europe revision 43014
1# @(#)europe 7.57 2 3# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 4# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 5# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 6 7# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22): 8# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 9# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition), 10# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995). 11# 12# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source 13# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport 14# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 15# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 16# of the IATA's data after 1990. 17# 18# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990, 19# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990. 20# 21# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 22# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which 23# I found in the UCLA library. 24# 25# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 26# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 27# Corrections are welcome! 28# std dst 29# LMT Local Mean Time 30# -4:00 AST Atlantic 31# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland* 32# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland* 33# 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer 34# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer 35# 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe 36# 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe 37# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe 38# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow 39# 40# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, 41# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude, 42# Oxford University Press (1980). 43 44# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04), 45# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, 46# Luxembourg, the Netherlands. 47# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. 48# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. 49# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. 50# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for 51# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% 52# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous 53# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. 54# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) 55# ... 56# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. 57# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. 58# ... 59# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. 60# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact 61# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the 62# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed 63# in the Directive. 64 65 66############################################################################### 67 68# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire) 69# The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14. 70 71# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06): 72# 73# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about 74# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo 75# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph 76# of the text said: 77# 78# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands 79# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude 80# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed 81# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They 82# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, 83# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking 84# along the towpath within a few yards of it.' 85# 86# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's 87# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should 88# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. 89# 90# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] 91 92# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18): 93# 94# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. 95# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, 96# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. 97# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828); 98# it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844), 99# famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude. 100# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway 101# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most 102# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the 103# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be 104# adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major 105# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public 106# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock 107# in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, 108# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal 109# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading 110# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. 111# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition 112# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2. 113# 114# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single 115# transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much 116# about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time. 117 118# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12): 119# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915), 120# a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907) 121# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, 122# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. 123# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, 124# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. 125# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. 126 127# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): 128# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving'' 129# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this 130# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the 131# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''. 132 133# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19): 134# 135# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's 136# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. 137 138# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) 139# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john> 140# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. 141# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in 142# politics making a fortune, not computing. 143 144# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14): 145# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the 146# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published 147# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and 148# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T." 149 150# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19): 151# The following list attempts to show the complete history of Summer Time 152# legislation in the United Kingdom, and has quite a bit to say about 153# the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well. 154# 155# Things that I have not personally seen are marked (???). Things that 156# I haven't seen but Joseph Myers has are marked (jsm). The problem 157# with finding old Orders (rather than Acts) is that nobody seems to 158# keep the actual documents themselves, not even the Government. They 159# get bound into annual volumes, which are published, but by the time 160# this happens the Orders are mainly spent as the years they refer 161# to have come and gone, so they don't get included in the annual 162# volumes. 163# 164# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out 165# the dusty old statutes, to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence, 166# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining 167# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter), 168# and to Joseph Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk>, who tracked down the Orders 169# up to 1945, some of the old Acts, and the first five EC Directives. 170# 171# Some definitions: 172# 173# Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales 174# United Kingdom: Great Britain plus Ireland (up to 1922) or Northern 175# Ireland (since 1922) 176# S.I.: Statutory Instrument, the modern name for secondary legislation 177# S.R.&O.: Statutory Rules and Orders, the older name for secondary legislation 178# 179# Unless otherwise specified, Acts and secondary legislation are assumed 180# to apply throughout the United Kingdom, but not to the Isle of Man 181# or the Channel Islands. 182# 183# Some of the Acts and Orders I found in various libraries, and I don't 184# have copies. When I looked at them I was looking for dates and not things 185# like whether they applied to the Bailiwick of Jersey. I will try to 186# check these documents again. 187# 188# --- 189# 190# - The Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 (43 & 44 Vict. c. 9) 191# 192# Defined Greenwich mean time to be the standard time in Great Britain 193# and Dublin mean time to be the standard time in Ireland, superseding 194# various forms of local mean time. 195# 196# - The Statutory Time Act, 1883 (???) 197# 198# An Act of Tynwald, the Isle of Man Parliament. It appears to have 199# defined the standard time on the Isle of Man as GMT but as I haven't 200# seen it I don't know if it used Greenwich mean time, some other definition, 201# or just said that Isle of Man time would be the same as in Great Britain. 202# 203# - The Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 62) 204# 205# Gives the power, by Order in Council, to extend wartime legislation 206# to the Isle of Man. 207# 208# - The Summer Time Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 14) 209# 210# Introduced Summer Time for the first time, in Great Britain and Ireland. 211# Specified a one hour offset from GMT (DMT in Ireland), dates of 212# Sunday 21 May and Sunday 1 October and times of 02:00 (GMT/DMT). 213# Gave a power to make Orders in subsequent years, for the duration 214# of the then current war. 215# 216# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 45) 217# 218# This abolished Dublin mean time at 02:00 DMT on Sunday 1 October 1916, 219# bringing the whole of the United Kingdom onto GMT. As Ireland was behind 220# GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct Great Britain had already put the clocks back. 221# Using Paul Eggert's suggestion of IST for Irish Summer Time and the figure 222# derived from Whitman for the offset of IST from GMT (00:34:39) the sequence 223# would have been: 224# Dublin London 225# 02:34:38 IST 02:59:59 BST 226# 02:34:39 IST 02:00:00 GMT 227# 02:59:59 IST 02:25:20 GMT 228# 02:25:21 GMT 02:25:21 GMT 229# with the transition 03:00:00 IST -> 02:00:00 DMT -> 02:25:21 GMT all at once. 230# 231# - S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 232# 233# An Order made under the Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914 234# extending the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man. Dated 235# 23 May 1916, two days after the start of Summer Time, but it says that 236# the Act is deemed to have taken effect in the Isle of Man at the same 237# time as it took effect in the United Kingdom. 238# 239# - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 362 240# 241# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates 242# for Summer Time in 1917 of Sunday 8 April to Monday 17 September, 243# both at 02:00 GMT. Note that Summer Time ends on a Monday. 244# 245# - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358 246# 247# An Order made under the Summer Time (Isle of Man) Act, 1916 248# (the thing created by S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382) specifying the same 249# dates of 8 April to 17 September, at 02:00 GMT for the Isle of Man. 250# 251# - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274 252# 253# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates 254# for Summer Time in 1918 of Sunday 24 March to Monday 30 September, 255# both at 02:00 GMT. 256# 257# - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 429 258# 259# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1918 with the same dates and times. 260# 261# - The Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918 262# (8 & 9 Geo. 5. c. 59) 263# 264# This gave power to specify a legal end date for the war just ended, 265# which would affect things like the Summer Time Act, 1916, which applied 266# only in wartime. This date was to be close to the date of formal 267# ratification of the treaty or treaties of peace. 268# 269# - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297 270# 271# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates 272# for Summer Time in 1919 of Sunday 30 March to Monday 29 September, 273# both at 02:00 GMT. 274# 275# - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 366 276# 277# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1919 with the same dates and times. 278# 279# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 280# 281# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates 282# for Summer Time in 1920 of Sunday 28 March to Monday 27 September, 283# both at 02:00 GMT. 284# 285# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573 286# 287# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1920 with the same dates and times. 288# 289# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844 290# 291# An Order modifying both S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 and S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573 to 292# change the end date for Summer Time from Monday 27 September to 293# Monday 25 October (the time remaining 02:00 GMT). The 1989 Green 294# Paper (Cm 722) says this was done because of a coal strike. 295# 296# - The War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 (10 Geo. 5. c. 5) 297# 298# This extends the power to make Orders under the Summer Time Act, 1916 299# for a period of 12 months after the termination of the war. 300# Came into force on 31 March 1920. Although the war had been over for more 301# than 12 months by then the legal end date had not yet been set. 302# 303# - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363 304# 305# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War 306# Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time 307# in 1921 of Sunday 3 April to Monday 3 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 308# 309# - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 364 310# 311# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1921 with the same dates and times. 312# 313# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 314# 315# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War 316# Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time 317# in 1921 of Sunday 26 March to Sunday 8 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 318# It also mentions the arrangements for defining the legal end date 319# for the late war. An Order was made on 10 August 1921, under the 320# Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918, setting 321# a date of 31 August 1921. This means the powers of the Summer Time 322# Act, 1916 would finally expire on 31 August 1922. 