Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Jochen Pohl
All Rights Reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
must display the following acknowledgement:
This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for
The NetBSD Project.
4. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
$FreeBSD: head/usr.bin/xlint/xlint/lint.1 71895 2001-02-01 16:38:02Z ru $
.Dd August 28, 1994 .Dt LINT 1 .Os FreeBSD .Sh NAME .Nm lint .Nd a C program verifier. .Sh SYNOPSIS .Nm .Op Fl abceghprvxzHFV .Op Fl s Ns | Ns Fl t .Op Fl i Ns | Ns Fl nu .Op Fl D Ns Ar name Ns Op =def .Op Fl U Ns Ar name .Op Fl I Ns Ar directory .Op Fl L Ns Ar directory .Op Fl l Ns Ar library .Op Fl o Ns Ar outputfile .Ar .Nm .Op Fl abceghprvzHFV .Op Fl s Ns | Ns Fl t .Fl C Ns Ar library .Op Fl D Ns Ar name Ns Op =def .Op Fl I Ns Ar directory .Op Fl U Ns Ar name .Ar .Sh DESCRIPTION .Nm attempts to detect features of the named C program files that are likely to be bugs, to be non-portable, or to be wasteful. It also performs stricter type checking then does the C compiler. .Nm runs the C preprocessor as its first phase, with the preprocessor symbol .Sy lint defined to allow certain questionable code to be altered or skipped by .Nm . Therefore, this symbol should be thought of as a reserved word for all code that is to be checked by .Nm .
p Among the possible problems that are currently noted are unreachable statements, loops not entered at the top, variables declared and not used, and logical expressions with constant values. Function calls are checked for inconsistencies, such as calls to functions that return values in some places and not in others, functions called with varying numbers of arguments, function calls that pass arguments of a type other than the type the function expects to receive, functions whose values are not used, and calls to functions not returning values that use the non-existent return value of the function.
p Filename arguments ending with
a .c are taken to be C source files. Filename arguments with names ending with
a .ln are taken to be the result of an earlier invocation of .Nm , with either the .Fl i , .Fl o or .Fl C option in effect. The
a .ln files are analogous to the
a .o (object) files produced by .Xr cc 1 from
a .c files. .Nm also accepts special libraries specified with the .Fl l option, which contain definitions of library routines and variables.
p .Nm takes all the
a .c , .ln , and
a llib-l Ns Ar library Ns Pa .ln (lint library) files and processes them in command-line order. By default, .Nm appends the standard C lint library
q Pa llib-lc.ln to the end of the list of files. When the .Fl i option is used, the
a .ln files are ignored. Also, when the .Fl o or .Fl i options are used, the
a llib-l Ns Ar library Ns Pa .ln files are ignored. When the .Fl i option is .Em omitted the second pass of .Nm checks this list of files for mutual compatibility. At this point, if a complaint stems not from a given source file, but from one of its included files, the source filename will be printed followed by a question mark.
p .Sy Options l -tag -width Fl t Fl a Report assignments of .Sy long values to variables that are not .Sy long . t Fl aa Additional to .Fl a , report .Em all assignments of integer values to other integer values which cause implicit narrowing conversion. t Fl b Report .Sy break statements that cannot be reached. This is not the default because, unfortunately, most .Xr lex 1 and many .Xr yacc 1 outputs produce many such complaints. t Fl c Complain about casts which have questionable portability. t Fl e Complain about unusual operations on .Sy enum Ns -Types and combinations of .Sy enum Ns - and .Sy integer Ns -Types . t Fl g Don't print warnings for some extensions of .Xr gcc 1 to the C language. Currently these are nonconstant initializers in automatic aggregate initializations, arithmetic on pointer to void, zero sized structures, subscripting of non-lvalue arrays, prototypes overriding old style function declarations and long long integer types. The .Fl g flag also turns on the keywords .Sy asm and .Sy inline (alternate keywords with leading underscores for both .Sy asm and .Sy inline are always available). t Fl h Apply a number of heuristic tests to attempt to intuit bugs, improve style, and reduce waste. t Fl i Produce a
a .ln file for every
a .c file on the command line. These
a .ln files are the product of .Nm Ns 's first pass only, and are not checked for compatibility between functions. t Fl n Do not check compatibility against the standard library. t Fl p Attempt to check portability of code to other dialects of C. t Fl r In case of redeclarations report the position of the previous declaration. t Fl s Strict ANSI C mode. Issue warnings and errors required by ANSI C. Also do not produce warnings for constructs which behave differently in traditional C and ANSI C. With the .Fl s flag, .Li __STRICT_ANSI__ is a predefined preprocessor macro. t Fl t Traditional C mode. .Li __STDC__ is not predefined in this mode. Warnings are printed for constructs not allowed in traditional C. Warnings for constructs which behave differently in traditional C and ANSI C are suppressed. Preprocessor macros describing the machine type (e.g. .Li sun3 Ns ) and machine architecture (e.g. .Li m68k Ns ) are defined without leading and trailing underscores. The keywords .Sy const Ns , .Sy volatile and .Sy signed are not available in traditional C mode (although the alternate keywords with leading underscores still are). t Fl u Do not complain about functions and external variables used and not defined, or defined and not used (this is suitable for running .Nm on a subset of files comprising part of a larger program). t Fl v Suppress complaints about unused arguments in functions. t Fl x Report variables referred to by .Sy extern declarations, but never used. t Fl z Do not complain about structures that are never defined (for example, using a structure pointer without knowing its contents). t Fl C Ns Ar library Create a .Nm library with the name
a llib-l Ns Ar library Ns Pa .ln . This library is built from all
