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it 1293# appears that they will not do so.... 1294 1295# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1296Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 1297Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 1298# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1299Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 1300 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time 1301 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer 1302 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 1303 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 1304 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11 1305 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 1306 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 1307 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13 1308 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s 1309 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s 1310 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21 1311 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29 1312 2:00 - EET 2001 1313 2:00 EU EE%sT 1314 1315# Liechtenstein 1316# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1317Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 1318 1:00 - CET 1981 1319 1:00 EU CE%sT 1320 1321# Lithuania 1322 1323# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 1324# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is 1325# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too. 1326 1327# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07): 1328# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone 1329# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed. 1330 1331# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29), 1332# via Steffen Thorsen: 1333# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours) 1334# to be valid here starting from October 31, 1335# as decided by the national government on Wednesday.... 1336# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a 1337# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was 1338# already done by Estonia. 1339 1340# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm"> 1341# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism 1342# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving. 1343 1344# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1345Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 1346 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 1347 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 1348 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 1349 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 1350 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 1351 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 1352 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 1353 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1354 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1355 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 1356 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u 1357 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u 1358 2:00 - EET 1359 1360# Luxembourg 1361# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks. 1362# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1363Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 1364Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1365Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S 1366Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - 1367Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1368Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 1369Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S 1370Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - 1371Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 1372Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - 1373Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S 1374Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - 1375Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S 1376Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1377Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S 1378Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - 1379Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S 1380Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1381Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 1382Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S 1383Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S 1384Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S 1385Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S 1386# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1387Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 1388 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 1389 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 1390 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 1391 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 1392 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 1393 1:00 EU CE%sT 1394 1395# Macedonia 1396# see Yugoslavia 1397 1398# Malta 1399# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1400Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S 1401Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - 1402Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1403Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - 1404Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S 1405Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 1406Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 1407# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1408Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta 1409 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1410 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1411 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 1412 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 1413 1:00 EU CE%sT 1414 1415# Moldova 1416 1417# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11): 1418# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that 1419# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00. 1420# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence 1421# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree). 1422# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area 1423# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time. 1424# But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via 1425# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau. 1426# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now. 1427 1428# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1429Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880 1430 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT 1431 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 1432 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15 1433 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17 1434 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24 1435 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 1436 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6 1437 2:00 - EET 1991 1438 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 1439 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 1440# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules. 1441 2:00 EU EE%sT 1442 1443# Monaco 1444# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21. 1445# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1446Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 1447 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 1448 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1449 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1450 1:00 EU CE%sT 1451 1452# Netherlands 1453 1454# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, 1455# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. 1456 1457# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01): 1458# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00 1459# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including 1460# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time 1461# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the 1462# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was 1463# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law. 1464# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and 1465# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd"). 1466# 1467# (2001-04-08): 1468# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to 1469# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common 1470# practice of following Amsterdam mean time. 1471# 1472# (2001-04-09): 1473# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the 1474# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe 1475# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was 1476# actually followed. 1477# 1478# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to 1479# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of 1480# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most 1481# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically 1482# adopted Amsterdam mean time. 1483# 1484# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety 1485# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it 1486# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe 1487# Amsterdam mean time. 1488 1489# The data before 1945 are taken from 1490# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>. 1491 1492# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1493Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time 1494Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time 1495Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST 1496Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT 1497Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1498Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT 1499Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 1500Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT 1501Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1502Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 1503Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1504# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week 1505# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend. 1506Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1507Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1508Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1509Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1510Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 1511Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 1512Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1513Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1514Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1515# 1516# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted 1517# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer. 1518# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1519Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835 1520 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1 1521 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time 1522 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1523 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 1524 1:00 EU CE%sT 1525 1526# Norway 1527# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1528# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks. 1529Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S 1530Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 1531# Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04, 1532# 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks. 1533Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1534Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 1535Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1536Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 1537Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S 1538# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1539Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1 1540 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 1541 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1542 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 1543 1:00 EU CE%sT 1544 1545# Svalbard & Jan Mayen 1546 1547# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01): 1548# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and 1549# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the 1550# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared 1551# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan 1552# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From 1553# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and 1554# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation 1555# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came 1556# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a 1557# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From 1558# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been 1559# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100) 1560# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by 1561# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever 1562# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since 1563# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere 1564# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive). 