323# 324# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 290 (???) 325# 326# This is probably the matching Isle of Man Order. 327# 328# - The Summer Time Act, 1922 (12 & 13 Geo. 5. c. 22) 329# 330# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third 331# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after 332# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September. 333# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament 334# so approved. It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well. 335# Came into Force on 20 July 1920. Note the reversion to ending on a Sunday. 336# 337# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 1205 338# 339# An Order made under the War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 340# dated 13 October 1922. It revokes (among other things) the Order extending 341# the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man. 342# 343# - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1923 (13 & 14 Geo. 5. c. 37) 344# 345# This extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until 346# 31 December 1924. 347# 348# - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1924 (15 Geo. 5. c. 1) (jsm) 349# 350# This further extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until 351# 31 December 1925. 352# 353# - The Time Act (Northern Ireland), 1924 (14 & 15 Geo. 5. c. 24 (N.I.)) 354# 355# This Act says that while it remains in force, any Act or Order relating 356# to the time for general purposes in Great Britain shall also apply 357# in Northern Ireland, and the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 shall have effect 358# accordingly. 359# 360# - The Summer Time Act, 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5. c. 64) 361# 362# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the 363# day after the first Saturday in October. Came into force on 7 August 1925. 364# 365# - The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939 (2 & 3 Geo. 6. c. 62) (???) 366# 367# I haven't seen this one. It presumably gave the Government powers to 368# do all manner of things during the newly started war. 369# 370# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379 371# 372# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939. 373# They change the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November. 374# 375# - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 376# 377# An Order in Council amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 378# It changed the start date to the day after the fourth Saturday in February 379# (ie. 25 Feb 1940). 380# 381# - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 1883 382# 383# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 384# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940. 385# 386# - S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476 387# 388# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 389# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after 390# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the 391# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time, 392# which continues throughout the rest of the year. 393# 394# - S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506 395# 396# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 397# This changes the start date of Double Summer Time to the day after the first 398# Saturday in April, bringing it forward from May. 399# 400# - S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932 401# 402# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 403# This changed the end date of Double Summer Time to the day after the 404# third Saturday in September (ie. 17 September 1944). 405# 406# - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 407# 408# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 409# This changes the start and end dates of Double Summer Time to the 410# day after the first Sunday in April and the day after the second Saturday 411# in July (ie. Mon 2 April to Sun 15 July). 412# 413# I have this quote from Hansard (the official record of the United Kingdom 414# Parliament), Oral Answers, 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60, explaining the 415# unusual start on a Monday: 416# 417# `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home 418# Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals 419# regarding double summer time. 420# 421# [two other similar questions omitted] 422# 423# Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have 424# considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of 425# double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the 426# maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday, 427# when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that 428# double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter 429# Sunday, but in the night of Sunday-Monday so that it will operate from 430# Monday, 2nd April.' 431# 432# - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208 433# 434# An Order under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Acts, 1939 and 1940 revoking 435# a long list of things, including the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939. 436# This meant that Summer Time reverted to being set by the 1922 and 1925 Acts. 437# It was made on 28 September, early enough to end Summer Time on the 438# date defined by the 1925 Act: 7 October. 439# 440# - The Summer Time Act, 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 16) 441# 442# Came into force on 11 March 1947. Amended the Summer Time Acts, 1922 and 443# 1925 to change the dates of Summer Time and to introduce Double Summer Time 444# (although it doesn't give this, or any, name for this period of 2 hour 445# offset from GMT). Dates are given for 1947 only and are: 02:00 GMT Sunday 446# 16 March, 01:00 GMT Sunday 13 April, 01:00 GMT Sunday 10 August, and 02:00 447# Sunday 2 November. It gave a power to make Orders for subsequent years, 448# both to vary the dates and to continue Double Summer Time. It applied 449# to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. 450# 451# - Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) 452# 453# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1948 of 454# 14 March and 31 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 455# 456# Although the 1947 Act had legislated for Double Summer Time, this was 457# not continued after 1947. 458# 459# - Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) 460# 461# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1949 462# of 3 April and 30 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 463# 464# - Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) 465# 466# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1950 467# of 16 April and 22 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 468# 469# - Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) 470# 471# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1951 472# of 15 April and 21 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 473# 474# - Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) 475# 476# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1952 477# of 20 April and 26 October, both at 02:00 GMT. 478# 479# This is the last of this run of Orders, so for 1953 things reverted 480# to the 1922 and 1925 Acts. 481# 482# - The Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland), 1954 (1954 c. 33 (N.I.)) (???) 483# 484# I presume that section 39 of this Act is similar to section 9 of the 485# Interpretation Act, 1978 (listed below) in specifying GMT as the 486# legal time in Northern Ireland, replacing the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916. 487# 488# - Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71) 489# 490# Specified dates of 26 March and 29 October (02:00 GMT) for 1961 491# 492# - Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465) 493# 494# Specified dates of 25 March to 28 October (02:00 GMT) for 1962. 495# 496# - Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81) 497# 498# Specified dates of 31 March to 27 October (02:00 GMT) for 1963. 499# 500# - Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101) 501# 502# Specified dates of 22 March to 25 October (02:00 GMT) for 1964. 503# 504# - Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201) 505# 506# Specified dates for three years (all 02:00 GMT): 507# 1965: 21 March to 24 October 508# 1966: 20 March to 23 October 509# 1967: 19 March to 29 October 510# 511# - Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148) 512# - Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117) 513# 514# The first of these specifies dates for 1968 of 18 February for the United 515# Kingdom but 7 April for the Isle of Man, both ending on 27 October, 516# all at 02:00 GMT. The second Order changes the Isle of Man start date 517# to 18 February to match the United Kingdom. 518# 519# - The British Standard Time Act 1968 (1968 c. 45) 520# 521# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout 522# the year. It expired at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971, as specified in the 523# Act, as Parliament did not move to make this experment permanent. 524# It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. 525# 526# Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on 527# 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely 528# stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom 529# (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in 530# advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could 531# possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27, 532# especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto, 533# thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying 534# summer time in 1968. 535# 536# - The Manx Time Act 1968 537# 538# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that 539# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain. 540# 541# - The Summer Time Act 1972 (1972 c. 6) 542# 543# This specified a reversion to normal Summer Time behaviour with a start 544# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter, 545# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day 546# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is 547# 1 hour. It gives the power to make Orders to vary these dates and 548# times. This Act is still in force and is the legal authority for 549# implementing the EC Directives in the United Kingdom. 550# 551# - The Interpretation Act 1978 (1978 c. 30) 552# 553# Section 9 of this Act replaces section 1 of the Statutes (Definition of 554# Time) Act, 1880 with very similar wording maintaining GMT as the legal 555# time in Great Britain. This does not apply in Northern Ireland (it 556# has its own Interpretation Act listed above). 557# 558# - Council Directive of 22 July 1980 on summertime arrangements (80/737/EEC) 559# 560# The first of the European Directives on Summer Time. It specified start 561# dates for 1981 and 1982. No agreement had been reached on end dates. 562# Only dates were given, there was no rule like `last Sunday in March'. 563# The main change for the United Kingdom was a move to a 01:00 GMT change 564# time. The dates: 565# 1981: 29 March 566# 1982: 28 March 567# 568# - Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089) 569# 570# Specified dates for 1981 and 1982, with the start dates as in the 571# EC Directive and all times 01:00 GMT: 572# 1981: 29 March to 25 October 573# 1982: 28 March to 24 October 574# 575# - Second Council Directive of 10 June 1982 on summertime arrangements 576# (82/399/EEC) 577# 578# The next European Directive. Specified dates for three years, 1983 to 1985. 579# Agreement still hadn't been reached on a common end date, and wouldn't 580# be until 1994 with the appeareance of the seventh Directive with a common 581# date for 1996 and beyond, but this time the Directive gave two sets of 582# end dates. The start date was specified by rule: the last Sunday in March. 583# All times were 01:00 GMT. The end dates were given without rule, as: 584# 1983: 25 September or 23 October 585# 1984: 30 September or 28 october 586# 1985: 29 September or 27 October 587# 588# - Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673) 589# 590# Implemented the second EC Directive, using the October end dates. 591# 1983: 27 March to 23 October 592# 1984: 25 March to 28 october 593# 1985: 31 March to 27 October 594# 595# - Third Council Directive of 12 December 1984 on summertime arrangements 596# (84/634/EEC) 597# 598# Specified start dates of the last Sunday in March and two sets of end 599# dates, last Sunday in September and fourth Sunday in October, all at 600# 01:00 GMT. The end dates were also specified as dates: 601# 1986: 28 September or 26 October 602# 1987: 27 September or 25 October 603# 1988: 25 September or 23 October 604# 605# - Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223) 606# 607# Implemented the third EC Directive, using the October end dates. 608# 1986: 30 March to 26 October 609# 1987: 29 March to 25 October 610# 1988: 27 March to 23 October 611# 612# - Council Directive of 20 December 1985 amending Directive 84/634/EEC 613# on summertime arrangements (85/582/EEC) 614# 615# This was to do with the accession of Spain and Portugal to the EEC. 616# The previous directve had used wording like `Member States belonging 617# to the zero (Greenwich) time zone' when refering to the different 618# sets of end dates. Portugal was in that time zone but was not going 619# to follow the United Kingdom and Ireland dates, so the text was reworded 620# without any change to the dates themselves. 621# 622# - Fourth Council Directive of 22 December 1987 on summertime arrangements 623# (88/14/EEC) 624# 625# This Directive covered only a single year: 1989. My guess is that 626# this was because 1989 was one of the years when the historic United Kingdom 627# end date of the Sunday after the fourth Saturday in October differed from 628# the rule in the previous Directive of the fourth Sunday in October. 629# All times are 01:00 GMT. No rule was specified, specific dates were given: 630# 1989: 26 March to 24 September or 29 October 631# 632# - Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931) 633# 634# Implemented the dates of 26 March to 29 October for 1989. 635# 636# - Fifth Council Directive of 21 December 1988 on summertime arrangements 637# (89/47/EEC) 638# 639# Covered the three years 1990 to 1992. All times are 01:00 GMT. Gave both 640# rules (last Sunday in March, last Sunday in September or fourth Sunday 641# in October) and specific dates: 642# 1990: 25 March to 30 September or 28 October 643# 1991: 31 March to 29 September or 27 October 644# 1992: 29 March to 27 September or 25 October 645# 646# - Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985) 647# 648# Implemented the fifth Directive using the October end dates. 649# 650# - Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC of 26 March 1992 on summertime 651# arrangements 652# 653# Covered the two years 1993 and 1994. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specified 654# both rules (same as the fifth Directive) and specific dates: 655# 1993: 28 March to 26 September or 24 October 656# 1994: 27 March to 25 September or 23 October 657# 658# - Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729) 659# 660# Implemented the sixth Directive using the October end dates. 661# 662# - Seventh Directive 94/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 663# of 30 May 1994 on summer-time arrangements 664# 665# Covered the three years 1995 to 1997. Agreement had finally been reached 666# on a common end date, to start in 1996. Both rules and dates were given. 667# The rules were the same last Sunday in March to last Sunday in September 668# or fourth Sunday in October for 1995, with the end rule changing to the 669# last Sunday in October for 1996 and 1997. The year 1995 was another of 670# the tricky ones where the EC and traditional United Kingdom rules differed 671# but this time the UK changed on the fourth Sunday, 22 October, earlier 672# than usual. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specific dates were also given: 673# 1995: 26 March to 24 September or 22 October 674# 1996: 31 March to 27 October 675# 1997: 30 March to 26 October 676# 677# - Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798) 678# 679# Implements the seventh Directive using the October end date in 1995. 680# Applies also to the Bailiwick of Guernsey but not to the Bailiwick of 681# Jersey or the Isle of Man, which have their own (unspecified) legislation 682# on the subject. 683# 684# - Eighth Directive 97/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 685# of 22 July 1997 on summer-time arrangements 686# 687# Covers four years: 1998 to 2001. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specifies both 688# rules, last Sunday in March and last Sunday in October, and specific dates: 689# 1998: 29 March to 25 October 690# 1999: 28 March to 31 October 691# 2000: 26 March to 29 October 692# 2001: 25 March to 28 October 693# 694# <a href="http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1997/97298201.htm"> 695# - Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982) 696# </a> 697# 698# Implements the eighth Directive. Has the same text about the Isle of Man, 699# Guernsey and Jersey as the 1994 Order. 700 701# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@hermes.cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06): 702# 703# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC; 704# see Lord Tanlaw's speech 705# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0"> 706# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976) 707# </a>. 708 709# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12): 710# 711# The date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A 712# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error; 713# 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date. 714# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules 715# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925. 716# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition; 717# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other 718# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now. 719# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948. 720# 721# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect: 722# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until 723# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. 724# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. 725# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. 726# It actually just had one transition. 727# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II. 728# Actually, it conformed to Britain. 729# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. 730# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. 731# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). 732# 733# The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful; 734# we'll ignore them for now. 735# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT 736# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to 737# conform with Great Britain. 738# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. 739# 740# 741# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks. 742 743# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): 744# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, 745# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC. 746# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate 747# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of 748# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is 749# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". 750 751# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 752# Summer Time Act, 1916 753Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST 754Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT 755# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358 756Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST 757Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT 758# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274 759Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST 760Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT 761# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297 762Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST 763Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT 764# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 765Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST 766# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844 767Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT 768# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363 769Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 770Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT 771# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 772Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST 773# The Summer Time Act, 1922 774Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT 775Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 776Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 777Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 778Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 779# The Summer Time Act, 1925 780Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 781Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 782Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 783Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 784Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 785Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 786Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 787Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 788Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 789Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 790Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 791# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379 792Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 793# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883 794Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST 795# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476 796Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 797Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 798# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506 799Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 800# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932 801Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST 802# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 803Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 804Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 805# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208 806Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 807Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 808# The Summer Time Act, 1947 809Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST 810Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST 811Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST 812Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT 813# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) 814Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 815Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT 816# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) 817Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 818Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT 819# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) 820# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) 821# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) 822Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST 823Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT 824# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925 825Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 826Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 827Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 828Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 829Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 830Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 831Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 832# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71) 833# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465) 834# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81) 835Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST 836Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 837# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101) 838# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201) 839# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148) 840Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST 841# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117) 842Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST 843# The British Standard Time Act, 1968 844# (no summer time) 845# The Summer Time Act, 1972 846Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 847Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 848# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089) 849# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673) 850# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223) 851# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931) 852Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST 853Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT 854# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985) 855# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729) 856# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798) 857Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT 858# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982) 859# See EU for rules starting in 1996. 860 861# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 862Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22 863 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 864 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 865 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 866 0:00 EU GMT/BST 867Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 868 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT 869 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time 870 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 871 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 872 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 873 0:00 EU GMT/BST 874Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 875 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT 876 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s 877 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 878 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 879 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 880 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 881 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 882 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 883 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 884 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 885 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 886 0:00 EU GMT/IST 887 888############################################################################### 889 890# Continental Europe 891 892# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, 893# Common Market, etc. 894 895# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 896Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S 897Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 898Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - 899Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 900Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S 901Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - 902 903# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. 904Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 905Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 906Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - 907Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 908Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 909Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 910 911# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. 912# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time. 913Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 914Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 915Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 916Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 917Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S 918Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 919Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S 920Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 921Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 922# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 923Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - 924Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 925Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 926Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 927Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 928Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 929Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 930 931# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time. 932Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 933Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 934Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 935Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 936Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S 937Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 938 939# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 940Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time 941Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time 942Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time 943Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 MST 944Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST 945Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S 946Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - 947Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 948# Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition. 949# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12): 950# My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21. 951Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 952Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S 953Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 954# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24): 955Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 956Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 957# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in 958# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14): 959Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 960Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 961# 962Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S 963Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 - 964Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 965Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 966Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 967 968# These are for backward compatibility with older versions. 969 970# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 971Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT 972Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 973Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 974Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT 975 976# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST 977# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage. 978 979# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12): 980# The official German names ... are 981# 982# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00 983# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00 984# 985# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG), 986# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111).... 987# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution 988# 989# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) 990# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit" 991# Postfach 3345 992# D-38023 Braunschweig 993# phone: +49 531 592-0 994# 995# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB 996# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the 997# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as 998# 999# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00 1000# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00 1001 1002 1003# Albania 1004# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1005Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S 1006Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 1007Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S 1008Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - 1009Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 1010Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 1011Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 1012Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 1013Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 1014Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1015Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S 1016Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 1017Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S 1018Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1019Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S 1020Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 1021Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S 1022Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 1023Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S 1024Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - 1025Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 1026Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1027Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 1028Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1029Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 1030# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1031Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 1032 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 1033# The following transition is from Shanks's 4th edition (1995). 1034 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul 1035 1:00 EU CE%sT 1036 1037# Andorra 1038# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1039Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 1040 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 1041 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 1042 1:00 EU CE%sT 1043 1044# Austria 1045# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1046Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S 1047Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - 1048Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1049Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 1050Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 1051Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1052Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 1053Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 1054# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1055Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr 1056 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00 1057 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00 1058 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1059 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 1060 1:00 EU CE%sT 1061 1062# Belarus 1063# Transitions before 1991 are from Shanks (1995). 1064# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1065Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 1066 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time 1067 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 1068 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28 1069 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3 1070 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1071 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1072 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 2:00s 1073 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 2:00s 1074 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1075 1076# Belgium 1077# 1078# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02): 1079# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from: 1080# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique, 1081# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991 1082# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC), 1083# pp 8-9. 1084# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium: 1085# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121. 1086# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references. 1087# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium. 1088# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect. 1089# 1090# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1091Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S 1092Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1093Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 1094Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1095Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 1096Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1097Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 1098Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 1099Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1100Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S 1101Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 1102Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 1103Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1104Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1105Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1106Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 1107Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S 1108Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S 1109Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 1110Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 1111Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S 1112Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 1113Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 1114Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 1115Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S 1116Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S 1117Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S 1118Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - 1119Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S 1120Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - 1121Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1122Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1123Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S 1124Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 1125# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1126Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880 1127 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT 1128 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8 1129 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00 1130 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u 1131 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s 1132 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3 1133 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 1134 1:00 EU CE%sT 1135 1136# Bosnia and Herzegovina 1137# see Yugoslavia 1138 1139# Bulgaria 1140# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1141Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S 1142Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1143Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S 1144Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - 1145Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - 1146# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1147Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 1148 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? 1149 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 1150 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00 1151 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 1152 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00 1153 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 1154 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1155 1156# Croatia 1157# see Yugosloavia 1158 1159# Czech Republic 1160# Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17. 1161# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1162Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 1163Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 1164Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S 1165Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1166Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S 1167Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 1168Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S 1169# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1170Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 1171 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 1172 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 1173 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 1174 1:00 EU CE%sT 1175 1176# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland 1177# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01. 1178# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1179Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 1180Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - 1181Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 1182Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1183Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - 1184Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S 1185Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - 1186Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 1187Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - 1188Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S 1189Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - 1190# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways 1191# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks. 1192# 1193# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman. 1194# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1195Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 1196 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time 1197 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1198 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1199 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 1200 1:00 EU CE%sT 1201Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 1202 0:00 - WET 1981 1203 0:00 EU WE%sT 1204# 1205# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 1206# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, 1207# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU 1208# rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab 1209# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU 1210# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980. 1211 1212# 1213# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1214Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 1215Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S 1216# 1217# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1218Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit 1219 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 1220 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29 1221 -1:00 EU EG%sT 1222Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk 1223 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 1224 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1225Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik 1226 -4:00 Thule A%sT 1227 1228# Estonia 1229# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15): 1230# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards 1231# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, 1232# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... 1233# 1234# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28): 1235# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s, 1236# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:] 1237# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different 1238# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules 1239# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia.... 1240# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on 1241# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to 1242# summer time next spring.'' 1243# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1244Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 1245 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 1246 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 1247 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May 1248 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 1249 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 1250 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 1251 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 1252 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 1253 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 1254 2:00 EU EE%sT 1255 1256# Finland 1257# See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted. 1258# 1259# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC): 1260# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, 1261# and it's supposed to change at 4am... 1262# 1263# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994): 1264# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981. 