a .c and
a .ln input files. After all global definitions of functions and variables in these files are written to the newly created library, .Nm checks all input files, including libraries specified with the .Fl l option, for mutual compatibility. t Fl D Ns Ar name Ns Op =def Define .Ar name for .Xr cpp 1 , as if by a .Li #define directive. If no definition is given, .Ar name is defined as 1. t Fl I Ns Ar directory Add .Ar directory to the list of directories in which to search for include files. t Fl l Ns Ar library Include the lint library
a llib-l Ns Ar library Ns Pa .ln . t Fl L Ns Ar directory Search for lint libraries in .Ar directory and .Ar directory Ns Pa /lint before searching the standard place. t Fl F Print pathnames of files. .Nm normally prints the filename without the path. t Fl H If a complaint stems from an included file .Nm prints the name of the included file instead of the source file name followed by a question mark. t Fl o Ns Ar outputfile Name the output file .Ar outputfile . The output file produced is the input that is given to .Nm Ns 's second pass. The .Fl o option simply saves this file in the named output file. If the .Fl i option is also used the files are not checked for compatibility. To produce a
a llib-l Ns Ar library Ns Pa .ln without extraneous messages, use of the .Fl u option is suggested. The .Fl v option is useful if the source file(s) for the lint library are just external interfaces. t Fl U Ns Ar name Remove any initial definition of .Ar name for the preprocessor. t Fl V Print the command lines constructed by the controller program to run the C preprocessor and .Nm Ns 's first and second pass. .El
p .Sy Input Grammar
p .Nm Ns 's first pass reads standard C source files. .Nm recognizes the following C comments as commands. l -tag -width Fl t Li /* ARGSUSED Ns Ar n Li */ makes .Nm check only the first .Ar n arguments for usage; a missing .Ar n is taken to be 0 (this option acts like the .Fl v option for the next function). t Li /* CONSTCOND */ No or Xo .Li /* CONSTANTCOND */ No or .Li /* CONSTANTCONDITION */ .Xc suppress complaints about constant operands for the next expression. t Li /* FALLTHRU */ No or Xo .Li /* FALLTHROUGH */ .Xc suppress complaints about fall through to a .Sy case or .Sy default labelled statement. This directive should be placed immediately preceding the label. t Li /* LINTLIBRARY */ At the beginning of a file, mark all functions and variables defined in this file as .Em used . Also shut off complaints about unused function arguments. t Li /* LINTED Xo .Op Ar comment .Li */ No or .Li /* NOSTRICT .Op Ar comment .Li */ .Xc Suppresses any intra-file warning except those dealing with unused variables or functions. This directive should be placed on the line immediately preceding where the lint warning occurred. t Li /* LONGLONG */ Suppress complaints about use of long long integer types. t Li /* NOTREACHED */ At appropriate points, inhibit complaints about unreachable code. (This comment is typically placed just after calls to functions like .Xr exit 3 ) . t Li /* PRINTFLIKE Ns Ar n Li */ makes .Nm check the first
q Ar n Ns No -1 arguments as usual. The .Ar n Ns No -th argument is interpreted as a .Sy printf format string that is used to check the remaining arguments. t Li /* PROTOLIB Ns Ar n Li */ causes .Nm to treat function declaration prototypes as function definitions if .Ar n is non-zero. This directive can only be used in conjunction with the .Li /* LINTLIBRARY */ directive. If .Ar n is zero, function prototypes will be treated normally. t Li /* SCANFLIKE Ns Ar n Li */ makes .Nm check the first
q Ar n Ns No -1 arguments as usual. The .Ar n Ns No -th argument is interpreted as a .Sy scanf format string that is used to check the remaining arguments. t Li /* VARARGS Ns Ar n Li */ Suppress the usual checking for variable numbers of arguments in the following function declaration. The data types of the first .Ar n arguments are checked; a missing .Ar n is taken to be 0. .El
p The behavior of the .Fl i and the .Fl o options allows for incremental use of .Nm on a set of C source files. Generally, one invokes .Nm once for each source file with the .Fl i option. Each of these invocations produces a
a .ln file that corresponds to the
a .c file, and prints all messages that are about just that source file. After all the source files have been separately run through .Nm , it is invoked once more (without the .Fl i option), listing all the
a .ln files with the needed .Fl l Ns Ar library options. this will print all the inter-file inconsistencies. This scheme works well with .Xr make 1 ; it allows .Xr make 1 to be used to .Nm only the source files that have been modified since the last time the set of source files were .Nm Ns No ed . .Sh ENVIRONMENT l -tag -width Fl t Ev LIBDIR the directory where the lint libraries specified by the .Fl l Ns Ar library option must exist. If this environment variable is undefined, then the default path
a /usr/libdata/lint will be used to search for the libraries. t Ev TMPDIR usually the path for temporary files can be redefined by setting this environment variable. .El .Sh FILES l -tag -width /usr/libdata/lint/llib-lc.ln -compact t Pa /usr/libexec/lint Ns Bq 12 programs t Pa /usr/libdata/lint/llib-l*.ln various prebuilt lint libraries t Pa /tmp/lint* temporaries .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr cc 1 , .Xr cpp 1 , .Xr make 1 .Sh AUTHORS .An Jochen Pohl .Sh BUGS The routines .Xr exit 3 , .Xr longjmp 3 and other functions that do not return are not understood; this causes various incorrect diagnostics.
p Static functions which are used only before their first extern declaration are reported as unused.
p Libraries created by the .Fl o option will, when used in later .Nm runs, cause certain errors that were reported when the libraries were created to be reported again, and cause line numbers and file names from the original source used to create those libraries to be reported in error messages. For these reasons, it is recommended to use the .Fl C option to create lint libraries.