1565 1566# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01): 1567# 1568# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II, 1569# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Olso was 1570# keeping Berlin time. 1571# 1572# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists 1573# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in 1574# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite 1575# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a 1576# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly 1577# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that 1578# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules. 1579# 1580# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an 1581# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says 1582# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ 1583# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were 1584# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return, 1585# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954) 1586# <http://www.utpress.utoronto.ca/publishing/rights/dege_warnorthof80.htm> 1587# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named 1588# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945. 1589# 1590# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can 1591# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the 1592# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now: 1593Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen 1594Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen 1595 1596# Poland 1597# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1598Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1599Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1600# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks. 1601Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - 1602# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks. 1603Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S 1604Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 1605Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S 1606Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 - 1607Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 1608Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 1609Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 1610# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 1611Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1612Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1613Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S 1614Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S 1615Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - 1616Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S 1617Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S 1618Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1619# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1620Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 1621 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 1622 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 1623 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 1624 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 1625 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 1626 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00 1627 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999 1628# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_ 1629# <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml"> 1630# http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24) 1631# </a> 1632# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00. 1633# Stick with W-Eur for now. 1634# 1635# From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10): 1636# According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would 1637# follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not 1638# worth further discussion. 1639# 1640# From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10): 1641# Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997 1642# or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to 1643# EU rules in 1999. 1644 1:00 EU CE%sT 1645 1646# Portugal 1647# 1648# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12): 1649# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone 1650# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 1651# 1652# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve 1653# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. 1654# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 1655# 1656# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12): 1657# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions 1658# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos. 1659# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00. 1660# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00. 1661# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal 1662# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter. 1663# 1664# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1665# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not 1666# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules. 1667# Go with Shanks. 1668Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S 1669# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks. 1670Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 1671Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1672Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1673Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 1674Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1675Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S 1676Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1677Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 1678Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1679Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1680Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1681Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1682Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1683Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 1684Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1685# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks. 1686Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1687Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 1688# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman. 1689Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 1690# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks. 1691Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1692# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. 1693Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 1694Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1695# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks. 1696Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 1697Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1698Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1699# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 1700Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1701Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S 1702# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. 1703Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - 1704Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 1705Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S 1706Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 1707Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S 1708Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - 1709Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M 1710Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S 1711Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M 1712Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S 1713Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1714Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1715Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1716# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. 1717# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks. 1718Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1719Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1720Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S 1721Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - 1722Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S 1723Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1724Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1725Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 1726Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 1727Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 1728# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1729Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 1730 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time 1731 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1732 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 1733 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1734 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1735 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 1736 0:00 EU WE%sT 1737Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada 1738 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time 1739 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time 1740 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1741 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1742 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u 1743 -1:00 EU AZO%sT 1744Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal 1745 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time 1746 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time 1747 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1748 0:00 EU WE%sT 1749 1750# Romania 1751# 1752# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07): 1753# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html"> 1754# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at 1755# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info, 1756# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997, 1757# the same year as Bulgaria. 1758# 1759# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1760Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1761Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1762Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S 1763Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S 1764Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1765Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 1766Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1767Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 1768Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1769# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1770Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 1771 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 1772 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 1773 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 1774 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994 1775 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 1776 2:00 EU EE%sT 1777 1778# Russia 1779 1780# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12): 1781# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations. 1782# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, 1783# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow 1784# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s. 1785# 1786# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29): 1787# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! 1788# I do not know why they have decided to make this change; 1789# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching 1790# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. 1791# 1792# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04): 1793# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with 1794# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... 1795# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor 1796# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there. 1797# 1798# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30): 1799# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from 1800# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... 1801# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. 1802# 1803# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from 1804# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07): 1805# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was 1806# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with 1807# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began 1808# enforcing curfew at the wrong time. 1809# 1810# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05): 1811# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in 1812# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the 1813# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan 1814# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok 1815# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are 1816# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have 1817# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan. 1818# 1819# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1820# 1821# Kaliningradskaya oblast'. 