1265# Go with Strang instead. 1266# 1267# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1268Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 1269Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1270# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1271Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 1272 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 1273 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00 1274 2:00 EU EE%sT 1275 1276# France 1277# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20. 1278# French Revolutionary calendar used 1793-11-24 through 1805-12-31, 1279# and (in Paris only) 1871-05-06 through 1871-05-23. 1280# 1281# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman. 1282# From Shanks (1991): 1283# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1284Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1285Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 - 1286Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S 1287Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1288Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 1289Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1290Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 1291Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1292Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 1293Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 1294Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1295Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1296Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 1297Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 1298Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1299Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1300Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1301Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 1302Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S 1303Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1304Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 1305Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 1306Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 1307Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 1308Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1309Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 1310Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1311Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1312Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1313Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 1314# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, 1315# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco). 1316Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1317# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00, 1318# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12), 1319# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes 1320# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT. 1321Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S 1322Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M 1323Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S 1324Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M 1325Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S 1326Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M 1327Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S 1328Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M 1329Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 1330# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00; 1331# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT. 1332Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S 1333Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 - 1334# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05, 1335# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. 1336# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based 1337# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. 1338# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1339Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 1340 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 1341# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier's 14/6/40 22hUT. 1342 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00 1343 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 1344 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1345 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1346 1:00 EU CE%sT 1347 1348# Germany 1349 1350# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29): 1351# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische 1352# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916. 1353# 1354# <a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm"> 1355# Realisation of Legal Time in Germany 1356# </a> 1357 1358# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1359Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1360# Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes 1361# the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem) 1362# (1961-11-25), which gives dates only. Guess 3:00 transition times. 1363Rule Germany 1945 only - May 31 3:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1364Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 23 3:00 1:00 S 1365Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 1366Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 1367# Shanks gives 1946-10-06; go with the PTB. 1368Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 1369Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1370Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 1371# The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times; 1372# go with Shanks. 1373Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M 1374Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S 1375Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 1376Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 1377# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1378Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 1379 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1380 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 1381 1:00 EU CE%sT 1382 1383# Gibraltar 1384# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1385Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 1386 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 1387 1:00 - CET 1982 1388 1:00 EU CE%sT 1389 1390# Greece 1391# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1392# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks. 1393Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S 1394Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 1395# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks. 1396Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S 1397# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks. 1398Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 1399Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 1400Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 1401# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks. 1402Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 1403Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - 1404Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S 1405Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - 1406Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S 1407Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - 1408Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1409Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - 1410Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - 1411Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S 1412Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - 1413Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 1414Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 1415# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1416Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 1417 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 1418 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 1419 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 1420 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 1421 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981; 1422 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 1423 2:00 EU EE%sT 1424 1425# Hungary 1426# Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01. 1427# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1428Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S 1429Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 - 1430Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S 1431Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - 1432Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S 1433Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - 1434Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S 1435Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - 1436Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 1437Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1438Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S 1439Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1440Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - 1441Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S 1442Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1443Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 1444Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1445Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S 1446Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 1447Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S 1448# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1449Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 1450 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 1451 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00 1452 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00 1453 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 1454 1:00 EU CE%sT 1455 1456# Iceland 1457# 1458# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06): 1459# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. 1460# 1461# (1993-12-05): 1462# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of 1463# Iceland Almanak. 1464# 1465# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour 1466# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts 1467# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which 1468# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. 1469# 1470# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks 1471# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the 1472# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always 1473# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. 1474# 1475# (1993-12-10): 1476# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the 1477# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus 1478# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. 1479# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day 1480# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. 1481# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" 1482# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it 1483# might mean something else (???). 1484# 1485# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-12-09): 1486# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points. 1487# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that 1488# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. 1489# 1490# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1491Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S 1492Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 - 1493Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 - 1494Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S 1495Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 - 1496Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 1497Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 - 1498Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1499Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 - 1500Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S 1501Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 - 1502# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter 1503Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1504Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1505# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter 1506Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1507# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week 1508Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 - 1509Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1510Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 - 1511# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1512Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 1513 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time? 1514 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 1515 0:00 - GMT 1516 1517# Italy 1518# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15. 1519# 1520# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06): 1521# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri 1522# <a href="http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html"> 1523# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14) 1524# </a> 1525# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute 1526# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: 1527# 1528# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with: 1529# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W 1530# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1531# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S 1532# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W 1533# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S 1534# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W 1535# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S 1536# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1537# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S 1538# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1539# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur) 1540# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1541# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1542# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S 1543# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S 1544# 1545# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1546Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S 1547Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1548Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1549Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1550Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S 1551Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1552Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S 1553Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1554Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - 1555Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S 1556Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - 1557Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S 1558Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - 1559Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1560Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - 1561Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S 1562Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - 1563Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S 1564Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - 1565Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1566Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - 1567Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 1568Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S 1569Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1570Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1571Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1572Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1573Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S 1574Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1575Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S 1576Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1577Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1578Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S 1579Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S 1580Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1581Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1582# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1583Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 1584 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time 1585 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1586 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 1587 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 1588 1:00 EU CE%sT 1589 1590Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican 1591Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino 1592 1593# Latvia 1594 1595# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17): 1596 1597# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy 1598# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the 1599# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about 1600# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981.... 1601# 1602# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ... 1603# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24 1604# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1605# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00) 1606# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00). 1607# 1608# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ... 1609# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13 1610# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1611# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1612# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of 1613# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day). 1614# 1615# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ... 1616# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14 1617# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, 1618# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the 1619# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia 1620# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1621# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of 1622# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00 1623# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is 1624# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock.... 1625# 1626# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of 1627# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of 1628# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union. 1629 1630# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1631Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 1632Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 1633# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1634Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 1635 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time 1636 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer 1637 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 1638 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 1639 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11 1640 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 1641 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 1642 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13 1643 # Shanks says 1944-08-08, but 1644 # Riga fell to the Red Army on 1944-10-13. 1645 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s 1646 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s 1647 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21 1648 2:00 EU EE%sT 1649 1650# Liechtenstein 1651# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1652Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun 1653 1:00 - CET 1981 1654 1:00 EU CE%sT 1655 1656# Lithuania 1657# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1658Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 1659 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 1660 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 1661 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 1662 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 1663 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 1664 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 1665 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 1666 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1667 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1668 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 1669 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u 1670 1:00 EU CE%sT 1671# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 1672# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is 1673# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too. 1674 1675# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07): 1676# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone 1677# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed. 1678 1679# Luxembourg 1680# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks. 1681# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1682Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 1683Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1684Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S 1685Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - 1686Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1687Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 1688Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S 1689Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - 1690Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 1691Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - 1692Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S 1693Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - 1694Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S 1695Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1696Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S 1697Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - 1698Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S 1699Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1700Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 1701Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S 1702Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S 1703Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S 1704Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S 1705# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1706Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 1707 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 1708 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 1709 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 1710 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 1711 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 1712 1:00 EU CE%sT 1713 1714# Macedonia 1715# see Yugoslavia 1716 1717# Malta 1718# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1719Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S 1720Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - 1721Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1722Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - 1723Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S 1724Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 1725Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 1726# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1727Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta 1728 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1729 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1730 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 1731 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 1732 1:00 EU CE%sT 1733 1734# Moldova 1735# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1736Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2 1737 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 1738 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1739 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1740 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1741 1742# Monaco 1743# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21. 1744# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1745Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 1746 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 1747 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1748 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1749 1:00 EU CE%sT 1750 1751# Netherlands 1752# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, 1753# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. 1754# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1755# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman. 1756Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time 1757Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time 1758Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST 1759Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT 1760# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks. 1761Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1762Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT 1763Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST 1764# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 1765Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT 1766Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1767Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST 1768# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks. 1769Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST 1770# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks. 1771Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1772Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1773Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1774Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1775Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 1776Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 1777# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks. 1778Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1779Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1780Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 - 1781# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure. 1782# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1783Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May 1784 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1785 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:40 1786 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1787 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 1788 1:00 EU CE%sT 1789 1790# Norway 1791# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01. 1792# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1793# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks. 1794Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S 1795Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 1796# Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman. 1797Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 S 1798# Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4, 1799# 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940. 1800Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1801Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 1802Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1803Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 1804Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S 1805# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1806Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 1807 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 1808 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1809 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 1810 1:00 EU CE%sT 1811 1812# Svalbard & Jan Mayen 1813Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen 1814# From Whitman: 1815# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1816Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT 1817 1818# Poland 1819# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1820Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1821Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1822# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks. 1823Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - 1824# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks. 1825Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S 1826Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 1827Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S 1828Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 - 1829Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 1830Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 1831Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 1832# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 1833Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1834Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1835Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S 1836Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S 1837Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - 1838Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S 1839Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S 1840Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1841# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1842Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 1843 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 1844 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 1845 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 1846 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 1847 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 1848 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00 1849 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1850# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_ 1851# <a href="http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml"> 1852# http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24) 1853# </a> 1854# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00. 