1822Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 1823 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 1824 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946 1825 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1826 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1827# 1828# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1829# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast', 1830# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast', 1831# Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast', 1832# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya, 1833# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya, 1834# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, 1835# Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi, 1836# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast', 1837# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El, 1838# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast', 1839# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug, 1840# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast', 1841# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast', 1842# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast', 1843# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast', 1844# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan, 1845# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast', 1846# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast', 1847# Yaroslavskaya oblast' 1848Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 1849 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time 1850 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 1851 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 1852 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 1853 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1854 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1855 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1856# 1857# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1858# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika 1859Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00 1860 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev 1861 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 1862 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1863 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1864 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00 1865 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time 1866# 1867# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1868# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug, 1869# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast', 1870# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast', 1871# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast', 1872# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug. 1873Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00 1874 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time 1875 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1876 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1877 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time 1878# 1879# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1880# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'. 1881Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14 1882 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme 1883 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1884 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1885 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1886# 1887# Novosibirskaya oblast'. 1888Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00 1889 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time 1890 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1891 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1892 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks 1893 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1894# 1895# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1896# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj, 1897# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast', 1898# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug. 1899Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6 1900 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time 1901 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1902 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1903 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1904# 1905# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1906# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast', 1907# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug. 1908Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 1909 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time 1910 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time 1911 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1912 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1913 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1914# 1915# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1916# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast', 1917# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'. 1918# 1919# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:] 1920# Aldansky, Amginsky, Anabarsky, Bulunsky, Churapchinsky, 1921# Eveno-Bytantaisky, Gorny, Khangalassky, Kobyaisky, Lensky, 1922# Megino-Kangalassky, Mirninsky, Namsky, Nyurbinsky, Olenyoksky, 1923# Olyokminsky, Srednekolymsky, Suntarsky, Tattinsky, Ust-Aldansky, 1924# Verkhnekolymsky, Verkhnevilyuisky, Vilyuisky, Zhigansky. 1925Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 1926 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 1927 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1928 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1929 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1930# 1931# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1932# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj, 1933# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 1934# 1935# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:] 1936# Tomponsky, Ust-Maisky, Ust-Yansky, Verkhoyansky. 1937Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15 1938 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time 1939 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1940 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1941 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1942# 1943# Sakhalinskaya oblast'. 1944# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long. 1945Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23 1946 9:00 - CJT 1938 1947 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25 1948 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T. 1949 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1950 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s 1951 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1952# 1953# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1954# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 1955# 1956# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:] 1957# Abyisky, Allaikhovsky, Momsky, Nizhnekolymsky, Oimyakonsky. 1958Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 1959 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time 1960 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1961 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1962 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1963# 1964# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 1965# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug. 1966# 1967# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. 1968Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10 1969 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time 1970 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1971 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1972 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1973# 1974# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug 1975Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 1976 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time 1977 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s 1978 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1979 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 1980 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1981 1982# Slovakia 1983Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava 1984 1985# Slovenia 1986# see Yugoslavia 1987 1988# Spain 1989# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1990# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks. 1991Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S 1992Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - 1993Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1994Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 1995# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks. 1996Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 1997# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks. 1998Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 1999Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 2000# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks. 2001Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2002Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 2003Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 2004Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 2005# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks. 2006Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S 2007Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2008Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S 2009Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 2010Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S 2011# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks. 2012Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 2013Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S 2014Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M 2015Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S 2016Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S 2017Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S 2018Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 2019Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 2020Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - 2021Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S 2022Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 2023Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S 2024Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 2025Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S 2026Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 2027# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978. 2028Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S 2029Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2030Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S 2031Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 2032Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2033Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - 2034Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 2035Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2036Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 - 2037# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2038Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 2039 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30 2040 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 2041 1:00 EU CE%sT 2042Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 2043 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 2044 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 2045 0:00 - WET 1924 2046 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 2047 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 2048 1:00 - CET 1986 2049 1:00 EU CE%sT 2050Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. 2051 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time 2052 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 2053 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 2054 0:00 EU WE%sT 2055# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u. 2056# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU. 2057 2058# Sweden 2059 2060# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks: 2061# 2062# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879: 2063# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all 2064# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at 2065# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the 2066# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31. 