1855# Stick with W-Eur for now. 1856 1857# Portugal 1858# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15. 1859# 1860# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12): 1861# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone 1862# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 1863# 1864# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve 1865# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. 1866# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 1867# 1868# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12): 1869# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions 1870# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos. 1871# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00. 1872# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00. 1873# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal 1874# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter. 1875# 1876# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1877Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S 1878# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks. 1879Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 1880Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1881Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1882Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 1883Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1884Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S 1885Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1886Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 1887Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1888Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1889Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1890Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1891Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1892Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 1893Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1894# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks. 1895Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1896Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 1897# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman. 1898Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 1899# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks. 1900Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1901# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. 1902Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 1903Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1904# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks. 1905Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 1906Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1907Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1908# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks. 1909Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1910Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S 1911# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. 1912Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - 1913Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 1914Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S 1915Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 1916Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S 1917Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - 1918Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M 1919Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S 1920Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M 1921Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S 1922Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1923Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1924Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1925# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. 1926# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks. 1927Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1928Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1929Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S 1930Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - 1931Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S 1932Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1933Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1934Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 1935Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 1936Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 1937# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1938Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 1939 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time 1940 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1941 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 1942 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1943 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1944 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 1945 0:00 EU WE%sT 1946Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada 1947 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time 1948 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time 1949 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1950 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1951 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u 1952 -1:00 EU AZO%sT 1953Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal 1954 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time 1955 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time 1956 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 1957 0:00 EU WE%sT 1958 1959# Romania 1960# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1961Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1962Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1963Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S 1964Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S 1965Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1966Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 1967Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1968Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 1969Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1970# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1971Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 1972 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 1973 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 1974 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 1975 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994 1976 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1977 1978# Russia 1979 1980# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-12-02): 1981# On 1929-10-01 the Soviet Union instituted an ``Eternal Calendar'' 1982# with 30-day months plus 5 holidays, with a 5-day week. 1983# On 1931-12-01 it changed to a 6-day week; in 1934 it reverted to the 1984# Gregorian calendar while retaining the 6-day week; on 1940-06-27 it 1985# reverted to the 7-day week. With the 6-day week the usual days 1986# off were the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month. 1987# (Source: Evitiar Zerubavel, _The Seven Day Circle_) 1988# 1989# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22): 1990# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations, 1991# and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991. 1992# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, 1993# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks and the IATA. 1994# 1995# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04): 1996# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with 1997# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... 1998# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor 1999# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there. 2000# 2001# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30): 2002# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from 2003# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... 2004# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. 2005# 2006# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2007Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 2008 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 2009 2:00 Poland CET 1946 2010 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2011 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2012 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2013 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1994 2014# IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change. 2015 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2016Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 2017 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 2018 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 2019 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2020 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2021 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2022 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2023 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2024Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 2025 3:00 - KUYT 1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time 2026 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2027 3:00 1:00 KUYST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2028 3:00 - SAMT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time 2029 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2030Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2 2031 4:00 - SSK 1957 Mar 2032 5:00 Russia SS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2033 4:00 1:00 SSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2034 4:00 - SSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2035 5:00 Russia ES%s # name change from Sverdlovsk 2036Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 2037 5:00 - OSK 1957 Mar 2038 6:00 Russia OS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2039 5:00 1:00 OSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2040 5:00 - OSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2041 6:00 Russia OS%s 2042# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29): 2043# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! 2044# I do not know why they have decided to make this change; 2045# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching 2046# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. 2047Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 2048 6:00 - NSK 1957 Mar 2049 7:00 Russia NS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2050 6:00 1:00 NSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2051 6:00 - NSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2052 7:00 Russia NS%s 1994 Mar 27 2:00s 2053 6:00 1:00 NSD 1994 Sep 25 2:00s 2054 6:00 Russia NS%s 2055Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2 2056 6:00 - KRSK 1957 Mar 2057 7:00 Russia KRS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2058 6:00 1:00 KRSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2059 6:00 - KRSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2060 7:00 Russia KRS%s 2061Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 2062 6:57 - LST 1924 May 2 2063 7:00 - ISK 1957 Mar 2064 8:00 Russia IS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2065 7:00 1:00 ISD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2066 7:00 - ISK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2067 8:00 Russia IS%s 2068Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 2069 8:00 - YSK 1957 Mar 2070 9:00 Russia YS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2071 8:00 1:00 YSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2072 8:00 - YSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2073 9:00 Russia YS%s 2074Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880 2075 8:48 - LST 1924 May 2 2076 9:00 - VSK 1957 Mar 2077 10:00 Russia VS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2078 9:00 1:00 VSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2079 9:00 - VSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2080 10:00 Russia VS%s 2081Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 2082 10:00 - MGK 1957 Mar 2083 11:00 Russia MG%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2084 10:00 1:00 MGD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2085 10:00 - MGK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2086 11:00 Russia MG%s 2087# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. 2088Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2 2089 11:00 - PSK 1957 Mar 2090 12:00 Russia PS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2091 11:00 1:00 PSD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2092 11:00 - PSK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2093 12:00 Russia PS%s 2094Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 2095 12:00 - ASK 1957 Mar 2096 13:00 Russia AS%s 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2097 12:00 1:00 ASD 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2098 12:00 - ASK 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2099 13:00 Russia AS%s 2100 2101# Slovakia 2102Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava 2103 2104# Slovenia 2105# see Yugoslavia 2106 2107# Spain 2108# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15. 2109# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2110# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks. 2111Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S 2112Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - 2113Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 2114Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 2115# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks. 2116Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 2117# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks. 2118Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 2119Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 2120# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks. 2121Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2122Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 2123Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 2124Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 2125# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks. 2126Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S 2127Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2128Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S 2129Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 2130Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S 2131# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks. 2132Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 2133Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S 2134Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M 2135Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S 2136Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S 2137Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S 2138Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 2139Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 2140Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - 2141Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S 2142Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 2143Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S 2144Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 2145Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S 2146Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 2147# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978. 