2067# 2068# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30" 2069# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the 2070# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT.... 2071# 2072# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk 2073# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning 2074# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at 2075# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English 2076# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west 2077# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 2078# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time 2079# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT. 2080# 2081# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states 2082# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is 2083# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00.... 2084# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later". 2085# 2086# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish 2087# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are 2088# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available 2089# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type 2090# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click 2091# the Sok-button). 2092# 2093# (2001-05-13): 2094# 2095# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00 2096# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show 2097# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some 2098# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already 2099# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another 2100# hour before the event took place. 2101# 2102# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left. 2103 2104# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2105Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1 2106 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time 2107 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00 2108 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00 2109 1:00 - CET 1980 2110 1:00 EU CE%sT 2111 2112# Switzerland 2113# From Howse: 2114# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace 2115# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep 2116# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... 2117# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2118# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''): 2119Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S 2120Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - 2121# From Shanks: 2122Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 2123Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 2124# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2125Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12 2126 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 2127 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 2128 1:00 EU CE%sT 2129 2130# Turkey 2131# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2132Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2133Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2134Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S 2135Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - 2136Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 2137Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 2138Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S 2139Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2140# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks. 2141Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S 2142Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2143Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2144Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S 2145Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 - 2146Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S 2147Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - 2148Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 2149# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 2150Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 2151Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S 2152Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2153Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2154Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2155Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S 2156Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 2157Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S 2158Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S 2159Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S 2160Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2161Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S 2162Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2163Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 2164Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2165Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S 2166Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 2167Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S 2168Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 - 2169Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 2170Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 - 2171Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 2172Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 2173Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2174Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 2175Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 - 2176Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S 2177Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 - 2178Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S 2179Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S 2180Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 2181Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S 2182Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 2183# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2184Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 2185 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time? 2186 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15 2187 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time 2188 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986 2189 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 2190 2:00 EU EE%sT 2191Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. 2192 2193# Ukraine 2194# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2195# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev. 2196Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 2197 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time 2198 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2199 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20 2200 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6 2201 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 2202 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 2203 2:00 - EET 1992 2204 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 2205 2:00 EU EE%sT 2206# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991. 2207Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct 2208 1:00 - CET 1940 2209 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 2210 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26 2211 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29 2212 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 2213 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 2214 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00 2215 2:00 - EET 1992 2216 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 2217 2:00 EU EE%sT 2218# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991. 2219# Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes. 2220Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880 2221 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T 2222 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2223 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25 2224 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25 2225 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00 2226 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 2227 2:00 EU EE%sT 2228# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997. 2229Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 2230 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T 2231 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2232 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov 2233 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13 2234 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 2235 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 2236 2:00 - EET 1992 2237# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12): 2238# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched 2239# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections. 2240# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened 2241# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May. 2242 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May 2243# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev. 2244 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s 2245 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s 2246# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST. 2247# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks. 2248 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997 2249 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u 2250 2:00 EU EE%sT 2251 2252# Yugoslavia 2253# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2254Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 2255 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 2256 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 2257 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 2258# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of 2259# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time. 2260# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj. 2261 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 2262 1:00 EU CE%sT 2263Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia 2264Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina 2265Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia 2266Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia 2267 2268############################################################################### 2269 2270# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from 2271# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986. 2272# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else. 2273# 2274# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but 2275# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules. 2276# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at 2277# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey 2278# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time 2279# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST) 2280 2281# ... 2282# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100 2283# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann) 2284# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp> 2285# ... 2286# 2287# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when 2288# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only 2289# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according 2290# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on 2291# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following 2292# years... 2293# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions 2294# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST 2295# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep 2296# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now. 2297# 2298# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the 2299# Soviet Union (as far as I know). 2300# 2301# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG, 2302# 4002 Basle, Switzerland 2303# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho 2304 2305# ... 2306# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100 2307# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter) 2308# ... 2309# 2310# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct. 2311# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information 2312# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969. 2313# 2314# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on 2315# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September... 2316# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that 2317# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982 2318# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in 2319# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch 2320# dates... 2321# 2322# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g. 2323# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST... 2324# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not 2325# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations 2326# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always 2327# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the 2328# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours 2329# in advance of normal time. 2330# 2331# ... 2332# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland 2333# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl 2334# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax 2335 2336# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): 2337# ... 2338# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates). 2339# Since 1978. Change at midnight. 2340# ... 2341# Monaco: has same DST as France. 2342# ... 2343