2148Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S 2149Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2150Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S 2151Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 2152Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2153Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - 2154Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 2155Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2156Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 - 2157# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2158Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 2159 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30 2160 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 2161 1:00 EU CE%sT 2162Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 2163 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 2164 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 2165 0:00 - WET 1924 2166 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 2167 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 2168 1:00 - CET 1986 2169 1:00 EU CE%sT 2170Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. 2171 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time 2172 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 2173 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 2174 0:00 EU WE%sT 2175# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u. 2176# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU. 2177 2178# Sweden 2179 2180# From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader) 2181# <a href="news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com"> 2182# Subject: Re: Gregorian reform -- a part of locale? 2183# </a> 2184# Date: 1996-07-06 2185# 2186# In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian. Sweden 2187# decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of 2188# those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap 2189# year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar 2190# different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years. 2191# 2192# However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through; 2193# they did, after all, have a leap year that year. And one in 1708. In 1712 2194# they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that 2195# year!... 2196# 2197# Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner, 2198# getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule. 2199# 2200# (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers 2201# produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia" 2202# by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och 2203# kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).) 2204 2205# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2206Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31 2207 1:12:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT 2208 1:00 - CET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s 2209 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Sep 30 23:00s 2210 1:00 - CET 1980 2211 1:00 EU CE%sT 2212 2213# Switzerland 2214# The Gregorian calendar was introduced gradually in Switzerland, 2215# by omitting leap years during 1583-1812. 2216# From Howse (1988), p 82: 2217# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace 2218# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep 2219# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... 2220# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2221# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''): 2222Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S 2223Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - 2224# From Shanks (1991): 2225Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 2226Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 2227# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2228Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12 2229 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 2230 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 2231 1:00 EU CE%sT 2232 2233# Turkey 2234# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2235Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2236Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2237Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S 2238Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - 2239Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 2240Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 2241Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S 2242Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2243# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks. 2244Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S 2245Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2246Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2247# Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman. 2248Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S 2249Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 - 2250Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S 2251Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - 2252Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 2253# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks. 2254Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 2255Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S 2256Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2257Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2258Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2259Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S 2260Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 2261Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S 2262Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S 2263Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S 2264Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2265Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S 2266Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2267Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 2268Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2269Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S 2270Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 2271Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S 2272Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 - 2273Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 2274Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 - 2275Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 2276Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 2277Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2278Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 2279Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 - 2280Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S 2281Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 - 2282Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S 2283Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S 2284Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 2285Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S 2286Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 2287# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2288Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 2289 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time? 2290 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15 2291 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time 2292 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986 2293 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 2294 2:00 EU EE%sT 2295Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. 2296 2297# Ukraine 2298# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2299Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 UST # Ukrainian Summer Time 2300Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean Time 2301Rule Ukraine 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 UDST # Ukrainian Double Summer Time 2302Rule Ukraine 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 UST 2303Rule Ukraine 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 UDST 2304Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 UST 2305Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 KMT 2306Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 UST 2307Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 UDST 2308Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 UST 2309Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 KMT 2310Rule Crimea 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 CST # Crimean Summer Time 2311Rule Crimea 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 NMT # Nikolayev Mean Time 2312Rule Crimea 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 CDST # Crimean Double Summer Time 2313Rule Crimea 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 CST 2314Rule Crimea 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 CDST 2315Rule Crimea 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 CST 2316Rule Crimea 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 NMT 2317Rule Crimea 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 CST 2318Rule Crimea 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 CDST 2319Rule Crimea 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 CST 2320Rule Crimea 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 NMT 2321Rule Crimea 1996 only - Mar lastSun 0:00u 1:00 - 2322Rule Crimea 1996 only - Oct lastSun 0:00u 0 - 2323# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2324Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 2325 2:02:04 Ukraine %s 1924 May 2 2326 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2327 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 17 2328 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1996 2329 2:00 EU EE%sT 2330Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 2331 2:08:00 Crimea %s 1924 May 2 2332 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2333 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2334 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2335# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-10-21): 2336# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched 2337# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections. 2338# For now, guess it changed Feb 1. 2339 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Feb 2340# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev. 2341 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 2342# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST. 2343# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks. 2344 3:00 Crimea MSK/MSD 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u 2345 2:00 EU EE%sT 2346 2347# Yugoslavia 2348# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2349Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 2350 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 2351 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s 2352 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 2353# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of 2354# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time. 2355# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj. 2356 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 2357 1:00 EU CE%sT 2358Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia 2359Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina 2360Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia 2361Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia 2362 2363############################################################################### 2364 2365# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from 2366# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986. 2367# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else. 2368# 2369# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but 2370# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules. 2371# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at 2372# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey 2373# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time 2374# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST) 2375 2376# ... 2377# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100 2378# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann) 2379# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp> 2380# ... 2381# 2382# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when 2383# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only 2384# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according 2385# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on 2386# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following 2387# years... 2388# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions 2389# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST 2390# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep 2391# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now. 2392# 2393# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the 2394# Soviet Union (as far as I know). 2395# 2396# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG, 2397# 4002 Basle, Switzerland 2398# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho 2399 2400# ... 2401# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100 2402# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter) 2403# ... 2404# 2405# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct. 2406# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information 2407# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969. 2408# 2409# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on 2410# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September... 2411# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that 2412# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982 2413# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in 2414# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch 2415# dates... 2416# 2417# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g. 2418# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST... 2419# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not 2420# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations 2421# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always 2422# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the 2423# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours 2424# in advance of normal time. 2425# 2426# ... 2427# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland 2428# INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl 2429# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax 2430 2431# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): 2432# ... 2433# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates). 2434# Since 1978. Change at midnight. 2435# ... 2436# Monaco: has same DST as France. 2437# ... 2438